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Send this Playlist by SMS
Gold Diggers of 1933 - "We're in the Money"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 19 May 2013
The famous opening song from the film Gold Diggers of 1933, performed by Ginger Rogers. All musical scenes in the film, including this one, were choreographe...
http://wn.com/Gold_Diggers_of_1933_We're_in_the_Money
The famous opening song from the film Gold Diggers of 1933, performed by Ginger Rogers. All musical scenes in the film, including this one, were choreographe...
The Whitehouse Coup (1933) 1 of 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Updated: 10 May 2013
The "Business Plot" (also the Plot Against FDR and the White House Putsch) was an alleged political conspiracy in 1933 wherein wealthy businessmen and corpor...
http://wn.com/The_Whitehouse_Coup_1933_1_of_3
The "Business Plot" (also the Plot Against FDR and the White House Putsch) was an alleged political conspiracy in 1933 wherein wealthy businessmen and corpor...
- published: 21 Dec 2008
- author: ThisWeekInFascism
President Franklin Roosevelt 1933 Inauguration
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:13
- Updated: 17 May 2013
http://www.c-spanarchives.org/library/vidLink.php?b=1105855463&e;=1105856675&n;=001 Newsreel footage of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's first inauguratio...
http://wn.com/President_Franklin_Roosevelt_1933_Inauguration
http://www.c-spanarchives.org/library/vidLink.php?b=1105855463&e;=1105856675&n;=001 Newsreel footage of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's first inauguratio...
- published: 14 Jan 2009
- views: 507290
- author: CSPAN
Fly American! 1933
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:41
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Early American Airways promotional film with twin engine Curtiss Condor airplanes showing plane interiors and passengers, airport facilities, pilots and cock...
http://wn.com/Fly_American!_1933
Early American Airways promotional film with twin engine Curtiss Condor airplanes showing plane interiors and passengers, airport facilities, pilots and cock...
- published: 29 May 2008
- author: travelfilmarchive
Potsdam 1933 in Farbe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 12 May 2013
Der älteste überlieferte Farbfilm über Potsdam, hergestellt von Ufa. Die einstige Schönheit Potsdams, der Residenz der Preußenkönige und -Kaiser, ist zum gro...
http://wn.com/Potsdam_1933_in_Farbe
Der älteste überlieferte Farbfilm über Potsdam, hergestellt von Ufa. Die einstige Schönheit Potsdams, der Residenz der Preußenkönige und -Kaiser, ist zum gro...
- published: 18 Feb 2010
- author: Chrilsama
Experiment Weimar: Die Weimarer Republik (1919-1933)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:48
- Updated: 15 May 2013
http://wn.com/Experiment_Weimar_Die_Weimarer_Republik_1919-1933
1933: Zionists sign a deal with Hitler - The Transfer Agreement
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Newscast about the launch of the controversial book about Nazi-Zionist collaboration. Admission that boycott of jewish stores was for only one day, April 1, ...
http://wn.com/1933_Zionists_sign_a_deal_with_Hitler_The_Transfer_Agreement
Newscast about the launch of the controversial book about Nazi-Zionist collaboration. Admission that boycott of jewish stores was for only one day, April 1, ...
- published: 11 Jul 2009
- views: 54918
- author: MDJarv
King Kong 1933 - Empire State Building - Ending
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:06
- Updated: 18 May 2013
Vintage Brooks YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/MADMAXAMARULA?feature=watch Website: http://www.vintagebrooks.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/V...
http://wn.com/King_Kong_1933_Empire_State_Building_Ending
Vintage Brooks YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/user/MADMAXAMARULA?feature=watch Website: http://www.vintagebrooks.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/V...
- published: 26 Aug 2010
- views: 379108
- author: MADMAXAMARULA
1933 - Der Sieg des Glaubens - Reichsparteitag 1933
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 61:25
- Updated: 09 May 2013
Sieg des Glaubens ist ein Film von Leni Riefenstahl über den 5. Reichsparteitag der NSDAP vom 1. bis zum 3. September 1933 in Nürnberg. Er ist einer der drei...
http://wn.com/1933_Der_Sieg_des_Glaubens_Reichsparteitag_1933
Sieg des Glaubens ist ein Film von Leni Riefenstahl über den 5. Reichsparteitag der NSDAP vom 1. bis zum 3. September 1933 in Nürnberg. Er ist einer der drei...
- published: 05 Feb 2012
- author: gibsdensowas68
King Kong Trailer (1933)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 17 May 2013
A home made trailer for the original King Kong, inspired by the trailer for the 2005 remake.
http://wn.com/King_Kong_Trailer_1933
A home made trailer for the original King Kong, inspired by the trailer for the 2005 remake.
- published: 02 Jan 2006
- views: 656405
- author: Flaggboy42
Adolf Hitler - Speech (1933)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:55
- Updated: 14 May 2013
You don't see political speeches given with this type of emotion any more! The only reason I put this Video on YouTube in February 2007, was because it was t...
http://wn.com/Adolf_Hitler_Speech_1933
You don't see political speeches given with this type of emotion any more! The only reason I put this Video on YouTube in February 2007, was because it was t...
- published: 27 Feb 2007
- author: ArcAngel4Myke
Louis Armstrong "Dinah" 1933
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Updated: 13 May 2013
Louis Armstrong and his touring band, live on stage in Copenhagen with "Dinah".
http://wn.com/Louis_Armstrong_Dinah_1933
Louis Armstrong and his touring band, live on stage in Copenhagen with "Dinah".
- published: 03 Mar 2009
- views: 241722
- author: harryoakley
Das Judentum erklärt Deutschland den Heiligen Krieg 1933
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 18 May 2013
Der zweite Weltkrieg begann bereits 1933, als die Zionisten deutschland den Kriegerklärten, Hitlers Aufruf zum Boykott jüdischer Geschäfte war eine Antwort a...
http://wn.com/Das_Judentum_erklärt_Deutschland_den_Heiligen_Krieg_1933
Der zweite Weltkrieg begann bereits 1933, als die Zionisten deutschland den Kriegerklärten, Hitlers Aufruf zum Boykott jüdischer Geschäfte war eine Antwort a...
- published: 29 May 2011
- views: 27551
- author: TheBilalProductions
William Powell in THE KENNEL MURDER CASE (1933)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 73:04
- Updated: 13 May 2013
William Powell and Mary Astor star in this classic Philo Vance mystery from the novel by SS Van Dine. This film, directed by Michael Curtiz, is considered on...
http://wn.com/William_Powell_in_THE_KENNEL_MURDER_CASE_1933
William Powell and Mary Astor star in this classic Philo Vance mystery from the novel by SS Van Dine. This film, directed by Michael Curtiz, is considered on...
- published: 07 Jul 2011
- author: TheVideoCellar
"Carioca" (Flying Down to Rio - 1933)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 17 May 2013
Marvilliosa coreografia "aerea" figliata da Linwood G. Dunn. P. S.: "Carioca" è il titolo dato alla versione italiana del film: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
http://wn.com/Carioca_Flying_Down_to_Rio_1933
Marvilliosa coreografia "aerea" figliata da Linwood G. Dunn. P. S.: "Carioca" è il titolo dato alla versione italiana del film: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
- published: 06 Jan 2011
- views: 83241
- author: fixacril
Dutch Guiana - Land of the Djuka 1933
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 14 Apr 2013
A tour of Dutch Guiana (Suriname)in the 1930s. Footage from this film is available for licensing from www.globalimageworks.com.
http://wn.com/Dutch_Guiana_Land_of_the_Djuka_1933
A tour of Dutch Guiana (Suriname)in the 1930s. Footage from this film is available for licensing from www.globalimageworks.com.
- published: 19 Apr 2008
- views: 50811
- author: travelfilmarchive
Dokumentarfilm Konzentrationslager Dachau 1933-1945 teil 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
www.dreams-and-drums.com.
http://wn.com/Dokumentarfilm_Konzentrationslager_Dachau_1933-1945_teil_1
1933 Indian Motorcycle - Jay Leno's Garage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:45
- Updated: 19 May 2013
In 1901, bicycle racer and builder George Hendee teamed up with engineer Carl Oscar Hedstrom to build a 1.75 hp single cylinder motorcycle prototype with a r...
http://wn.com/1933_Indian_Motorcycle_Jay_Leno's_Garage
In 1901, bicycle racer and builder George Hendee teamed up with engineer Carl Oscar Hedstrom to build a 1.75 hp single cylinder motorcycle prototype with a r...
- published: 11 Apr 2013
- views: 79242
- author: JayLenosGarage
1933 - Sommers Sonntag 9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:55
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
http://www.hoTodi.tv zeigt wie es geht! Wie war das noch mit Hitlers Machtergreifung? Waren die Ereignisse im Jahre 1933 tatsächlich so, wie Guido Knopp uns glauben machen will oder gibt es da eventuell Anlass zu berechtigtem Zweifel? Tobias Sommer erzählt über einige Ereignisse mal in chronologischer Folge um die Zusammenhänge besser zu erkennen.
Hier einiges an Literatur zu 1933 von Amazon:
Heinz Nawratil "Der Kult mit der Schuld": http://goo.gl/4gO5D
Antony C. Sutton "Wall Street und der Ausstieg Hitlers": http://goo.gl/FrfwW
Mansur Khan "Die geheime Geschichte der amerikanischen Kriege": http://goo.gl/AVevj
Retrospect Kompendium: http://goo.gl/G86J5
Wenn Ihr auch mal Anregungen für ein Video habt sagt einfach bescheid, wir sehen dann, was wir machen können. Und ein Abo auf unserem Channel würde uns natürlich sehr freuen!
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blog | http://www.berndsworld.com
Privat | http://www.berndkorz.de
http://wn.com/1933_Sommers_Sonntag_9
http://www.hoTodi.tv zeigt wie es geht! Wie war das noch mit Hitlers Machtergreifung? Waren die Ereignisse im Jahre 1933 tatsächlich so, wie Guido Knopp uns glauben machen will oder gibt es da eventuell Anlass zu berechtigtem Zweifel? Tobias Sommer erzählt über einige Ereignisse mal in chronologischer Folge um die Zusammenhänge besser zu erkennen.
Hier einiges an Literatur zu 1933 von Amazon:
Heinz Nawratil "Der Kult mit der Schuld": http://goo.gl/4gO5D
Antony C. Sutton "Wall Street und der Ausstieg Hitlers": http://goo.gl/FrfwW
Mansur Khan "Die geheime Geschichte der amerikanischen Kriege": http://goo.gl/AVevj
Retrospect Kompendium: http://goo.gl/G86J5
Wenn Ihr auch mal Anregungen für ein Video habt sagt einfach bescheid, wir sehen dann, was wir machen können. Und ein Abo auf unserem Channel würde uns natürlich sehr freuen!
Unsere Sites & Infos:
hoTodi | http://www.hotodi.com
Twitter | http://twitter.com/hotodi_com
Facebook | https://www.facebook.com/hoTodi.tv
Google+ | http://goo.gl/oIf5B
sevenload | http://de.sevenload.com/sendungen/hoTodi
blip.tv | http://www.blip.tv/hoTodi
iTunes | http://goo.gl/UAb21
youtube | http://www.youtube.com/hoTodi
blog | http://www.berndsworld.com
Privat | http://www.berndkorz.de
- published: 29 Jul 2012
- views: 13230
Jay-Z Photographed Back in 1933?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:10
- Updated: 18 May 2013
1933 Photograph of Jay-Z? Subscribe to http://www.YouTube.com/MarkDice http://www.Facebook.com/MarkDice http://www.Twitter.com/MarkDice Check out The Illumin...
http://wn.com/Jay-Z_Photographed_Back_in_1933?
1933 Photograph of Jay-Z? Subscribe to http://www.YouTube.com/MarkDice http://www.Facebook.com/MarkDice http://www.Twitter.com/MarkDice Check out The Illumin...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 40873
- author: Mark Dice
Oldsmobile's 1933 2 (two) Door Sports Coupe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 11 May 2013
Jeff Busch's 1933 Oldsmobile 2-door Sports Coupe was featured in the January 2013 issue of Hemmings Motor News (pg 78). Get an up-close look at the fabulous ...
http://wn.com/Oldsmobile's_1933_2_two_Door_Sports_Coupe
Jeff Busch's 1933 Oldsmobile 2-door Sports Coupe was featured in the January 2013 issue of Hemmings Motor News (pg 78). Get an up-close look at the fabulous ...
- published: 10 Apr 2013
- author: HemmingsMedia
1933 "Stars Of Tomorrow"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Young stars of 1933 featured in this 1933 newsreel with Johnny Mack Brown and Willy Pogany : Ruth Hall, Patricia Ellis, Lilian Bond , Boots Mallory , Evalyn ...
http://wn.com/1933_Stars_Of_Tomorrow
Young stars of 1933 featured in this 1933 newsreel with Johnny Mack Brown and Willy Pogany : Ruth Hall, Patricia Ellis, Lilian Bond , Boots Mallory , Evalyn ...
- published: 07 Jun 2008
- views: 24559
- author: perfectjazz78
10. Mai 1933 - 80 Jahre Bücherverbrennung: 1933 Reichstagswahlen im Maerz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Die Stadtbibliothek Heilbronn erinnert an die Bücherverbrennung vom 10. Mai 1933
http://wn.com/10_Mai_1933_80_Jahre_Bücherverbrennung_1933_Reichstagswahlen_im_Maerz
Die Stadtbibliothek Heilbronn erinnert an die Bücherverbrennung vom 10. Mai 1933
- published: 07 May 2013
- views: 25
photo: Flickr
17 May 2013
17 May 2013, 17.17. Bunga Bunga. Berlusconi 'Prostitute' In Court. Tweet. A teenage former belly dancer who denies having sex with former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi has given her version of events at his allegedly raunchy "bunga bunga" parties ... Prosecutors claim that Miss El Mahroug was 17 when she was paid by the politician for sex and he is on trial separately in relation to that accusation ... She added ... She added ... She said....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP / Misha Japaridze
18 May 2013
The US has scolded Russia for sending missiles to the Syrian government, with plans for an international peace conference promoted by the two major powers appearing to founder on diplomatic rifts over its scope and purpose. General Martin Dempsey, the most senior US military officer, has described Russia's recent delivery of anti-ship missiles to President Bashar al-Assad as "ill-timed and very unfortunate" ... Report....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Favre
18 May 2013
(Adds Elon Musk details in the 13th paragraph.). May 17 (Bloomberg) -- Bill Gates is once again the world’s richest person. The 57-year-old co-founder of Redmond, Washington-based Microsoft Corp. recaptured the title from Mexican investor Carlos Slim yesterday, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as the software maker hit a five-year high. It is the first time Gates has held the mantle since 2007 ... He denies the accusation....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. There appears to be a curse stalking second term presidents, specifically starting with Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon and continuing through to President Barack Obama. President Obama's malevolent shadow, namely Benghazigate, IRSgate and the more recent APgate, have almost utterly enveloped him and his administration ... President Obama's second term is also unraveling....(size: 5.6Kb)
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noodls
19 May 2013
American Jews and the Rescue of Europe's Refugees, 1933-41 ... New York, NY- When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933 and began to persecute the Jews, they touched off an international refugee crisis that escalated throughout the 1930s ... American Jews and the Rescue of Europe's Refugees, 1933-1941 will shed light on how American Jews used their ......(size: 13.1Kb)
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The Guardian
19 May 2013
Compiled by an ardent bibliophile, this week's report includes The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians; Megafauna. Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America; and a Photoalbum of the Birds of Uzbekistan; all of which were recently published in North America and the UK ... ~ Arnold Lobel [1933-1987] author of many popular children's books ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... @GrrlScientist ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
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The News & Observer
19 May 2013
Jack Stanley Forlines, 80, of Clayton, NC, passed away Wednesday, May 15, 2013, following a two-year battle with cancer. A memorial service will be held Monday at 11am at Garner Free Will Baptist Church, 1133 Benson Rd., Garner, NC 27529, followed by a reception in the church fellowship hall ... 5th St, Greenville from 6 to 8 pm. Born on January 30, 1933, in Pitt County, NC, he was the son of John Leroy and Leta Manning Forlines ... Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
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The Examiner
19 May 2013
1931 Ford 5 window coupe street rod1931 Ford 5 window coupe street rod, side view.1933 Ford RoadsterThis 1941 Willys coupe was powered by a vintage hemi engine from the 1950s.1941 Willys coupe1948 Cadillac sedanette custom1957 Oldsmobile 4 door hardtop station wagon customThis 1955 Oldsmobile hardtop rat rod wasn't even in the car show - ......(size: 4.2Kb)
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Huffington Post
19 May 2013
Drugs can kill users. Drug warriors can kill anybody. A CBS report on street violence in Chicago makes clear that a major cause -- if not the major cause -- of these deaths is because drug gangs are fighting over turf ... This is absolutely true and drug warriors like Jack Riley are responsible for the fight ... But, when we allowed the Jack Rileys of the country to set liquor laws from 1920 to 1933 we had violence, gang warfare and murder ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
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noodls
19 May 2013
(Source. International Ice Hockey Federation). Finland and Team USA will battle once again at the 2013 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship, this time for a bronze. Photo. Richard Wolowicz / HHOF-IIHF Images. STOCKHOLM - It's never easy playing for bronze medal coming off a tough defeat. But moreso for the Americans who were a win away from securing their first shot at a gold medal since 1933 ... USA. Key factors. Familiarity ... Goaltending ... Fatigue....(size: 4.8Kb)
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The Examiner
19 May 2013
This year's juried exhibit asked artists to explore all things games and playing, and the nostalgia these memories bring. The curator encouraged the incorporation/ reuse of toys and games in an inventive way or the creation of original toys and games ... Location. 2301 First Street, Fort Myers, FL 33901. 26.645412445068 ; -81.868537902832 ... to 5.00 p.m ... For more information, please telephone 239-333-1933 or visit www.sbdac.com ... Tweet. 0 Email ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)
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noodls
19 May 2013
(Source. New Jersey Devils) Swiss blank Team USA, Swedes shut out Finland. NHL.com. A Switzerland national team with little NHL experience assured the country of its first medal at the IIHF World Ice Hockey Championship in half a century with a 3-0 win against the United States in the semifinals of the 2013 tournament Saturday ... The U.S. last won gold at the World Championship in 1933 ... "John Gibson was exceptional." U.S ... 3-0....(size: 6.4Kb)
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Kansas City Star
19 May 2013
MANHATTAN, Kan. — Terry Dutton, hanging around with his friend David Yoder and watching the Kansas State baseball team celebrate its Big 12 championship after Friday’s victory over Oklahoma, had a fashion problem. Order Reprints ... More News. Read more Kansas State University. His cap commemorated the Wildcats’ 2012 Big 12 football championship ... K-State captured its first baseball conference title since 1933 ... Value. ... ....(size: 9.5Kb)
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Knox News
18 May 2013
A look at recent events in the news that pleased us ... Special game ... For the second year in a row, the Knoxville Challenger League has teamed up with the Vols to put on this special event ... Birthday bash ... Established by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal, TVA produces electricity for 9 million people in parts of seven states, manages the Tennessee River system and promotes economic development in the region. Dream date ... ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
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noodls
18 May 2013
(Source. TATA Group - TATA Sons Ltd). Released on 18 May, 2013. Issue of s$350 million in principal amount of senior fixed rate notes due 2018 by TML Holdings Pte Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary. Tata Motors Limited announces that TML Holdings Pte. Ltd ... The Notes have not been and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), or the laws of any state of the United States ... (noodl....(size: 2.5Kb)
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noodls
18 May 2013
(May 17, 2013) -- Although creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority by Congressional Act on May 18, 1933 relieved the U.S ... The Tennessee Valley Authority was created by Congressional Act on May 18, 1933 and later funded to build projects to reduce flood damage, improve navigation on the Tennessee River, provide electric power, and promote "agricultural and industrial development" in the region....(size: 14.7Kb)
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The News Tribune
18 May 2013
Frank Jacobs is not a household name in Tacoma, but according to a generation of city leaders, the strength of his convictions went a long way toward shaping the redevelopment of Tacoma’s waterfront. Jacobs, who served on the Foss Waterway Development Authority’s board of directors from its inception in 1996 until 2008, died May 6 of myeloid leukemia. He was 80 ... Jacobs was the son of a shipbuilder, born in Puyallup in 1933....(size: 2.9Kb)
This article is about the year 1933.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1900s 1910s 1920s – 1930s – 1940s 1950s 1960s |
| Years: | 1930 1931 1932 – 1933 – 1934 1935 1936 |
| 1933 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1933 MCMXXXIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2686 |
| Armenian calendar | 1382 ԹՎ ՌՅՁԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6683 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 89–90 |
| Bengali calendar | 1340 |
| Berber calendar | 2883 |
| British Regnal year | 22 Geo. 5 – 23 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2477 |
| Burmese calendar | 1295 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7441–7442 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬申年十二月初六日 (4569/4629-12-6) — to —
癸酉年十一月十五日(4570/4630-11-15) |
| Coptic calendar | 1649–1650 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1925–1926 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5693–5694 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1989–1990 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1855–1856 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5034–5035 |
| Holocene calendar | 11933 |
| Iranian calendar | 1311–1312 |
| Islamic calendar | 1351–1352 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 8 (昭和8年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4266 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 22 民國22年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2476 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1933 |
Year 1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
Main article: January 1933
- January 5 – Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay.
- January 11 – Sir Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand.
- January 15 – Political violence causes almost 100 deaths in Spain.
- January 17 – The U.S. Congress votes favorably for Philippines independence, against the view of President Herbert Hoover.
- January 23 – The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, changing Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20 starting in 1937.
- January 28 – The word Pakistan comes into being and is recognized by the Pakistan Movement to press for freedom.
- January 30
- Edouard Daladier forms a government in France.
- Nazi leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President of Germany Paul von Hindenburg.
- The Lone Ranger debuts on American radio.
- January – The London Underground diagram designed by Harry Beck is introduced to the public.[1]
February[link]
Main article: February 1933
- February 1 – Adolf Hitler gives his "Proclamation to the German People" in Berlin.
- February 2 – A second international conference on disarmament ends without results, It tries to limit the army sizes of the major powers, while Germany is entitled to 200,000, Germany leaves the conference because a plan postpones the limitations for 4 years.
