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- Federica Pellegrini
- Florence Eldridge
- Florida Friebus
- Francia Raisa
- Frank Zamboni
- Frans van der Hoff
- Frederick Ashton
- Frederick Loewe
- Fábio Coentrão
- Félix Leclerc
- Gabe Carimi
- Gabriel Dell
- Gary Hooper
- Georgy Malenkov
- Gert Fröbe
- Ghulam Ishaq Khan
- Giacinto Scelsi
- Gil Evans
- Giuseppe Saragat
- Glenn McCarthy
- Glenn Robert Davis
- Greg Oden
- Gregory van der Wiel
- Greta Nissen
- Greta Salpeter
- Hakeem Nicks
- Hal Ashby
- Haley Bennett
- Haley Joel Osment
- Harold Rosson
- Harry McShane
- Hartmut Michel
- Hayley Williams
- Hazel Dawn
- He Pingping
- Henry Armstrong
- Henry Koster
- Henryk Szeryng
- Hermann Graf
- Hillel Slovak
- Hiram Bingham IV
- Hope Partlow
- I King Jordan
- Inamullah Khan
- Inge Genefke
- Irene Rich
- Ironik
- Isabella Leong
- Isamu Noguchi
- Ismaïl Aissati
- Jack Steinberger
- Jackie Milburn
- Jade Ewen
- James McCracken
- James Sheppard
- Jamie Campbell Bower
- Jared Lee Loughner
- JaVale McGee
- Jay Spearing
- Jeremy Lin
- Jerry Falwell
- Jerry Hopper
- Jess Oppenheimer
- Jesse Jackson
- Jesse Plemons
- Jessica Lowndes
- Jessie J
- Jessie James
- Jim Crockett
- Joe Besser
- Johann Deisenhofer
- John Carradine
- John Clements
- John Houseman
- John Poindexter
- Jonathan Toews
- Jonny Evans
- Jordan Staal
- Joshua Logan
- Juan Mata
- Judith Barsi
- Julianne Hough
- Kacey Barnfield
- Kanon Wakeshima
- Katie Boland
- Kelly Sweet
- Kenneth Williams
- Kerlon
- Keshia Chanté
- Kevin Durant
- Kevin Love
- Kiira Korpi
- Kim Milford
- Kim Philby
- Kimber James
- Klaus Fuchs
- Krystal Meyers
- Kurt Georg Kiesinger
- Kurt Mahler
- Kurt Waldheim
- Laura Lepistö
- Lee Cattermole
- Leland Irving
- Len Väljas
- Leon Jackson
- Leonard Frey
- Lester Piggott
- Lester Rawlins
- Lily Cole
- Lloyd Bentsen
- Lotte Friis
- Louise Nevelson
- Lucien Ballard
- Luis Barragán
- Luis Walter Alvarez
- Lyman Lemnitzer
- Lyndon LaRouche
- Léon Goossens
- Mae Whitman
- Maiara Walsh
- Maki Horikita
- Marcel Lefebvre
- Marcelo Vieira
- Margot Bryant
- Mario Maurer
- Mario Montenegro
- Marion Crawford
- Markéta Irglová
- Mats Hummels
- Matthew Mitcham
- Matthew Špiranović
- Matthias de Zordo
- Maurice Allais
- Max Robinson
- Max Shulman
- Max Thieriot
- McKey Sullivan
- Melvin Frank
- Melvin Schwartz
- Mesut Özil
- Mia Rose
- Micah Richards
- Michael Cera
- Michael Dukakis
- Michael Mancienne
- Michael Ramsey
- Mike Posner
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Milton Caniff
- Mona Washbourne
- Mordechai Vanunu
- Mulugeta Seraw
- Naguib Mahfouz
- Nami Tamaki
- Natascha Kampusch
- Nelson Mandela
- Nicholas Braun
- Nick Palatas
- Nicklas Bendtner
- Nico
- Nico Roozen
- Nicolas Batum
- Nikki Blonsky
- Nikki Reed
- Nikolaas Tinbergen
- Nuri Şahin
- Olive Carey
- Oliver North
- Omri Casspi
- Osman Achmatowicz
- Parker Fennelly
- Patrick Kane
- Pavle Vuisić
- Pete Maravich
- Pia Toscano
- Pierre Desproges
- Portia Doubleday
- Ralph Meeker
- Ralph Wright
- Ray Barbuti
- Ray Quinn
- Raymond Carver
- René Char
- Richard Feynman
- Rihanna
- Risa Niigaki
- Robbie Amell
- Robert Calvert
- Robert Huber
- Robert Joffrey
- Robert Sheehan
- Robert Tappan Morris
- Rodrigue Beaubois
- Roger Hargreaves
- Ron Embleton
- Ronald Reagan
- Roy Kinnear
- Roy Orbison
- Rumer Willis
- Rupert Grint
- Russell Westbrook
- Russell Wilson
- Ryan Cooley
- Sacheverell Sitwell
- Salleh Abas
- Sandra Nurmsalu
- Sara Paxton
- Sarah Geronimo
- Sasha Grey
- Semyon Varlamov
- Sergio Agüero
- Sergio Busquets
- Seán MacBride
- Shane Dawson
- Shefali Chowdhury
- Shen Congwen
- Simona de Silvestro
- Skrillex
- Skye Sweetnam
- Son House
- Sonny Bono
- Stephanie Rice
- Stephen Strasburg
- Swiss people
- Sy Mah
- Sébastien Buemi
- Takeo Miki
- Tania Raymonde
- Tata Giacobetti
- Tatiana Golovin
- Tatyana Chernova
- Ted Turner
- Tim Krul
- Tinie Tempah
- Tom Browning
- Tori Black
- Trevor Howard
- Trinidad Silva
- Truong Chinh
- Uee
- Valerie Solanas
- Vanessa Hudgens
- Vito Mannone
- Wayland Flowers
- Wilford Leach
- Willem Drees
- William Ifor Jones
- William McMahon
- William Sargant
- Ximena Navarrete
- Yitzhak Shamir
- Younha
- Yui Aragaki
- Zoë Kravitz
- Ágnes Szávay
- Ángel di María
- Éver Banega
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 1988 - 28 Days
- 1988 - 1208
- 1988 - Blueprint
ride the train and it takes me back
to the days when Frankston was our line
I used to live for getting up man
killing trains just to kill the fucking time
don't get me wrong
I was true to the graf scene
travel miles just to rack I was so keen
I also was a hip hop b boy to boot
used to write my name while you'd commute
shove our paint inside our
coats you know we'd
never pay for shit
kleptomaniac to fund another
paint attack window down
whole car lay up hit
a one track mind is
what I had bombing trains
is all I thought about
we'd stay in places you
wouldn't believe just
to kill the suckers inside and out
so many writers had my
respect so def with a
can put those toys in check
dma/ac/wca/camecorrect ci boys
fucking shit up in effect
but my crew holds the fondest of memories
ci brothers still fucking shit up
with new school and old
with Melbourne pride and always will
PRIDE AND ALWAYS WILL
i see the tables turning
they turn with speed
i watch the fire burning
burning to the sea
i heard a holy story
i laughed out loud
a man who chases the wind
never should be proud
they can always find a way
to pull you down
make you feel so small invisible
