- published: 31 Oct 2011
- author: vbyuer
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Radio Stations - Riga
| RADIO STATION | GENRE | LOCATION |
|---|---|---|
| Latvijas Radio 2 | Varied | Latvia |
| Radio Merkurs AM 1485kHz | Varied | Latvia |
| Aizkraukle(Pirate) | Varied | Latvia |
| MIX FM Riga 102.7 | Adult Contemporary | Latvia |
| LR 2 | Varied | Latvia |
| LR 1 | Varied | Latvia |
| Radio Baltkom | Varied | Latvia |
| LR 3 Klasika | Classical | Latvia |
| Alise+ | Varied | Latvia |
| Europa Plus 99,5 | Dance,Top 40 | Latvia |
| Latvijas Radio 3 Klasika | Classical | Latvia |
| LR 4 (Russian Program) | Varied | Latvia |
| Ogreland Radio | Varied | Latvia |
| Radio Pik | Top 40 | Latvia |
| Radio 101 (LV) | Adult Contemporary | Latvia |
| Schlager Time | Dance | Latvia |
| Latvijas Radio 4 | Varied | Latvia |
| Radio SWH Rock | Rock | Latvia |
| Radio Oira | Varied | Latvia |
| Latvijas Kristigais Radio | Christian | Latvia |
| Prosto Radio Latvia Liepaja | Pop | Latvia |
| Love Radio Latvia | Pop | Latvia |
| Latvijas Radio 1 | News | Latvia |
| Radio SWH | Adult Contemporary | Latvia |
| Novoe Radio | News,Pop,Talk | Latvia |
| Hiti Rossii 96.2FM Riga | Varied | Latvia |
| Capital FM 94.9 | Pop | Latvia |
| Radio Naba | Rock,Alternative,College | Latvia |
| European Hit Radio | Top 40 | Latvia |
| Radio Skonto | 80s | Latvia |
SEARCH FOR RADIOS
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Send this Playlist by SMS
Why Riga?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Why Riga? Where is Riga? Aren't there polar bears roaming the streets of Riga? Hold on a moment! You are on the point of finding it out. http://www.whyriga.com.
http://wn.com/Why_Riga?
Why Riga? Where is Riga? Aren't there polar bears roaming the streets of Riga? Hold on a moment! You are on the point of finding it out. http://www.whyriga.com.
Sex tourism in Riga, Latvia - a short documentary.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:51
- Updated: 23 May 2013
For my final major college project, I decided to produce a film about sex tourism in my home town of Riga. As well as meeting a wide variety of male tourist ...
http://wn.com/Sex_tourism_in_Riga,_Latvia_a_short_documentary
For my final major college project, I decided to produce a film about sex tourism in my home town of Riga. As well as meeting a wide variety of male tourist ...
- published: 10 Jun 2010
- views: 182350
- author: mynameiskatrinaaa
Riga Latvia HD Time-lapse by James Cole, Music By Content
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 22 May 2013
A Tilt-Shift Timelapse by James Cole from July 2011 in Riga Latvia. Music by Content - contentisproductatgmail.com -90mm Tilt Shift Lens by Canon -24mm Tilt ...
http://wn.com/Riga_Latvia_HD_Time-lapse_by_James_Cole,_Music_By_Content
A Tilt-Shift Timelapse by James Cole from July 2011 in Riga Latvia. Music by Content - contentisproductatgmail.com -90mm Tilt Shift Lens by Canon -24mm Tilt ...
- published: 20 Dec 2011
- views: 83568
- author: James Cole Photography/Cinematic Digital Media
Living. . .Riga
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 18 May 2013
Riga, Latvia. Jack and Ben make a stop in the capital of Latvia and share with you their experiences of this metropolis in the Baltics. Filmed on location in...
http://wn.com/Living_Riga
Riga, Latvia. Jack and Ben make a stop in the capital of Latvia and share with you their experiences of this metropolis in the Baltics. Filmed on location in...
- published: 23 Aug 2009
- views: 49235
- author: redumbrellastudios
Riga 30-40 years ago
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Updated: 15 May 2013
http://wn.com/Riga_30-40_years_ago
Auf 3 Sofas durch... - RIGA | Donnerstag 20.15 Uhr in EinsPlus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:40
- Updated: 11 May 2013
Städtereisen intim und hautnah. Mit der Videokamera in der Hand und dem Couchsurfer-Portal im Laptop taucht Thomas Niemietz in sechs angesagten Metropolen in...
http://wn.com/Auf_3_Sofas_durch_RIGA_|_Donnerstag_2015_Uhr_in_EinsPlus
Städtereisen intim und hautnah. Mit der Videokamera in der Hand und dem Couchsurfer-Portal im Laptop taucht Thomas Niemietz in sechs angesagten Metropolen in...
- published: 13 Oct 2012
- author: EinsPlus
Student Life in Riga
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 21 May 2013
Rīga Stradiņš University (RSU) student Gero Ferrari shares his experience of what it is like being a student in Riga, and the opportunities that the city off...
http://wn.com/Student_Life_in_Riga
Rīga Stradiņš University (RSU) student Gero Ferrari shares his experience of what it is like being a student in Riga, and the opportunities that the city off...
- published: 25 Jan 2012
- views: 24497
- author: RSU / Riga Stradins University
10 Things to know about Riga
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Tas ir stāsts par Rīgu - burvīgu pilsētu, kas valdzina un aicina pie sevis. Tas ir stāsts par desmit īpašām lietām, kas jāzin par Rīgu. Nāciet un iepazīstiet...
http://wn.com/10_Things_to_know_about_Riga
Tas ir stāsts par Rīgu - burvīgu pilsētu, kas valdzina un aicina pie sevis. Tas ir stāsts par desmit īpašām lietām, kas jāzin par Rīgu. Nāciet un iepazīstiet...
- published: 23 Nov 2010
- views: 58755
- author: Anita Priedite
Riga In Your Pocket - Riga Old Town Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:59
- Updated: 11 Apr 2013
http://www.inyourpocket.com Riga In Your Pocket editor Martins Zaprauskis tours Riga's Old Town.
http://wn.com/Riga_In_Your_Pocket_Riga_Old_Town_Tour
http://www.inyourpocket.com Riga In Your Pocket editor Martins Zaprauskis tours Riga's Old Town.
- published: 03 Jul 2009
- views: 68090
- author: InYourPocketGuides
Riga nightlife, Riga fiestas nocturnas. Latvia, Letonia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 23 May 2013
En este episodio Ruben Alonso visita el mercado central de Riga, el mas grande de Europa y dicen que el mas antiguo. Además pasamos la noche en el Leningrad ...
http://wn.com/Riga_nightlife,_Riga_fiestas_nocturnas_Latvia,_Letonia
En este episodio Ruben Alonso visita el mercado central de Riga, el mas grande de Europa y dicen que el mas antiguo. Además pasamos la noche en el Leningrad ...
- published: 16 Feb 2012
- views: 13206
- author: Ruben Alonso
Riga Lettland 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:52
- Updated: 01 May 2013
Riga - die schöne Stadt im Baltikum. Auch hier nur eines von vielen Videos, allerdings auch mit einem kritischen Blick hinter den Kulissen der Altstadt.
http://wn.com/Riga_Lettland_2011
Riga - die schöne Stadt im Baltikum. Auch hier nur eines von vielen Videos, allerdings auch mit einem kritischen Blick hinter den Kulissen der Altstadt.