- February 4 – A mutiny starts on the Dutch pantserschip De Zeven Provinciën.
- February 6 – The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution goes into effect.
- February 6–February 7 – Officers on the USS Ramapo record a 34-meter high sea-wave in the Pacific Ocean.
- February 9 – The King and Country debate: The Oxford Union student debating society in England passes a resolution stating, "That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and country."[2]
- February 10 – The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces the first singing telegram.
- February 15 – In Miami, Florida, Giuseppe Zangara attempts to assassinate President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, but instead fatally wounds Chicago Mayor Anton J. Cermak.
- February 17
- Newsweek magazine is published for the first time.
- The Blaine Act passes the United States Senate, submitting the proposed 21st Amendment to the Constitution to the states for ratification. The amendment is ratified on December 5, ending prohibition in the United States.
- February 27 – Germany's parliament building in Berlin, the Reichstag, is set on fire (see Reichstag fire).
- February 28 – The Reichstag Fire Decree is passed in response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many German civil liberties.
March[link]
Main article: March 1933
- March 2 – The original film version of King Kong, starring Fay Wray, premieres at Radio City Music Hall and the RKO Roxy Theatre in New York City.
- March 3
- Ching Yun University is established.
- Mount Rushmore National Memorial is dedicated.
- A powerful earthquake and tsunami hit Honshū, Japan, killing some 3,000.
- March 4
- U.S. President Herbert Hoover is succeeded by Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), who in reference to the Great Depression, proclaims "The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself" in his inauguration speech. FDR is sworn in by Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes. It is also the last time Inauguration Day in the United States occurs on March 4.
- Frances Perkins becomes United States Secretary of Labor, and the first female member of the United States Cabinet.
- The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure; Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates authoritarian rule by decree (see Austrofascism).
- March 5
- The Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a "Bank holiday", closing all United States banks and freezing all financial transactions (the 'holiday' ends on March 13).
- German election, 1933: National Socialists gain 43.9% of the votes.
- March 6 – Mayor Anton Cermak of Chicago dies of the wound he received on February 15.
- March 9 – Great Depression: The U.S. Congress begins its first 100 days of enacting New Deal legislation.
- March 10 – An earthquake in Long Beach, California kills 117 people.
- March 12 – Great Depression: Franklin Delano Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States, in the first of his "Fireside Chats".
- March 15
- The Dow Jones Industrial Average rises from 53.84 to 62.10. The day's gain of 15.34%, achieved during the depths of the Great Depression, remains to date as the largest 1-day percentage gain for the index.
- Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss keeps members of the National Council from convening, starting the Austrofascist dictatorship.
- March 20 – Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed (it opens March 22).
- March 22 – President Franklin Roosevelt signs an amendment to the Volstead Act known as the Cullen-Harrison Act, allowing the manufacture and sale of "3.2 beer" (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume) and light wines. [3]
- March 23 – The Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, making Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany.
- March 24 – Jews call for a boycott of German goods.
- March 27 – Japan leaves the League of Nations.
- March 31 – The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United States.
April[link]
Main article: April 1933
- April 1 – The recently elected Nazis under Julius Streicher organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany.
- April 2 – In a cricket test match against New Zealand, England batsman Wally Hammond scores a record 336 runs.[4]
- April 3
- An anti-monarchist rebellion occurs in Siam (Thailand).
- First flight over Mount Everest, a British expedition, led by the Marquis of Clydesdale, and funded by Lucy, Lady Houston
- April 4 – The American airship Akron crashes off the coast of New Jersey, leaving 73 dead.
- April 5
- The International Court in the Hague decides that Greenland belongs to Denmark and condemns Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland. Norway submits to the decision.
- President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a national emergency and issues Executive Order 6102, making it illegal for American citizens to own gold.
- April 7
- Beer is legalized in the United States, eight months before the full repeal of Prohibition in December.
- The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service is passed in Germany.
- April 11 – Aviator Bill Lancaster takes off in England, in an attempt to make a speed record to the Cape of Good Hope, but vanishes (his body is not found in the Sahara Desert until 1962).
- April 13 – The Children and Young Persons Act is passed in the United Kingdom.
- April 19 – The United States officially goes off the gold standard.
- April 21 – Nazi Germany outlaws the kosher ritual shechita.
- April 26
- The Gestapo is established in Germany.
- Editors of the Harvard Lampoon steal the Sacred Cod of Massachusetts from the State House (it is returned two days later).
- April 27
- The Jessop & Son department store in Nottingham, England is acquired by John Lewis Partnership (its first store outside of London).
- The Stahlhelm organization joins the Nazi party.
May[link]
Main article: May 1933
- May 2
- The first alleged modern sighting of the Loch Ness Monster occurs.
- Gleichschaltung: Adolf Hitler prohibits trade unions.
- May 3
- In the Irish Free State, Dáil Éireann abolishes the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown.
- Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first woman to be named director of the United States Mint.
- May 5 – The detection by Karl Jansky of radio waves from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is reported in the New York Times. The discovery leads to the birth of radio astronomy.
- May 8 – Mohandas Gandhi begins a 3-week hunger strike because of the mistreatment of the lower castes.
- May 10
- In Germany, the Nazis stage massive public book burnings.
- Paraguay declares war on Bolivia.
- May 12 – Agricultural Adjustment Act is enacted in the USA.
- May 17 – Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort form The Nasjonal Samling (the National-Socialist Party) of Norway.
- May 18 – New Deal: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an act creating the Tennessee Valley Authority.
- May 26 – The Nazi Party in Germany introduces a law to legalize eugenic sterilization.
- May 27
- New Deal: The Federal Securities Act is signed into law, requiring the registration of securities with the Federal Trade Commission.
- The Century of Progress World's Fair opens in Chicago.
- Walt Disney's classic Silly Symphony cartoon The Three Little Pigs is first released.
June[link]
Main article: June 1933
- June 5 – The U.S. Congress abrogates the United States' use of the gold standard by enacting a joint resolution (48 Stat. 112) nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.
- June 6 – The first drive-in theater opens in Camden, New Jersey.
- June 12 – The London Economic Conference is held.
- June 17 – Union Station massacre: In Kansas City, Missouri, Pretty Boy Floyd kills an FBI agent, 3 local police, and the person they intended to rescue, captured bank robber Frank Nash.
- June 21 – All non-Nazi parties are forbidden in Germany.
- June 25 – Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegates convene in Berlin to protest against the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany.
- June 26 – The American Totalisator Company unveils its first electronic pari-mutuel betting machine at the Arlington Park race track near Chicago.
July[link]
Main article: July 1933
- July 1 – The London Passenger Transport Board is founded.
- July 4 – Gandhi is sentenced to prison in India.
- July 6 – The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played at Comiskey Park in Chicago.
- July 14 – Forming new political parties is forbidden in Germany.
- July 15
- Signing of the Four-Power Pact by Britain, France, Germany and Italy.[4]
- International Left Opposition (ILO) is renamed International Communist League (ICL).
- July 20 – Vatican state secretary Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) signs an accord with Hitler.
- July 22
- Wiley Post becomes the first person to fly solo around the world, traveling 15,596 mi (25,099 km) in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes.
- "Machine-Gun" Kelly and Albert Bates kidnap Charles Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200,000 ransom.
- July 24 – Several members of the Barrow Gang are injured or captured during a running battle with local police near Dexter, Iowa.
August[link]
- August – Simele massacre: More than 3,000 Assyrian Iraqis are killed by the government.
- August 1 – The Blue Eagle emblem of the National Recovery Administration is displayed publicly for the first time.
- August 2 – Opening of the Stalin White Sea – Baltic Sea Canal, a 227 km navigable waterway constructed using forced labour in the Soviet Union connecting the White Sea with Lake Onega and the Baltic.
- August 12 – Winston Churchill makes his first public speech warning of the dangers of German rearmament.[5]
- August 14 – Loggers cause a forest fire in the Coast Range of Oregon, later known as the first forest fire of the Tillamook Burn. It is extinguished on September 5, after destroying 240,000 acres (970 km2).
- August 25 – The Diexi earthquake shakes Mao County, Sichuan, China and kills 9,000 people.
- August 30
- Theodor Lessing is assassinated in Marienbad (Mariánské Lázně), Czechoslovakia.
- Air France begins operations with 250 planes.
September[link]
- September 3 – Alejandro Lerroux forms a new government in Spain.
- September 12 – Leó Szilárd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction.
- September 26 – A tornado destroys the town of Tampico, Mexico.
October[link]
- October 1 – A failed assassination attempt against Englebert Dolfuss seriously injures him.
- October 10 – A United Airlines Boeing 247 is destroyed near Chesterton, Indiana, by a bomb. This is the first proven case of air sabotage in commercial airline history.
- October 12 – The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz is acquired by the United States Department of Justice, which plans to incorporate the island into its Federal Bureau of Prisons as a federal penitentiary.
- October 16 – Germany announces its intention to leave the League of Nations.
- October 17 – Albert Einstein arrives in the United States as a refugee from Nazi Germany; he accepts a position at Princeton University.
November[link]
- November 5 – Spanish Basques vote for autonomy.
- November 8 – New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveils the Civil Works Administration, an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million of the unemployed.
- November 11 – Dust Bowl: In South Dakota, a very strong dust storm strips topsoil from desiccated farmlands (one of a series of disastrous dust storms that year).
- November 16
- The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.
- President of Brazil Getulio Vargas names himself dictator.
- November 19 – Spanish Second Republic: General elections result in victory by the right-wing parties.
- November 22 – The Fujian People's Government is declared in Fujian Province, China.
December[link]
- December 5 – The 21st Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, repealing Prohibition.
- December 15 – The US 21st Amendment officially goes into effect, alcohol becomes legal in the US.
- December 18 – Korean Empire (South Korea and North Korea) is founded.
- December 21
- Newfoundland returns to Crown Colony status following financial collapse.[5]
- The British Plastics Federation (the oldest in the world) is founded.
- December 24 – A train crash in Lagny[disambiguation needed
], France kills over 200. - December 26
- December 29 – Members of the Iron Guard assassinate Ion Gheorghe Duca, prime minister of Romania.
Date unknown[link]
- The United States Federal Government outlaws cannabis.
- A coup attempt against Franklin Delano Roosevelt fails in the United States (see Smedley Butler).
- US President Roosevelt rejects socialism and government ownership of industry.
- Nazi Germany forms the Expert Committee on Questions of Population and Racial Policy under Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick.
- The Holodomor famine takes place in Ukraine.
- The first doughnut store under the Krispy Kreme name opens in Nashville, Tennessee.[6]
- Jimmie Angel becomes the first foreigner to see the Angel Falls (they are named after him).
- The Adélaïde Concerto, a spurious work attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is published as "edited" (actually composed) by Marius Casadesus.
- 15 million unemployed in the USA.
- Five coalition cabinets form and fall in France.
- Turkey concludes a treaty with the creditors of the former Ottoman Empire to schedule the payments in Paris. (Turkey succeeds in clearing all the debt in less than twenty years.)
- The British Interplanetary Society is founded.
- The first dated ISCF group is started in Australia at North Sydney Boys High School, with the group still running today.
- English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33: The England cricket team wins The Ashes using the controversial bodyline tactic.[4]
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 2
- On Kawara, Japanese conceptual artist
- Morimura Seiichi, Japanese novelist and author
- January 6
- Oleg Makarov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2003)
- Emil Steinberger, Swiss comedian, director, and writer
- January 8 – Charles Osgood, American journalist and commentator (CBS Sunday Morning)
- January 9 – Robert Garcia, American politician
- January 14 – Stan Brakhage, American filmmaker (d. 2003)
- January 16 – Susan Sontag, American author (d. 2004)
- January 17
- Dalida, French singer (d. 1987)
- Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, French U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (d. 2003)
- January 18 – John Boorman, English film director
- January 23 – Chita Rivera, American actress and dancer
- January 25 – Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines (d. 2009)
February[link]
- February 2 – Tony Jay, British-American actor (d. 2006)
- February 6 – Leslie Crowther, British TV comedian & game show host (d. 1996)
- February 7 – John Anderton, English footballer
- February 8 – Elly Ameling, Dutch soprano
- February 12 – Costa-Gavras, Greek-born director and writer
- February 13
- Kim Novak, American actress
- Paul Biya, President of Cameroon
- February 14 – Madhubala, Indian actress (d. 1969)
- February 17 – Craig L. Thomas, American Senator (d. 2007)
- February 18
- Yoko Ono, Japanese-born singer and artist, widow of John Lennon
- Sir Bobby Robson, English soccer player and manager (d. 2009)
- February 21 – Nina Simone, American singer (d. 2003)
- February 22 – Katharine, Duchess of Kent
- February 27 – Raymond Berry, American football player
- February 28 – Miro Steržaj, Slovenian 9-pin bowler and businessman
March[link]
- March 3 – Lee Radziwill, American socialite, sister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
- March 6 – Ted Abernathy, American baseball player (d. 2004)
- March 7 – Jackie Blanchflower, Irish footballer (d. 1998)
- March 12 – Barbara Feldon, American actress and model (Get Smart)
- March 13 – Mike Stoller, American songwriter
- March 14
- Michael Caine, English actor (Alfie)
- Quincy Jones, American music producer and composer
- René Felber, Swiss Federal Councilor
- March 15 – Ruth Bader Ginsburg, U.S. Supreme Court Justice
- March 16 – Sandy Weill, American financier and philanthropist
- March 19 – Philip Roth, American author
- March 22 – May Britt, Swedish actress
April[link]
- April 1 – Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 3 – Renae Youngberg. American professional baseball player
- April 5
- Larry Felser, American sports columnist
- Frank Gorshin, American actor (Batman) (d. 2005)
- April 6 – Roy Goode, British legal academic
- April 12
- Montserrat Caballé, Catalan soprano
- Ben Nighthorse Campbell, U.S. Senator
- April 15
- Roy Clark, American country musician
- Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (Bewitched) (d. 1995)
- April 16 – Joan Bakewell, British broadcaster
- April 18 – Michael Bradshaw, British actor (d. 2001)
- April 19 – Jayne Mansfield, American actress (d. 1967)
- April 24
- Patricia Bosworth, American writer/biographer
- Claire Davenport, British actress (d. 2002)
- April 25
- Jerry Leiber, American composer
- Joyce Ricketts, American baseball player [AAGPBL] (d. 1992)
- April 26
- Carol Burnett, American actress, singer, and comedienne
- Ilkka Kuusisto, Finnish composer
- Arno Allan Penzias, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 29 – Mark Eyskens, Prime Minister of Belgium
- April 30 – Willie Nelson, American country singer, songwriter
May[link]
- May 3
- James Brown, African-American soul musician (I Feel Good) (d. 2006)
- Steven Weinberg, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- May 4 – J. Fred Duckett, Texan Sports announcer and teacher (d. 2007)
- May 7
- Johnny Unitas, American football player (d. 2002)
- Nexhmije Pagarusha, Albanian singer and actress
- Roger Perry, American actor
- May 9 – Jessica Steele, English romance novelist
- May 10 – Barbara Taylor Bradford, English writer
- May 11 – Louis Farrakhan, African-American Muslim leader
- May 14 – Siân Phillips, Welsh actress
- May 15 – Carol Habben, American baseball player (d. 1997)
- May 21 – Maurice André, French trumpeter (d. 2012)
- May 22 – Chen Jingrun, Chinese mathematician (d. 1996)
- May 23 – Joan Collins, English actress (Dynasty)
- May 25 – Ray Spencer, English footballer
- May 26 – Edward Whittemore, American writer and Central Intelligence agent (d. 1995)
- May 29 – Helmuth Rilling, German conductor
June[link]
- June 1 – Charles Wilson, American politician (d. 2010)
- June 6 – Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 8 – Joan Rivers, American comedian
- June 11 – Gene Wilder, American actor (Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)
- June 14 – Vladislav Rastorotsky, Soviet gymnastics coach
- June 17
- Harry Browne, American writer and Presidential candidate (d. 2006)
- Maurice Stokes, American basketball player (d. 1970)
- June 19 – Viktor Patsayev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1971)
- June 20 – Danny Aiello, American actor
- June 21 – Bernie Kopell, American actor and comedian (Love Boat)
- June 23 – Dave Bristol, American baseball manager
- June 25 – Álvaro Siza, Portuguese Architect
- June 26 – Claudio Abbado, Italian conductor
- June 29 – John Bradshaw, American theologian and educator
July[link]
- July 2 – Kenny Wharram, Canadian ice hockey player
- July 6 – Frank Austin, English footballer
- July 7
- Murray Halberg, New Zealand runner
- David McCullough, American historian and author
- Bruce Wells, English boxer/actor
- July 8 – Marty Feldman, English comedian and actor (Young Frankenstein) (d. 1982)
- July 11 – Bob McGrath, American actor (Sesame Street)
- July 15
- Julian Bream, English guitarist and lutenist
- Guido Crepax, Italian comics artist (d. 2003)
- July 18
- Jean Yanne, French film actor and director (d. 2003)
- Syd Mead, American industrial and conceptual designer
- July 20
- Cormac McCarthy, Pulitzer Prize winning and National Book Award winning author
- Buddy Knox, American singer (d. 1999)
- July 21 – John Gardner, American novelist (d. 1982)
- July 23 – Bert Convy, American game show host, actor, and singer (d. 1991)
- July 24
- John Aniston, American actor
- Doug Sanders, American former golfer
- July 26 – Kathryn Hays, American actress/soap opera star
- July 27
- Nick Reynolds, American folk singer (d. 2008)
- Ted Whitten, Australian rules footballer (d. 1995)
- July 28 – Charlie Hodge, Canadian former ice hockey goaltender
- July 29
- Peter Baldwin, British actor
- Robert Fuller, American former actor and current rancher (Laramie)
- Lou Albano, American professional wrestler and actor (d. 2009)
- July 30 – Edd Byrnes, American actor and singer (77 Sunset Strip)
August[link]
- August 1
- Dom DeLuise, American actor and comedian (d. 2009)
- Jesse Corti, Venezuelan-born actor and comedian
- August 2 – Tom Bell, English actor (d. 2006)
- August 8 – Joe Tex, African-American soul singer (d. 1982)
- August 10 – Doyle Brunson, American poker player
- August 11 – Jerry Falwell, American evangelist and conservative political activist (d. 2007)
- August 14 – Richard R. Ernst, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 15 – Jim Lange, American disc jockey and game show host (The Dating Game)
- August 16
- Julie Newmar, American actress (Batman)
- Stuart Roosa, American astronaut (d. 1994)
- August 17 – Gene Kranz, retired American NASA Flight Director
- August 18 – Roman Polanski, Polish film director
- August 20 – George J. Mitchell, former United States Senator
- August 21
- Janet Baker, English mezzo-soprano
- Barry Norman, English film critic
- August 23 – Robert Curl, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 25 – Tom Skerritt, American actor
- August 28 – Jean Weaver, American female professional baseball player (d. 2008)
- August 29 – Arnold Koller, Swiss Federal Councilor
September[link]
- September 1
- Ann Richards, Governor of Texas (d. 2006)
- Conway Twitty, American country music artist (d. 1993)
- September 2 – Victor Spinetti, Welsh actor
- September 4 – Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin
- September 9 – Michael Novak, American philosopher and author
- September 10 – Yevgeny Khrunov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2000)
- September 11 – William Luther Pierce, American author and activist (d. 2002)
- September 13 – Eileen Fulton, American actress/soap opera star
- September 14 – Hillevi Rombin, Miss Universe 1955 (d. 1996)
- September 15
- Monica Maughan, Australian actress (d. 2010)
- Rafael Frübeck de Burgos, Spanish conductor
- Henry Darrow, Puerto-Rican American actor (The High Chaparral)
- September 17 – Dorothy Loudon, American actress (d. 2003)
- September 18 – Scotty Bowman, Canadian ice hockey coach
- September 19 – David McCallum, Scottish actor (The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and NCIS)
- September 20 – Dennis Viollet, English former footballer (d. 1999)
- September 21 – Dick Simon, American racing driver
- September 24
- Mel Taylor, American drummer (The Ventures) (d. 1996)
- Raffaele Farina, Archivist of the Holy Roman Church and cardinal
- September 25 – Hubie Brown, American basketball coach and broadcaster
- September 26 – Donna Douglas, American actress (The Beverly Hillbillies)
- September 27
- Will Sampson, American actor (d. 1987)
- Greg Morris, American actor (Mission: Impossible) (d. 1996)
- Kathleen Nolan, American actress and first female president of the Screen Actors Guild
- September 29 – Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (d. 1986)
- September 30 – Cissy Houston, American soul gospel singer
October[link]
- October 9
- Joan Berger, American female professional baseball player
- Peter Mansfield, British physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- October 10 – Jay Sebring, American hair stylist (d. 1969)
- October 17 – Jeanine Deckers, Belgian nun and singer (d. 1985)
- October 23 – Lois Youngen, American professional baseball player
- October 24
- Reginald Kray, British gangster
- Ronald Kray, British gangster
- Norman Rush, American writer
November[link]
- November 1 – Samir Roychoudhury, Indian Bengali poet and philosopher of Hungry generation
- November 3
- Aneta Corsaut, American actress (d. 1995)
- Ken Berry, American actor
- John Barry, British film score composer (d. 2011)
- Michael Dukakis, American politician and 1988 Democratic Presidential candidate
- Amartya Sen, Indian economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- Jeremy Brett, British actor (d. 1995)
- November 4 – Didier Ratsiraka, former President of Madagascar
- November 6 – Knut Johannesen, Norwegian speed-skater
- November 9 – Jim Perry, American game show host ($ale of the Century)
- November 10 – Don Clarke, Rugby football player of New Zealand (d. 2002)
- November 12 – Jalal Talabani, President of Iraq
- November 14 – Fred Haise, American astronaut who flew in Apollo 13
- November 15 – Jack Burns, American actor
- November 19 – Larry King, American talk show host
- November 23 – Krzysztof Penderecki, Polish composer
- November 25 – Kathryn Grant, American actress
- November 26
- Tony Verna, Inventor of Instant Replay
- Robert Goulet, American entertainer (d. 2007)
- November 28 – Hope Lange, American actress (The Ghost and Mrs. Muir) (d. 2003)
- November 29 – John Mayall, OBE, English Blues Talent
December[link]
- December 1
- Lou Rawls, African-American singer (d. 2006)
- Fujiko F. Fujio, Japanese cartoon artist (d. 1996)
- December 2 – Mike Larrabee, American athlete (d. 2003)
- December 3 – Paul J. Crutzen, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- December 6 – Henryk Górecki, Polish composer (d. 2010)
- December 9 – Orville Moody, American golfer (d. 2008)
- December 15 – Tim Conway, American actor and comedian
- December 17 – Walter Booker, American jazz bassist (d. 2006)
- December 20 – Jean Carnahan, American politician
- December 23 – Emperor Akihito of Japan
- December 26
- Ugly Dave Gray, Australian television personality
- Carroll Spinney, American puppeteer
Date unknown[link]
- Augusto Odone, creator of Lorenzo's Oil
Deaths[link]
January–June[link]
- January 3
- Wilhelm Cuno, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
- Jack Pickford, Canadian-born actor (b. 1896)
- January 5 – Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (b. 1872)
- January 7 – Bert Hinkler, Australian pioneer aviator (b. 1892)
- January 10 – Roberto Mantovani, Italian geologist (b. 1854)
- January 17 – Louis Comfort Tiffany, stained glass artist and jewelry designer, son of Charles Lewis Tiffany
- January 25 – Lewis J. Selznick, American film producer (b. 1870)
- January 29
- Thomas Coward, English ornithologist (b. 1867)
- Sara Teasdale, American lyrical poet (b. 1884)
- January 31 – John Galsworthy, English writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
- February 5 – Josiah Thomas, Australian politician (b. 1863)
- February 12 – Henri Duparc, French composer (b. 1848)
- February 15 – Pat Sullivan, Australian-born director and producer of animated films (b. 1887)
- February 18 – James J. Corbett, American boxer (b. 1866)
- February 26 – Spottiswoode Aitken, Scottish-American actor (b. 1868)
- February 27 – Walter Hiers, American actor (b. 1893)
- March 1 – Uładzimir Zylka, Belarusian poet (b. 1900)
- March 6 – Anton Cermak, Mayor of Chicago (assassinated) (b. 1873)
- March 10 – Ahmed Sharif es Senussi, Chief of the Senussi order in Libya (b. 1873)
- March 14 – Balto, American sled dog (b. 1919)
- March 20 – Giuseppe Zangara, attempted assassin of Franklin D. Roosevelt (b. 1900)
- March 26 – Eddie Lang, American musician (b. 1902)
- April 4 – William A. Moffett, U.S. admiral (crash of airship USS Akron (ZRS-4)) (b. 1869)
- April 17 – Harriet Brooks, Canadian physicist (b. 1876)
- April 22 – Henry Royce, English car manufacturer (b. 1863)
- May 6 – Li Ching-Yuen, Chinese herbalist, martial artist, tactical advisor (b. 1677)
- May 13 – Ernest Torrance, Scottish actor (b. 1878)
- May 16 – John Henry Mackay, German writer (b. 1864)
- May 24 – Percy C. Mather, English Protestant missionary
- May 26 – Jimmie Rodgers, American country singer (b. 1897)
- June 2 – Frank Jarvis, American athlete (b. 1878)
- June 29 – Fatty Arbuckle, American comedian (b. 1887)
July–December[link]
- July 3 – Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina (b. 1852)
- July 15
- Irving Babbitt, American literary critic (b. 1865)
- Freddie Keppard, American jazz musician (b. 1890)
- September 7 – Edward Grey, British statesman (b. 1862)
- September 8 – Faisal I of Iraq, king of Iraq
- September 10 – Giuseppe Campari, Italian opera singer and Grand Prix driver (b. 1892)
- September 20 – Annie Besant, English Theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator (b. 1847)
- September 25 – Ring Lardner, American writer (b. 1885)
- October 5 – Renée Adorée, French actress (b. 1898)
- October 12 – John Lister, English politician (b. 1847)
- November 3 – Émile Roux, French physician (b. 1853)
- November 5 – Texas Guinan, American actress (b. 1884)
- November 30 – Arthur Currie, Canadian military leader (b. 1875)
- December 4 – Stefan George, German poet (b. 1868)
- December 8
- Karl Jatho, German airplane pioneer (b. 1873)
- John Joly, Irish physicist (b. 1857)
- December 17 – Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama (b. 1876)
- December 19
- George Jackson Churchward, Great Western Railway chief mechanical engineer (b. 1857)
- Friedrich von Ingenohl, German admiral (b. 1857)
- December 25 – Francesc Macià, President of the Generalitat (autonomous government of Catalonia) (b. 1859)
- December 26 – Eduard Vilde, Estonian writer (b. 1865)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
- Chemistry – not awarded
- Physiology or Medicine – Thomas Hunt Morgan
- Literature – Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin
- Peace – Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)
References[link]
- ^ Garland, Ken (1994). Mr Beck's Underground Map. Harrow Weald: Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-168-6.