another sent to take the final part of me
give me my lesson for today, (i can't hear you)
fill me with hope and quickly betray
when i am barely breathing
they come for me
i wish i never saw them
walk all over me
they can always find a way to pull you down
make you feel so small invisible
another sent to take the final part of me
give me my lesson for today, (i can't hear you)
fill me with hope and quickly betray
it's my fault
i should have never trusted
it never fails
to bring me down
so hear me out
always busted
you got yours
guess i got mine
your high score
my waste of time
give me my lesson for today, (i can't hear you)
fill me with hope and quickly betray
give me my lesson for today, (i can't hear you)
fill me with hope and quickly betray
Uh-huh, yeah
Printmatic, you know the name
Behind the curtain like the Hunchback of Notre Dame
I'll steal the show, then your dame
This nigga down like dropping off in the pouring rain
My mind stays stuck on filth
Black cheerleaders ain't trying to fuck a mill
It's only cause I got your moms on tilt
You found out it wasn't toothpaste on her quilt
Sue me, I told you that you sorry
But Billy Blanks got you thinkin' that you know Karate
I need to know I play matchmaker as a hobby
I can introduce speed knots, to your body
You wanna playa hate, we can take it back to '88
My catelogue's an epilogue dog, all can set tapes
And I hope to god you're a scholar
Cause before I test your rhymes I'm a test your knowledge
Crush any attempts to act brolic
You the kinda dude I used to lift up in college
Hands around you, fucked like a dome collar
Over some small shit like 50 dollars
You don't want that dude to come outside again
For real... You better stay in the pocket
Uh huh, yeah... hah
I used to be a purist
About the records I've been coppin'
Don't nobody care about that shit unless the beat knocks
Sometimes I'm on some bassline, 808 shit
Now I'm on some old dirty drum-break shit
No denyin'
Most people listen to their music while they're drivin
So the next time you think you got a classic
Throw it all around and listen to it in some traffic
Make sure you roll the windows down
Be honest about yourself about how your shit sounds
Life would be better if more people did that
I wouldn't have to wait through demo's full of crap
Too many wack rappers fuckin' up the game
Too many independant acts sounding the same
Poppin' shit on the net to get a name
Give props to eachother, sit around and complain
Your whole philosophy is flawed when your top 10
Is full of cats you know, and nobody that I heard before
I need to understand I'm not new to this
You are for 2 bars I know all your influences
And ain't none of them tight
You all need to put down the fuckin' mic
Sounding corny shit..
Send this Playlist by SMS
The Best Songs Of 1988
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:55
- Updated: 11 May 2013
The Best Songs Of 1988.
http://wn.com/The_Best_Songs_Of_1988
1988 #1 songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 12 May 2013
32 songs hit #1 in 1988. Here are the number ones, featuring their music videos: January 9 - "So Emotional" - Whitney Houston January 16 - "Got My Mind Set o...
http://wn.com/1988_1_songs
32 songs hit #1 in 1988. Here are the number ones, featuring their music videos: January 9 - "So Emotional" - Whitney Houston January 16 - "Got My Mind Set o...
- published: 19 Dec 2008
- views: 497170
- author: idolwatcher0
Hải chiến Trường Sa 1988
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:59
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Created by ottovonstierlitz (Wehrmacht). Full video HD (73 MB): http://www.mediafire.com/?c7vwkqv6zm0dvp9 Full version: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHz4M-...
http://wn.com/Hải_chiến_Trường_Sa_1988
Created by ottovonstierlitz (Wehrmacht). Full video HD (73 MB): http://www.mediafire.com/?c7vwkqv6zm0dvp9 Full version: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHz4M-...
- published: 03 May 2009
- views: 1302655
- author: Otto Stierlitz
Ron Paul on Morton Downey Jr. - 1988
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:58
- Updated: 15 May 2013
Hilarious raucus TV appearance with a chain-smoking host, eccentric guests and a wild audience.
http://wn.com/Ron_Paul_on_Morton_Downey_Jr_1988
Hilarious raucus TV appearance with a chain-smoking host, eccentric guests and a wild audience.
- published: 09 Jan 2012
- views: 72459
- author: AndyWarholAndBeyond
Michael Jackson Grammy performance 1988
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:13
- Updated: 16 May 2013
Amazing!
http://wn.com/Michael_Jackson_Grammy_performance_1988
Youandewan - 1988 (Original Mix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:30
- Updated: 12 May 2011
Amazing track from Youandewan. Stop for a moment...
MusicLoveSite on facebook: http://www.facebook.com/MusicLoveSite
Youandewan:
http://soundcloud.com/youandewan
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Youandewan/53962912190
http://www.myspace.com/youandewan
Pic link: on facebook
Listen and Watch in HD.
Enjoy the sounds. ♫ ♪
http://wn.com/Youandewan_1988_Original_Mix
Amazing track from Youandewan. Stop for a moment...
MusicLoveSite on facebook: http://www.facebook.com/MusicLoveSite
Youandewan:
http://soundcloud.com/youandewan
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Youandewan/53962912190
http://www.myspace.com/youandewan
Pic link: on facebook
Listen and Watch in HD.