- published: 25 Apr 2011
- views: 16409
- author: weddinghendrik
1941 Riga Captured
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Updated: 11 May 2013
July 9, 1941. Deutsche Wochenschau No. 566. The suburbs of Riga are in German hands. In a few hours the city is cleared of the enemy. Fire brigades go immedi...
http://wn.com/1941_Riga_Captured
July 9, 1941. Deutsche Wochenschau No. 566. The suburbs of Riga are in German hands. In a few hours the city is cleared of the enemy. Fire brigades go immedi...
- published: 26 Dec 2008
- views: 32816
- author: skoblinI
Riga ist die größte Stadt des Baltikums | euromaxx
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Riga nennt sich selbst gern die „Hauptstadt des Baltikums". Sie gilt auch als kulturelles Zentrum der Region. Kulturell ist Riga vor allem als „Hauptstadt de...
http://wn.com/Riga_ist_die_größte_Stadt_des_Baltikums_|_euromaxx
Riga nennt sich selbst gern die „Hauptstadt des Baltikums". Sie gilt auch als kulturelles Zentrum der Region. Kulturell ist Riga vor allem als „Hauptstadt de...
- published: 04 Oct 2011
- views: 1717
- author: Deutsche Welle
Kollegah & Farid Bang in Riga (Teil 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:52
- Updated: 14 May 2013
JBG2 jetzt vorbestellen!: http://amzn.to/jbg2-premium Pusher Apparel: http://www.pusher-apparel.com I http://www.facebook.com/PusherApparel Fan werden!: http...
http://wn.com/Kollegah_Farid_Bang_in_Riga_Teil_1
JBG2 jetzt vorbestellen!: http://amzn.to/jbg2-premium Pusher Apparel: http://www.pusher-apparel.com I http://www.facebook.com/PusherApparel Fan werden!: http...
- published: 11 Dec 2012
- author: SelfmadeRecords
Hey Riga! What song are you listening to?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 27 Apr 2013
We were inspired by Tyler Cullens' video ‚Hey you! What song are you listening to?' in NYC, so we wanted to make a video like his in our hometown, Riga (Latv...
http://wn.com/Hey_Riga!_What_song_are_you_listening_to?
We were inspired by Tyler Cullens' video ‚Hey you! What song are you listening to?' in NYC, so we wanted to make a video like his in our hometown, Riga (Latv...
- published: 01 Aug 2011
- author: mrwhatasong
Riga City Tour, Art Nouveau, Letonia, Latvia. Let's go!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Let's Go! te lleva a descubrir la ciudad vieja de Riga, la capital de Letonia. En este documental de viajes, descubrirás los edificios más importantes de la ...
http://wn.com/Riga_City_Tour,_Art_Nouveau,_Letonia,_Latvia_Let's_go!
Let's Go! te lleva a descubrir la ciudad vieja de Riga, la capital de Letonia. En este documental de viajes, descubrirás los edificios más importantes de la ...
- published: 12 Feb 2012
- views: 10920
- author: Ruben Alonso
Riga 22 restaurálás!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:29
- Updated: 12 May 2013
Riga 22 restaurálás!
http://wn.com/Riga_22_restaurálás!
Riga In Your Pocket - What to buy in Latvia?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:22
- Updated: 21 May 2013
Riga In Your Pocket leads you to the best shops to buy Latvian produced products. Detailed information about all shops mentioned in the video can be found be...
http://wn.com/Riga_In_Your_Pocket_What_to_buy_in_Latvia?
Riga In Your Pocket leads you to the best shops to buy Latvian produced products. Detailed information about all shops mentioned in the video can be found be...
- published: 27 Dec 2011
- views: 17931
- author: In Your Pocket Guides
lights. Riga - Made by M. Sudrabs, M. Ramane
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 17 May 2013
iesaku skatīties HD... cita garša! Music: Massive Attack - Teardrop.
http://wn.com/lights_Riga_Made_by_M_Sudrabs,_M_Ramane
iesaku skatīties HD... cita garša! Music: Massive Attack - Teardrop.
- published: 15 Apr 2010
- views: 130833
- author: Mārtiņš Sudrabs
Guy Jumps From Suspension Bridge In Riga, Latvia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Riga, Latvia, on one of the four bridges over The Daugava River.The guy jumped from the bridge ignoring all the requests from rescue team. The guy was 30, re...
http://wn.com/Guy_Jumps_From_Suspension_Bridge_In_Riga,_Latvia
Riga, Latvia, on one of the four bridges over The Daugava River.The guy jumped from the bridge ignoring all the requests from rescue team. The guy was 30, re...
- published: 08 Jun 2012
- views: 42106
- author: Virals4
Riga 12 beröffentése könnyedén :D xmotor.hu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:15
- Updated: 11 Aug 2011
Tényleg gyerekjáték, csak pár perc kitartó tekergélés és már cööcen is :D
http://wn.com/Riga_12_beröffentése_könnyedén_D_xmotorhu
Tényleg gyerekjáték, csak pár perc kitartó tekergélés és már cööcen is :D
- published: 11 Aug 2011
- views: 19461
Things to see in Riga (Timelapse video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
For sightseeing Tours and more info about Riga check out http://www.traveloutthere.com/riga/Sightseeing Riga is an exciting and beautiful city to visit. We w...
http://wn.com/Things_to_see_in_Riga_Timelapse_video
For sightseeing Tours and more info about Riga check out http://www.traveloutthere.com/riga/Sightseeing Riga is an exciting and beautiful city to visit. We w...
- published: 29 Oct 2012
- views: 7212
- author: TravelOutThereTv
Fun in Riga
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:57
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Spaß in Riga.