- ^ Ceadel, Martin (1979). "The King and Country Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism and the Dictators". The Historical Journal 22 (2): 397-422.
- ^ "ROOSEVELT AUTHORIZES BEER SALE BY SIGNING BILL FOR 3.2 BREW", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 23, 1933, p.1.
- ^ a b c Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 510–512. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ a b Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 376–377. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- ^ "First Krispy Kreme doughnut shop found home in Nashville". The Tennessean. http://www.tennessean.com/article/20090718/COLUMNIST0102/907180302/1097/COLUMNIST.
- The 1930s Timeline: 1933 – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
http://wn.com/1933
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Hitler" redirects here. For other uses, see Hitler (disambiguation).
| Adolf Hitler | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Hitler in 1937 | |
| Führer of Germany | |
| In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 |
|
| Preceded by | Paul von Hindenburg (as President) |
| Succeeded by | Karl Dönitz (as President) |
| Chancellor of Germany | |
| In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 |
|
| President | Paul von Hindenburg |
| Deputy |
|
| Preceded by | Kurt von Schleicher |
| Succeeded by | Joseph Goebbels |
| Reichsstatthalter of Prussia | |
| In office 30 January 1933 – 30 January 1935 |
|
| Prime Minister | |
| Preceded by | Office created |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1889-04-20)20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn, Austria–Hungary |
| Died | 30 April 1945(1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin, Germany |
| Nationality |
|
| Political party | National Socialist German Workers' Party (1921–1945) |
| Other political affiliations |
German Workers' Party (1920–1921) |
| Spouse(s) | Eva Braun (29–30 April 1945) |
| Occupation | Politician, soldier, artist, writer |
| Religion | See Adolf Hitler's religious views |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  German Empire |
| Service/branch |  Reichsheer |
| Years of service | 1914–1918 |
| Rank | Gefreiter |
| Unit | 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Awards |
|
Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] (
listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust.
A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup d'état, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anticommunism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. After his appointment as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. His aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe.
Hitler's foreign and domestic policies had the goal of seizing Lebensraum ("living space") for the Germanic people. He directed the rearmament of Germany and the invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht in September 1939, leading to the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Under Hitler's rule, in 1941 German forces and their European allies occupied most of Europe and North Africa. These gains were gradually reversed, and in 1945 the Allied armies defeated the German army. Hitler's supremacist and racially motivated policies resulted in the systematic murder of eleven million people, including nearly six million Jews.
In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time mistress, Eva Braun. On 30 April 1945, less than two days later, the two committed suicide to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Ancestry[link]
Hitler's father, Alois Hitler (1837–1903), was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. Alois's birth certificate did not name the father, so the child bore his mother's surname. In 1842 Johann Georg Hiedler married Anna. After she died in 1847 and he in 1856, Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler.[2] It was not until 1876 that Alois was legitimated and the baptismal register changed by a priest before three witnesses.[3] While awaiting trial at Nuremberg in 1945, Nazi official Hans Frank suggested the existence of letters claiming that Alois' mother was employed as a housekeeper for a Jewish family in Graz and that the family's 19-year-old son, Leopold Frankenberger, had fathered Alois.[4] However, no Frankenberger, Jewish or otherwise, was registered in Graz during that period.[5] Historians doubt the claim that Alois' father was Jewish.[6][7]
At age 39, Alois assumed the surname "Hitler", also spelled as "Hiedler", "Hüttler", or "Huettler". The origin of the name is either "one who lives in a hut" (Standard German Hütte), "shepherd" (Standard German hüten "to guard", English "heed"), or is from the Slavic words Hidlar and Hidlarcek.[8]
Childhood[link]
Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in Ranshofen,[9] a village annexed in 1938 to the municipality of Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary. He was the fourth of six children to Alois Hitler and Klara Pölzl (1860–1907). Adolf's older siblings – Gustav, Ida, and Otto – died in infancy.[10] When Hitler was three, the family moved to Passau, Germany.[11] There he acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect, rather than Austrian German, which marked his speech all of his life.[12][13][14] In 1894 the family relocated to Leonding (near Linz), and in June 1895, Alois retired to a small landholding at Hafeld, near Lambach, where he tried his hand at farming and beekeeping. Adolf attended school in nearby Fischlham. Hitler became fixated on warfare after finding a picture book about the Franco-Prussian War among his father's belongings.[15][16]
The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father-son conflicts caused by Adolf's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school.[17] Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld ended in failure, and in 1897 the family moved to Lambach. Hitler attended a Catholic school in an 11th-century Benedictine cloister, the pulpit of which bore a stylized swastika symbol on the coat of arms of Theodorich von Hagen, a former abbot.[18] The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even entertained thoughts of becoming a priest.[19] In 1898 the family returned permanently to Leonding. The death of his younger brother, Edmund, from measles on 2 February 1900 deeply affected Hitler. He changed from being confident and outgoing and an excellent student, to a morose, detached, and sullen boy who constantly fought with his father and teachers.[20]
Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps.[21] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed.[22][23][24] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, in September 1900 Alois sent Adolf to the Realschule in Linz.[25] (This was the same high school that Adolf Eichmann would attend some 17 years later.)[26] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in Mein Kampf revealed that he did poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream."[27]
Hitler became obsessed with German nationalism from a young age.[28] He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg Monarchy and its rule over an ethnically-variegated empire.[29][30] Hitler and his friends used the German greeting "Heil", and sang the German anthem "Deutschland Über Alles" instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem.[31]
After Alois' sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated. His mother allowed him to quit in autumn 1905.[32] He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904; his behaviour and performance showed some slight and gradual improvement.[33] In the autumn of 1905, after passing a repeat and the final exam, Hitler left the school without showing any ambitions for further schooling or clear plans for a career.[34]
Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich[link]
File:The Courtyard of the Old Residency in Munich - Adolf Hitler.jpg
The Alter Hof in Munich. Watercolour by Adolf Hitler, 1914
From 1905, Hitler lived a bohemian life in Vienna, financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He worked as a casual labourer and eventually as a painter, selling watercolours. The Academy of Fine Arts Vienna rejected him twice, in 1907 and 1908, because of his "unfitness for painting". The director recommended that Hitler study architecture,[35] but he lacked the academic credentials.[36] On 21 December 1907, his mother died aged 47. After the Academy's second rejection, Hitler ran out of money. In 1909 he lived in a homeless shelter, and by 1910, he had settled into a house for poor working men on Meldemannstraße.[37] At the time Hitler lived there, Vienna was a hotbed of religious prejudice and 19th-century racism.[38] Fears of being overrun by immigrants from the East were widespread, and the populist mayor, Karl Lueger, exploited the rhetoric of virulent antisemitism for political effect. Georg Schönerer's pan-Germanic antisemitism had a strong following and base in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler lived.[39] Hitler read local newspapers, such as the Deutsches Volksblatt, that fanned prejudice and played on Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of eastern Jews.[40] Hostile to what he saw as Catholic "Germanophobia", he developed an admiration for Martin Luther.[41]
The origin and first expression of Hitler's antisemitism have been difficult to locate.[42] Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an antisemite in Vienna.[43] His close friend, August Kubizek, claimed that Hitler was a "confirmed antisemite" before he left Linz.[44] Kubizek's account has been challenged by historian Brigitte Hamann, who writes that Kubizek is the only person to have said that the young Hitler was an antisemite.[45] Hamann also notes that no antisemitic remark has been documented from Hitler during this period.[46] Historian Ian Kershaw suggests that if Hitler had made such remarks, they may have gone unnoticed because of the prevailing antisemitism in Vienna at that time.[47] Several sources provide strong evidence that Hitler had Jewish friends in his hostel and in other places in Vienna.[48][49] Historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous anti-Semitism emerged well after Germany’s defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid 'stab-in-the-back' explanation for the catastrophe".[50]
Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich.[51] Historians believe he left Vienna to evade conscription into the Austrian army.[52] Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve the Habsburg Empire because of the mixture of "races" in its army.[51] After he was deemed unfit for service—he failed his physical exam in Salzburg on 5 February 1914—he returned to Munich.[53]
World War I[link]
Main article: Military career of Adolf Hitler
At the outbreak of World War I, Hitler applied to serve in the German army. He was accepted in August 1914, likely as the result of a clerical oversight—he was still an Austrian citizen.[54] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment),[55][54] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium,[56] spending nearly half his time well behind the front lines.[57][58] He was present at the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras, and the Battle of Passchendaele, and was wounded at the Somme.[59]
He was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914.[59] Recommended by Hugo Gutmann, he received the Iron Cross, First Class, on 4 August 1918,[60] a decoration rarely awarded to one of Hitler's rank (Gefreiter). Hitler's post at regimental headquarters, providing frequent interactions with senior officers, may have helped him receive this decoration.[61] Though his rewarded actions may have been courageous, they were probably not highly exceptional.[62] He also received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918.[63]
During his service at the headquarters, Hitler pursued his artwork, drawing cartoons and instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded either in the groin area[64] or the left thigh by a shell that had exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout.[65] Hitler spent almost two months in the Red Cross hospital at Beelitz, returning to his regiment on 5 March 1917.[66] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded by a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk.[67] While there, Hitler learnt of Germany's defeat,[68] and—by his own account—on receiving this news, he suffered a second bout of blindness.[69]
Hitler became embittered over the collapse of the war effort, and his ideological development began to firmly take shape.[70] He described the war as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery.[71] The experience reinforced his passionate German patriotism and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918.[72] Like other German nationalists, he believed in the Dolchstoßlegende (Stab-in-the-back legend), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field," had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed the "November criminals".[73]
The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany must relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland. The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans perceived the treaty—especially Article 231, which declared Germany responsible for the war—as a humiliation.[74] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gains.[75]
Entry into politics[link]
Main article: Adolf Hitler's political views
After World War I Hitler returned to Munich.[76] Having no formal education and career plans or prospects, he tried to remain in the army for as long as possible.[77] In July 1919 he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). While monitoring the activities of the DAP, Hitler became attracted to the founder Anton Drexler's antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist ideas.[78] Drexler favoured a strong active government, a "non-Jewish" version of socialism, and solidarity among all members of society. Impressed with Hitler's oratory skills, Drexler invited him to join the DAP. Hitler accepted on 12 September 1919,[79] becoming the party's 55th member.[80]
At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, one of its early founders and a member of the occult Thule Society.[81] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of people in Munich society.[82] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party – NSDAP).[83] Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background.[84]
Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920 and began working full time for the NSDAP. In February 1921—already highly effective at speaking to large audiences—he spoke to a crowd of over 6,000 in Munich.[85] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around town waving swastika flags and throwing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy, polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews.[86] At the time, the NSDAP was centred in Munich, a major hotbed of anti-government German nationalists determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic.[87]
In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the NSDAP in Munich. Members of the its executive committee, some of whom considered Hitler to be too overbearing, wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP).[88] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July 1921 and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that his resignation would mean the end of the party.[89] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich.[90] The committee agreed; he rejoined the party as member 3,680. He still faced some opposition within the NSDAP: Hermann Esser and his allies printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party.[90][a] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful: at a general membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast.[91]
Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. He became adept at using populist themes targeted at his audience, including the use of scapegoats who could be blamed for the economic hardships of his listeners.[92][93][94] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly ... Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal. The word shows up again and again; Hitler is said to have mesmerized the nation, captured them in a trance from which they could not break loose."[95] Historian Hugh Trevor-Roper described "the fascination of those eyes, which had bewitched so many seemingly sober men."[96] He used his personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking.[97][98] Alfons Heck, a former member of the Hitler Youth, describes the reaction to a speech by Hitler: "We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul".[99] Although his oratory skills and personal traits were generally received well by large crowds and at official events, some who had met Hitler privately noted that his appearance and demeanour failed to make a lasting impression on them.[100][101]
Early followers included Rudolf Hess, former air force pilot Hermann Göring, and army captain Ernst Röhm. The latter became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), which protected meetings and frequently attacked political opponents. A critical influence on his thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung,[102] a conspiratorial group formed of White Russian exiles and early National Socialists. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists like Henry Ford, introduced him to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism.[103]
Beer Hall Putsch[link]
Main article: Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the "Beer Hall Putsch" (also known as the "Hitler Putsch" or "Munich Putsch"). The Nazi Party had used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini's "March on Rome" (1922) by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by challenging the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, Bavaria's de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser (Seißer) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow, wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler.[104]
Hitler wanted to seize a critical moment for successful popular agitation and support.[105] On 8 November 1923 he and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people that had been organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller, a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler interrupted Kahr's speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with Ludendorff.[106] Retiring to a backroom, Hitler, with handgun drawn, demanded and got the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow.[106] Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters; however, Kahr and his consorts quickly withdrew their support and neither the army nor the state police joined forces with him.[107] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them.[108] Sixteen NSDAP members and four police officers were killed in the failed coup.[109]
Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl, and by some accounts contemplated suicide.[110] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason.[111] His trial began in February 1924 before the special People's Court in Munich,[112] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the NSDAP. On 1 April Hitler was sentenced to five years' imprisonment at Landsberg Prison.[113] He received friendly treatment from the guards; he was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. The Bavarian Supreme Court issued a pardon and he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections.[114] Including time on remand, Hitler had served just over one year in prison.[115]
While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle; originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess.[115] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and an exposition of his ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant, which Hitler called "my Bible".[116] The book laid out Hitler's plans for transforming German society into one based on race. Some passages implied genocide.[117] Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. [118]
Rebuilding the NSDAP[link]
File:Hitler 1928.jpg
Hitler (left), standing behind Hermann Göring at a Nazi rally in Nuremberg (c. 1928)
At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved. This limited Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the NSDAP and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with Prime Minister of Bavaria Heinrich Held on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the authority of the state: he would only seek political power through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the NSDAP to be lifted.[119] However, Hitler was barred from public speaking, [120] a ban that remained in place until 1927.[121] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser, Otto Strasser, and Joseph Goebbels to organise and grow the NSDAP in northern Germany. A superb organiser, Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist element of the party's programme.[122]
Hitler ruled the NSDAP autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip ("Leader principle"). Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader.[123]
The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929. The impact in Germany was dire: millions were thrown out of work and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs.[124]
Rise to power[link]
Main article: Adolf Hitler's rise to power
| Date | Total votes |
Votes, percentage |
Reichstag seats |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01924-05-01May 1, 1924May 1924 | &100000000019183000000001,918,300 | &100000000000000065000006.5 | &1000000000000003200000032 | Hitler in prison |
| 01924-12-01December 1, 1924December 1924 | &10000000000907300000000907,300 | &100000000000000030000003.0 | &1000000000000001400000014 | Hitler released from prison |
| 01928-05-01May 1, 1928May 1928 | &10000000000810100000000810,100 | &100000000000000026000002.6 | &1000000000000001200000012 | |
| 01930-09-01September 1, 1930September 1930 | &100000000064096000000006,409,600 | &1000000000000001830000018.3 | &10000000000000107000000107 | After the financial crisis |
| 01932-07-01July 1, 1932July 1932 | &1000000001374500000000013,745,000 | &1000000000000003729999937.3 | &10000000000000230000000230 | After Hitler was candidate for presidency |
| 01932-11-01November 1, 1932November 1932 | &1000000001173700000000011,737,000 | &1000000000000003310000033.1 | &10000000000000196000000196 | |
| 01933-03-01March 1, 1933March 1933 | &1000000001727718000000017,277,180 | &1000000000000004389999943.9 | &10000000000000288000000288 | During Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany |
Brüning administration[link]
The Great Depression in Germany provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent to the parliamentary republic, which faced strong challenges from right- and left-wing extremists. The moderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 had helped to elevate Nazi ideology.[126] The elections of September 1930 resulted in the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement with a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party, governed through emergency decrees from the president, Paul von Hindenburg. Governance by decree would become the new norm and paved the way for authoritarian forms of government.[127] The NSDAP rose from obscurity to win 18.3% of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in parliament.[128]
Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hans Ludin, in the autumn of 1930. Both were charged with membership in the NSDAP, at that time illegal for Reichswehr personnel.[129] The prosecution argued that the NSDAP was an extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify in court.[130] On 25 September 1930 Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections,[131] a testimony that won him many supporters in the officer corps.[132]
Brüning's austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular.[133] Hitler exploited this by targeting his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the inflation of the 1920s and the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class.[134]
Hitler had formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, but at the time did not acquire German citizenship. For almost seven years Hitler was stateless, unable to run for public office, and faced the risk of deportation.[135] On 25 February 1932 the interior minister of Brunswick, who was a member of the NSDAP, appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick,[136] and thus of Germany.[137]
In 1932 Hitler ran against von Hindenburg in the presidential elections. The viability of his candidacy was underscored by a 27 January 1932 speech to the Industry Club in Düsseldorf, which won him support from many of Germany's most powerful industrialists.[138] However, Hindenburg had support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties, and some social democrats. Hitler used the campaign slogan "Hitler über Deutschland" ("Hitler over Germany"), a reference to both his political ambitions and to his campaigning by aircraft.[139] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35% of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics.[140]
Appointment as chancellor[link]
The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg, along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to von Hindenburg. The signers urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people".[141][142]
Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two further parliamentary elections—in July and November 1932—had not resulted in the formation of a majority government. Hitler was to head a short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and Hugenberg's party, the German National People's Party (DNVP). On 30 January 1933 the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief and simple ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The NSDAP held three of the eleven posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Hermann Göring was named minister without portfolio, and Wilhelm Frick was appointed minister of the interior.[143]
Reichstag fire and March elections[link]
As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the NSDAP's opponents to build a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, he asked President Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire. Göring blamed a communist plot, because Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances inside the burning building.[144] At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded with the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. Activities of the German Communist Party were suppressed, and some 4,000 communist party members were arrested.[145] Researchers, including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock, are of the opinion that the NSDAP itself was responsible for starting the fire.[146][147]
In addition to political campaigning, the NSDAP engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda in the days preceding the election. On election day, 6 March 1933, the NSDAP's share of the vote increased to 43.9%, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament. However, Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP.[148]
Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act[link]
On 21 March 1933 the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam. This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted President von Hindenburg.[149][150]
To achieve full political control despite not having an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government brought the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag. The act gave Hitler's cabinet full legislative powers for a period of four years and (with certain exceptions) allowed deviations from the constitution.[151] The bill required a two-thirds majority to pass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to keep several Social Democratic deputies from attending; the Communists had already been banned.[152]
On 23 March, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside opposing the proposed legislation shouted slogans and threats toward the arriving members of parliament.[153] The position of the Centre Party, the third largest party in the Reichstag, turned out to be decisive. After Hitler verbally promised party leader Ludwig Kaas that President von Hindenburg would retain his power of veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party would support the Enabling Act. Ultimately, the Enabling Act passed by a vote of 441–84, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship.[154]
Removal of remaining limits[link]
At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power!
— Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934[155]
Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his political allies embarked on a systematic suppression of the remaining political opposition. The Social Democratic Party was banned and all its assets seized.[156] While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers demolished trade union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933 all trade unions were forced to dissolve and their leaders were arrested; some were sent to concentration camps.[157] The German Labour Front was formed to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners together as one group. This new labour organisation reflected the concept of national socialism in the spirit of Hitler's "Volksgemeinschaft" (German racial community).[158]
By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. With the help of the SA, Hitler pressured his nominal coalition partner, Hugenberg, into resigning. On 14 July 1933 Hitler's Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany.[158][156] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused much anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. Hitler responded by purging the entire SA leadership in what became known as the Night of the Long Knives, which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934.[159] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher). Röhm and other SA leaders, along with a number of Hitler's political enemies, were rounded up, arrested, and shot.[160] While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the murders, many in Germany saw Hitler as restoring order.[161]
On 2 August 1934 President von Hindenburg died. The previous day, the cabinet had enacted a law to take effect upon Hindenburg's death which abolished the office of president and combined its powers with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government, and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor).[162] This law actually violated the Enabling Act. While the Enabling Act allowed Hitler to deviate from the constitution, it explicitly barred him from passing any law that tampered with the presidency. In 1932, the constitution had been amended to make the president of the High Court of Justice, not the chancellor, acting president pending new elections.[163] With this law, Hitler removed the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office.
As head of state, Hitler became Supreme Commander of the armed forces. The traditional loyalty oath of soldiers and sailors was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitler personally, rather than to the office of supreme commander.[164] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by a plebiscite with support of 90% of the electorate.[165]
In early 1938 Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg, to resign when a police dossier was discovered showing that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution.[166][167] Hitler removed army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch after the Schutzstaffel (SS) produced allegations that he had taken part in a homosexual relationship.[168] Both men had already fallen into disfavour when they objected to his demand that they have the Wehrmacht ready to go to war as early as 1938.[169] Hitler used this incident, known as the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, to consolidate his hold over the military. He assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of the armed forces. He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces, or OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel. On the same day, sixteen generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi.[170] By early February 1938, twelve other generals had been removed.[171]
Having consolidated his political powers, Hitler suppressed or eliminated his opposition by a process termed Gleichschaltung ("bringing into line"). He attempted to gain additional public support by vowing to reverse the effects of the Depression and the Versailles Treaty.
Third Reich[link]
Main article: Nazi Germany
Economy and culture[link]
In 1935 Hitler appointed Hjalmar Schacht as Plenipotentiary for War Economy, in charge of preparing the economy for war. Reconstruction and rearmament were financed through Mefo bills, printing money, and seizing the assets of people arrested as enemies of the State, including Jews.[172] Unemployment fell substantially, from six million in 1932 to one million in 1936.[173] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns, railroads, and other civil works. Wages were slightly reduced in the pre–World War II years over those of the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25%.[174]
Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer, instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations of Berlin.[175] In 1936 Hitler opened the summer Olympic games in Berlin.
Rearmament and new alliances[link]
In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives.[176] In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, secretary at the Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office), issued a major statement of German foreign policy aims: Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germany's national borders of 1914, rejection of military restrictions under the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest.[177] In his speeches of this period, he stressed the peaceful goals of his policies and willingness to work within international agreements.[178] At the first meeting of his Cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief.[179]
File:Hitlermusso2 edit.jpg
On 25 October 1936 an Axis was declared between Italy and Germany.
Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference in October 1933.[180] In March 1935 Hitler announced an expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members—six times the number permitted by the Versailles Treaty—including development of an Air Force (Luftwaffe) and increasing the size of the Navy (Kriegsmarine). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these plans as violations of the Treaty.[181] The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June 1935 allowed German tonnage to increase to 35% of that of the British navy. Hitler called the signing of the AGNA "the happiest day of his life", as he believed the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf.[182] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and putting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance.[183]
Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March 1936, in violation the Versailles Treaty. Hitler sent troops to Spain to support General Franco after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance.[184] In response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler issued a memorandum ordering Göring to carry out a Four Year Plan to prepare Germany for war within the next four years.[185] The "Four-Year Plan Memorandum" of August 1936 envisaged an all-out struggle between "Judeo-Bolshevism" and German national socialism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs.[186]
Count Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister of Benito Mussolini's government, declared an axis between Germany and Italy, and on 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. Hitler abandoned his dream of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership.[187] At a secret meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler stated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum ("living space") for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the east, to begin as early as 1938 and no later than 1943. He stated that the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum, were to be regarded as his "political testament" in the event of his death.[188] He felt the German economic crisis had reached a point that a severe decline in living standards in Germany could only be stopped by a policy of military aggression—seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia.[189][190] Hitler urged quick action, before Britain and France obtained a permanent lead in the arms race.[189] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as Foreign Minister and appointing himself Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht (supreme commander of the armed forces).[185] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war.[191]
The Holocaust[link]
Main article: The Holocaust
If the international Jewish financiers outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe![192]
— Adolf Hitler addressing the German Reichstag, 30 January 1939
A main Nazi concept was the notion of racial hygiene. On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws—to the Reichstag. The laws banned marriage between non-Jewish and Jewish Germans, and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. The laws deprived so-called "non-Aryans" of the benefits of German citizenship.[193] Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed Action Brandt, and later authorized a euthanasia programme for adults with serious mental and physical handicaps, now usually referred to as Action T4.[194]
Hitler's idea of Lebensraum, espoused briefly in Mein Kampf, focused on acquiring new territory for German settlement in Eastern Europe.[195] The Generalplan Ost ("General Plan for the East") called for the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to be deported to West Siberia, used as slave labour, or murdered;[196] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers.[197] The original plan called for this process to begin after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when that failed to happen, Hitler moved the plans forward.[196][198] By January 1942 the decision had been taken to kill the Jews and other deportees considered undesirable.[199]
The Holocaust (the "Endlösung der jüdischen Frage" or "Final Solution of the Jewish Question") was organised and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich. The records of the Wannsee Conference—held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with fifteen senior Nazi officials participating—provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February Hitler was recorded saying to his associates, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews".[200] Approximately thirty Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps were used for this purpose.[201] By summer 1942 Auschwitz concentration camp was rapidly expanded to accept large numbers of deportees for killing or enslavement.[202]
Although no specific order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced,[203] he approved the Einsatzgruppen—killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union[204]—and he was well informed about their activities.[205] During interrogations by Soviet intelligence officers, the records of which were declassified over fifty years later, Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge, and his adjutant, Otto Günsche, stated that Hitler had a direct interest in the development of gas chambers.[206]
Between 1939 and 1945, the SS, assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, were responsible for the deaths of eleven to fourteen million people, including about six million Jews, representing two-thirds of the Jewish population in Europe,[207][208] and between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma.[209] Deaths took place in concentration and extermination camps, ghettos, and through mass executions. Many victims of the Holocaust were gassed to death, whereas others died of starvation or disease while working as slave labourers.[210]
Hitler's policies also resulted in the killings of Poles[211] and Soviet prisoners of war, communists and other political opponents, homosexuals, the physically and mentally disabled,[212][213] Jehovah's Witnesses, Adventists, and trade unionists. Hitler never appeared to have visited the concentration camps and did not speak publicly about the killings.[214]
World War II[link]
Early diplomatic successes[link]
Alliance with Japan[link]
Main article: Germany–Japan relations
In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed Foreign Minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Japan. Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo, the Japanese-occupied state in Manchuria, and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan.[215] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army.[215] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials, though they did continue to ship tungsten, a key metal in armaments production, through to 1939.[216]
Austria and Czechoslovakia[link]
On 12 March 1938 Hitler declared unification of Austria with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss.[217][218] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland district of Czechoslovakia.[219]
On 28–29 March 1938 Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten Heimfront (Home Front), the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovakian government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938 Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding by all means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly".[220] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia.[221]
In April 1938 Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grün ("Case Green"), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia.[222] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September 1938 Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands for Sudeten autonomy.[223] Henlein's Heimfront responded to Beneš' offer with a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovakian police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts.[224][225]
Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovakian dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. Hitler called off Fall Grün, originally planned for 1 October 1938.[226] On 29 September 1938 Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Édouard Daladier, and Benito Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement, which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany.[227][228]
Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome "peace for our time", while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938;[229][230] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October 1938 in Saarbrücken.[231] In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany.[232][233] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1938.[234]
In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts.[235] In his "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939, he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons.[235]
On 15 March 1939, in violation of the Munich accord and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets,[236] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade Prague, and from Prague Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.[237]
Start of World War II[link]
In private discussions in 1939, Hitler described Britain as the main enemy to be defeated. In his view, Poland's obliteration as a sovereign nation was a necessary prelude to that goal. The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum.[238] Hitler wanted Poland to become either a German satellite state or be otherwise neutralised to secure the Reich's eastern flank, and to prevent a possible British blockade.[239] Initially, Hitler favoured the idea of a satellite state; this was rejected by the Polish government. Therefore, Hitler decided to invade Poland; he made this the main German foreign policy goal of 1939.[240] Hitler was offended by the British "guarantee" of Polish independence issued on 31 March 1939, and told his associates that "I shall brew them a devil's drink".[241] In a speech in Wilhelmshaven for the launch of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April 1939, Hitler threatened to denounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement if the British persisted with their guarantee of Polish independence, which he perceived as an "encirclement" policy.[241] On 3 April 1939 Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), the plan for an invasion of Poland on 25 August 1939.[240] In a speech before the Reichstag on 28 April he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact. In August Hitler told his generals that his original plan for 1939 was to "... establish an acceptable relationship with Poland in order to fight against the West". Since Poland refused to become a German satellite, Hitler stated his only option was the invasion of Poland.[242] Historians such as William Carr, Gerhard Weinberg, and Ian Kershaw have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his morbid and obsessive fear of an early death, and hence his feeling that he did not have long to accomplish his work.[243][244][245]
Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in a premature war with Britain.[239][246] However, Hitler's foreign minister—and former Ambassador to London—Joachim von Ribbentrop assured him that neither Britain nor France would honour their commitments to Poland, and that a German–Polish war would only be a limited regional war.[247][248] Ribbentrop claimed that in December 1938 the French foreign minister, Georges Bonnet, had stated that France considered Eastern Europe as Germany's exclusive sphere of influence;[249] Ribbentrop showed Hitler diplomatic cables that supported his analysis.[250] The German Ambassador in London, Herbert von Dirksen, supported Ribbentrop's analysis with a dispatch in August 1939, reporting that Chamberlain knew "the social structure of Britain, even the conception of the British Empire, would not survive the chaos of even a victorious war", and so would back down.[248] Accordingly, on 21 August 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilisation against Poland.[251]
Hitler's plans for a military campaign in Poland in late August or early September required tacit Soviet support.[252] The non-aggression pact (the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) between Germany and the Soviet Union, led by Joseph Stalin,[253] included secret protocols with an agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. In response to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact—and contrary to the prediction of Ribbentrop that the newly-formed pact would sever Anglo-Polish ties—Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel, caused Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September.[254] In the days before the start of the war, Hitler tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering a non-aggression guarantee to the British Empire on 25 August and by having Ribbentrop present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to then blame the war on British and Polish inaction.[255][256]
As a pretext for a military aggression against Poland, Hitler claimed the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor, which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty.[257] Despite his concerns over a possible British intervention, Hitler was ultimately not deterred from his aim of invading Poland,[258] and on 1 September 1939 Germany invaded western Poland. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. This surprised Hitler, prompting him to turn to Ribbentrop and angrily ask "Now what?"[259] France and Britain did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland.[260]
Poland never will rise again in the form of the Versailles treaty. That is guaranteed not only by Germany, but also ... Russia.
The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the "Phoney War" or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed the two newly-appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland, to "Germanise" their areas, and promised them "There would be no questions asked" about how this was accomplished.[262] To Himmler's chagrin, Forster had local Poles sign forms stating that they had German blood, and required no further documentation.[263] On the other hand, Greiser carried out a brutal ethnic cleansing campaign on the Polish population in his purview.[262] Greiser complained to Hitler that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus, in Greiser's view, endangering German "racial purity". Hitler told Himmler and Greiser to take up their difficulties with Forster, and not to involve him.[262] Hitler's handling of the Forster–Greiser dispute has been advanced as an example of Kershaw's theory of "working towards the Führer": Hitler issued vague instructions and expected his subordinates to work out policies on their own.
Another dispute broke out between different factions. One side, represented by Himmler and Greiser, championed carrying out ethnic cleansing in Poland, and another side, represented by Göring and Hans Frank, Governor-General of the General Government territory of occupied Poland, called for turning Poland into the "granary" of the Reich.[264] At a conference held at Göring's Karinhall estate on 12 February 1940, the dispute was initially settled in favour of the Göring–Frank view of economic exploitation, which ended the economically disruptive mass expulsions.[264] On 15 May 1940, however, Himmler presented Hitler with a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", which called for expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and reducing the remainder of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers".[264] Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct";[264] and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policy in Poland.
File:Adolf Hitler in Paris 1940.jpg
Hitler visits Paris with architect Albert Speer (left) and sculptor Arno Breker (right), 23 June 1940
Hitler began a military build-up on Germany's western border, and in April 1940, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway. On 9 April Hitler proclaimed the birth of the "Greater Germanic Reich" to his associates; this was his vision of a united empire of the Germanic nations of Europe, where the Dutch, Flemish, Scandinavians, and other peoples would join into a single, racially-pure polity under German leadership.[265] In May 1940, Hitler's forces attacked France, and conquered Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June 1940. France surrendered on 22 June 1940.[266]
Britain, whose forces were forced to leave France by sea from Dunkirk,[267] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic. Hitler made peace overtures to the British, now led by Winston Churchill, and when these were rejected he ordered bombing raids on the United Kingdom. Hitler's prelude to a planned invasion of the UK was a series of aerial attacks in the Battle of Britain on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in South-East England. However, the German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force.[268]
On 27 September 1940 the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano.[269] The agreement was later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. They were collectively known as the Axis powers. The purpose of the pact was to deter the United States from supporting the British. By the end of October 1940, air superiority for the invasion of Britain—Operation Sea Lion—could not be achieved, and Hitler ordered nightly air raids of British cities, including London, Plymouth, and Coventry.[270]
In the Spring of 1941, Hitler was distracted from his plans for the East by military activities in North Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia, quickly followed by the invasion of Greece.[271] In May, German forces were sent to support Iraqi rebel forces fighting against the British and to invade Crete. On 23 May, Hitler released Führer Directive No. 30.[272]
Path to defeat[link]
On 22 June 1941, contravening the Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact of 1939, three million German troops attacked the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa.[273] The invasion seized a huge area, including the Baltic states, Belarus, and Ukraine. However, the German advance was stopped outside Moscow in December 1941 by the Russian Winter and fierce Soviet resistance.[274]
Soviet troop concentrations on Germany's eastern border in the spring of 1941 may have prompted Hitler to engage in a Flucht nach vorn ("flight forward") to get in front of an inevitable conflict.[275] Viktor Suvorov, Ernst Topitsch, Joachim Hoffmann, Ernst Nolte, and David Irving have argued that the official reason for Barbarossa given by the German military was the real reason—a preventive war to avert an impending Soviet attack scheduled for July 1941. This theory, however, has been faulted; American historian Gerhard Weinberg once compared the advocates of the preventive war theory to believers in "fairy tales".[276]
The Wehrmacht invasion of the Soviet Union reached its peak on 2 December 1941, when the 258th Infantry Division advanced to within 15 miles (24 km) of Moscow, close enough to see the spires of the Kremlin.[274] However, they were not prepared for the harsh conditions of the Russian winter, and Soviet forces drove back the German troops over 320 kilometres (200 mi).
On 7 December 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler's formal declaration of war against the United States engaged Germany in war against a coalition that included the world's largest empire (the British Empire), the world's greatest industrial and financial power (the United States), and the world's largest army (the Soviet Union).[277]
When Himmler met Hitler on 18 December 1941 and posed the question "What to do with the Jews of Russia?", Hitler replied "als Partisanen auszurotten" ("exterminate them as partisans").[278] Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust.[278]
In late 1942 German forces were defeated in the second battle of El Alamein,[279] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. In February 1943 the Battle of Stalingrad ended with the destruction of the German Sixth Army. Thereafter came a decisive defeat at the Battle of Kursk.[280] Hitler's military judgment became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated along with Hitler's health. Kershaw and others believe that Hitler may have suffered from Parkinson's disease.[281]
Following the allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was deposed by Pietro Badoglio,[282] who surrendered to the Allies. Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the Eastern Front. On 6 June 1944 the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in what was one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord.[283] As a result of these significant setbacks for the German army, many of its officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that Hitler's misjudgement or denial would drag out the war and result in the complete destruction of the country.[284] Several high-profile assassination attempts against Hitler occurred during this period.
Between 1939 and 1945 there were many plans to assassinate Hitler, some of which proceeded to significant degrees.[285] The most well-known came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war.[286] In July 1944, in the 20 July plot, part of Operation Valkyrie, Claus von Stauffenberg planted a bomb in one of Hitler's headquarters, the Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg. Hitler narrowly survived because someone had unknowingly pushed the briefcase that contained the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table. When the bomb exploded, the table deflected much of the blast away from Hitler. Later, Hitler ordered savage reprisals resulting in the execution of more than 4,900 people.[287]
Defeat and death[link]
Main article: Death of Adolf Hitler
By late 1944, the Red Army had driven the German army back into Western Europe, and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. After being informed of the failure of his Ardennes Offensive, Hitler realised that Germany was going to lose the war. His hope, buoyed by the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April 1945, was to negotiate peace with America and Britain.[288] Acting on his view that Germany's military failures had forfeited its right to survive as a nation, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands.[289] Execution of this scorched earth plan was entrusted to arms minister Albert Speer, who quietly disobeyed the order.[289]
On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the Führerbunker ("Führer's shelter") to the surface. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth.[290] By 21 April, Georgy Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the last defences of German General Gotthard Heinrici's Army Group Vistula during the Battle of the Seelow Heights and advanced into the outskirts of Berlin.[291] In denial about the increasingly dire situation, Hitler placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen SS General Felix Steiner, the Armeeabteilung Steiner ("Army Detachment Steiner"). Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salient and the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack.[292]
During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler asked about Steiner's offensive. After a long silence, he was told that the attack had never been launched and that the Russians had broken through into Berlin. This news prompted Hitler to ask everyone except Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Hans Krebs, and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room.[293] Hitler then launched a tirade against the treachery and incompetence of his commanders, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that the war was lost. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself.[294]
Goebbels made a proclamation on 23 April urging the citizens of Berlin to courageously defend the city.[293] That same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, arguing that since Hitler was cut off in Berlin, he, Göring, should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a time limit, after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated.[295] Hitler responded angrily by having Göring arrested, and when writing his will on 29 April, he removed Göring from all his positions in the government.[296][297]
Berlin became completely cut off from the rest of Germany.[298] On 28 April, Hitler discovered that Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies.[299] He ordered Himmler's arrest and had Hermann Fegelein (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's HQ in Berlin) shot.[300]
After midnight on 29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in a map room within the Führerbunker. After a modest wedding breakfast with his new wife, he then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament.[301][b] The event was witnessed and documents signed by Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf, Joseph Goebbels, and Martin Bormann.[302] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed of the assassination of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, which presumably increased his determination to avoid capture.[303]
On 30 April 1945, after intense street-to-street combat, when Soviet troops were within a block or two of the Reich Chancellery, Hitler and Braun committed suicide; Braun bit into a cyanide capsule[304] and Hitler shot himself with his 7.65 mm (0.3 in) Walther PPK pistol.[305] The lifeless bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the bombed-out garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater[306] and doused with petrol. The corpses were set on fire[307] and the Red Army shelling continued.[308]
Berlin surrendered on 2 May. Records in the Soviet archives—obtained after the fall of the Soviet Union—showed that the remains of Hitler, Braun, Joseph and Magda Goebbels, the six Goebbels children, General Hans Krebs, and Hitler's dogs, were repeatedly buried and exhumed.[309] On 4 April 1970 a Soviet KGB team with detailed burial charts secretly exhumed five wooden boxes which had been buried at the SMERSH facility in Magdeburg. The remains from the boxes were thoroughly burned and crushed, after which the ashes were thrown into the Biederitz river, a tributary of the nearby Elbe.[310]
Legacy[link]
Further information: Consequences of Nazism and Neo-Nazism
Hitler's suicide was likened by contemporaries to a "spell" being broken.[311][312] According to Toland, without its leader, National Socialism "burst like a bubble".[313]
Hitler's actions and Nazi ideology are almost universally regarded as gravely immoral.[314] His political programme had brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe. Germany itself suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as "Zero Hour".[315] Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale;[316] the Nazi regime was responsible for the deaths of an estimated 21 million civilians and prisoners of war.[317] In addition, 29 million soldiers were killed in the European theater of World War II.[317] Historians, philosophers, and politicians often apply the word "evil" in describing the Nazi regime.[318] In Germany and Austria, Holocaust denial and the display of Nazi symbols such as the swastika are prohibited by law.