Enjoy the sounds. ♫ ♪
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 122017
Олимпийские игры-1988 СССР - Бразилия
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Финальный матч.
http://wn.com/Олимпийские_игры-1988_СССР_Бразилия
Guns N' Roses - Live at the Ritz - 1988 - Full concert
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:41
- Updated: 20 May 2013
"The original fab five bad boys of rock n roll have their finest hour on February 2, 1988 at the Ritz in NYC. They perform their best songs off their classic...
http://wn.com/Guns_N'_Roses_Live_at_the_Ritz_1988_Full_concert
"The original fab five bad boys of rock n roll have their finest hour on February 2, 1988 at the Ritz in NYC. They perform their best songs off their classic...
- published: 26 Aug 2011
- views: 3964641
- author: hary202
Dire Straits - Brothers in Arms Mandela Live 1988
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:32
- Updated: 18 May 2013
The first on Youtube and the best "Brothers in arms" version ever. Mandela Tribute live 1988. The best ...
http://wn.com/Dire_Straits_Brothers_in_Arms_Mandela_Live_1988
The first on Youtube and the best "Brothers in arms" version ever. Mandela Tribute live 1988. The best ...
- published: 15 Jun 2007
- views: 4850946
- author: Gabriele Pelosi
Computer Virus TV News Report 1988
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 19 May 2013
Overly melodramatic and cheesy Boston TV channel news report about a computer virus outbreak discovered by MIT nerds. Fun because they don't just report on t...
http://wn.com/Computer_Virus_TV_News_Report_1988
Overly melodramatic and cheesy Boston TV channel news report about a computer virus outbreak discovered by MIT nerds. Fun because they don't just report on t...
- published: 12 May 2007
- views: 274245
- author: Alexander Benenson
1988 Crystal Light National Aerobic Championship Opening
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Updated: 17 May 2013
http://wn.com/1988_Crystal_Light_National_Aerobic_Championship_Opening
Isaac Asimov previendo el impacto de Internet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:55
- Updated: 18 May 2013
http://veronicavera-factorhumano.com/?p=1990 Isaac Asimov envisionando en 1988, con gran genialidad y claridad, el impacto de internet en la educación y en n...
http://wn.com/Isaac_Asimov_previendo_el_impacto_de_Internet
http://veronicavera-factorhumano.com/?p=1990 Isaac Asimov envisionando en 1988, con gran genialidad y claridad, el impacto de internet en la educación y en n...
- published: 11 Oct 2010
- views: 149693
- author: Veronica Vera
Inter - Bayern 1:3 - 07.12.1988
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 17 Apr 2013
Die Bayern zeigen im Hexenkessel von Mailand eine ihrer besten Europapokal-Leistungen. Ein Bayer aus Bayern als bester Mann auf dem Platz: Klaus Augenthaler!
http://wn.com/Inter_Bayern_13_07121988
Die Bayern zeigen im Hexenkessel von Mailand eine ihrer besten Europapokal-Leistungen. Ein Bayer aus Bayern als bester Mann auf dem Platz: Klaus Augenthaler!
- published: 19 Apr 2010
- views: 45302
- author: 1893vfbfan
JR東海 X'mas Express 歴代CM 1988年～1992年
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 20 May 2013
JR東海 X'mas Express 歴代CM 1988年～1992年 深津絵里 牧瀬里穂 高橋理奈 溝淵美保 吉本多香美.
http://wn.com/JR東海_X'mas_Express_歴代CM_1988年～1992年
JR東海 X'mas Express 歴代CM 1988年～1992年 深津絵里 牧瀬里穂 高橋理奈 溝淵美保 吉本多香美.
- published: 23 Jun 2007
- views: 4886035
- author: newsdir2
Heathers 1988 Full movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 100:45
- Updated: 18 May 2013
I really have no excuse for reason for uploading this, it's just Heathers is a kick-ass movie.
http://wn.com/Heathers_1988_Full_movie
I really have no excuse for reason for uploading this, it's just Heathers is a kick-ass movie.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 168323
- author: kyle endl
Jean-Claude Van Damme: Bloodsport Final Fight (1988) - High Quality
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:07
- Updated: 20 May 2013
http://www.facebook.com/caio.r.p.barbi Van Damme in Bloodsport, the best martial arts movie of all time. A Great inspiration! A real classic movie from a und...
http://wn.com/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme_Bloodsport_Final_Fight_1988_High_Quality
http://www.facebook.com/caio.r.p.barbi Van Damme in Bloodsport, the best martial arts movie of all time. A Great inspiration! A real classic movie from a und...
- published: 24 Jul 2006
- views: 11967727
- author: kurtsloane
1988 NBA Slam Dunk Contest - Michael Jordan vs Dominique Wilkins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 19 May 2013
ESPN looks back at the 1988 NBA Slam Dunk Contest final between Michael Jordan and Dominique Wilkins.
http://wn.com/1988_NBA_Slam_Dunk_Contest_Michael_Jordan_vs_Dominique_Wilkins
ESPN looks back at the 1988 NBA Slam Dunk Contest final between Michael Jordan and Dominique Wilkins.
- published: 17 Feb 2013
- views: 329326
- author: AskingForAFriend
Inner City - Big Fun (1988)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Inner City - Big Fun (1988) Real Name: Kevin Saunderson & Paris Grey Formed : 1988, Detroit, United States www.danceanni90.com.
http://wn.com/Inner_City_Big_Fun_1988
Inner City - Big Fun (1988) Real Name: Kevin Saunderson & Paris Grey Formed : 1988, Detroit, United States www.danceanni90.com.
- published: 18 May 2007
- views: 1899111
- author: 3Drives
1988 Kentucky Derby
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:36
- Updated: 09 May 2013
1988 Kentucky Derby.
http://wn.com/1988_Kentucky_Derby
Entrevista Cazuza - Jô Soares em 1988 - parte 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:40
- Updated: 12 May 2013
Quer ver a entrevista inteira: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dYCPkze9X8 Agenor de Miranda Araújo Neto, mais conhecido como Cazuza, (Rio de Janeiro, 4 de ab...
http://wn.com/Entrevista_Cazuza_Jô_Soares_em_1988_parte_1_3
Quer ver a entrevista inteira: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dYCPkze9X8 Agenor de Miranda Araújo Neto, mais conhecido como Cazuza, (Rio de Janeiro, 4 de ab...