http://wn.com/Fun_in_Riga
photo: AP
28 May 2013
Armed men have opened fire on a military checkpoint in Lebanon's eastern Bekaa Valley, killing three soldiers before escaping across the border into Syria, according to a Lebanese military source. The source said two of the soldiers died in on Tuesday attack, which occurred near the town of Arsal, while a third died later in hospital ... 246 Source.. Agencies. Featured on Al Jazeera. Struggle and solidarity ... Al-Nakba ... News....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Sang Tan
27 May 2013
British police have arrested a tenth suspect in connection with the street killing of a soldier in London, an attack that has heightened racial tensions in the country. The 50-year-old man was detained in Welling, east of London, on suspicion of conspiring to murder 25-year-old soldier Lee Rigby, Scotland Yard said on Monday. Police gave no further information about the suspect's identity ... "I feel ashamed to be a Londoner today ... UK....(size: 7.9Kb)
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MSNBC
29 May 2013
Monroe County Sheriffs need your help finding one Riga woman ... Sheriff's Deputies say Gruendike lives at 5726 Chili-Riga ......(size: 0.7Kb)
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noodls
29 May 2013
The head of Romanian diplomacy will meet with his counterparts in Linas Linkevičius in Vilnius, Edgars Rinkēvičs in Tallinn, and Urmas Paet in Riga ... The tour will emphasize the economic cooperation between Romania and the Baltic states, the Foreign Minister attending economic forums purposely organized in Vilnius and Riga....(size: 2.7Kb)
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Canberra Times
28 May 2013
Australian basketball great Andrew Gaze will be inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame. He joins his father Lindsay, the legendary Melbourne Tigers and Boomers coach, and administrator Dr Al Ramsay as only the third Australian to join the pantheon of greats ... FIBA Hall of Fame 2013 inductees.. PLAYERS. Jean-Jacques Conceiçao (Angola) ... COACHES ... Costas Rigas (Greece). CONTRIBUTORS ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
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my SA
28 May 2013
David Robinson, Pat Summitt and Teresa Edwards headline the 2013 FIBA Hall of Fame class. Robinson, a former Spurs great and basketball Hall of Famer, won two gold medals and a bronze in the Olympics. He played for the U.S ... He's the all-time leading rebounder and shot blocker for the U.S ... 2 scorer ... Technical officials Valeentin Lazarov (Bulgaria) and Costas Rigas (Greece), along with contributor Aldo Vitale (Italy), round out the class ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
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noodls
28 May 2013
(Source. Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia). 28 May 2013 email this link. On 30 May Foreign Minister Edgars Rinkēvičs will meet with the Foreign Minister of Romania, Titus Corlățean, who will arrive in Latvia for an official visit ... During the Romanian Foreign Minister's visit, Riga will also host the Latvian-Romanian Business Forum to be opened by both foreign ministers ... Diplomatic Documents (1918-1958) ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 2.8Kb)
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Huffington Post
28 May 2013
WASHINGTON -- Ten members of Congress are urging the Washington Redskins to change their name because it is offensive to many Native Americans ... Among the group sending the letters are the leaders of the Congressional Native American Caucus ... Also on HuffPost ... Sweden's skip Margaretha Sigfridsson shouts during her gold medal game against Scotland at the 2013 world women's curling championship in Riga, Latvia, Sunday, March 24, 2013 ... St ... St....(size: 15.0Kb)
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Huffington Post
28 May 2013
Robert Griffin III seems to have good wedding etiquette. A week after showing off all of the wedding gifts that fans sent him and his future wife, one of the fans sent DC Sports Blog a photo of a thank-you note said to be written by the Redskins quarterback ... ... Sweden's skip Margaretha Sigfridsson shouts during her gold medal game against Scotland at the 2013 world women's curling championship in Riga, Latvia, Sunday, March 24, 2013 ... ....(size: 15.6Kb)
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noodls
27 May 2013
Furthermore, the Botanical Garden has a branch, the Nursery of Rhododendrons 'Babīte', which is located beyond the borders of Riga city and is the only nursery of rhododendrons of this kind in the Baltic States ... Edgars conducts the choir 'Aura' of the UL Faculty of Physics and Mathematics and the Riga State Gymnasium No. 2 choir, where his talent has long earned him praise and accolades....(size: 8.8Kb)
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noodls
27 May 2013
(Source. FIBA - International Basketball Federation). MIES, Switzerland ( FIBA Hall of Fame) ... Between them, the players and coaches combine for 14 Olympic and eight FIBA World Championship medals. Technical officials Valentin Lazarov of Bulgaria and Costas Rigas of Greece along with contributor Aldo Vitale of Italy round out the impressive list of inductees ... Technical Officials.Valentin Lazarov (Bulgaria), Costas Rigas (Greece) ... (noodl....(size: 2.4Kb)
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noodls
27 May 2013
(Source. Canada Basketball) FIBA ANNOUNCES 2013 HALL OF FAME CLASS ... Between them, the players and coaches combine for 14 Olympic and eight FIBA World Championship medals. Technical officials Valentin Lazarov of Bulgaria and Costas Rigas of Greece along with contributor Aldo Vitale of Italy round out the impressive list of inductees ... TECHNICAL OFFICIALS Valentin Lazarov (Bulgaria) Costas Rigas (Greece). CONTRIBUTORS ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 2.7Kb)
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Austin American Statesman
27 May 2013
David Robinson, Pat Summitt and Teresa Edwards headline the 2013 FIBA Hall of Fame class. Robinson won two gold medals and a bronze in the Olympics. He played for the U.S. on the 1988, 1992 and 1996 teams, becoming the first American to appear in three games ... in the Olympics and No. 2 scorer ... Technical officials Valeentin Lazarov (Bulgaria) and Costas Rigas (Greece), along with contributor Aldo Vitale (Italy), round out the class ... ___....(size: 2.3Kb)
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noodls
27 May 2013
(Source. Government of the Republic of Estonia). Government Communication Unit, 24 May 2013 18.03. Prime Minister Ansip congratulates Latvia on joining OECD and euro area ... The IMF is predicting a four per cent growth in Latvia's economy this year ... The prime ministers will continue the discussion next week in Riga where the Baltic Development Forum and a meeting of the prime ministers of the Baltic States will be held ... distributed by....(size: 3.2Kb)
This article is about the Latvian capital. For other uses, see Riga (disambiguation).
| Riga Rīga |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
 |
|||
|
|||
 Riga
|
|||
| Coordinates: 56°56′56″N 24°6′23″E / 56.94889°N 24.10639°E / 56.94889; 24.10639Coordinates: 56°56′56″N 24°6′23″E / 56.94889°N 24.10639°E / 56.94889; 24.10639 | |||
| Country |  Latvia |
||
| Government[1] | |||
| • Type | City council | ||
| • Mayor | Nils Ušakovs | ||
| Area(2002) [2] | |||
| • City | 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) | ||
| • Water | 48.50 km2 (18.73 sq mi) 15.8% | ||
| • Metro | 10,132 km2 (3,912 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2011) [3] | |||
| • City | 699,203 | ||
| • Density | 2,300/km2 (5,900/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 1,027,062 (Riga Region) | ||
| • Metro density | 101.4/km2 (263/sq mi) | ||
| • Demonym | Rīdzinieki | ||
| Ethnicity(2010) [4] | |||
| • Latvians | 42.5 % | ||
| • Russians | 40.7 % | ||
| • Belarusians | 4.0 % | ||
| • Ukrainians | 3.9 % | ||
| • Poles | 2.0 % | ||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||
| Calling codes | 66 & 67 | ||
| Website | www.riga.lv | ||
Riga (Latvian: Rīga, pronounced [riːɡa] (
listen)) is the capital and largest city of Latvia. With 657,424 inhabitants ( 2011[3]) Riga is the largest city of the Baltic states, one of the largest cities in Northern Europe and home to more than one third of Latvia's population.[5] The city is an important seaport and a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltic Sea region.[citation needed] The city lies on the Gulf of Riga, at the mouth of the river Daugava. Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) and lies between 1 and 10 metres (3.3 and 33 ft) above sea level,[6] on a flat and sandy plain.[6]
Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member. Riga's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture.[7] The city will be the European Capital of Culture in 2014, along with Umeå in Sweden. The city hosted the 2006 NATO Summit, the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 and the 2006 IIHF Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. It is home to the European Union's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC). Riga is served by Riga International Airport, the largest airport in the Baltic states.
Riga is a member of Eurocities,[8] the Union of the Baltic Cities (UBC)[9] and Union of Capitals of the European Union (UCEU).[10] Riga is considered a global city.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
One theory for the origin of the name Riga is that it is a corrupted borrowing from the Liv ringa meaning loop, referring to the ancient natural harbour formed by the tributary loop of the Daugava.[11][12] The other is that Riga owes its name to this already-established role in commerce between East and West,[13] as a borrowing of the Latvian rija, for threshing barn, the "j" becoming a "g" in German — notably, Riga is called Rie by English geographer Richard Hakluyt (1589),[14][15] and German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610) confirms the origin of Riga from rija.[14][16] Another theory could be that Riga was named after Riege, the German name for the River Rīdzene, a tributary of the Daugava.[17]
History[link]
Main article: History of Riga
.jpg)
Founding[link]
The river Daugava has been a trade route since antiquity, part of the Vikings' Dvina-Dnieper navigation route to Byzantium.[14] A sheltered natural harbour 15 km (9.3 mi) upriver from the mouth of the Daugava — the site of today's Riga — has been recorded, as Duna Urbs, as early as the 2nd century.[14] It was settled by the Livs, an ancient Finnic tribe.[11]
.JPG)
Riga began to develop as a centre of Viking trade during the early Middle Ages.[14] Riga's inhabitants occupied themselves mainly with fishing, animal husbandry, and trading, later developing crafts (in bone, wood, amber, and iron).[14]
The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia testifies to Riga having long been a trading centre by the 12th century, referring to it as portus antiquus (ancient port), and describes dwellings and warehouses used to store mostly corn, flax, and hides.[14] German traders began visiting Riga, establishing a nearby outpost in 1158.