The German Liberal historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life".[319] The English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruellest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known."[320] For the historian John M. Roberts, Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany.[321] In its place emerged the Cold War, a global confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States.[322]
Religious views[link]
Main article: Religious views of Adolf Hitler
Hitler saw the church as important politically, as a conservative influence on society. He felt that if the church were eliminated the faithful would turn to mysticism, which he thought would be a step backwards politically and culturally. Though he never officially left the Catholic church, he had no real attachment to it.[323] After leaving home he never attended Mass or received the sacraments.[324] He favoured aspects of Protestantism that suited his own views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation, liturgy, and phraseology in his politics.[325][326] Historian Richard Steigmann-Gall concludes that he "can be classified as Catholic",[327] but that "nominal church membership is a very unreliable gauge of actual piety in this context."[328]
In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, and professed a belief in an "Aryan" Jesus Christ—a Jesus who fought against the Jews.[329] He spoke of his interpretation of Christianity as a central motivation for his antisemitism, stating that "As a Christian I have no duty to allow myself to be cheated, but I have the duty to be a fighter for truth and justice."[330][331] In private, he was more critical of traditional Christianity, considering it a religion fit only for slaves; he admired the power of Rome but maintained a severe hostility towards its teaching.[332] Historian John S. Conway states that Hitler held a "fundamental antagonism" towards the Christian churches.[333]
In political relations with the church, Hitler adopted a strategy "that suited his immediate political purposes".[333] According to a US Office of Strategic Services report, Hitler had a general plan, even before his rise to power, to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich.[334][335] The report titled "The Nazi Master Plan" stated that the destruction of the church was a goal of the movement right from the start, but that it was inexpedient to express this extreme position publicly.[336] His intention, according to Bullock, was to wait until the war was over to destroy the influence of Christianity.[332]
Hitler admired the Muslim military tradition, but considered Arabs as "racially inferior".[337] He believed that the racially-superior Germans, in conjunction with Islam, could have conquered much of the world during the Middle Ages.[338] During a meeting with a Japanese professor in 1931, Hitler praised the Shinto religion and Japanese culture.[339] Although Himmler was interested in the occult, the interpretation of runes, and tracing the prehistoric roots of the Germanic people, Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ideology centred on more practical concerns.[340][341]
Health[link]
Researchers have suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome, skin lesions, irregular heartbeat, Parkinson's disease,[342][281] syphilis,[342] and tinnitus.[343] In a report prepared for the Office of Strategic Services in 1943, Walter C. Langer of Harvard University described Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath."[344] Theories about Hitler's medical condition are difficult to prove, and according them too much weight may have the effect of attributing many of the events and consequences of the Third Reich to the possibly impaired physical health of one individual.[345] Kershaw feels that it is better to take a broader view of German history by examining what social forces led to the Third Reich and its policies rather than to pursue narrow explanations for the Holocaust and World War II based on only one person.[346]
Hitler followed a vegetarian diet.[347] At social events he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his dinner guests shun meat.[348] A fear of cancer (from which his mother died)[349] is the most widely cited reason for Hitler's dietary habits. An antivivisectionist, Hitler may have followed his selective diet out of a profound concern for animals.[350] Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler throughout the war. Hitler despised alcohol[351] and was a non-smoker. He promoted aggressive anti-smoking campaigns throughout Germany.[352] Hitler began using amphetamine occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to the drug in the fall of 1942.[353] Albert Speer linked this use of amphetamines to Hitler's increasingly inflexible decision making (for example, never to allow military retreats).[354]
Prescribed ninety different medications during the war years, Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments.[355] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and two hundred wood splinters had to be removed from his legs.[356] Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors of his hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. Hitler's personal physician, Theodor Morell, treated Hitler with a drug that was commonly prescribed in 1945 for Parkinson's disease. Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life each formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.[355][357]
Family[link]
Main articles: Hitler family and Sexuality of Adolf Hitler
To the public, Hitler promoted his own image as that of a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation.[135][358] He met his mistress, Eva Braun, in 1929,[359] and married her in April 1945.[360] In September 1931 his niece, Geli Raubal, committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain.[361] Paula Hitler, the last living member of the immediate family, died in 1960.[362]
Hitler in media[link]
File:Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden.ogg
Video of Hitler at Berchtesgaden (c. 1941)
Hitler used documentary films as a propaganda tool. He was involved and appeared in a series of films by the pioneering filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl via Universum Film AG (UFA):[363]
- Der Sieg des Glaubens (Victory of Faith, 1933)
- Triumph des Willens (Triumph of the Will, 1934), co-produced by Hitler
- Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht (Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces, 1935)
- Olympia (1938)
See also[link]
- Führermuseum
- Hitler: A Film from Germany
- Julius Schaub – chief aide
- Karl Mayr – Hitler's superior in army Intelligence 1919–1920
- Karl Wilhelm Krause – personal valet
- List of books by or about Adolf Hitler
- Mein Kampf (online versions)
- Poison Kitchen
- Streets named after Adolf Hitler
- Vorbunker
 |
See more Wikipedia articles related to Adolf Hitler. |
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post, which had questioned his lifestyle and income. Kershaw 2008, p. 99.
- ^ MI5, Hitler's Last Days: "Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5, using the sources available to Trevor Roper (a WWII MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament.
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Online
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- "Hitler's Last Days". mi5.gov.uk. MI5 Security Service. https://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/hitlers-last-days.html. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
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External links[link]
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- "Adolf Hitler". The Vault. FBI Records. http://vault.fbi.gov/adolf-hitler.
- "Hitler and his officers". World War II Movies in Color. WW2inColor. http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/movies/hitler_color.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Office created |
Reichsstatthalter of Prussia 1933–1935 |
Succeeded by Office abolished |
| Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher |
Chancellor of Germany(1) 1933–1945 |
Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels |
| Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg As President |
Führer of Germany(1) 1934–1945 |
Succeeded by Karl Dönitz As President |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Anton Drexler |
Leader of the NSDAP 1921–1945 |
|
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon |
Leader of the SA 1930–1945 |
|
| Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch |
Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres (Army Commander) 1941–1945 |
Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong May-ling |
Time Person of the Year 1938 |
Succeeded by Joseph Stalin |
| Notes and references | ||
| 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany | ||
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hitler, Adolf |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Führer of the National Socialist German Workers Party; Reichskanzler of Germany |
| Date of birth | 20 April 1889 |
| Place of birth | Braunau am Inn, Austria |
| Date of death | 30 April 1945 |
| Place of death | Berlin, Germany |
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| Louis Armstrong | |
|---|---|
 Louis Armstrong's stage personality matched his flashy cornet and trumpet playing. Armstrong is also known for his raspy singing voice. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Louis Armstrong |
| Born | August 4, 1901 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Died | July 6, 1971(1971-07-06) (aged 69) Corona, Queens, New York City, U.S. |
| Genres | Dixieland, jazz, swing, traditional pop |
| Occupations | Musician |
| Years active | c. 1914–71 |
| Associated acts | Joe "King" Oliver, Ella Fitzgerald, Kid Ory, Bobby Hackett |
Louis Armstrong[1] (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971),[2] nicknamed Satchmo[3] or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.
Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an "inventive" cornet and trumpet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the music's focus from collective improvisation to solo performance. With his instantly recognizable deep and distinctive gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also greatly skilled at scat singing (vocalizing using sounds and syllables instead of actual lyrics).
Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing, Armstrong's influence extends well beyond jazz music, and by the end of his career in the 1960s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general. Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to "cross over," whose skin-color was secondary to his music in an America that was severely racially divided. It allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society that were highly restricted for a black man. While he rarely publicly politicized his race, often to the dismay of fellow African-Americans, he was privately a strong supporter of the Civil Rights movement in America.[citation needed]
Contents |
Early life[link]
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Armstrong often stated that he was born on July 4, 1900,[4] a date that has been noted in many biographies. Although he died in 1971, it was not until the mid-1980s that his true birth date of August 4, 1901 was discovered through the examination of baptismal records.[5]
Armstrong was born into a very poor family in New Orleans, Louisiana, the grandson of slaves. He spent his youth in poverty, in a rough neighborhood of Uptown New Orleans, known as “Back of the Town”, as his father, William Armstrong (1881–1922), abandoned the family when Louis was an infant and took up with another woman. His mother, Mary "Mayann" Albert (1886–1942), then left Louis and his younger sister Beatrice Armstrong Collins (1903–1987) in the care of his grandmother, Josephine Armstrong, and at times, his Uncle Isaac. At five, he moved back to live with his mother and her relatives, and saw his father only in parades.
He attended the Fisk School for Boys, where he likely had early exposure to music. He brought in some money as a paperboy and also by finding discarded food and selling it to restaurants, but it was not enough to keep his mother from prostitution. He hung out in dance halls close to home, where he observed everything from licentious dancing to the quadrille. For extra money he also hauled coal to Storyville, the famed red-light district, and listened to the bands playing in the brothels and dance halls, especially Pete Lala's where Joe "King" Oliver performed and other famous musicians would drop in to jam.
After dropping out of the Fisk School at age eleven, Armstrong joined a quartet of boys who sang in the streets for money. But he also started to get into trouble. Cornet player Bunk Johnson said he taught Armstrong (then 11) to play by ear at Dago Tony's Tonk in New Orleans,[6] although in his later years Armstrong gave the credit to Oliver. Armstrong hardly looked back at his youth as the worst of times but instead drew inspiration from it, “Every time I close my eyes blowing that trumpet of mine—I look right in the heart of good old New Orleans...It has given me something to live for.”[7]
He also worked for a Lithuanian-Jewish immigrant family, the Karnofskys, who had a junk hauling business and gave him odd jobs. They took him in and treated him as almost a family member, knowing he lived without a father, and would feed and nurture him.[8] He later wrote a memoir of his relationship with the Karnofskys titled, Louis Armstrong + the Jewish Family in New Orleans, La., the Year of 1907. In it he describes his discovery that this family was also subject to discrimination by "other white folks' nationalities who felt that they were better than the Jewish race. I was only seven years old but I could easily see the ungodly treatment that the White Folks were handing the poor Jewish family whom I worked for." Armstrong wore a Star of David pendant for the rest of his life and wrote about what he learned from them: "how to live—real life and determination."[9] The influence of Karnofsky is remembered in New Orleans by the Karnofsky Project, a non-profit organization dedicated to accepting donated musical instruments to "put them into the hands of an eager child who could not otherwise take part in a wonderful learning experience."[10]
File:LouisArmstrong PeterDavis1.jpg
Armstrong with his first trumpet instructor, Peter Davis, in 1965.
Armstrong developed his cornet playing seriously in the band of the New Orleans Home for Colored Waifs, where he had been sent multiple times for general delinquency, most notably for a long term after firing his stepfather's pistol into the air at a New Year's Eve celebration, as police records confirm. Professor Peter Davis (who frequently appeared at the Home at the request of its administrator, Captain Joseph Jones)[11] instilled discipline in and provided musical training to the otherwise self-taught Armstrong. Eventually, Davis made Armstrong the band leader. The Home band played around New Orleans and the thirteen year old Louis began to draw attention by his cornet playing, starting him on a musical career.[12] At fourteen he was released from the Home, living again with his father and new stepmother and then back with his mother and also back to the streets and their temptations. Armstrong got his first dance hall job at Henry Ponce’s where Black Benny became his protector and guide. He hauled coal by day and played his cornet at night.
He played in the city's frequent brass band parades and listened to older musicians every chance he got, learning from Bunk Johnson, Buddy Petit, Kid Ory, and above all, Joe "King" Oliver, who acted as a mentor and father figure to the young musician. Later, he played in the brass bands and riverboats of New Orleans, and began traveling with the well-regarded band of Fate Marable, which toured on a steamboat up and down the Mississippi River. He described his time with Marable as, "going to the University," since it gave him a much wider experience working with written arrangements.
In 1919, Joe Oliver decided to go north and resigned his position in Kid Ory's band; Armstrong replaced him. He also became second trumpet for the Tuxedo Brass Band, a society band.[13]
Career[link]
File:Heebie Jeebies.jpg
“Heebie Jeebies” by Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five
On March 19, 1918, Louis married Daisy Parker from Gretna, Louisiana. They adopted a 3-year-old boy, Clarence Armstrong, whose mother, Louis' cousin Flora, died soon after giving birth. Clarence Armstrong was mentally disabled (the result of a head injury at an early age) and Louis would spend the rest of his life taking care of him.[14] Louis' marriage to Parker failed quickly and they separated. She died shortly after the divorce.
Through all his riverboat experience Armstrong’s musicianship began to mature and expand. At twenty, he could read music and he started to be featured in extended trumpet solos, one of the first jazzmen to do this, injecting his own personality and style into his solo turns. He had learned how to create a unique sound and also started using singing and patter in his performances.[15] In 1922, Armstrong joined the exodus to Chicago, where he had been invited by his mentor, Joe "King" Oliver, to join his Creole Jazz Band and where he could make a sufficient income so that he no longer needed to supplement his music with day labor jobs. It was a boom time in Chicago and though race relations were poor, the “Windy City” was teeming with jobs for black people, who were making good wages in factories and had plenty to spend on entertainment.
Oliver's band was the best and most influential hot jazz band in Chicago in the early 1920s, at a time when Chicago was the center of the jazz universe. Armstrong lived like a king in Chicago, in his own apartment with his own private bath (his first). Excited as he was to be in Chicago, he began his career-long pastime of writing nostalgic letters to friends in New Orleans. As Armstrong’s reputation grew, he was challenged to “cutting contests” by hornmen trying to displace the new phenom, who could blow two hundred high C’s in a row.[16] Armstrong made his first recordings on the Gennett and Okeh labels (jazz records were starting to boom across the country), including taking some solos and breaks, while playing second cornet in Oliver's band in 1923. At this time, he met Hoagy Carmichael (with whom he would collaborate later) who was introduced by friend Bix Beiderbecke, who now had his own Chicago band.
Armstrong enjoyed working with Oliver, but Louis' second wife, pianist Lil Hardin Armstrong, urged him to seek more prominent billing and develop his newer style away from the influence of Oliver. Armstrong took the advice of his wife and left Oliver's band. For a year Armstrong played in Fletcher Henderson's band in New York on many recordings. After playing in New York, Armstrong returned to Chicago, playing in large orchestras; there he created his most important early recordings.[17] Lil had her husband play classical music in church concerts to broaden his skill and improve his solo play and she prodded him into wearing more stylish attire to make him look sharp and to better offset his growing girth. Lil’s influence eventually undermined Armstrong’s relationship with his mentor, especially concerning his salary and additional moneys that Oliver held back from Armstrong and other band members. Armstrong and Oliver parted amicably in 1924. Shortly afterward, Armstrong received an invitation to go to New York City to play with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, the top African-American band of the day. Armstrong switched to the trumpet to blend in better with the other musicians in his section. His influence upon Henderson's tenor sax soloist, Coleman Hawkins, can be judged by listening to the records made by the band during this period.
Armstrong quickly adapted to the more tightly controlled style of Henderson, playing trumpet and even experimenting with the trombone and the other members quickly took up Armstrong’s emotional, expressive pulse. Soon his act included singing and telling tales of New Orleans characters, especially preachers.[18] The Henderson Orchestra was playing in the best venues for white-only patrons, including the famed Roseland Ballroom, featuring the classy arrangements of Don Redman. Duke Ellington’s orchestra would go to Roseland to catch Armstrong’s performances and young hornmen around town tried in vain to outplay him, splitting their lips in their attempts.
During this time, Armstrong made many recordings on the side, arranged by an old friend from New Orleans, pianist Clarence Williams; these included small jazz band sides with the Williams Blue Five (some of the best pairing Armstrong with one of Armstrong's few rivals in fiery technique and ideas, Sidney Bechet) and a series of accompaniments with blues singers, including Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Alberta Hunter.
Armstrong returned to Chicago in 1925 due mostly to the urging of his wife, who wanted to pump up Armstrong’s career and income. He was content in New York but later would concede that she was right and that the Henderson Orchestra was limiting his artistic growth. In publicity, much to his chagrin, she billed him as “the World’s Greatest Trumpet Player”. At first he was actually a member of the Lil Hardin Armstrong Band and working for his wife.[19] He began recording under his own name for Okeh with his famous Hot Five and Hot Seven groups, producing hits such as "Potato Head Blues", "Muggles", (a reference to marijuana, for which Armstrong had a lifelong fondness), and "West End Blues", the music of which set the standard and the agenda for jazz for many years to come.
The group included Kid Ory (trombone), Johnny Dodds (clarinet), Johnny St. Cyr (banjo), wife Lil on piano, and usually no drummer. Armstrong’s bandleading style was easygoing, as St. Cyr noted, "One felt so relaxed working with him and he was very broad-minded ... always did his best to feature each individual."[20] His recordings soon after with pianist Earl "Fatha" Hines (most famously their 1928 Weatherbird duet) and Armstrong's trumpet introduction to "West End Blues" remain some of the most famous and influential improvisations in jazz history. Armstrong was now free to develop his personal style as he wished, which included a heavy dose of effervescent jive, such as "whip that thing, Miss Lil" and "Mr. Johnny Dodds, Aw, do that clarinet, boy!"[21]
Armstrong also played with Erskine Tate’s Little Symphony, actually a quintet, which played mostly at the Vendome Theatre. They furnished music for silent movies and live shows, including jazz versions of classical music, such as “Madame Butterfly,” which gave Armstrong experience with longer forms of music and with hosting before a large audience. He began to scat sing (improvised vocal jazz using non-sensical words) and was among the first to record it, on "Heebie Jeebies" in 1926. So popular was the recording the group became the most famous jazz band in the USA even though they as yet had not performed live to any great degree. Young musicians across the country, black or white, were turned on by Armstrong’s new type of jazz.[22]
After separating from Lil, Armstrong started to play at the Sunset Café for Al Capone's associate Joe Glaser in the Carroll Dickerson Orchestra, with Earl Hines on piano, which was soon renamed Louis Armstrong and his Stompers,[23] though Hines was the music director and Glaser managed the orchestra. Hines and Armstrong became fast friends as well as successful collaborators.
Armstrong returned to New York, in 1929, where he played in the pit orchestra of the successful musical Hot Chocolate, an all-black revue written by Andy Razaf and pianist/composer Fats Waller. He also made a cameo appearance as a vocalist, regularly stealing the show with his rendition of "Ain't Misbehavin'", his version of the song becoming his biggest selling record to date.[24]
Armstrong started to work at Connie's Inn in Harlem, chief rival to the Cotton Club, a venue for elaborately staged floor shows,[25] and a front for gangster Dutch Schultz. Armstrong also had considerable success with vocal recordings, including versions of famous songs composed by his old friend Hoagy Carmichael. His 1930s recordings took full advantage of the new RCA ribbon microphone, introduced in 1931, which imparted a characteristic warmth to vocals and immediately became an intrinsic part of the 'crooning' sound of artists like Bing Crosby. Armstrong's famous interpretation of Hoagy Carmichael's "Stardust" became one of the most successful versions of this song ever recorded, showcasing Armstrong's unique vocal sound and style and his innovative approach to singing songs that had already become standards.
Armstrong's radical re-working of Sidney Arodin and Carmichael's "Lazy River" (recorded in 1931) encapsulated many features of his groundbreaking approach to melody and phrasing. The song begins with a brief trumpet solo, then the main melody is stated by sobbing horns, memorably punctuated by Armstrong's growling interjections at the end of each bar: "Yeah! ..."Uh-huh" ..."Sure" ... "Way down, way down." In the first verse, he ignores the notated melody entirely and sings as if playing a trumpet solo, pitching most of the first line on a single note and using strongly syncopated phrasing. In the second stanza he breaks into an almost fully improvised melody, which then evolves into a classic passage of Armstrong "scat singing".
As with his trumpet playing, Armstrong's vocal innovations served as a foundation stone for the art of jazz vocal interpretation. The uniquely gritty coloration of his voice became a musical archetype that was much imitated and endlessly impersonated. His scat singing style was enriched by his matchless experience as a trumpet soloist. His resonant, velvety lower-register tone and bubbling cadences on sides such as "Lazy River" exerted a huge influence on younger white singers such as Bing Crosby.
The Depression of the early Thirties was especially hard on the jazz scene. The Cotton Club closed in 1936 after a long downward spiral and many musicians stopped playing altogether as club dates evaporated. Bix Beiderbecke died and Fletcher Henderson’s band broke up. King Oliver made a few records but otherwise struggled. Sidney Bechet became a tailor and Kid Ory returned to New Orleans and raised chickens.[26] Armstrong moved to Los Angeles in 1930 to seek new opportunities. He played at the New Cotton Club in LA with Lionel Hampton on drums. The band drew the Hollywood crowd, which could still afford a lavish night life, while radio broadcasts from the club connected with younger audiences at home. Bing Crosby and many other celebrities were regulars at the club. In 1931, Armstrong appeared in his first movie, Ex-Flame. Armstrong was convicted of marijuana possession but received a suspended sentence.[27] He returned to Chicago in late 1931 and played in bands more in the Guy Lombardo vein and he recorded more standards. When the mob insisted that he get out of town, Armstrong visited New Orleans, got a hero’s welcome and saw old friends. He sponsored a local baseball team known as “Armstrong’s Secret Nine” and got a cigar named after himself.[28] But soon he was on the road again and after a tour across the country shadowed by the mob, Armstrong decided to go to Europe to escape.
After returning to the States, he undertook several exhausting tours. His agent Johnny Collins’ erratic behavior and his own spending ways left Armstrong short of cash. Breach of contract violations plagued him. Finally, he hired Joe Glaser as his new manager, a tough mob-connected wheeler-dealer, who began to straighten out his legal mess, his mob troubles, and his debts. Armstrong also began to experience problems with his fingers and lips, which were aggravated by his unorthodox playing style. As a result he branched out, developing his vocal style and making his first theatrical appearances. He appeared in movies again, including Crosby's 1936 hit Pennies from Heaven. In 1937, Armstrong substituted for Rudy Vallee on the CBS radio network and became the first African American to host a sponsored, national broadcast.[29] He finally divorced Lil in 1938 and married longtime girlfriend Alpha.