- published: 17 Jul 2009
- views: 881131
- author: bizuti
INTO THE WOODS 1988 Tony Awards
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Angela Lansbury introduces Stephen Sondheim's INTO THE WOODS on the 1988 Tony Awards. With: Phylicia Rashad, Joanna Gleason, Chip Zien.
http://wn.com/INTO_THE_WOODS_1988_Tony_Awards
Angela Lansbury introduces Stephen Sondheim's INTO THE WOODS on the 1988 Tony Awards. With: Phylicia Rashad, Joanna Gleason, Chip Zien.
- published: 24 Jan 2013
- views: 2697
- author: MrPoochsmooch
Verdi - La Traviata (1988) - Complete opera
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 134:44
- Updated: 19 May 2013
http://wn.com/Verdi_La_Traviata_1988_Complete_opera
Campaña del No 1988
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:21
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Franja del No de Plebiscito de 1988 de Chile.
http://wn.com/Campaña_del_No_1988
Franja del No de Plebiscito de 1988 de Chile.
- published: 12 Jul 2011
- views: 100371
- author: osarquivosdofaro
photo: AP / SANA
20 May 2013
Syrian President Bashar al-Assad says militants from 29 different countries are now fighting,,, Vimeo. Assad stated that foreign intervention is the most important factor aggravating the situation in Syria. ... Secondly, the calculations of confrontational states that intervened in Syria have now proven incorrect. . These states perceived their plan would succeed within weeks or months; this has not materialized ... . Source ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
photo: AP / Misha Japaridze
18 May 2013
The US has scolded Russia for sending missiles to the Syrian government, with plans for an international peace conference promoted by the two major powers appearing to founder on diplomatic rifts over its scope and purpose. General Martin Dempsey, the most senior US military officer, has described Russia's recent delivery of anti-ship missiles to President Bashar al-Assad as "ill-timed and very unfortunate" ... Report....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
20 May 2013
There’s no point in engaging in a perpetual global war on terror. From both the left and the right, three common misper-ceptions have emerged about US foreign policy ... I disagree with all three propositions.First and most important, the over-riding goal should be to end this For-ever War, not engage in a perpetual “global war on terror,” without geo-graphic or temporal limits ... It is ex-pensive. It is inefficient....(size: 5.4Kb)
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Canberra Times
21 May 2013
It's the end of an era for the Melbourne Storm who have only ever been owned by News Ltd since entering the premiership in 1988 and the sale means the Brisbane Broncos are now the sole remaining NRL asset of the company which ......(size: 1.2Kb)
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TSN Canada
21 May 2013
CHARLOTTE, N.C ... The Hornets resided in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before then-owner George Shinn moved the franchise to New Orleans ... ....(size: 0.8Kb)
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The Washington Post
21 May 2013
CHARLOTTE, N.C ... The Hornets resided in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before then-owner George Shinn moved the franchise to New Orleans. The New Orleans Hornets recently changed their name to the Pelicans ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)
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Houston Chronicle
21 May 2013
CHARLOTTE, N.C ... The Hornets resided in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before then-owner George Shinn moved the franchise to New Orleans ... ....(size: 0.8Kb)
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MSNBC
21 May 2013
The Hornets resided in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before then-owner George Shinn moved the franchise to New Orleans ... ....(size: 0.9Kb)
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The Miami Herald
21 May 2013
ET ... The original Hornets played in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before moving to New Orleans ... ....(size: 0.6Kb)
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Canada Dot Com
21 May 2013
The Hornets resided in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before then-owner George Shinn moved the franchise to New Orleans, ......(size: 0.6Kb)
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Detroit Free Press
21 May 2013
Police say the Maryland home of Ravens running back Ray Rice was burglarized over the weekend, and $2,000 and two guns were stolen ... Defensive back Charles Woodson will make a free-agent visit to the Raiders today ... .. ... ■ NBA ... The Hornets resided in Charlotte in 1988-2002 before moving to New Orleans ... ... ■ SOCCER ... .. ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
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Deccan Chronicle
21 May 2013
10 in Banjara Hills around 11 p.m ... There have also been reports of rash driving and racing at another commercial hub, in the city, during busy hours on Sunday night. The maximum penalty for such life threatening offences is a mere fine of Rs 1000/- which falls under the Section 184 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 for Rough, Rash or negligent driving ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
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Dayton Daily News
21 May 2013
Today is Tuesday, May 28, the 148th day of 2013. There are 217 days left in the year. Highlights in history on this date. ... 1988 - Yugoslav government introduces new austerity program that includes devaluation of dinar and massive price increases ... ports ... 2002 - The Libyan government offers to pay $2.7 billion to the families of 270 victims of the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in exchange for an end to U.S ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
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CBS Sports
21 May 2013
The Charlotte Bobcats will become the Hornets pretty soon. (Getty Images). As CBSSports.com's Will Brinson reported Friday, the Charlotte Bobcats are looking to change their name to the Charlotte Hornets. With the New Orleans Hornets becoming the New Orleans Pelicans, the name is up for grabs if anybody wants it ... The Hornets resided in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before then-owner George Shinn moved the franchise to New Orleans ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
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CBS Sports
21 May 2013
The Charlotte Bobcats will become the Hornets pretty soon. (Getty Images). As CBSSports.com's Will Brinson reported on Friday, the Charlotte Bobcats are looking to change their name back to the Charlotte Hornets ... That means Charlotte could once again become the Hornets by the 2014-15 season. The Hornets resided in Charlotte from 1988-2002 before then-owner George Shinn moved the franchise to New Orleans ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
This article is about the year 1988.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1950s 1960s 1970s – 1980s – 1990s 2000s 2010s |
| Years: | 1985 1986 1987 – 1988 – 1989 1990 1991 |
| 1988 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1988 MCMLXXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2741 |
| Armenian calendar | 1437 ԹՎ ՌՆԼԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6738 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 144–145 |
| Bengali calendar | 1395 |
| Berber calendar | 2938 |
| British Regnal year | 36 Eliz. 2 – 37 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2532 |
| Burmese calendar | 1350 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7496–7497 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁卯年十一月十二日 (4624/4684-11-12) — to —
戊辰年十一月廿三日(4625/4685-11-23) |
| Coptic calendar | 1704–1705 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1980–1981 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5748–5749 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2044–2045 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1910–1911 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5089–5090 |
| Holocene calendar | 11988 |
| Iranian calendar | 1366–1367 |
| Islamic calendar | 1408–1409 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 63 (昭和63年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4321 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 77 民國77年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2531 |
| Unix time | 567993600–599615999 |
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1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year that started on a Friday, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It is the 1988th year of the Common Era, or A.D.; the 988th year of the 2nd millennium; the 88th year of the 20th century; and the 9th year of the 1980s decade. In the 20th century, the year 1988 has the most Roman numeral digits (11).