Along with German traders also arrived the monk Meinhard of Segeberg[13] to convert the pagans to Christianity. (Catholic and Orthodox Christianity had already arrived in Latvia more than a century earlier, and many Latvians baptised)[13][14] Meinhard settled among the Livs, building a castle and church at Ikšķile, upstream from Riga, and established his bishopric there.[13] The Livs, however, continued to practice paganism and Meinhard died in Ikšķile in 1196, having failed his mission.[18] In 1198 the Bishop Bertold arrived with a contingent of crusaders[18] and commenced a campaign of forced Christianization.[13][14] Bertold was killed soon afterwards and his forces defeated.[18]
The Church mobilised to avenge. Pope Innocent III issued a bull declaring a crusade against the Livonians.[18] Bishop Albert was proclaimed Bishop of Livonia by his uncle Hartwig of Uthlede, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg in 1199. Albert landed in Riga in 1200[14][18] with 23 ships[19] and 500 Westphalian crusaders.[20] In 1201 he transferred the seat of the Livonian bishopric from Ikšķile to Riga, extorting agreement to do so from the elders of Riga by force.[14]
Under Bishop Albert[link]
1201 also marked the first arrival of German merchants in Novgorod, via the Dvina.[21] To defend territory[22] and trade, Albert established the Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1202, open to nobles and merchants.[21]
Christianization of the Livs continued. 1207 marked Albert's start on fortification of the town.[21][23] Emperor Philip invested Albert with Livonia as a fief[24] and principality of the Holy Roman Empire.[14] To promote a permanent military presence, territorial ownership was divided between the Church and the Order, with the Church taking Riga and two thirds of all lands conquered and granting the Order a third.[25] Until then, it had been customary for crusaders to serve for a year and then return home.[25]
Albert had ensured Riga's commercial future by obtaining papal bulls which decreed that all German merchants had to carry on their Baltic trade through Riga.[25] In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage,[14] and Albert laid the cornerstone for the Riga Dom.[26] Riga was not yet secure as an alliance of tribes failed to take Riga.[25] In 1212, Albert led a campaign to compel Polotsk to grant German merchants free river passage.[21] Polotsk conceded Kukenois (Koknese) and Jersika to Albert, also ending the Livs' tribute to Polotsk.[27]
Riga's merchant citizenry chafed and sought greater autonomy from the Church. In 1221 they acquired the right to independently self-administer Riga.[22] and adopted a city constitution[28]
That same year Albert was compelled to recognize Danish rule over lands they had conquered in Estonia and Livonia.[29] Albert had sought the aid of King Valdemar of Denmark to protect Riga and Livonian lands against Liv insurrection when reinforcements could not reach Riga. The Danes landed in Livonia, built a fortress at Reval (Tallinn), and set about conquering Estonian and Livonian lands. The Germans attempted, but failed, to assassinate Valdemar.[30] Albert was able to reach an accommodation a year later, however, and in 1222 Valdemar returned all Livonian lands and possessions to Albert's control.[31]
Albert's difficulties with Riga's citizenry continued; with papal intervention, a settlement was reached in 1225 whereby they no longer had to pay tax to the Bishop of Riga,[32] and Riga's citizens acquired the right to elect their magistrates and town councilors.[32] In 1226, Albert consecrated the Dom Cathedral,[14] built St. James's Church,[14] and founding a parochial school at the Church of St. George.[13]
In 1227, Albert conquered Oesel [33] and the city of Riga concluded a treaty with the Principality of Smolensk giving Polotsk to Riga.[34]
Albert died in January 1229.[35] He failed his aspiration to be anointed archbishop[24] but the German hegemony he established over the Baltics would last for seven centuries.[25]
Hanseatic League[link]
In 1282 Riga became a member of the Hanseatic League. The Hansa was instrumental in giving Riga economic and political stability, thus providing the city with a strong foundation which endured the political conflagrations that were to come, down to modern times.
Holy Roman Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Swedish and Russian Empires[link]
As the influence of the Hanseatic League waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations. Riga accepted the Reformation in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. In 1524, a venerated statue of the Virgin Mary in the Cathedral was denounced as a witch, and given a trial by water in the Daugava River. The statue floated, so it was denounced as a witch and burnt at Kubsberg.[36] With the demise of the Livonian Order during the Livonian War, Riga for twenty years had the status of a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire before it came under the influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Treaty of Drohiczyn, which ended the war for Riga in 1581. In 1621, during the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625), Riga and the outlying fortress of Daugavgriva came under the rule of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, who intervened in the Thirty Years' War not only for political and economic gain but also in favour of German Lutheran Protestantism. During the Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658), Riga withstood a siege by Russian forces.
Riga remained the largest city in Sweden until 1710, a period during which the city retained a great deal of autonomous self-government. In that year, in the course of the Great Northern War, Russia under Tsar Peter the Great besieged Riga. Along with the other Livonian towns and gentry, Riga capitulated to Russia, but largely retained their privileges. Riga was made the capital of the Governorate of Riga (later: Livonia). Sweden's northern dominance had ended, and Russia's emergence as the strongest Northern power was formalised through the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. Peter the Great was a big fan of Riga. He married Latvian Martha Skavronskaya, after his death known as Empress Yekaterina I. Having received a palace as a gift from the municipality of Riga (although he insisted on paying), Peter used to visit Riga regularly. He helped to rebuild the tallest church in Riga (St. Peter's church) after it was burned down, and created a general plan for Riga's development, including planning many parks and boulevards, and planting some trees himself. Riga became an industrialised port city of the Russian empire, in which it remained until World War I. By 1900, Riga was the third largest city in Russia after Moscow and Saint Petersburg in terms of the number of industrial workers and number of theaters.[citation needed]
During these many centuries of war and changes of power in the Baltic, and despite demographic changes, the Baltic Germans in Riga had maintained a dominant position. By 1867 Riga's population was 42.9% German.[37] Riga employed German as its official language of administration until the installation of Russian in 1891 as the official language in the Baltic provinces, as part of the policy of Russification of the non-Russian speaking territories of the Russian Empire, including Congress Poland, Finland and the Baltics, undertaken by Tsar Alexander III. More and more Latvians started moving to the city during the mid-19th century. The rise of a Latvian bourgeoisie made Riga a center of the Latvian National Awakening with the founding of the Riga Latvian Association in 1868 and the organisation of the first national song festival in 1873. The nationalist movement of the Young Latvians was followed by the socialist New Current during the city's rapid industrialisation, culminating in the 1905 Revolution led by the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party.
Interwar period[link]
The 20th century brought World War I and the impact of the Russian Revolution of 1917 to Riga. The German army marched into Riga on 3 September 1917.[38] On 3 March 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, giving the Baltic countries to Germany. Because of the Armistice with Germany of 11 November 1918, Germany had to renounce that treaty, as did Russia, leaving Latvia and the other Baltic States in a position to claim independence. Latvia, with Riga as its capital city, thus declared its independence on 18 November 1918.
Between World War I and World War II (1918–1940), Riga and Latvia shifted their focus from Russia to the countries of Western Europe. The United Kingdom and Germany replaced Russia as Latvia's major trade partners.