After spending many years on the road, Armstrong settled permanently in Queens, New York in 1943 in contentment with his fourth wife, Lucille. Although subject to the vicissitudes of Tin Pan Alley and the gangster-ridden music business, as well as anti-black prejudice, he continued to develop his playing. He recorded Hoagy Carmichael's Rockin' Chair for Okeh Records.
During the subsequent thirty years, Armstrong played more than three hundred gigs a year. Bookings for big bands tapered off during the 1940s due to changes in public tastes: ballrooms closed, and there was competition from television and from other types of music becoming more popular than big band music. It became impossible under such circumstances to support and finance a 16-piece touring band.
The All Stars[link]
Following a highly successful small-group jazz concert at New York Town Hall on May 17, 1947, featuring Armstrong with trombonist/singer Jack Teagarden, Armstrong's manager Joe Glaser dissolved the Armstrong big band on August 13, 1947 and established a six-piece small group featuring Armstrong with (initially) Teagarden, Earl Hines and other top swing and dixieland musicians, most of them ex-big band leaders. The new group was announced at the opening of Billy Berg's Supper Club.
This group was called Louis Armstrong and his All Stars and included at various times Earl "Fatha" Hines, Barney Bigard, Edmond Hall, Jack Teagarden, Trummy Young, Arvell Shaw, Billy Kyle, Marty Napoleon, Big Sid Catlett, Cozy Cole, Tyree Glenn, Barrett Deems, Joe Darensbourg and the Filipino-American percussionist, Danny Barcelona. During this period, Armstrong made many recordings and appeared in over thirty films. He was the first jazz musician to appear on the cover of Time Magazine on February 21, 1949.
In 1964, he recorded his biggest-selling record, "Hello, Dolly!" The song went to #1 on the pop chart, making Armstrong (age 63) the oldest person to ever accomplish that feat. In the process, Armstrong dislodged The Beatles from the #1 position they had occupied for 14 consecutive weeks with three different songs.[30]
Armstrong kept up his busy tour schedule until a few years before his death in 1971. In his later years he would sometimes play some of his numerous gigs by rote, but other times would enliven the most mundane gig with his vigorous playing, often to the astonishment of his band. He also toured Africa, Europe, and Asia under sponsorship of the US State Department with great success, earning the nickname "Ambassador Satch." While failing health restricted his schedule in his last years, within those limitations he continued playing until the day he died.
Death[link]
Armstrong died of a heart attack in his sleep on July 6, 1971, a month before his 70th birthday,[31] and 11 months after playing a famous show at the Waldorf-Astoria's Empire Room.[32] He was residing in Corona, Queens, New York City, at the time of his death.[33] He was interred in Flushing Cemetery, Flushing, in Queens, New York City.[34]
His honorary pallbearers included Bing Crosby, Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie, Pearl Bailey, Count Basie, Harry James, Frank Sinatra, Ed Sullivan, Earl Wilson, Alan King, Johnny Carson and David Frost.[35] Peggy Lee sang The Lord's Prayer at the services while Al Hibbler sang "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen" and Fred Robbins, a long-time friend, gave the eulogy.[36]
Personal life[link]
Personality[link]
 |
This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (November 2011) |
Armstrong was a colorful character. His own biography vexes biographers and historians, because he had a habit of telling tales, particularly of his early childhood, when he was less scrutinized, and his embellishments of his history often lack consistency.
He was not only an entertainer. Armstrong was a leading personality of the day who was so beloved by America that gave even the greatest African American performers little access beyond their public celebrity, that he was able to live privately a life of access and privilege accorded to few other African Americans.
He tried to remain politically neutral, which gave him a large part of that access, but often alienated him from members of the black community who looked to him to use his prominence with white America to become more of an outspoken figure during the Civil Rights Era of U.S. history.
Nicknames[link]
The nicknames Satchmo and Satch are short for Satchelmouth. Like many things in Armstrong's life, which was filled with colorful stories both real and imagined, many of his own telling, the nickname has many possible origins.
The most common tale that biographers tell is the story of Armstrong as a young boy dancing for pennies in the streets of New Orleans, who would scoop up the coins off of the streets and stick them into his mouth to avoid having the bigger children steal them from him. Someone dubbed him "satchel mouth" for his mouth acting as a satchel. Another tale is that because of his large mouth, he was nicknamed "satchel mouth" which became shortened to Satchmo.
Early on he was also known as Dipper, short for Dippermouth, a reference to the piece Dippermouth Blues.[37] and something of a riff on his unusual embouchure.
The nickname Pops came from Armstrong's own tendency to forget people's names and simply call them "pops" instead. The nickname was soon turned on Armstrong himself. It was used as the title of a 2010 biography of Armstrong by Terry Teachout.
File:Louis Armstrong Autograph.jpg
Armstrong's autograph from the 1960s
Armstrong and race[link]
Armstrong was largely accepted into white society, both on stage and off, a privilege reserved for very few African-American public figures, and usually those of either exceptional talent and fair skin-tone. As his fame grew, so did his access to the finer things in life usually denied to a black man, even a famous one. His renown was such that he dined in the best restaurants and stayed in hotels usually exclusively for whites.[38]
It was a power and privilege that he enjoyed, although he was very careful not to flaunt it with fellow performers of color, and privately, he shared what access that he could with friends and fellow musicians.
That still did not prevent members of the African-American community, particularly in the late 1950s to the early 1970s, from calling him an Uncle Tom, a black-on-black racial epithet for someone who kowtowed to white society at the expense of their own racial identity.
He was criticized for accepting the title of "King of The Zulus" for Mardi Gras in 1949. In the New Orleans African-American community it is an honored role as the head of leading black Carnival Krewe, but bewildering or offensive to outsiders with their traditional costume of grass-skirts and blackface makeup satirizing southern white attitudes.
Some musicians criticized Armstrong for playing in front of segregated audiences, and for not taking a strong enough stand in the civil rights movement.[39]
Billie Holiday countered, however, "Of course Pops toms, but he toms from the heart."[40]
The few exceptions made it more effective when he did speak out. Armstrong's criticism of President Eisenhower, calling him "two-faced" and "gutless" because of his inaction during the conflict over school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957 made national news.
As a protest, Armstrong canceled a planned tour of the Soviet Union on behalf of the State Department saying "The way they're treating my people in the South, the government can go to hell" and that he could not represent his government abroad when it was in conflict with its own people.[41] Six days after Armstrong's comments, Eisenhower ordered Federal troops to Little Rock to escort students into the school.[42]
The FBI kept a file on Armstrong, for his outspokenness about integration.[43]
Religion[link]
When asked about his religion, Armstrong would answer that he was raised a Baptist, always wore a Star of David, and was friends with the Pope.[44] Armstrong wore the Star of David in honor of the Karnofsky family, who took him in as a child and lent him the money to buy his first cornet. Louis Armstrong was, in fact, baptized as a Catholic at the Sacred Heart of Jesus Church in New Orleans,[44] and he met popes Pius XII and Paul VI, though there is no evidence that he considered himself Catholic. Armstrong seems to have been tolerant towards various religions, but also found humor in them.
Personal habits[link]
Purging[link]
Armstrong was also greatly concerned with his health and bodily functions. He made frequent use of laxatives as a means of controlling his weight, a practice he advocated both to personal acquaintances and in the diet plans he published under the title Lose Weight the Satchmo Way. Armstrong's laxative of preference in his younger days was Pluto Water, but he then became an enthusiastic convert when he discovered the herbal remedy Swiss Kriss. He would extol its virtues to anyone who would listen and pass out packets to everyone he encountered, including members of the British Royal Family. (Armstrong also appeared in humorous, albeit risqué, cards that he had printed to send out to friends; the cards bore a picture of him sitting on a toilet—as viewed through a keyhole—with the slogan "Satch says, 'Leave it all behind ya!'")[45] The cards have sometimes been incorrectly described as ads for Swiss Kriss.[46]
In a live recording of "Baby, It's Cold Outside" with Velma Middleton, he changes the lyric from "Put another record on while I pour" to "Take some Swiss Kriss while I pour." The line, slightly garbled in the live recording, could just as likely be "Take some Swiss Miss while I pour"—Swiss Miss is a hot chocolate mix that would have been fairly new on the market in 1951. (The line comes at 1:04 in the song.)[47]
Love of food[link]
The concern with his health and weight was balanced by his love of food, reflected in such songs as "Cheesecake", "Cornet Chop Suey,"[48] though "Struttin’ with Some Barbecue" was written about a fine-looking companion, not about food.[49] He kept a strong connection throughout his life to the cooking of New Orleans, always signing his letters, "Red beans and ricely yours..."[50]
Writings[link]
Armstrong’s gregariousness extended to writing. On the road, he wrote constantly, sharing favorite themes of his life with correspondents around the world. He avidly typed or wrote on whatever stationery was at hand, recording instant takes on music, sex, food, childhood memories, his heavy "medicinal" marijuana use—and even his bowel movements, which he gleefully described.[51] He had a fondness for lewd jokes and dirty limericks as well.
Social organizations[link]
Louis Armstrong was not, as is often claimed, a Freemason. Although he is usually listed as being a member of Montgomery Lodge No. 18 (Prince Hall) in New York, no such lodge has ever existed. Armstrong states in his autobiography, however, that he was a member of the Knights of Pythias, which is not a Masonic group.[52]
Music[link]
Horn playing and early jazz[link]
In his early years, Armstrong was best known for his virtuosity with the cornet and trumpet. The greatest trumpet playing of his early years can be heard on his Hot Five and Hot Seven records, as well as the Red Onion Jazz Babies. The improvisations he made on these records of New Orleans jazz standards and popular songs of the day are unsurpassed by later jazz performers. The older generation of New Orleans jazz musicians often referred to their improvisations as "variating the melody." Armstrong's improvisations were daring and sophisticated for the time, while often subtle and melodic.
He often essentially re-composed pop-tunes he played, making them more interesting. Armstrong's playing is filled with joyous, inspired original melodies, creative leaps, and subtle relaxed or driving rhythms. The genius of these creative passages is matched by Armstrong's playing technique, honed by constant practice, which extended the range, tone and capabilities of the trumpet. In these records, Armstrong almost single-handedly created the role of the jazz soloist, taking what was essentially a collective folk music and turning it into an art form with tremendous possibilities for individual expression.
Armstrong's work in the 1920s shows him playing at the outer limits of his abilities. The Hot Five records, especially, often have minor flubs and missed notes, which do little to detract from listening enjoyment since the energy of the spontaneous performance comes through. By the mid 1930s, Armstrong achieved a smooth assurance, knowing exactly what he could do and carrying out his ideas to perfection.
He was one of the first artists to use recordings of his performances to improve himself. Armstrong was an avid audiophile. He had a large collection of recordings, including reel-to-reel tapes, which he took on the road with him in a trunk during his later career. He enjoyed listening to his own recordings, and comparing his performances musically. In the den of his home, he had the latest audio equipment and would sometimes rehearse and record along with his older recordings or the radio.[53]
Vocal popularity[link]
As his music progressed and popularity grew, his singing also became very important. Armstrong was not the first to record scat singing, but he was masterful at it and helped popularize it. He had a hit with his playing and scat singing on "Heebie Jeebies" when, according to some legends, the sheet music fell on the floor and he simply started singing nonsense syllables. Armstrong stated in his memoirs that this actually occurred. He also sang out "I done forgot the words" in the middle of recording "I'm A Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas."
Such records were hits and scat singing became a major part of his performances. Long before this, however, Armstrong was playing around with his vocals, shortening and lengthening phrases, interjecting improvisations, using his voice as creatively as his trumpet.
Colleagues and followers[link]
During his long career he played and sang with some of the most important instrumentalists and vocalists of the time; among them were Bing Crosby, Duke Ellington, Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, the singing brakeman Jimmie Rodgers, Bessie Smith and perhaps most famously Ella Fitzgerald.
His influence upon Bing Crosby is particularly important with regard to the subsequent development of popular music: Crosby admired and copied Armstrong, as is evident on many of his early recordings, notably "Just One More Chance" (1931). The New Grove Dictionary Of Jazz describes Crosby's debt to Armstrong in precise detail, although it does not acknowledge Armstrong by name:
Crosby... was important in introducing into the mainstream of popular singing an Afro-American concept of song as a lyrical extension of speech... His techniques - easing the weight of the breath on the vocal cords, passing into a head voice at a low register, using forward production to aid distinct enunciation, singing on consonants (a practice of black singers), and making discreet use of appoggiaturas, mordents, and slurs to emphasize the text - were emulated by nearly all later popular singers.
Armstrong recorded three albums with Ella Fitzgerald: Ella and Louis, Ella and Louis Again, and Porgy and Bess for Verve Records, with the sessions featuring the backing musicianship of the Oscar Peterson Trio and drummer Buddy Rich. His recordings Satch Plays Fats, all Fats Waller tunes, and Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy in the 1950s were perhaps among the last of his great creative recordings, but even oddities like Disney Songs the Satchmo Way are seen to have their musical moments. And, his participation in Dave Brubeck's high-concept jazz musical The Real Ambassadors was critically acclaimed. For the most part, however, his later output was criticized as being overly simplistic or repetitive.
Hits and later career[link]
Armstrong had many hit records including "Stardust", "What a Wonderful World", "When The Saints Go Marching In", "Dream a Little Dream of Me", "Ain't Misbehavin'", "You Rascal You,"and "Stompin' at the Savoy." "We Have All the Time in the World" was featured on the soundtrack of the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and enjoyed renewed popularity in the UK in 1994 when it featured on a Guinness advert. It reached number 3 in the charts on being re-released.
In 1964, Armstrong knocked the Beatles off the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart with "Hello, Dolly!", which gave the 63-year-old performer a U.S. record as the oldest artist to have a number one song. His 1964 song, "Bout Time" was later featured in the film "Bewitched" (2005).
Armstrong performed in Italy at the 1968 Sanremo Music Festival where he sang "Mi Va di Cantare"[54] alongside his friend, the Eritrean-born Italian singer Lara Saint Paul.[55] In February 1968, he also appeared with Lara Saint Paul on the Italian RAI television channel where he performed "Grassa e Bella," a track he sang in Italian for the Italian market and C.D.I. label.[56]
In 1968, Armstrong scored one last popular hit in the United Kingdom with the highly sentimental pop song "What a Wonderful World", which topped the British charts for a month; however, the single did not chart at all in America. The song gained greater currency in the popular consciousness when it was used in the 1987 movie Good Morning, Vietnam, its subsequent rerelease topping many charts around the world. Armstrong even appeared on the October 28, 1970 Johnny Cash Show, where he sang Nat "King" Cole's hit "Rambling Rose" and joined Cash to re-create his performance backing Jimmie Rodgers on "Blue Yodel #9".
Stylistic range[link]
Armstrong enjoyed many types of music, from blues to the arrangements of Guy Lombardo, to Latin American folksongs, to classical symphonies and opera. Armstrong incorporated influences from all these sources into his performances, sometimes to the bewilderment of fans who wanted him to stay in convenient narrow categories. Armstrong was inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as an early influence. Some of his solos from the 1950s, such as the hard rocking version of "St. Louis Blues" from the WC Handy album, show that the influence went in both directions.
Literature, radio, films and TV[link]
Armstrong appeared in more than a dozen Hollywood films, usually playing a band leader or musician. His most familiar role was as the bandleader cum narrator in the 1956 musical, High Society, in which he sang the title song and performed a duet with Bing Crosby on "Now You Has Jazz". In 1947, he played himself in the movie New Orleans opposite Billie Holiday, which chronicled the demise of the Storyville district and the ensuing exodus of musicians from New Orleans to Chicago.[57] In the 1959 film, The Five Pennies (the story of the cornetist Red Nichols), Armstrong played himself as well as singing and playing several classic numbers. With Danny Kaye Armstrong performed a duet of "When the Saints Go Marching In" during which Kaye impersonated Armstrong. Armstrong also had a part in the film alongside James Stewart in The Glenn Miller Story in which Glenn (played by Stewart) jammed with Armstrong and a few other noted musicians of the time.
He was the first African American to host a nationally broadcast radio show in the 1930s. In 1969, Armstrong had a cameo role in the film version of Hello, Dolly! as the bandleader, Louis, to which he sang the title song with actress Barbra Streisand. His solo recording of "Hello, Dolly!" is one of his most recognizable performances.
He was heard on such radio programs as The Story of Swing (1937) and This Is Jazz (1947), and he also made countless television appearances, especially in the 1950s and 1960s, including appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.
Many of Armstrong's recordings remain popular. Almost four decades since his passing, a larger number of his recordings from all periods of his career are more widely available than at any time during his lifetime. His songs are broadcast and listened to every day throughout the world, and are honored in various movies, TV series, commercials, and even anime and video games. "A Kiss to Build a Dream On" was included in the video game Fallout 2, accompanying the intro cinematic. It was also used in the 1993 film Sleepless in Seattle and the 2005 film Lord of War. His 1923 recordings, with Joe Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band, continue to be listened to as documents of ensemble style New Orleans jazz, but more particularly as ripper[jargon] jazz records in their own right. All too often, however, Armstrong recorded with stiff, standard orchestras leaving only his sublime trumpet playing as of interest. "Melancholy Blues," performed by Armstrong and his Hot Seven was included on the Voyager Golden Record sent into outer space to represent one of the greatest achievements of humanity. Most familiar to modern listeners is his ubiquitous rendition of "What a Wonderful World". In 2008, Armstrong's recording of Edith Piaf's famous "La Vie En Rose" was used in a scene of the popular Disney/Pixar film WALL-E. The song was also used in parts, especially the opening trumpets, in the French film Jeux d'enfants (Love Me If You Dare.)
Argentine writer Julio Cortázar, a self-described Armstrong admirer, asserted that a 1952 Louis Armstrong concert at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris played a significant role in inspiring him to create the fictional creatures called Cronopios that are the subject of a number of Cortázar's short stories. Cortázar once called Armstrong himself "Grandísimo Cronopio" (The Great Cronopio).
Armstrong appears as a minor fictionalized character in Harry Turtledove's Southern Victory Series. When he and his band escape from a Nazi-like Confederacy, they enhance the insipid mainstream music of the North. A young Armstrong also appears as a minor fictionalized character in Patrick Neate's 2001 novel Twelve Bar Blues, part of which is set in New Orleans, and which was a winner at that year's Whitbread Book Awards.
There is a pivotal scene in 1980s Stardust Memories in which Woody Allen is overwhelmed by a recording of Armstrong's Stardust and experiences a nostalgic epiphany.[58] The combination of the music and the perfect moment is the catalyst for much of the film's action, prompting the protagonist to fall in love with an ill-advised woman.[59]
Awards and honors[link]
Grammy Awards[link]
Armstrong was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1972 by the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. This Special Merit Award is presented by vote of the Recording Academy's National Trustees to performers who, during their lifetimes, have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance to the field of recording.[60]
| Grammy Award | |||||
| Year | Category | Title | Genre | Label | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1964 | Male Vocal Performance | "Hello, Dolly!" | Pop | Kapp | Winner |
Grammy Hall of Fame[link]
Recordings of Armstrong were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least twenty-five years old, and that have "qualitative or historical significance."[61][62]
| Grammy Hall of Fame | |||||
| Year recorded | Title | Genre | Label | Year inducted | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | "St. Louis Blues" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 2008 | with Bessie Smith |
| 1928 | "Weather Bird" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 2008 | with Earl Hines |
| 1930 | "Blue Yodel #9 (Standing on the Corner)" |
Country (Single) | Victor | 2007 | Jimmie Rodgers (Featuring Louis Armstrong) |
| 1932 | "All of Me" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 2005 | |
| 1958 | Porgy and Bess | Jazz (Album) | Verve | 2001 | with Ella Fitzgerald |
| 1964 | "Hello Dolly!" | Pop (Single) | Kapp | 2001 | |
| 1926 | "Heebie Jeebies" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 1999 | |
| 1968 | "What a Wonderful World" | Jazz (Single) | ABC | 1999 | |
| 1955 | "Mack the Knife" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 1997 | |
| 1925 | "St. Louis Blues" | Jazz (Single) | Columbia | 1993 | Bessie Smith with Louis Armstrong, cornet |
| 1928 | "West End Blues" | Jazz (Single) | OKeh | 1974 | |
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame[link]
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed Armstrong's West End Blues on the list of 500 songs that shaped Rock and Roll.[63]
| Year recorded | Title | Label | Group |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1928 | West End Blues | Okeh | Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five |
Inductions and honors[link]
In 1995, the U.S. Post Office issued a Louis Armstrong 32 cents commemorative postage stamp.
| Year inducted | Title | Results | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Louisiana Music Hall of Fame | ||
| 2007 | Gennett Records Walk of Fame, Richmond, Indiana | ||
| 2007 | Long Island Music Hall of Fame | ||
| 2004 | Nesuhi Ertegün Jazz Hall of Fame at Jazz at Lincoln Center |
||
| 1990 | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame | Early influence | |
| 1978 | Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame | ||
| 1952 | Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame | ||
| 1960[64] | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Star | at 7601 Hollywood Blvd. |
Legacy[link]
The influence of Armstrong on the development of jazz is virtually immeasurable. Yet, his irrepressible personality both as a performer, and as a public figure later in his career, was so strong that to some it sometimes overshadowed his contributions as a musician and singer.
As a virtuoso trumpet player, Armstrong had a unique tone and an extraordinary talent for melodic improvisation. Through his playing, the trumpet emerged as a solo instrument in jazz and is used widely today. He was a masterful accompanist and ensemble player in addition to his extraordinary skills as a soloist. With his innovations, he raised the bar musically for all who came after him.
Though Armstrong is widely recognized as a pioneer of scat singing, Ethel Waters precedes his scatting on record in the 1930s according to Gary Giddins and others.[65] Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra are just two singers who were greatly indebted to him. Holiday said that she always wanted Bessie Smith's 'big' sound and Armstrong's feeling in her singing. Even special musicians like Duke Ellington have praised Armstrong through strong testimonials. Duke Ellington said, "If anybody was a master, it was Louis Armstrong." In 1950, Bing Crosby, the most successful vocalist of the first half of the 20th century, said, "He is the beginning and the end of music in America."
On August 4, 2001, the centennial of Armstrong's birth, New Orleans's airport was renamed Louis Armstrong International Airport in his honor.