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1
- The Soviet Union begins its program of economic restructuring (perestroika) with legislation initiated by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev (though Gorbachev had begun minor restructuring in 1985).
- The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America is established, creating the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States.
- January 13 – Taiwan President Chiang Ching-kuo dies in Taipei; Vice-President Lee Teng-hui becomes president.
- January 15 – In Jerusalem, Israeli police and Palestinian protestors clash at the Dome of the Rock; several police and at least 70 Palestinians are injured.
- January 25 – U.S. Vice President George H.W. Bush and CBS News anchor Dan Rather clash over Bush's role in the Iran-Contra scandal, during a contentious television interview.
- January 29 – The Midwest Classic Conference, a U.S. college athletic conference, is formed.
February[link]
- February 3 – The Democratic-controlled United States House of Representatives rejects President Ronald Reagan's request for $36.25 million to support the Nicaraguan Contras.
- February 12 – Anthony M. Kennedy is appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- February 13–February 28 – The 1988 Winter Olympics are held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- February 17
- A bomb explodes outside of the First National Bank in Oshakati, Namibia, killing 27 and injuring 70 others.
- U.S. Lieutenant Colonel William R. Higgins, serving with a United Nations group monitoring a truce in southern Lebanon, is kidnapped (he is later killed by his captors).
- February 24 – Hustler Magazine v. Falwell: The Supreme Court of the United States sides with Hustler magazine by overturning a lower court decision to award Jerry Falwell $200,000 for defamation.
- February 27 – February 29 – Pogrom of Armenians in Sumgait.
- February 27 – Barbados recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- February 29 – A Nazi document implicates Kurt Waldheim in World War II deportations.
March[link]
- March 7 – Operation Flavius: The Special Air Service fatally shoots 3 unarmed Provisional Irish Republican Army members in Gibraltar.
- March 8
- Two U.S. Army helicopters collide in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, killing 17 servicemen.
- U.S. presidential candidate George Herbert Walker Bush defeats Robert Dole in numerous Republican primaries and caucuses on "Super Tuesday". The bipartisan primary/caucus calendar, designed by Democrats to help solidify their own nominee early, backfires when none of the 6 competing candidates are able to break out of the pack in the day's Democratic contests. Jesse Jackson, however, wins several Southern state primaries.
- March 13 – Gallaudet University, a Deaf university in Washington D.C. elects Dr. I King Jordan as the first deaf president in its history. This event is a turning point in the deaf civil rights movement.
- March 16
- The Halabja poison gas attack is carried out by Iraqi government forces.
- First RepublicBank of Texas fails and enters FDIC receivership, the largest FDIC assisted bank failure in history.
- Iran-Contra Affair: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and Vice Admiral John Poindexter are indicted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States.
- Milltown Cemetery Attack: During the funeral of three Provisional IRA members in Milltown Cemetery in Belfast, Northern Ireland, Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member Michael Stone attacked the crowd with grenades and pistols, killing three and wounding over sixty. They were murdered because they were likely to be Catholics.
- March 17
- A Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, Avianca Flight 410, crashes into the side of the mountains near the Venezuelan border, killing 143.
- Eritrean War of Independence – Battle of Afabet: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on 3 sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF).
- March 19 – Corporals killings: In Belfast, Northern Ireland, British Army Corporals Woods and Howes were murdered after driving straight into a funeral for the victims of the Milltown Cemetery Attack just three days earlier, after they were mistakenly thought to be carrying out a similar attack to the one by Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member Michael Stone, in which he killed three Catholics attending the funeral.
- March 20 – Eritrean War of Independence: Having defeated the Nadew Command, the EPLF enters the town of Afabet, victoriously concluding the Battle of Afabet.
- March 24 – An Israeli court sentences Mordechai Vanunu to 18 years in prison for disclosing Israel's nuclear program to The Sunday Times.
- March 25 – The Candle Demonstration in Bratislava, Slovakia is the first mass demonstration of the 1980s against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia.
- March 26 – U.S. presidential candidate Jesse Jackson defeats Michael Dukakis in the Michigan Democratic caucuses, becoming the temporary front-runner for the party's nomination. Richard Gephardt withdraws his candidacy after his campaign speeches against imported automobiles fail to earn him much support in Detroit.
- March 29 – African National Congress representative Dulcie September is assassinated in Paris.
April[link]
- April 4 – Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona is convicted in his impeachment trial and removed from office.
- April 5 – Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis wins the Wisconsin Democratic presidential primary.
- April 10
- The comic strip FoxTrot makes its first appearance in US newspapers.
- The Ojhri Camp Disaster occurs in Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
- The Great Seto Bridge opens to traffic in Japan.
- April 11 – The Last Emperor (directed by Bernardo Bertolucci) wins nine Oscars.
- April 12 – Former pop singer Sonny Bono is elected mayor of Palm Springs, California.
- April 14
- In the Geneva Accords, the Soviet Union commits itself to withdrawal of its forces from Afghanistan.
- The USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58) strikes a naval mine in the Persian Gulf, while deployed on Operation Earnest Will, during the Tanker War phase of the Iran–Iraq War.