World War II and the Soviet Union[link]
During World War II, Latvia was occupied first by the Soviet Union in June 1940 and then by Nazi Germany in 1941–1944. The Baltic Germans were forcibly repatriated to Germany. The city's Jewish community was forced into the Riga Ghetto and a concentration camp was constructed in Kaiserwald. On October 25, 1941, the Nazis relocated all Jews from Riga and the vicinity to the ghetto. By 1942, most of Latvia's Jews (about 24,000) were killed on November 30 and December 8, 1941 in the Rumbula massacre. [39]
Riga was recaptured by the Soviet Red Army on 13 October 1944. In the following years the massive influx of labourers, administrators, military personnel and their dependents from Russia and other Soviet republics started. Microdistricts of the large multi-storied housing blocks were built to house incoming workers. By 1989 the percentage of Latvians in Riga had fallen to 36.5%.[40]
21st century[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130529093540/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
In 2004, the arrival of low-cost airlines resulted in cheaper flights from other European cities such as London and Berlin and consequently a substantial increase in numbers of tourists.[41]
Geography[link]
See also: Neighbourhoods in Riga and List of visitor attractions in Riga
| Historic Centre of Riga * | |
|---|---|
 The old Town of Riga is one of many World Heritage Sites in Europe |
|
| Country | Latvia |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii |
| Reference | 852 |
| Region ** | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1997 (21st Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO |
|
Administrative divisions[link]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Riga
- Central District (3 km²)
- Kurzeme District (79 km²)
- Zemgale Suburb (41 km²)
- Northern District (77 km²)
- Vidzeme Suburb (57 km²)
- Latgale Suburb (50 km²)
Riga administrative divisions consists of six administrative entities: Central, Kurzeme and Northern Districts and the Latgale, Vidzeme and Zemgale Suburbs. Three entities were established 1 September 1941, and other three were established October 1969.[42] There are no official lower level administrative units, but the Riga City Council Development Agency is working on a plan, which officially confirmed makes Riga consist of 58 neighbourhoods.[43] The current names were confirmed 28 December 1990.[44]
Climate[link]
The climate of Riga is humid continental (Koppen Dfb). The coldest months are January and February, when the average temperature is −5 °C (23 °F) but temperatures as low as −20 °C (−4 °F) to −25 °C (−13 °F) can be observed almost every year on the coldest days. The proximity of the sea causes frequent autumn rains and fogs. Continuous snow cover may last eighty days. The summers in Riga are warm and humid with the average temperature of 18 °C (64 °F), while the temperature on the hottest days can exceed 30 °C (86 °F).
| Climate data for Riga | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | −2.3 (27.9) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
2.7 (36.9) |
9.8 (49.6) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.0 (69.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
10.4 (50.7) |
3.9 (39.0) |
0.3 (32.5) |
9.87 (49.76) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −7.8 (18.0) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.9 (42.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
2.33 (36.20) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 34 (1.34) |
27 (1.06) |
28 (1.1) |
41 (1.61) |
44 (1.73) |
63 (2.48) |
85 (3.35) |
73 (2.87) |
75 (2.95) |
60 (2.36) |
57 (2.24) |
46 (1.81) |
633 (24.92) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 45.5 | 59.0 | 131.1 | 234.4 | 271.7 | 288.3 | 306.8 | 243.3 | 177.3 | 97.2 | 32.7 | 23.5 | 1,910.8 |
| Source no. 1: World Weather Information Service [45] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: Latvijas vides, ģeoloģijas un meteoroloģijas centrs (average sunshine hours 2004.-2010.) [46] | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
File:Riga iedvesmas pilseta.png
The logo for the city of Riga, designed for its 800th anniversary.
Business and leisure travel to Riga have increased significantly in recent years because of improved infrastructure.[citation needed] Most tourists travel to Riga by air via Riga International Airport, the largest airport in the Baltic states, which was renovated and modernised in 2001 on the occasion of Riga's 800th anniversary. In the near future, the face of Riga will undergo notable changes. The construction of a new landmark—the Latvian National Library building—began in the autumn of 2007 and was due to be complete by 2010. There have been some delays and work still continues.[47] Currently discussions are underway in Riga council about the development of the central areas on the left bank of the Daugava. The major dispute surrounds plans to build skyscrapers in Ķīpsala, which UNESCO warned "could seriously endanger the status of the Historic Centre of Riga as a World Heritage Site."[48] The construction of 3 buildings in Ķīpsala has already started — the Da Vinci complex (25 floors) and two high-rises called Z-Towers (30 floors).[49][50] Almost all important Latvian financial institutions are located in Riga, including the Bank of Latvia, which is Latvia's central bank. Foreign commercial trade through Riga has been on the increase in recent years and received new impetus on May 1, 2004 when Latvia became a member of the European Union. Riga accounts for about half of the total industrial output of Latvia, focusing on the financial sector, public utilities, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, wood processing, printing and publishing, textiles and furniture, and communications equipment manufacturing. More than 50% of Latvian companies are registered in Riga region.[51] The port of Riga is an important cargo shipping centre. It is the main all-weather port in the Baltic and is expected to grow in the next few years because of increased trade with other ex-Soviet states and the People's Republic of China.[52]
AirBaltic, the national airline of Latvia, has its head office on the grounds of Riga International Airport in Riga.[53] RAF-Avia has its head office in Riga.[54]
Transport[link]
.jpg)
Riga, with its central geographic position and concentration of population, has always been the infrastructural hub of Latvia. Several national roads begin in Riga, and European route E22 crosses Riga from the east and west, while the Via Baltica crosses Riga from the south and north.
As a city situated by a river, Riga also has several bridges. The oldest standing bridge is the Railway Bridge, which is also the only railroad-carrying bridge in Riga. The Stone Bridge connects Old Riga and Pārdaugava; the Island Bridge connects Maskavas Forštate and Pārdaugava via Zaķusala; and the Shroud Bridge connects Old Riga and Pārdaugava via Ķīpsala. In 2008, the first stage of the new Southern Bridge route across the Daugava was completed, and was opened to traffic on November 17.[55]
The Southern Bridge is currently the biggest construction project in the Baltic states in 20 years, and it is to reduce traffic congestion in the city centre.[56][57] Another major construction project is the planned Riga Northern Transport Corridor,[58] which is scheduled to commence in 2010.
The Freeport of Riga facilitates cargo and passenger traffic by sea. Sea ferries currently connect Riga to Stockholm and Lübeck, operated respectively by Tallink and DFDS Tor Line.[59][60] The Latvian-flagged ferries MS Romantika and MS Silja Festival are located in the Riga Passenger Terminal.
Riga has one active airport that serves commercial airlines — the Riga International Airport (RIX), built in 1973. Renovation and modernization of the airport was completed in 2001, coinciding with the 800th anniversary of the city. In 2006, a new terminal extension was opened. Work on an extension of the runway was completed in October 2008, and the airport is now able to accommodate large aircraft such as the Airbus A340, Boeing 747, 757, 767 and 777. The annual number of passengers has grown from 310,000 in 1993 to over 4 million in 2009. It has now become the largest airport in the Baltic States, and there are plans to construct a new terminal to cope with increasing passenger numbers.
Riga was also home to an air base during the Cold War — Rumbula Air Base. Another airport, the Spilve Airport, is a former civilian and military airport in Riga located 5 km (3.11 mi) from Riga city centre, with active aircraft operating as early as the First World War. It became the first international airport of Riga in the 1930s, which, from 1937 linked the capital city with Helsinki via Tallinn, Warsaw via Vilnius, Berlin and Moscow via Kaunas. After World War II and the Soviet occupation, it was rebuilt into a 1950s-era airport, the hub of Aeroflot. A new ring taxiway and restored surface was added. The airport was closed for regular flights in the late 1980s. The terminal building still remains as a notable example of Stalin's neoclassical architecture.