In 2002, the Louis Armstrong's Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings (1925–1928) are preserved in the United States National Recording Registry, a registry of recordings selected yearly by the National Recording Preservation Board for preservation in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress.[66]
The US Open tennis tournament's former main stadium was named Louis Armstrong Stadium in honor of Armstrong who had lived a few blocks from the site.[67]
Today, there are many bands worldwide dedicated to preserving and honoring the music and style of Satchmo, including the Louis Armstrong Society located in New Orleans, LA.
House[link]
The house where Louis Armstrong lived for close to 28 years was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977 and is now a museum. The Louis Armstrong House Museum, at 34-56 107th Street (between 34th and 37th Avenues) in Corona, Queens, presents concerts and educational programs, operates as a historic house museum and makes materials in its archives of writings, books, recordings and memorabilia available to the public for research. The museum is operated by the City University of New York's Queens College, following the dictates of Lucille Armstrong'swill.
The museum opened to the public on October 15, 2003. A new visitors center is planned.[68]
Discography[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ He preferred that his name be pronounced Louie. "It's like Louis Armstrong - he spelled his name Louis, but he liked it to be said as Louie," recalls Louie Bellson [1]. Armstrong was registered as "Lewie" for the 1920 U.S. Census. On various live records he's called "Louie" on stage, such as on the 1952 "Can Anyone Explain?" from the live album In Scandinavia vol.1. It should also be noted that "Lewie" is the French pronunciation of "Louis" and is commonly used in Louisiana. However, when referring to himself in "Hello Dolly!," he pronounces his name as "Lewis" ("Hello, Dolly. This is Lewis, Dolly"), pronouncing the 's'.
- ^ Armstrong said he was not sure exactly when he was born, but celebrated his birthday on July 4. He usually gave the year as 1900 when speaking in public (although he used 1901 on his Social Security and other papers filed with the government). Using Roman Catholic Church documents from when his grandmother took him to be baptized, New Orleans music researcher Tad Jones established Armstrong's actual date of birth as August 4, 1901. With various other collaborative evidence, this date is now accepted by Armstrong scholars. See also age fabrication Armstrong had no middle name, but a 1949 Time magazine profile gave him the middle name of Daniel. The census and baptismal records confirm he had no middle name.
- ^ For "satchel-mouth."
- ^ The TIME 100. Louis Armstrong. TIME, Stanley Crouch, June 8, 1998. "For many years it was thought that Armstrong was born in New Orleans on July 4, 1900, a perfect day for the man who wrote the musical Declaration of Independence for Americans of this century. But the estimable writer Gary Giddins discovered the birth certificate that proves Armstrong was born Aug. 4, 1901." Retrieved January 8, 2009.
- ^ When is Louis Armstrong's birthday? The Official Site of the Louis Armstrong House & Archives.
- ^ Current Biography 1944, pp. 15–17.
- ^ Bergreen, Laurence (1997). Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life. New York: Broadway Books. p. 6. ISBN 0-553-06768-0.
- ^ Karnow, Stanley (February 21, 2001). "My Debt to Cousin Louis's Cornet". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C02E1D91639F932A15751C0A9679C8B63. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
- ^ Teachout, Terry. "Satchmo and the Jews" Commentary magazine, Nov. 2009.
- ^ "The Karnofsky Project".
- ^ Current Biography 1944 p. 16.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 78.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 142.
- ^ "Satchuated" Gary Giddins, Village Voice April 16–22, 2003. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 170.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 199.
- ^ www.britannica.com
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 247.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 260.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 274.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 264.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 267.
- ^ Collier, James Lincoln (1985). Louis Armstrong. Pan Books. pp. 160–162. ISBN 0-330-28607-2.
- ^ "Louis Armstrong & his Orchestra". Redhotjazz.com. http://www.redhotjazz.com/lao.html. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ Morgenstern, Dan. “Louis Armstrong and the development & diffusion of Jazz”, Louis Armstrong a Cultural Legacy, Marc H Miller e.d., Queens Museum of Art in association with University of Washington Press, 1994 pg110
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 320.
- ^ Collier (1985), p221-2
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 344.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 385.
- ^ Hale, James (editor of Jazzhouse.org), Danny Barcelona (1929–2007), Drums, Armstrong All-Star, The Last Post, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
- ^ Meckna, Michael; Satchmo, The Louis Armstrong Encyclopedia, Greenwood Press, Connecticut & London, 2004.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 491.
- ^ Krebs, Albin. "Louis Armstrong, Jazz Trumpeter and Singer, Dies", The New York Times, July 7, 1971. Accessed October 1, 2009. "Louis Armstrong, the celebrated jazz trumpeter and singer, died in his sleep yesterday morning at his home in the Corona section of Queens."
- ^ Louis Armstrong at Find a Grave
- ^ Collier, James Lincoln (1985). Louis Armstrong. Pan. p. 333. ISBN 0-330-28607-2.
- ^ "Louis Armstrong Dies: 1971 Year in Review". Upi.com. December 28, 1971. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/#title. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ Armstrong, 1954, pp. 27-28
- ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, Vol. 3, Disk 7, Mystery of the Blues Special Features, Louis Armstrong: Ambassador of Jazz (DVD). Lucasfilm, Ltd.. Event occurs at 17:30.
- ^ Collier (1985), p. 317-320
- ^ 100 Most Influential People of All Times. Books.google.com. 2007-01-01. ISBN 978-1-60501-124-0. http://books.google.com/?id=WcLJ3aK-ZSkC&pg=PT698&dq=from+the+heart+%22pops+toms%22#v=onepage&q=from%20the%20heart%20%22pops%20toms%22&f=false. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
- ^ "Louis Armstrong, Barring Soviet Tour, Denounces Eisenhower and Gov. Faubus". New York Times. September 19, 1957. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/reviews/armstrong-eisenhower.html. Retrieved August 30, 2007. See also, from September 23, 2007, *David Margolick, The Day Louis Armstrong Made Noise.
- ^ The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, Vol. 3, Disk 7, Mystery of the Blues Special Features, Louis Armstrong: Ambassador of Jazz (DVD). Lucasfilm, Ltd.. Event occurs at 24:28.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 472.
- ^ a b Gabbard, Krin (2001). Louis and The Good Book (CD booklet). New York City: Verve Records. p.1.
- ^ Gilstrap, Peter (February 29, 1996). "Leave It All Behind Ya". Phoenix New Times. http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1996-02-29/news/leave-it-all-behind-ya/. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
- ^ Teachout, Terry (2009) Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrong pp. 293–294.
- ^ Louis Armstrong, "Christmas Through the Years," Laserlight 12744
- ^ Satchmo.net. 'Red Beans and Ricely yours, Louis Armstrong.'
- ^ Jive Dictionary, by Cab Calloway: "Barbecue (n.) -- the girl friend, a beauty." Retrieved February 10, 2009.
- ^ Elie p. 327.
- ^ Bergreen, 1997, p. 4.
- ^ "Non-masons - Louis Armstrong". Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon. http://www.freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/armstrong_l/armstrong_l.html. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
- ^ Michael Cogswell, Louis Armstrong: The Offstage Story of Satchmo (Collector's Press, Portland, Oregon, 2003) ISBN 1-888054-81-6 pp. 66–68.
- ^ "Hit Parade Italia" Hit Parade Italia - Festival di Sanremo 1968.
- ^ "Mi va di cantare" Lara Saint Paul - lavocedelledonne.it.
- ^ Louis Armstrong: "Grassa e bella" Louis Armstrong Discography.
- ^ IMDb.com
- ^ "Stardust Memories :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. January 1, 1980. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19800101/REVIEWS/1010330/1023. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ IMDb.com
- ^ "Lifetime Achievement Award". Grammy.com. February 8, 2009. http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards/. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Database". Grammy.com. February 8, 2009. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "The Recording Academy" (PDF). http://www.grammy.com/PressReleases/443_466_Hall%20of%20Fame%20release%20FINAL.pdf. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "Experience The Music: One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". Rockhall.com. http://rockhall.com/exhibits/one-hit-wonders-songs-that-shaped-rock-and-roll/. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
- ^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame". Walkoffame.com. 1960-02-08. http://www.walkoffame.com/louis-armstrong. Retrieved 2011-10-02.
- ^ See Ken Burns' Jazz CD Set liner notes.
- ^ "Library of Congress archive". Loc.gov. February 18, 2009. http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/nrpb-2002reg.html. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
- ^ "Ashe & Armstrong Stadiums". Usta.com. May 25, 2008. http://www.usta.com/Active/News/National-Tennis-Center-News/National-Tennis-Center/14185_Ashe__Armstrong_Stadiums/. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
- ^ "New visitor center at Armstrong museum". Queens Chronicle. November 10, 2011. http://www.qchron.com/editions/western/new-visitor-center-at-armstrong-museum/article_0968722c-bb92-57e9-8de4-e749c6801c24.html. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
References[link]
- Armstrong, Louis. Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans. ISBN 0-306-80276-7
- Armstrong, Louis and Thomas Brothers. Armstrong, in His Own Words: Selected Writings. ISBN 0-19-514046-X
- Bergreen, Laurence "Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life" ISBN 0-553-06768-0
- Brothers, Thomas "Louis Armstrong's New Orleans" ISBN 0-393-06109-4
- Cogswell, Michael. Armstrong: The Offstage Story. ISBN 1-888054-81-6
- Elie, Lolis Eric. A Letter from New Orleans. Originally printed in Gourmet. Reprinted in Best Food Writing 2006, Edited by Holly Hughes, ISBN 1-56924-287-9
- Jones Max and John Chilton. Louis Armstrong Story. ISBN 0-306-80324-0
- Meckna, Michael. Satchmo: The Louis Armstrong Encyclopedia. ISBN 0-313-30137-9
- Storb, Ilse. "Louis Armstrong: The Definitive Biography". ISBN 0-8204-3103-6
Video clips[link]
- "Now You Has Jazz"
- "Blueberry Hill"
- "Stompin' At The Savoy" Germany, 1959
- "Tiger Rag"
- "C'est si bon 1962
- "Dream a Little Dream" photo slide show
- "Louis Armstrong and Frank Sinatra - The Birth of The Blues" - The Edsel Show
External links[link]
 |
Book: Louis Armstrong |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Louis Armstrong |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Louis Armstrong |
- louis-armstrong.net - Sony BMG Music Entertainment
- Louis Armstrong by Nat Hentoff
- Obituary, NY Times
- Quotes and tributes
- Discography
- Filmography @ imdb.com
- The Louis Armstrong Society Jazz Band
- Louis Armstrong: A Life in Music - slideshow by Life magazine
- Seeing Black jazz critic on the Uncle Tom question
- the official website of the Louis Armstrong House & Archives
- "Louis Armstrong Transcription Project - john p birchall"
- Louis Armstrong at pbskids.org
- David Margolick, The Day Louis Armstrong Made Noise
- Smithsonian Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy
- Louis Armstrong at NPR Music
- Louis Armstrong in Athens, Blog of the Digital Library of Georgia
- Louis Armstrong: discography and early recordings (Real Player format) on the Red Hot Jazz website.
- Milestone Louis Armstrong recordings at Three Perfect Minutes
- Louis Armstrong's autobiography online book
- Louis Armstrong collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Louis Armstrong in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Louis Armstrong discography at Discogs
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Armstrong, Louis |
| Alternative names | Satchmo |
| Short description | American Jazz trumpeter and singer |
| Date of birth | (1900-07-04)July 4, 1900 |
| Place of birth | New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Date of death | July 6, 1971(1971-07-06) |
| Place of death | New York City, New York, U.S. |
http://wn.com/Louis_Armstrong
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named William Powell, see William Powell (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008) |
| William Powell | |
|---|---|
 from the trailer for Libeled Lady (1936) |
|
| Born | William Horatio Powell (1892-07-29)July 29, 1892 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| Died | March 5, 1984(1984-03-05) (aged 91) Palm Springs, California |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1911-1955 |
| Spouse | Eileen Wilson (m.1915-1930; divorced) Carole Lombard (m.1931-1933; divorced) Diana Lewis (m.1940-1984; his death) |
William Horatio Powell (July 29, 1892 – March 5, 1984)[1] was an American actor.
A major star at MGM, he was paired with Myrna Loy in 14 films, including the popular Thin Man series based on the novels of Dashiell Hammett in which Powell and Loy played Nick and Nora Charles. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor three times: for The Thin Man (1934), My Man Godfrey (1936), and Life with Father (1947). William Powell was not related to David Powell, Dick Powell, Eleanor Powell, or Jane Powell.
Contents |
Childhood[link]
An only child, Powell was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Nettie Manila (née Brady) and Horatio Warren Powell, on July 29, 1892. His father was born in West Middlesex, Pennsylvania (where William H. Powell spent his boyhood summers), to William S. and Harriet Powell.[2] Powell showed an early aptitude for performing. In 1907, he moved with his family to Kansas City, Missouri, where he graduated from Central High School in 1910. The Powells lived a few blocks away from the Carpenters, whose daughter Harlean evolved into Hollywood's Jean Harlow, although Powell would not meet her until both were established actors.
Film career[link]
After high school, he left home for New York and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts at the age of 18. In 1912, Powell graduated from the AADA, and worked in some vaudeville and stock companies.[3] After several successful experiences on the Broadway stage, he began his Hollywood career in 1922, playing a small role as an evil henchman of Professor Moriarty in a production of Sherlock Holmes with John Barrymore. His most memorable role in silent movies was as a bitter film director opposite Emil Jannings' Academy Award-winning performance as a fallen general in The Last Command (1928), which led to Powell's first starring role as amateur detective Philo Vance in The Canary Murder Case (1929).
Powell's most famous role was that of Nick Charles in six Thin Man films, beginning with The Thin Man in 1934, based upon Dashiell Hammett's novel. The role provided a perfect opportunity for Powell, with his resonant speaking voice, to showcase his sophisticated charm and witty sense of humor, and he received his first Academy Award nomination for The Thin Man. Myrna Loy played his wife, Nora, in each of the Thin Man films. Their on-screen partnership, beginning alongside Clark Gable in 1934 with Manhattan Melodrama, was one of Hollywood's most prolific, with the couple appearing in 14 films together.
He and Loy also starred in the Best Picture of 1936, The Great Ziegfeld, with Powell in the title role and Loy as Ziegfeld's wife Billie Burke. That same year, he also received his second Academy Award nomination, for the comedy My Man Godfrey.
In 1935, he starred with Jean Harlow in Reckless. Soon a serious romance developed between them, but Harlow died at the age of 26 in June 1937 before they could marry. His distress over her death, as well as his own health (he reportedly suffered from a rectal condition) caused him to accept fewer acting roles.
Powell's career slowed considerably in the 1940s, although he received his third Academy Award nomination in 1947 for his work in Life with Father. His last film was 1955's Mister Roberts with Henry Fonda, James Cagney, and Jack Lemmon. Despite numerous entreaties to return to the screen, Powell refused all offers, happy in his retirement.
Personal life[link]
In 1915, he married Eileen Wilson, with whom he had his only child, William David Powell, before an amicable divorce in 1930. Powell's son became a television writer and producer before a period of ill health led to his suicide in 1968.
In 1931, Powell married actress Carole Lombard. The marriage lasted just over two years. They were divorced in 1933, though they too remained on good terms, even starring together in the screwball comedy My Man Godfrey three years later.
He had a close relationship with actress Jean Harlow beginning in 1935, but it was cut short by her untimely death in 1937. It is reported that a single white gardenia with an unsigned note was placed in her hands before she was interred, presumed to have been written by Powell. The note read, "Good night, my dearest darling". He also paid for her final resting place—a $25,000, 9×10-foot private room lined with multicolored imported marble located in the "Sanctuary of Benediction" of the Great Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale.
On January 6, 1940, Powell married actress Diana Lewis, whom he called "Mousie,[4]" three weeks after they met. They remained married for forty-four years, residing primarily in Palm Springs, California, until Powell died at the age of 91.
Death[link]
Powell died of heart failure in Palm Springs, California, on March 5, 1984, at the age of 91, some 30 years after his retirement. He is buried at the Desert Memorial Park[1] in Cathedral City, California.
Honors[link]
Academy Awards nominations[link]
- 1934 Best Actor – The Thin Man
- 1936 Best Actor – My Man Godfrey
- 1948 Best Actor – Life with Father
Other[link]
William Powell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1636 Vine Street. He won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor in 1947 for Life with Father and The Senator Was Indiscreet.
In 1957, Powell was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.
Filmography[link]
Features[link]
- Sherlock Holmes (1922)
- When Knighthood Was in Flower (1922)
- Outcast (1922)
- The Bright Shawl (1923)
- Under the Red Robe (1923)
- Dangerous Money (1924)
- Romola (1924)
- Too Many Kisses (1925)
- Faint Perfume (1925)
- My Lady's Lips (1925)
- The Beautiful City (1925)
- White Mice (1926)
- Sea Horses (1926)
- Desert Gold (1926)
- The Runaway (1926)
- Aloma of the South Seas (1926)
- Beau Geste (1926)
- Tin Gods (1926)
- The Great Gatsby (1926)
- New York (1927)
- Love's Greatest Mistake (1927)
- Senorita (1927)
- Special Delivery (1927)
- Time to Love (1927)
- Paid to Love (1927)
- Nevada (1927)
- She's a Sheik (1927)
- Beau Sabreur (1928)
- The Last Command (1928)
- Feel My Pulse (1928)
- Partners in Crime (1928)
- The Dragnet (1928)
- The Vanishing Pioneer (1928)
- Forgotten Faces (1928)
- Interference (1928)
- The Canary Murder Case (1929)
- The Four Feathers (1929)
- The Greene Murder Case (1929)
- Charming Sinners (1929)
- Pointed Heels (1929)
- Behind the Make-Up (1930)
- Street of Chance (1930)
- The Benson Murder Case (1930)
- Paramount on Parade (1930)
- Shadow of the Law (1930)
- For the Defense (1930)
- Man of the World (1931)
- Ladies' Man (1931)
- The Road to Singapore (1931)
- High Pressure (1932)
- Jewel Robbery (1932)
- One Way Passage (1932)
- Lawyer Man (1933)
- Private Detective 62 (1933)
- Double Harness (1933)
- The Kennel Murder Case (1933)
- Fashions of 1934 (1934)
- Manhattan Melodrama (1934)
- The Thin Man (1934)
- The Key (1934)
- Evelyn Prentice (1934)
- Star of Midnight (1935)
- Reckless (1935)
- Escapade (1935)
- Rendezvous (1935)
- The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
- The Ex-Mrs. Bradford (1936)
- My Man Godfrey (1936)
- Libeled Lady (1936)
- After the Thin Man (1936)
- The Last of Mrs. Cheney (1937)
- The Emperor's Candlesticks (1937)
- Double Wedding (1937)
- The Baroness and the Butler (1938)
- Another Thin Man (1939)
- I Love You Again (1940)
- Love Crazy (1941)
- Shadow of the Thin Man (1941)
- Crossroads (1942)
- The Youngest Profession (1943) (cameo)
- The Heavenly Body (1943)
- The Thin Man Goes Home (1945)
- The Great Morgan (1946) (voice)
- Ziegfeld Follies (1946)
- The Hoodlum Saint (1946)
- Life with Father (1947)
- Song of the Thin Man (1947)
- The Senator Was Indiscreet (1947)
- Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid (1948)
- Take One False Step (1949)
- Dancing in the Dark (1949)
- It's a Big Country (1951)
- The Treasure of Lost Canyon (1952)
- The Girl Who Had Everything (1953)
- How to Marry a Millionaire (1953)
- Mister Roberts (1955)
Short subjects[link]
- Screen Snapshots (1932)
- Hollywood on Parade No. A-12 (1933)
- Screen Snapshots: The Skolsky Party (1946)
References[link]
- ^ a b (PDF) Interments of Interest, Palm Springs Cemetery District, http://www.pscemetery.com/pdfs/interments.pdf
- ^ Powell genealogy
- ^ William Powell Biography
- ^ "Mousie", Find a grave, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=5427&PIpi=5720965 .
Further reading[link]
- Bryant, Roger, William Powell: The Life and Films, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2006. ISBN 0-7864-2602-0
- Francisco, Charles, Gentleman: The William Powell Story , New York: St Martins Press, 1985. ISBN 0-312-32103-1
- Christensen, Lawrence O., et al. Dictionary of Missouri Biography. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press ISBN 0-8262-1222-0
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: William Powell |
- William Powell
- William Powell at the Internet Movie Database
- William Powell at the Internet Broadway Database
- Donald Greyfield (January 01, 2001). "William Powell". Actor. Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1416. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- Photographs of William Powell
- FBI file on William Powell
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Powell, William |
| Alternative names | Powell, William Horatio |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | July 29, 1892 |
| Place of birth | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States |
| Date of death | March 5, 1984 |
| Place of death | Palm Springs, California, United States |
http://wn.com/William_Powell
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Powell
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Leno" redirects here. For other uses, see Leno (disambiguation).
| Jay Leno | |
|---|---|
 Leno in July 2008 |
|
| Birth name | James Douglas Muir Leno |
| Born | (1950-04-28) April 28, 1950 (age 62)[1] New Rochelle, New York, U.S.[1] |
| Medium | Television, Film, Stand up |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1973–present |
| Genres | Observational comedy, Political satire |
| Subject(s) | American culture, Everyday life |
| Influences | Johnny Carson, Robert Klein, Alan King, George Carlin,[2] Don Rickles, Bob Newhart, Rodney Dangerfield |
| Influenced | Dennis Miller[3] |
| Spouse | Mavis Leno (1980–present) |
| Notable works and roles | The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (host, 1992–2009, 2010–) The Jay Leno Show (host, 2009–2010) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | The Tonight Show with Jay Leno |
| Emmy Awards | |
| Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series 1995 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno |
|
James Douglas Muir "Jay" Leno /ˈlɛnoʊ/ (born April 28, 1950)[1] is an American stand-up comedian and television host.