- April 16
- Israeli commandos kill the PLO's Abu Jihad in Tunisia.
- In Forlì, Italy, the brigate rosse kill Senator Roberto Ruffilli, an advisor of Prime Minister Ciriaco de Mita.
- April 18 – The United States Navy retaliates for the Roberts mining with Operation Praying Mantis, in a day of strikes against Iranian oil platforms and naval vessels.
- April 25 – In Israel, Ivan Demjanjuk is sentenced to death for war crimes committed in World War II. He was accused by survivors of being the notorious guard at the Treblinka extermination camp known as "Ivan the Terrible". The conviction is later overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court.
- April 28 – Aloha Flight 243 loses several yards of its upper fuselage while in flight, killing 1 person.
- April 30
- World Expo '88 opens in Brisbane Queensland, Australia.
- Celine Dion wins the Eurovision Song Contest for Switzerland with the song "Ne partez pas sans moi".
May[link]
- May 4 – PEPCON disaster in Henderson, Nevada: A major explosion at an industrial solid-fuel rocket plant causes damage extending up to 10 miles (16 km) away, including Las Vegas' McCarran International Airport.
- May 14 – Bus collision near Carrollton, Kentucky: A drunk driver going the wrong way on Interstate 71, hits a converted school bus carrying a church youth group from Radcliff, Kentucky. The resulting fire kills 27, making it tied for 1st in the U.S. for most fatalities involving 2 vehicles to the present day. Coincidentally, the other 2-vehicle accident involving a bus that also killed 27 occurred in Prestonburg, Kentucky on February 28, 1958.
- May 15 – Soviet war in Afghanistan: After more than 8 years of fighting, the Soviet Army begins withdrawing from Afghanistan.
- May 16
- A report by U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop states that the addictive properties of nicotine are similar to those of heroin and cocaine.
- California v. Greenwood: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that police officers do not need a search warrant to search through discarded garbage.
- May 24 – Section 28 (outlawing promotion of homosexuality in schools) is passed as law by Parliament in the United Kingdom.
- May 27 – Microsoft releases Windows 2.1
- May 31 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan addresses 600 Moscow State University students, during his visit to the Soviet Union.
June[link]
- June 5 – The first National Cancer Survivors Day is held.
- June 6 – Elizabeth II strips jockey Lester Piggott of his OBE, following his jailing for tax irregularities.
- June 10 – Spontaneous 100,000 strong mass night-singing demonstrations in Estonia, that eventually give name to the Singing Revolution.
- June 11
- The name of the General Public License (GPL) is mentioned for the first time.
- Wembley Stadium hosts a concert featuring stars from the fields of music, comedy and film, in celebration of the 70th birthday of imprisoned ANC leader Nelson Mandela.
- June 14 – A small wildfire starts in Montana just north of the boundary for Yellowstone National Park. The Storm Creek fire expands into the park, then merges with dozens of other drought-inspired fires. Eventually, over 750,000 acres (3,000 km2) of Yellowstone - 36% of the park's area - burns before firefighters gain control in late September.
- June 25 – The Netherlands defeats the Soviet Union 2–0 to win Euro 88.
- June 26 – Air France Flight 296 crashes into the tops of trees beyond the runway on a demonstration flight at Habsheim, France; three passengers are killed.
- June 28 – Four workers are asphyxiated at a metal-plating plant in Auburn, Indiana, in the worst confined-space industrial accident in U.S. history. (A fifth victim dies two days later).
- June 29 – Morrison v. Olson: The United States Supreme Court upholds the law allowing special prosecutors to investigate suspected crimes by executive branch officials.
- June 30 – Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrates four bishops at Écône, Switzerland for his apostolate, along with Bishop Antonio de Castro Mayer, without a papal mandate.
July[link]
- July 3
- The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosporus.
- Iran Air Flight 655 is shot down by a missile launched from the USS Vincennes.
- July 6
- The Piper Alpha production platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires, killing 165 oil workers and 2 rescue mariners.
- The first reported medical waste on beaches in the Greater New York area (including hypodermic needles and syringes possibly infected with the AIDS virus) washes ashore on Long Island. Subsequent medical waste discoveries on beaches in Coney Island and in Monmouth County, New Jersey force the closure of numerous New York–area beaches in the middle of one of the hottest summers on record in the American Northeast.
- July 14 – Volkswagen closes its Westmoreland Assembly Plant after 10 years of operation (the first factory built by a non-American automaker in the U.S.).
- July 20 – The Democratic National Convention in Atlanta, Georgia nominates Michael Dukakis for U.S. President and Lloyd Bentsen for Vice President.
- July 31 – Thirty-two people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Malaysia.
August[link]
- August 5
- Shooting of Allama Arif Hussain Hussaini, leader of Pakistani Shia Muslims, in Peshawar.
- The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis culminates in the ouster of the Lord President of Malaysia, Salleh Abas.
- August 6–August 7 – Tompkins Square Park Police Riot in New York City: A riot erupts in Tompkins Square Park when police attempt to enforce a newly passed curfew for the park. Bystanders, artists, residents, homeless people and political activists are caught up in the police action which takes place during the night of August 6 and into the early morning of August 7.
- August 8 – 8888 Uprising: Thousands of protesters in Burma, now known as Myanmar, are killed during anti-government demonstrations.
- August 14 – Enzo Ferrari, founder of the Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari, dies at the age of 90, after a long illness.
- August 17 – Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan, Arnold Raphel, are killed in a plane crash near Bhawalpur.
- August 18 – The Republican National Convention in New Orleans, Louisiana nominates George H.W. Bush for President and Dan Quayle for Vice President of the United States of America.
- August 19 – A truce begins in the Iran–Iraq War.
- August 20 – The Iran–Iraq War ends, with an estimated one million lives lost.
- August 21 – Major earthquake of magnitude 6.6 hits the Nepal-India Border. Estimated 1,004 people killed and more than 16,000 injured
- August 25 – A fire destroys part of Chiado quarter, in Lisbon's historical center.
- August 26 – Mehran Karimi Nasseri, "The terminal man", is stuck in the De Gaulle Airport in Paris, where he will continue to reside until August 1, 2006.