Public transportation in the city is provided by Rīgas Satiksme which operates a large number of trams, buses and trolleybuses on an extensive network of routes across the city. In addition, many private owners operate minibus services. Riga is connected to the rest of Latvia by trains operated by the national railway company Passenger Train, whose headquarters are in Riga. There are also international rail links to Russia and Estonia. Riga International Coach Terminal provides domestic and international connections by coach. Current plans envisage a trans-European rail link from Tallinn to Warsaw via Riga [61] financed by the European Union, with the first phase to be completed by 2013.[62]
Demographics[link]
With 702,891 inhabitants in July 2011, Riga is the largest city in the Baltic States, though its population has decreased from just under 1 million in 1991.[3] Notable causes include emigration and low birth rates. Some have estimated that the population may fall by as much as 50% by 2050.[63] According to the January 2011 data, ethnic Latvians make up 42.4% of the population of Riga, with the percentage of ethnic Russians at 40.7%, Belarusians at 4.2%, Ukrainians at 3.8%, Poles at 2.0%, and other ethnicities at 6.9%. By comparison, 59.4% of Latvia's total population are ethnic Latvians, 27.6% are Russians, 3.6% are Belarusians, 2.5% are Ukrainians, 2.3% are Polish, 1.3% are Lithuanians and the remaining 3.3% are accounted for by other ethnicities (2010).[2]
Upon the restoration of Latvia's independence in 1991, Soviet era immigrants (and any of their offspring born before 1991) were not automatically granted Latvian citizenship because they had migrated to the territory of Latvia during the years of the Soviet occupation. The proportion of ethnic Latvians in Riga has increased from 36.5% in 1989 to 42.4% in 2010. In contrast the percentage of Russians has fallen from 47.3% to 40.7% in the same time period. Latvians overtook Russians as the largest ethnic group in 2006.[4]
In 2005, 16.2% of the population were living under the poverty line, and the most vulnerable groups were children, young adults and senior citizens.[64]
Notable residents[link]
- Emīlija Benjamiņa, richest person in pre-World War II Latvia
- Miervaldis Jursevskis, Latvian-Canadian chess master
- Lola Hoffmann, physiologist, psychiatrist and guide to self development and transformation
- Charles Kalme, American International Master of chess and mathematician
- Yeshayahu Leibowitz, Riga-born Israeli public intellectual and polymath
- Tanhum Cohen-Mintz, Riga-born Israeli basketball player
- Andris Biedriņš, Riga-born professional basketball player for the NBA's Golden State Warriors
- Marian Pahars, Former footballer and now manager of Skonto FC, based in Riga
- Sir Isaiah Berlin, a British social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas of Russian-Jewish origin.
- Nicolai Hartmann, a Baltic-German philosopher
Buildings[link]
The radio and TV tower of Riga is the tallest structure in Latvia and the Baltic States, and one of the tallest in the European Union.[citation needed] It is the 13th tallest TV tower in the world, reaching 368.5 m (1,209 ft). The tallest office/apartment buildings in Latvia are the main office building of Swedbank (known as Saules akmens — the Stone of sun) and the Panorama Plaza tower complex.
-
Riga TV and radio tower
-
The Sun Stone (Swedbank Headquarters)
-
DnB Nord Riga Headquarters
-
Rietumu Bank Headquarters
-
Astra Lux and GE Money Headquarters
.jpg)
Culture[link]
Theatres[link]
- The Latvian National Opera was founded in 1918. The repertoire of the theatre embraces all opera masterpieces. The Latvian National Opera is famous not only for its operas, but for its ballet troupe as well.[65]
- The Latvian National Theatre was founded in 1919. This theatre is situated in one of the most beautiful buildings in Riga. The Latvian National Theatre preserves the traditions of Latvian drama school. It is one of the biggest theatres in Latvia.[1]
- The Riga Russian Theatre is the oldest professional drama theatre in Latvia, established in 1883. The repertoire of the theatre includes classical plays and experimental performances of Russian and other foreign playwrights.Riga Russian Theatre
- The Daile Theatre was opened for the first time in 1920. It is one of the most successful theatres in Latvia. This theatre is distinguished by its frequent productions of modern foreign plays.[66]
- Latvian State Puppet Theatre was founded in 1944. This theatre presents shows for children and adults.[2]
- The New Riga Theatre was opened in 1992. It has an intelligent and attractive repertoire of high quality that focused on a modern, educated and socially active audience. Jaunais Rigas Teatris
Sports[link]
Sports clubs[link]
- Basketball
- Barons LMT — a men's basketball team, two-time Latvian champion, as well as the 2008 FIBA EuroCup winner.
- TTT Riga — a women's basketball team, which between 1960 and 1982 won eighteen FIBA EuroLeague Women titles.
- VEF Riga
- Ice hockey
- Dinamo Riga — an ice hockey club established in 2008. It plays in the Kontinental Hockey League. Dinamo was established as a successor to the former hockey team with the same name, which was founded in 1946 but ceased to exist in 1995.
- Football
- Skonto FC — a football club established in 1991. The club won fourteen successive Latvian Higher League titles. For a long time it provided the core of the Latvian national football team.
- FK Jaunība
- JFK Olimps/RFS
Sports facilities[link]
- Arena Riga — a multi-purpose arena built in 2006 as the main venue for the 2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. It can hold up to 14,500 people and has hosted ice hockey, basketball and volleyball events, as well as Red Bull X-Fighters.
- Skonto Stadium — a football stadium, built in 2000. It is the main stadium used for games of the Latvian national football team.
- Daugava Stadium — a stadium built in 1958, used for both football and athletics.
- Latvijas Universitates Stadions
Sports events[link]
- Eurobasket 1937
- 1999 European Athletics Junior Championships
- EuroBasket Women 2009
- 2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships
- Riga Marathon
Universities[link]
- University of Latvia (LU)
- Riga Technical University (RTU)
- Riga Stradiņš University (RSU)
- Riga Graduate School of Law (RGSL)
- School of Business Administration Turiba (BAT)
- Stockholm School of Economics in Riga (SSE Riga)
- BA School of Business and Finance (BA)
- Transport and Telecommunication Institute (TTI)
Town twinning[link]
Riga maintains sister city relationships with the following cities:[67]
 Aalborg, Denmark[68] |
 Almaty, Kazakhstan |
 Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands |
Astana, Kazakhstan |
 Beijing, China[69] |
 Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France |
 Bremen, Bremen (state), Germany |
 Cairns, Queensland, Australia |
| Calais, Nord, France |
 Dallas, Texas, United States |
 Florence, Tuscany, Italy |
 Kiev, Ukraine |
 Kobe, Japan [70] |
 Minsk, Belarus |
 Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow, Russia |
 Norrköping, Sweden |
 Pori, Finland |
Providence, Rhode Island, United States[71] |
Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany |
Saint Petersburg, Russia:[72] |
 Santiago, Chile |
 Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom[73] |
Stockholm, Sweden |
Suzhou, Jiangsu, China |
 Taipei, Taiwan[74] |
 Tallinn, Estonia |
 Taskent, Uzbekistan |
Tartu, Estonia |
 Tbilisi, Georgia |
 Vilnius, Lithuania |
 Warsaw, Poland [75] |
See also[link]
- Archbishops of Riga
- Riga City Council
- Riga Central Market
- Riga Charter, on cultural heritage conservation, adopted here in 2000
- Riga Region
- Rīgas Satiksme
- Riga Salsa Festival
- Riga Zoo
References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Riga City Council". Riga City Council. http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Riga_City_Council/default.htm. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ^ a b "Riga in Figures". Riga City Council. http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_in_numbers/default.htm. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
- ^ a b c "Table IE52:Resident Population by Region, City and District at the beginning of the year". csb.gov.lv. http://data.csb.gov.lv/DATABASEEN/Iedzsoc/Annual%20statistical%20data/04.%20Population/04.%20Population.asp.