From 1992 to 2009, Leno was the host of NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Beginning in September 2009, Leno started a primetime talk show, titled The Jay Leno Show, which aired weeknights at 10:00 p.m. (Eastern Time, UTC-5), also on NBC. After The Jay Leno Show was canceled in January 2010 amid a host controversy, Leno returned to host The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on March 1, 2010.[4]
Contents |
Early life[link]
James "Jay" Leno was born in New Rochelle, New York, in 1950. His mother, Catherine (née Muir; 1911–1993), a homemaker, was born in Greenock, Scotland, and came to the United States at age 11. Leno's father, Angelo (1910–1994), who worked as an insurance salesman, was born in New York to immigrants from Flumeri, Italy.[5] Leno grew up in Andover, Massachusetts, and although his high school guidance counselor recommended that he drop out of school, he later obtained a Bachelor's degree in speech therapy from Emerson College, where he started a comedy club in 1973.[6] Leno's siblings include his late older brother, Patrick, who was a Vietnam veteran[7] and a lawyer.[6]
Career[link]
During the 1970s, Leno appeared in minor roles in several television series and films, first in the 1976 episode "J.J. in Trouble" of Good Times and the same year in the pilot of Holmes & Yo-Yo. After an uncredited appearance in the 1977 film Fun with Dick and Jane, he played more prominent parts in 1978 in American Hot Wax and Silver Bears. Other films and television series from that period include Almost Heaven (1978), "Going Nowhere" (1979) from One Day at a Time, Americathon (1979), Polyester (1981), "The Wild One" (1981) from Alice, "Feminine Mistake" (1979) and "Do the Carmine" (1983) from Laverne & Shirley.
[edit] The Tonight Show
_by_Alan_Light.jpg)
Starting in 1987, Leno was a regular substitute host for Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show. In 1992, he replaced Carson as host[8] amid controversy with David Letterman, who had been hosting Late Night with David Letterman since 1982 (aired after The Tonight Show), who many had expected to be Carson's successor. The story of this turbulent transition was later turned into a book and a movie. Leno continued to perform as a stand-up comedian throughout his tenure on The Tonight Show.
In 2004, Leno signed a contract extension with NBC which would keep him as host of The Tonight Show until 2009.[9] Later in 2004, Conan O'Brien signed a contract with NBC under which O'Brien would become the host of The Tonight Show in 2009, replacing Leno at that time.[10]
During the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, Leno was accused of violating WGA guidelines by writing his own monologue for The Tonight Show. While NBC and Leno claim there were private meetings with the WGA where there was a secret agreement allowing this, the WGA denied such a meeting.[11] Leno answered questions in front of the Writers Guild of America, West trial committee in February 2009 and June 2009, and when the WGAW published its list of strike-breakers on 11 August 2009, Leno was not on the list.[12][13]
In 1998, Leno competed in a tag-team match at the WCW's "Road Wild" pay-per-view . In 2001, he voiced The Crimson Chin, a superhero in the Nickelodeon animated series The Fairly OddParents and continues to do so today.
Leno said in 2008 that he was saving all of his income from The Tonight Show and living solely off his income from stand-up comedy.[14]
On April 23, 2009, Leno checked himself into a hospital with an undisclosed illness.[15] He was released the following day and returned to work on Monday, April 27. The two subsequently cancelled Tonight Show episodes for April 23 and April 24 were Leno's first in 17 years as host.[16][17] Initially, the illness that caused the absence was not disclosed, but later Leno told People magazine that the ailment was exhaustion.[17][18]
Michael Jackson trial[link]
In the 2005 trial of Michael Jackson over allegations of child molestation, Leno appeared as a defense witness (many celebrity defense witnesses had been expected, but Leno was one of the few whose testimony was actually needed). In his testimony regarding a call by the accuser, Leno testified that he never called the police, that no money was asked for, and there was no coaching — but that the calls seemed unusual and scripted.[19]
As a result, Leno was initially not allowed to continue telling jokes about Jackson or the case, which had been a fixture of The Tonight Show's opening monologue in particular. But he and his show's writers used a legal loophole by having Leno briefly step aside while stand-in comedians took the stage and told jokes about the trial. Stand-ins included Roseanne Barr, Drew Carey, Brad Garrett, and Dennis Miller among others.[20]
[edit] Succession by Conan O'Brien and The Jay Leno Show
Main article: The Jay Leno Show
Because Leno's show continued to lead all late-night programming in the Nielsen ratings, the pending expiration of Leno's contract led to speculation about whether he would become a late-night host for another network after his commitment to NBC expired.[21] Leno left The Tonight Show on Friday May 29, 2009,[22][23] and Conan O'Brien took over on June 1, 2009.
On December 8, 2008, it was reported that Leno would remain on NBC and move to a new hour-long show at 10 p.m. Eastern Time (9 p.m. Central Time) five nights a week.[24] This show follows a similar format to The Tonight Show, tapes at the same lot, and retains many of Leno's most popular segments. Late Night host Conan O'Brien was his successor on The Tonight Show.[25]
Jay Leno's new show, titled The Jay Leno Show, debuted on September 14, 2009. It was announced at the Television Critics Association summer press tour that it would feature one or two celebrities, the occasional musical guest, and keep the popular "Headlines" segments, which would air near the end of the show. First guests included Jerry Seinfeld, Oprah Winfrey (via satellite), and a short sit-down with Kanye West discussing his controversy at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.[26]
[edit] Timeslot conflict and return to The Tonight Show
 |
Wikinews has related news: US TV host Conan O'Brien rejects NBC's offer to switch his show's time slot |
Main article: 2010 Tonight Show conflict
In their new roles, neither O'Brien nor Leno succeeded in delivering the viewing audiences the network anticipated. On January 7, 2010, multiple media outlets reported that beginning March 1, 2010, Jay Leno would move from his 10pm weeknight time slot to 11:35pm, due to a combination of pressure from local affiliates whose newscasts were suffering, and both Leno's and O'Brien's poor ratings.[27][28] Leno's show would be shortened from an hour to 30 minutes. All NBC late night programming would be preempted by the 2010 Winter Olympics between February 15 and February 26. This would move The Tonight Show to 12:05am, a post-midnight timeslot for the first time in its history. O'Brien's contract stipulated that NBC could move the show back to 12:05 a.m. without penalty (a clause put in primarily to accommodate sports preemptions).[29]
On January 10, NBC confirmed that they would move Jay Leno out of primetime as of February 12 and intended to move him to late night as soon as possible.[30][31] TMZ reported that O'Brien was given no advance notice of this change, and that NBC offered him two choices: an hour-long 12:05am time slot, or the option to leave the network.[32] On January 12, O'Brien issued a press release that stated he would not continue with Tonight if it moved to a 12:05am time slot,[33] saying, "I believe that delaying The Tonight Show into the next day to accommodate another comedy program will seriously damage what I consider to be the greatest franchise in the history of broadcasting. The Tonight Show at 12:05 simply isn’t The Tonight Show."
On January 21, it was announced that NBC had struck a deal with O'Brien. It was decided that O'Brien would leave The Tonight Show. The deal was made that O'Brien would receive a $33 million payout and that his staff of almost 200 would receive $12 million in the departure. O'Brien's final episode aired on Friday, January 22.[34][35][36] Leno returned as host of The Tonight Show following the 2010 Winter Olympics on March 1, 2010.
On July 1, 2010, Variety reported that total viewership for Jay Leno's Tonight Show had dropped from 5 million to 4 million for the second quarter of 2010, compared to the same period in 2009. Although this represented the lowest second-quarter ratings for the show since 1992, Tonight was still the most-watched late night program, ahead of ABC's Nightline (3.7 million) and David Letterman's Late Show (3.3 million).[37] Ratings over the following summer, when compared to the same period in 2009 with O'Brien hosting The Tonight Show (including O'Brien's highly rated debut), showed that while total viewership was 12% higher for Leno, viewership in the important "adults aged 18–49" demographic was 23% lower.[38] NBC ratings specialist Tom Bierbaum commented that due to the host being out of late night television for a period of time and the subsequent 2010 Tonight Show conflict, Leno's ratings fall was "not a surprise at all".[39]
Public image[link]
Criticism of Leno[link]
Leno has faced heated criticism and some negative publicity for his perceived role in the 2010 Tonight Show timeslot conflict.[40][41] Critics have pointed to a 2004 Tonight Show clip, wherein Leno claimed he would allow O'Brien to take over without incident.[41][42] At the time, Leno stated he didn't want O'Brien to leave for a competing network, adding, "I'll be 59 when [the switch occurs], that's five years from now. There's really only one person who could have done this into his 60s, and that was Johnny Carson; I think it's fair to say I'm no Johnny Carson."[42] Leno also described The Tonight Show as a dynasty, saying "you hold it and hand it off to the next person. And I don't want to see all the fighting..." At the end of the segment, he said, "Conan, it's yours! See you in five years, buddy!"[43]
Actor and comedian Patton Oswalt was among the first celebrities to openly voice disappointment with Leno, saying, "Comedians who don't like Jay Leno now, and I'm one of them, we're not like, 'Jay Leno sucks;' it's that we're so hurt and disappointed that one of the best comedians of our generation... willfully has shut the switch off."[44] Rosie O'Donnell has been among O'Brien's most vocal and vehement supporters,[45][46] calling Leno a "bully" and his recent actions "classless and kind of career-defining."[47]
Bill Zehme, the co-author of Leno's autobiography Leading with My Chin, told the Los Angeles Times: "The thing Leno should do is walk, period. He's got everything to lose in terms of public popularity by going back. People will look at him differently. He'll be viewed as the bad guy."[48]
Support for Leno[link]
NBC Sports head executive and former Saturday Night Live producer Dick Ebersol spoke out against all who had recently mocked Leno, calling them "chicken-hearted and gutless."[49]
Jeff Gaspin also defended Leno: "This has definitely crossed the line. Jay Leno is the consummate professional and one of the hardest-working people in television. It's a shame that he's being pulled into this."[48]
Paul Reiser and Jerry Seinfeld are two of the number of celebrities to have voiced support for Leno.[50][51]
Responding to the mounting criticism, Leno claimed that NBC had assured him that O'Brien was willing to accept the proposed arrangement and then would not let either host out of his contract.[52] Leno also said that the situation was "all business."[52] He appeared on the January 28 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show in an attempt to repair some of the damage done to his public image.[53][54]
Personal life[link]
Leno has been married since 1980 to Mavis Leno; they have no children.[55]
He is known for his prominent jaw, which has been described as mandibular prognathism.[56] In the book Leading with My Chin he stated that he is aware of surgery that could reset his mandible, but does not wish to endure a prolonged healing period with his jaws wired shut.
Leno is dyslexic.[6] He claims to sleep only four to five hours each night.[57] Leno does not drink or smoke, nor does he gamble.[58] He spends most of his free time visiting car collections or working in his private garage.[58]
Leno reportedly earns $32 million each year;[59] his total net worth is unknown, but has been estimated to be at least $150 million.[60]
Charity[link]
In 2001, along with his wife, he donated $100,000 to the Feminist Majority's campaign to stop gender apartheid in Afghanistan, to educate the public regarding the plight of women in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. Mavis Leno is on the board of the Feminist Majority.[61][62]
In 2009, he donated $100,000 to a scholarship fund at Salem State College in honor of Lennie Sogoloff. Mr. Sogoloff gave Leno his start at his jazz club, Lennie's-on-the-Turnpike.[63]
Love Ride[link]
Since 1985 Jay Leno has been the grand marshal for the Love Ride, a motorcycle charity event which since its founding in 1984 has raised nearly $14 million dollars for charities benefiting muscular dystrophy research and, in 2011, Autism Speaks.[citation needed]
Vehicle collection[link]
Leno owns approximately 100 vehicles, not including about 90 motorcycles.[65] He also has a website called "Jay Leno's Garage," which contains video clips and photos of his automobiles in detail.[66]
He has a regular column in Popular Mechanics which showcases his car collection and gives advice about various automotive topics, including restoration and unique models, such as his jet-powered motorcycle and solar-powered hybrid. Leno also writes occasional "Motormouth" articles for The Sunday Times,[67] reviewing high-end sports cars and giving his humorous take on automotive matters.
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Jay Leno Biography". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/person/1548610/Jay-Leno/biography. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ^ Breuer, Howard, and Stephen M, Silverman (2008-06-24). "Carlin Remembered: He Helped Other Comics with Drug Problems". People. Time Inc.. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,20208460,00.html?xid=rss-fullcontentcnn. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ James Hirsen, Dennis Miller: Why I 'Ascended' to the Right, NewsMax.com, February 5, 2004.
- ^ Adalian, Josef (January 21, 2010). "Exclusive: Conan, NBC Officially Splitsville (Updated)". The Wrap. http://www.thewrap.com/ind-column/new-nbc-breaking-story-13241. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ "Jay Leno Biography (1950–)". Film Reference. http://www.filmreference.com/film/70/Jay-Leno.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- ^ a b c Carter, Bill. "Pushed From Late Night, Leno Is Set for Prime Time" The New York Times, 12 September 2009.
- ^ Aivaz, Mike (October 18, 2007). "Obama on Leno: Hillary has declared 'mission accomplished' too soon". The Raw Story. http://rawstory.com/news/2007/Obama_takes_jab_at_Clinton_on_1018.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Carson cuts appearances". Rome News-Tribune. Associated Press (Rome, Ga.): p. 14. June 2, 1987. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NQMIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SzYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5008,192179&dq=tonight+jay-leno+shandling. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ "NBC signs Jay Leno to contract extension". USA Today. Associated Press. March 31, 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2004-03-30-leno-contract-extended_x.htm. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Carter, Bill (September 27, 2004). "Conan O'Brien to Succeed Jay Leno in 2009, NBC Announces". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/27/business/media/28CND-NBC.html?pagewanted=print&position=. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ "LENO/WGA: WHAT'S THE REAL STORY? NBC Claims Jay Asked For & Received WGA Permission To Write Monologue At Secret Monday Meeting With Verrone". Deadline Hollywood Daily. http://www.deadlinehollywooddaily.com/lenowga-whats-the-real-story-nbc-claims-jay-asked-for-received-wga-permission-to-write-monologue-at-monday-meeting-with-verrone-et-al/. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- ^ Verrier, Richard (2009-08-11). "WGA: No chin music for Jay Leno". Company Town (Los Angeles Times). http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/08/guild-clears-jay-leno-of-violating-strike-rules.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Littleton, Cynthia (2009-08-11). "Jay Leno cleared of strike violations; WGA West issues penalties in three cases". Variety (New York City: Reed Business Information). http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118007189.html?categoryId=2821&cs=1. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ della Cava, Marco (July 17, 2008). "Jay Leno Gears up for Life After 'Tonight'". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-07-16-leno-cover_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
- ^ Hannah, Jack (2009-04-23). "Jay Leno hospitalized; 'Tonight Show' tapings canceled". CNN.com (Cable News Network). http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/TV/04/23/leno.hospitalized/index.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Dillon, Nancy (April 24, 2009). "Jay Leno released from the hospital". New York: NYDailyNews. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/04/24/2009-04-24_rep_jay_leno_hospital_trip_precautionary_late_night_host_to_be_released_friday.html. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
- ^ a b "Jay Leno misses first show in 17 years". Canada.com. Reuters (Winnipeg, Manitoba: Canwest Publishing Inc.). 2009-04-24. http://www.canada.com/News/Leno+misses+first+show+years/1530668/story.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Warrick, Pamela (2009-05-01). "Jay Leno Reveals Mystery Ailment: Exhaustion". People.com (Time Inc.). http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20276256,00.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Sweetingham, Lisa (May 24, 2005). "Comedians Jay Leno and Chris Tucker testify for Michael Jackson". Court TV. http://www.courttv.com/trials/jackson/052405_ctv.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- ^ Bryant, Karyn (2005-03-08). "Showbiz Tonight". CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0503/08/sbt.01.html. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ Moore, Frazier (May 18, 2008). "NBC's Jay Leno-Conan O'Brien swap prompts rumors". Newsday. Associated Press. http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/ny-fftv5685783may18,0,4188633.story?track=rss. Retrieved October 26, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Carter, Bill (July 22, 2008). "Date Is Set for Leno's 'Tonight' Finale". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/arts/television/22late.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/T/Television. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Carter, Bill (2009-05-30). "Jay Leno Takes Final Bow on ‘Tonight Show’". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/30/arts/television/30leno.html?em. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
- ^ Carter, Bill (December 9, 2008). "Where Is Leno Going? To Prime Time, on NBC". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/business/media/09leno.html?em. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ "Leno's last 'Tonight' announced". CNN.com. Associated Press. July 21, 2008. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080724101827/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/21/tv.nbc.tonight.ap/index.html. Retrieved July 21, 2008. "Leno's last show was Friday, May 29, and O'Brien started the following Monday, June 1, NBC executives told a Television Critics Association meeting Monday."
- ^ Jay Leno Reveals What To Expect From His New Primetime Show
- ^ "Future For NBC's Tonight Show Up In The Air", Los Angeles Times, January 2010.
- ^ "Jay Leno Heading Back To Late Night, Conan O’Brien Weighing Options".
- ^ Finke, Nikki (2010-01-07). NBC ON THE HOT SEAT: Will It Be Jay AND Conan In Late Night? What's The Reason For Leno's Anti-NBC Monologue Tonight?. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ^ "NBC confirms move of "Leno Show"[dead link]"
- ^ "Update: NBC Plans Leno at 11:30, Conan at 12", The New York Times, 7 January 2010.
- ^ "NBC to Conan O'Brien – The Choice Is Yours", TMZ, 8 January 2010.
- ^ Conan Won't Do "The Tonight Show" Following Leno, MSNBC.com, 12 January 2010.
- ^ Robert Seidman , NBC Announces That Jay Leno Will Return To Host “The Tonight Show” Beginning March 1, tvbythenumbers.com, 21 January 2010.
- ^ NBC Universal Confirms Conan O’Brien Exit Deal Signed from Bloomberg via Business Week
- ^ Conan O'Brien, NBC reach deal[dead link] from CBC News
- ^ Levine, Stuart (2010-07-01). "'Kimmel,' 'Nightline' show demo increase". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118021316.html?categoryid=14&cs=1.
- ^ Pike, Julie (September 7, 2010). "Tonight Show Ratings Plummet – Jay Leno Sinks Beneath Conan O'Brien Numbers". The National Ledger (The National Ledger, LLC). http://www.nationalledger.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=53&num=34570. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Piccalo, Gina (October 24, 2010). "Comedians Laugh as Leno Sinks". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-10-24/jay-lenos-sinking-tonight-show-ratings-will-conan-obrien-get-the-last-laugh/. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ The Wall Street Journal article: "Why Some Comics Aren’t Laughing at Jay Leno".
- ^ a b Kansas City Star article: "Jay Leno is Mr. Nice Guy no more — but was he ever?[dead link]".
- ^ a b Digital Journal article: Jay Leno in 2004: "In '09, Conan, it's yours"
- ^ Funnyordie.com: 2004 Tonight Show Clip: "Conan, It's yours!"
- ^ The Huffington Post article: "Patton Oswalt: Jay Leno Is Like Nixon, I Don't Like Him".
- ^ Porter, Rick (2010-01-14). "Rosie O'Donnell is on Team Conan". Zap2it. http://blog.zap2it.com/thedishrag/2010/01/rosie-odonnell-is-on-team-conan.html. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- ^ New York Daily News article: "Rosie O'Donnell, Jimmy Kimmel slam Jay Leno over Tonight Show battle."
- ^ New York Magazine article: "Rosie O’Donnell Has More to Say About Jay Leno."
- ^ a b Los Angeles Times article: "Taking on America's 'nice guy'", p. 2.
- ^ Los Angeles Times article: "Taking on America's 'nice guy'".
- ^ The Huffington Post article: "Paul Reiser: A Teachable Moment."
- ^ The Wrap article: "Seinfeld on Jay-Conan Debacle: 'I Can't Blame NBC'."
- ^ a b Entertainment Weekly article: "Jay Leno Tries to Make Nice, While Conan Rallies the Troops."
- ^ Perez Hilton article: "Oprah Shows Some Tonight Show Love".
- ^ TV.com article: "Confirmed, Jay Leno to Restore Reputation on 'Oprah'[dead link]".
- ^ "Jay Leno". Who's Who in America. Marquis. http://www.whoswhoinamerica.com/jay_leno/talk_show_host_comedian_writer/occ28/5463136.
- ^ Chudley, A.E. (October 1998). "Genetic landmarks through philately – The Habsburg jaw". Clinical Genetics 54 (4): 283–284. DOI:10.1034/j.1399-0004.1998.5440404.x. PMID 9831338.
- ^ Mike McLeod, Jay Leno – The Tonight Show's $1 Billion Man Collects Cars and Motorcycles, go-star.com
- ^ a b Nevada Magazine article: "Classic cars and comedy".
- ^ Forbes article: "Jay Leno – The Top 100 Celebrities".
- ^ CelebrityNetWorth.com: "Jay Leno's Net Worth."
- ^ "Hollywood's Latest Cause: Can A Pack Of Celebrities Save Afghanistan's Women?". Newsweek. December 6, 1999. http://www.newsweek.com/id/90455/output/print.
- ^ Greenberg, Susan H. (February 21, 2000). "So Many Causes, So Little Time Save The Rain Forest! Free Tibet! For Today's Stars, There's No Business Like Fund-Raising Business". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/82834.
- ^ "Leno says thanks with $100k check". The Boston Herald. April 12, 2009. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/04/12/leno_says_thanks_with_100k_check. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
- ^ Update: 1915 Hispano-Suiza Aero Engine Car (video), jaylenosgarage.com
- ^ The Cars, jaylenosgarage.com
- ^ "Jay Leno's Garage". Official Website. http://www.jaylenosgarage.com.
- ^ Moran, Michael (May 9, 2007). "Jay Leno's million dollar garage". London: The Times. http://driving.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/driving/article1746609.ece. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jay Leno |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jay Leno |
- Official Tonight Show with Jay Leno web site
- Jay Leno's Car Collection
- Jay Leno's Columns at Octane magazine
- The New York Times on Leno's affiliation with McPherson College
- Live performance videos from the Tonight Show
- Jay Leno at the Internet Movie Database
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Conan O'Brien |
Host of The Tonight Show March 1, 2010–present |
Succeeded by incumbent |
| Preceded by Johnny Carson |
Host of The Tonight Show May 25, 1992 – May 29, 2009 |
Succeeded by Conan O'Brien |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Leno, Jay |
| Alternative names | Leno-Muir, James Douglas; Leno, James Douglas Muir; |
| Short description | TV personality |
| Date of birth | April 28, 1950 |
| Place of birth | New Rochelle, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jay_Leno
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Leno
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