- August 28 – Seventy-five people are killed and 346 injured in one of the worst airshow disasters in history at Germany's Ramstein Air Base, when three jets from the Italian air demonstration team, Frecce Tricolori, collide, sending one of the aircraft crashing into the crowd of spectators.
September[link]
- September 5 – With US$2 billion in federal aid, the Robert M. Bass Group agrees to buy the United States' largest thrift, American Savings and Loan Association.
- September 11 – In Estonia, 300,000 demonstrate for independence.
- September 12 – Hurricane Gilbert devastates Jamaica; it turns towards Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula 2 days later, causing an estimated $5 billion in damage.
- September 16 – Tom Browning of the Cincinnati Reds pitches the 12th perfect game in baseball history against the Los Angeles Dodgers.
- September 17–October 2 – The 1988 Summer Olympics are held in Seoul, South Korea.
- September 22 – The Ocean Odyssey drilling rig suffers a blowout and fire in the North Sea (see also July 6).
- September 24–September 26 – Large, militant protests against the 1988 World Bank and IMF meetings take place in West Berlin.
- September 29 – STS-26: NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster, with Space Shuttle Discovery.
October[link]
- October 5
- Thousands riot in Algiers, Algeria against the National Liberation Front government; by October 10 the army has killed and tortured about 500 people in crushing the riots.
- Chilean president Augusto Pinochet is defeated in a national plebiscite which sought to renew his mandate.
- In Omaha, Nebraska, in the only vice presidential debate of the 1988 U.S. presidential election, the Republican vice presidential nominee, Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, insists he has as much experience in government as John F. Kennedy did when he sought the presidency in 1960. His Democratic opponent, Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas, replies, "Senator, I served with Jack Kennedy. I knew Jack Kennedy. Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy."
- October 9 – The 1985-88 Rugby League World Cup culminates in Australia's 25–12 victory over New Zealand at Auckland's Eden Park before 47,363 spectators.
- October 12 – Walsh Street police shootings: Two Victoria Police officers are gunned down, execution style, in Australia.
- October 13 – In the second U.S. presidential debate, held by U.C.L.A., the Democratic party nominee, Michael Dukakis, is asked by journalist Bernard Shaw of CNN if he would support the death penalty if his wife, Kitty, were to be raped and murdered. Gov. Dukakis' reply, voicing his opposition to capital punishment in any and all circumstances, is later said to have been a major reason for the eventual failure of his campaign for the White House.
- October 19 – The United Kingdom bans broadcast interviews with IRA members. The BBC gets around this stricture through the use of professional actors.
- October 27 – Ronald Reagan decides to tear down the new U.S. Embassy in Moscow because of Soviet listening devices in the building structure.
- October 28 – Abortion: 48 hours after announcing it was abandoning RU-486, French manufacturer Roussel Uclaf states that it will resume distribution of the drug.
- October 29 – Pakistan's General Rahimuddin Khan resigns from his post as the governor of Sindh, following attempts by the President of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, to limit the vast powers Gen. Rahimuddin had accumulated.
- October 30
- Philip Morris buys Kraft Foods for US$13.1 billion.[1]
- Expo '88 in Brisbane, Australia draws to a close.
November[link]
- November 1 – In the Israeli election, Likud wins 47 seats, Labour wins 49, but Likud Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir remains in office.
- November 2 – The Morris worm, the first computer worm distributed via the Internet, written by Robert Tappan Morris, is launched from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the U.S.
- November 3–November 5 – Thousands of South Korean students demonstrate against former president Chun Doo Hwan.
- November 8 – United States presidential election, 1988: George H. W. Bush is elected over Michael Dukakis becoming the first sitting Vice President of the United States in 200 years, to be elected as President of the United States.
- November 11 – In Sacramento, California, police find a body buried in the lawn of 60-year-old boardinghouse landlady Dorothea Puente (7 bodies are eventually found and Puente is convicted of 3 murders and sentenced to life in prison).
- November 13 – Mulugeta Seraw, an Ethiopian law student in Portland, Oregon is beaten to death by members of the Neo-Nazi group East Side White Pride.
- November 15
- In the Soviet Union, the unmanned Shuttle Buran is launched by an Energia rocket on its maiden orbital spaceflight (the first and last space flight for the shuttle).
- Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed at the Palestinian National Council meeting in Algiers, by a vote of 253–46.
- The very first Fairtrade label, Max Havelaar, is launched by Nico Roozen, Frans van der Hoff and ecumenical development agency Solidaridad in the Netherlands.
- November 16
- The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopts the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration in which the laws of the Estonian SSR are declared supreme over those of the USSR.
- In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan choose populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister. Elections are held as planned despite head of state Zia-ul-Haq's death earlier in August.
- November 18 – War on Drugs: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs a bill providing the death penalty for murderous drug traffickers.
- November 21
- Canadian federal election, 1988: Brian Mulroney and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada win a second majority government.
- Ted Turner officially buys Jim Crockett Promotions, known as NWA Crockett, and turns it into World Championship Wrestling (WCW).
- November 22 – In Palmdale, California, the first prototype B-2 Spirit stealth bomber is revealed.
- November 23 – Former Korean president Chun Doo Hwan publicly apologizes for corruption during his presidency, announcing he will go into exile.
- November 24 – The popular American cult television comedy Mystery Science Theater 3000 makes its debut on KTMA.
- November 30 – Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. buys RJR Nabisco for US$25.07 billion in the biggest leveraged buyout deal of all time.
December[link]
- December 1 – Carlos Salinas de Gortari takes office as President of Mexico.
- December 2
- Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state.
- A cyclone in Bangladesh leaves 5 million homeless and thousands dead.
- December 7
- In Armenia, an earthquake (6.9 on the Richter scale) kills nearly 25,000, injures 15,000 and leaves 400,000 homeless.
- Estonian becomes the official language of Estonia.
- December 8 – Famous vocalist Roy Orbison dies of a heart attack
- December 9 – The last Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant roll off the assembly line in a Chrysler factory.
- December 12 – The Clapham Junction rail crash kills 35 and injures 132.