- ^ a b "Resident Population by Ethnicity and by Region, Cityr and District at the Bebinning of the Year". csb.gov.lv. http://data.csb.gov.lv/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=04-19a&ti=4-19.+RESIDENT+POPULATION+BY+ETHNICITY+AND+BY+REGION%2C+CITY+AND+DISTRICT+AT+THE+BEGINNING+OF+THE+YEAR&path=./DATABASEEN/Iedzsoc/Annual%20statistical%20data/04.%20Population/&lang=1. Retrieved 22 July 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Latvia in Brief". Latvian Institute. 2011. http://www.li.lv/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=1060. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Riga Municipality Portal". Copyright © 2003–2009, Riga Municipality. http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/About_Riga/default.htm. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ^ "Historic Centre of Riga - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO. 1997. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/852. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ "EUROCITIES - the network of major European cities". Eurocities. http://www.eurocities.eu. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ "Union of the Baltic Cities". Union of the Baltic Cities (UBC). http://www.ubc.net/. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ "Union of Capitals of the European Union". Union of Capitals of the European Union (UCEU). http://www.uceu.org. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Teritorija un administratīvās robežas vēsturiskā skatījumā" (in Latvian). Cities Environmental Reports on the Internet. http://www.ceroi.net/reports/riga/latviski/pamatlietas/teritorija.htm. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
- ^ Endzelīns, Did Celts Inhabit the Baltics (1911 Dzimtene's Vēstnesis (Homeland Messenger) No. 227). Retrieved July 24, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f Vauchez et al. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge, 2001
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Bilmanis, A. Latvia as an Independent State. Latvian Legation. 1947.
- ^ Pronouncing the "i" and "e" separately, REE-eh, is the best approximation to the Latvian rija, as "Ria" would result in an "i" not "ee" sound.
- ^ Fabrius, D. Livonicae Historiae Compendiosa Series, 1610: "Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti."
- ^ Rīdziņa
- ^ a b c d e Germanis, U. The Latvian Saga. 10th ed. 1998. Memento, Stockholm.
- ^ Laffort, R. (censor), Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton Co., 1907
- ^ Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, D. The Tolstoys: Genealogy and Origin. A2Z, 1991
- ^ a b c d Dollinger, P. The Emergence of International Business 1200 – 1800, 1964; translated Macmillan and Co edition, 1970
- ^ a b Reiner et al. Riga. Axel Menges, Stuttgart. 1999.
- ^ Zarina, D. Old Riga: Tourist Guide, Spriditis, 1992
- ^ a b Moeller et al. History of the Christian Church. MacMillan & Co. 1893.
- ^ a b c d e Palmieri, A. Catholic Origin of Latvia, ed. Cororan, J.A. et al.The American Catholic Quarterly Review Volume XLVI, January–October 1921. Philadelphia.
- ^ Doma vēsture (history). Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ Kooper, E. The Medieval Chronicle V. Radopi, 2008.
- ^ Wright, C.T.H. The Edinburgh Review, THE LETTS, 1917
- ^ Murray, A. Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier, 1150–1500. Ashgate, London. 2001.
- ^ The Ecclesiastical Review, Vol. LVI. American Ecclesiastical Review. Dolphin Press. 1917.
- ^ Fonnesberg-Schmidt, I. The Popes and the Baltic Crusades, 1147–1254. Brill. 2006.
- ^ a b Švābe, A., ed. Latvju Enciklopēdija. Trīs Zvaigznes, Stockholm. 1953–1955 (in Latvian)
- ^ Fletcher, R.A. The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity, 371–1386 AD. Harper Collins. 1991.
- ^ Michell, Thomas. Handbook for Travelers in Russia, Poland, and Finland. London, John Murray, 1888.
- ^ Fonnesberg-Schmidt, I. The Popes and the Baltic Crusades, 1147–1254. Brill, 2007
- ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2003). The Reformation: A History. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03296-9. http://books.google.com/?id=rE7uAAAAMAAJ.
- ^ National History Museum of Latvia
- ^ "Russian Retreat 1917". Greatwardifferent.com. http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Russian_Battery/Retirement_01.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
- ^ Ezergailis, The Holocaust in Latvia, p. 348
- ^ Ethnic composition of resident population by region or city, Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia Database
- ^ Charles, Jonathan (30 June 2005). "Latvia prepares for a tourist invasion". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4633647.stm. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
- ^ Mikk Lõhmus and Illar Tõnisson. "Evolvement of Administrative Division of Tallinn, Riga and Vilnius". Tallinn University of Technology. pp. 55, 77. http://www.halduskultuur.eu/Mikk_Lohmus_and_Illar_Tonisson.pdf. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- ^ "Apkaimju projekts" (in Latvian). Riga City Council Development Agency. http://www.rdpad.lv/apkaimes/. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- ^ "Changes in the Administrative Division of the Territory of Riga after the Loss of Independence (1940–1991)". Riga City Environment Centre "Agenda 21". http://www.ceroi.net/reports/riga/background_things/teritory.htm. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- ^ "Weather Information for Riga". World Weather Information Service. http://www.worldweather.org/044/c00175.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ "Meteoroloģisko un hidroloģisko novērojumu dati". Latvijas vides, ģeoloģijas un meteoroloģijas centrs. http://www.meteo.lv/public/hidrometeo_dati.html. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ^ "Gaismas Pils; Development of the project". gaismaspils.lv. http://www.gaismaspils.lv/gp/index.php?l=en&m=attistiba&s=LNB_Ekas_Buvnieciba. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
- ^ UNESCO 2007 report, p199 accessed 20 July 2009
- ^ "Da Vinci, Riga". emporis.com. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=102008. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
- ^ "Z-Towers; On top of your business!". vertikalapasaule.lv. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060517190808/http://www.vertikalapasaule.lv/eng/project/. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
- ^ "Lursoft statistika; Uzņēmumu dibināšanas dimanika Latvijas rajonos" (in Latvian). lursoft.lv. http://www.lursoft.lv/stat/ur_stat_075.html. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
- ^ "Report on the Free Port of Riga". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080119215620/http://riga.usembassy.gov/EN/site/R/rep20060912. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ^ "airBaltic in Riga." AirBaltic. Retrieved on 16 January 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Home. RAF-Avia. Retrieved on 9 September 2010. Zellu street 6, Riga, LV 1002, Latvia."
- ^ "Explanatory Note on Planning and Building of the Southern Bridge Route". rdpad.lv. http://www.rdpad.lv/en/south_bridge/. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
- ^ "Dienvidu Tilts; Project of the Bridge". dienvidutilts.lv. http://www.dienvidutilts.lv/index.php?lang_id=2&menu_id=18. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
- ^ "Dienvidu tilta maģistrālie pievedceļi" (in Latvian). rdsd.lv. http://www.rdsd.lv/?ct=dienvidu_tilts. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ^ "Northern Corridor; About project". ziemelukoridors.lv. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110722164202/http://www.ziemelukoridors.lv/pages/main.php?l=en&tema=2. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
- ^ [http:// www.tallinksilja.com/en/tab2/schedules/stoRig/ "Stockholm-Riga"]. Tallink. http:// www.tallinksilja.com/en/tab2/schedules/stoRig/. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
- ^ "Sailing schedule on route Riga – Luebeck". DFDS Tor Line. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110722161230/http://www.dfdstorline.lv/DFDSTorlineSIA/EN/Timetables/RigaLuebeck/Index.htm. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
- ^ Abdul Turay (30 January 2008). "Tallinn and Riga to be linked by 2010". Baltic Times. http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/19752/. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ^ "Latvia to Begin Constructing Rail Baltica accessed". Latvian State Railways. 18 April 2008. http://www.rzd-partner.com/news/2008/04/18/322781.html. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
- ^ Heleniak, Timothy (February 2006). "Latvia Looks West, But Legacy of Soviets Remains". University of Maryland. http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=375. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
- ^ "Fafo-report 503 Poverty in Latvia". Fafo.no. http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/503/index.htm. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
- ^ "Latvian National Opera". Opera.lv. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071226023239/http://www.opera.lv/opera.php?lang=2. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ Nordik IT <http://it.nordik.lv>. "The Daile Theatre – Repertory". Dailesteatris.lv. http://www.dailesteatris.lv/index.php?&268. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ "Twin cities of Riga". Riga City Council. http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ^ "Aalborg Kommune – Venskabsbyer". Web.archive.org. 14 November 2007. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071114155748/http://www.aalborgkommune.dk/Borgerportal/Serviceomraader/Byen/Venskabsbyer/Towns.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
- ^ "Sister Cities". Beijing Municipal Government. Archived from the original on 2010-01-16. http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ "Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City" (in Japanese). © 2007–2009 City of Kobe. http://www.city.kobe.jp/cityoffice/17/020/en/international/worldmap.htm. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
- ^ "Mayor Announces Sister City — Meeting (7/30/2003)". Providence, RI, Office of the Mayor. Archived from the original on January 2, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090102141935/http://www.providenceri.com/press/sister_city.html. Retrieved 17 January 2007.
- ^ "Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties". Saint Petersburg City Government. http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ^ "British Latvian Trade – the magazine of the British Chamber of Commerce in Latvia" (PDF). pp. 10, col. 2. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080414025026/http://www.bccl.lv/userfiles/e_magazines/BLT_autumn-draft.pdf. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- ^ Sister city list (.DOC)[dead link]
- ^ (Polish) "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl. Biuro Promocji Miasta. 4 May 2005. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011111033/http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
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http://wn.com/Riga
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Farid Bang | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Farid El Abdellaoui |
| Born | (1986-06-04) June 4, 1986 (age 26) |
| Origin | Melilla, Spain |
| Genres | Hip-Hop, Rap |
| Occupations | Rapper |
| Labels | German Dream Entertainment |
| Associated acts | Kollegah, Eko Fresh |
Farid El Abdellaoui (born June 4, 1986),[1] better known as Farid Bang, is a Düsseldorf-based rapper of Moroccan descent.
Contents |
Early life and youth[link]
Farid Bang was born in Melilla, Spain, and grew up in the Spanish city of Malaga, before he moved with his family to Düsseldorf, Germany at the age of eight. He is signed to record label German Dream Entertainment [2]
Career[link]
Early career[link]
Farid Bang began to rap, at the age of 19, together with his friend called "Tekken". Through Summer Cem he met Eko Fresh, who signed him to his label German Dream Entertainment.[3] In 2005 Farid Bang was featured on three songs appeared Eko Fresh's mixtape Fick immer noch deine Story. During that time, he used the pseudonym "Farid Urlaub" (based on German rock artist Farin Urlaub). In 2006, an album was planned to be released, entitled Ghetto Kodex, which however never got published.
[edit] 2009-2010: Jung, brutal, gutaussehend and Asphalt Massaka 2
Main articles: Jung, brutal, gutaussehend and Asphalt Massaka 2
After the release of his debut album, Farid Bang stated that he won't record an album in 2009. As well as his fellow rapper Kollegah confirmed to not record for his own.
On March 2009, Farid Bang was featured on the song "Westdeutschlands Kings" from Chronik 2, an album that features the artists of Düsseldorf hip hop label Selfmade Records. The song features also Kollegah and Favorite, and leaked online as free "pre-single".[4]
In July released Farid Bang together with Kollegah the collaboration album Jung, brutal, gutaussehend, over Selfmade Records. In the German Charts it reached #30 and for the only single "Mitternacht" was a video shot in the Serbian capital Belgrade. The video leaked online on May 26, 2009.[5]. Before the album's release date Kollegah and Farid Bang leaked two tracks online for free downloading. The tracks were "Wir ficken die Szene" (on May 19) and "Ghettosuperstars" (at the beginning of June).[6] In additional, an snippet of the album has been placed at the disposal.[7]The release of Jung, brutal, gutaussehend was celebrated on June 19 in Rheingold.
On March 12, 2010, released Farid Bang his second album Asphalt Massaka 2, which ranked #56 in the German Album Charts. The song "Wer will Beef" has been put online on Farid Bang's homepage, on February 5, for free downloading. A snippet for the album as been released as well. The first single "Teufelskreis", released on February 11, inclusive the track "König der Nacht" for downloading. To both songs was a video shot and put online on January 11 or February 9. However "Teufelskreis" could not enter the charts. A video for "Es ist soweit" has been shot and released on February 25. It features appearance of his mentor Eko Fresh and football player Kevin Kurányi. The single to that song released the following day. On March 10, released the video to the song "Gangsta Musik", featuring Bass Sultan Hengzt. In addition, the release party toke place on March 12 in the club called "Noir" in Düsseldorf, where all the guest artists from the album were represented.[8]
[edit] 2011-presents: Banger leben kürzer and Der letzte Tag deines Lebens
Main articles: Banger leben kürzer and Der letzte Tag deines Lebens
On 18 February 2011, released Fraid Bang's third album Banger leben kürzer which ranked #11 in the German album charts, in Switzerland #25 and in Austria #32.[9] With this album reached Farid Bang the highest chart entrance for himself and his label German Dream. Ahead of the albums, Farid Bang put an 10 video part-videoblog on YouTube, where he gave informations to his album. Two videos has been shot to the intro and the song "Bitte Spitte 5000". According to some informations the album has sold over 10.000 times.[10]
Before the release of his album Der letzte Tag deines Lebens (released in January 2012), were videos shot to following songs: "Keine Träne", "Alemania", "Irgendwann" and "Pusher". A snippet has been additional put on the internet (on January 18). Like on the last release of Banger leben kürzer, he made a videoblog on YouTube, with 9 videos.
On January 27, released Der letzte Tag deines Lebens.
Discography[link]
Main article: Farid Bang discography
- Studio albums
- 2008: Asphalt Massaka
- 2010: Asphalt Massaka 2
- 2011: Banger leben kürzer
- 2012: Der letzte Tag deines Lebens
- Collaborations
- 2009: Jung, brutal, gutaussehend (with Kollegah)
References[link]
- ^ Bravo HipHop Special, March 2010
- ^ http://www.16bars.de/magazin/2761/farid-bang-videointerview/
- ^ http://rap.de/features/783/t1
- ^ http://www.hiphop.de/magazin/audio/detail/westdeutschlands-kings/
- ^ http://rap.de/features/866/t3
- ^ http://www.mzee.com/newscenter/show.php?artikel=100090953
- ^ http://www.hiphop.de/magazin/audio/detail/jung-brutal-gutaussehend-snippet/
- ^ http://www.16bars.de/events/2154/farid-bang-asphalt-massaka-2-releaseparty/
- ^ http://www.hiphop.de/magazin/news/detail/2011/03/02/farid-bang-kollabo-lp-mit-hengzterfolge-in-oesterreich-und-schweiz/
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2az7DpbpjU&feature=related
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bang, Farid |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | June 4, 1986 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
|
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