- December 16 – Perennial U.S. presidential candidate Lyndon LaRouche is convicted of mail fraud.
- December 20 – The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.
- December 21 – Pan Am Flight 103 is blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing a total of 270 people. Those responsible are believed to be Libyans.
- December 22 – Brazilian union and environmental activist Chico Mendes is assassinated.
Date unknown[link]
- TAT-8, the first transatlantic telephone cable to use optical fibers, is completed.
- Zebra mussels are found in the Great lakes.
- The U.S. Drought of 1988 causes big crop damage in many states, impacts many portions of the United States and causes around $60 billion in damage. Multiple regions suffer in the conditions. Heat waves cause 4,800 to 17,000 excess deaths while scorching many areas of the United States during 1988.
- The Russian Mafia begins to expand with the decay of the Soviet Union.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 2 – Jonny Evans, Northern Irish footballer
- January 5 – Pauline (singer), French composer, songwriter and singer
- January 7
- Haley Bennett, American actress and singer
- Robert Sheehan, Irish actor
- January 8
- Michael Mancienne, English footballer
- Adrián López Álvarez, Spanish footballer
- January 9 – Alexey Vorobyov, Russian singer and actor
- January 14
- Kacey Barnfield, English actress
- Hakeem Nicks, American football wide receiver
- January 15
- Skrillex, American musician and DJ
- Charlotte Sometimes, American singer/songwriter
- January 16 – Nicklas Bendtner, Danish footballer
- January 18 – Ironik, British musician, DJ and rapper
- January 19 – JaVale McGee, American professional basketball player
- January 20 – Benjamin Ulrich, German international rugby union player
- January 21 – Ashton Eaton, American decathlete
- January 22
- Greg Oden, American basketball player
- Nick Palatas, American actor
- January 24 – Jade Ewen, English singer
- January 25 – Tatiana Golovin, French tennis player
- January 26
- Mia Rose, Portuguese and British singer-songwriter notable for her popularity on YouTube
- Gary Hooper, English footballer
- January 27 – Kerlon, Brazilian footballer
- January 29 – Tatyana Chernova, Russian heptathlete
February[link]
- February 3
- Cho Kyuhyun, Korean singer (Super Junior)
- Gregory van der Wiel, Dutch international footballer
- February 4 – Carly Patterson, American gymnast
- February 7 – Ai Kago, Japanese singer
- February 9 – Lotte Friis, Danish swimmer
- February 11
- Li Chun, Chinese singer
- Alwyn Uytingco, Filipino actor
- February 12
- Mike Posner, American singer, songwriter, and producer.
- Afshan Azad, English actress
- Greta Salpeter, American singer/songwriter, pianist and lead singer of The Hush Sound and Gold Motel
- February 13 – Aston Merrygold, English singer (JLS)
- February 14
- Ángel di María, Argentine footballer
- Katie Boland, Canadian actress
- Olga Alava, Ecuadorian Miss Earth 2011 winner and Top Model
- February 15 – Denílson Pereira Neves, Brazilian footballer
- February 17 – Natascha Kampusch, Austrian television hostess
- February 18
- Mark Davies, English footballer
- Maiara Walsh, Brazilian-American actress
- February 20 – Rihanna, Barbadian pop singer
- February 21 – Matthias de Zordo, German javelin thrower
- February 22
- Ximena Navarrete, Miss Universe 2010
- Efraín Juárez, Mexican footballer currently playing for Celtic
- Kévin Borlée, Belgian sprinter
- February 24 – Rodrigue Beaubois, French basketball player
- February 28 – Markéta Irglová, Czech songwriter
March[link]
- March 2
- Vito Mannone, Italian footballer
- Matthew Mitcham, Australian diver
- March 3
- Rafael Muñoz, Spanish swimmer
- Michael Morrison, English footballer
- March 6
- Elaine and Melanie Silver, American actresses
- Lee Seung-Hoon, South Korean speed skater
- Agnes Carlsson, Swedish recording artist
- March 10 – Ivan Rakitic, Croatian and Swiss footballer
- March 11 – Fábio Coentrão, Portuguese footballer
- March 12 – Elly Jackson, English singer-songwriter and the lead singer of the electropop duo La Roux
- March 14
- Sasha Grey, American pornographic actress
- Stephen Curry, American professional basketball player
- March 21
- Lee Cattermole, English footballer
- March 22 – Tania Raymonde, American actress
- March 27
- Brenda Song, American actress
- Jessie J, English singer and songwriter
- Atsuto Uchida, Japanese footballer
- March 29 – Kelly Sweet, American singer
April[link]
- April 1 – Brook Lopez, American professional basketball player
- April 2
- Jesse Plemons, American film and television actor
- Kimber James, transsexual pornographic actor and escort
- April 3 – Tim Krul, Dutch footballer
- April 4 – Georgia Jones, American pornographic actress and adult model
- April 6
- Fabrice Muamba, English footballer
- Mike Bailey, British actor
- April 7 – Edward Speleers, British actor
- April 9 – Uee, South Korean idol singer and actress
- April 10 – Haley Joel Osment, American actor
- April 11 – Leland Irving, Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender
- April 12 – Jessie James, is an American country pop singer and songwriter
- April 13 – Anderson Luís de Abreu Oliveira, Brazilian footballer
- April 15 – Eliza Sophie Caird, English singer–songwriter
- April 21
- Robbie Amell, Canadian actor
- Christoph Sanders, American actor
- April 25
- Sara Paxton, American actress
- Laura Lepistö, Finnish figure skater
- James Sheppard, Canadian professional ice hockey player
- April 27 – Semyon Varlamov, Russian professional ice hockey goaltender
- April 28 – Juan Mata, Spanish footballer
- April 29
- Alfred Hui, Hong Kong singer
- Jonathan Toews, Canadian hockey player
- Younha, Korean-born singer
May[link]
- May 1
- Anushka Sharma, Indian Actress
- Nicholas Braun, American Actor
- May 5
- Adele, English singer
- Brooke Hogan, American reality star and singer
- Skye Sweetnam, Canadian singer
- May 6 – Ryan Anderson (basketball), American professional basketball
- May 12 – Marcelo Vieira, Brazilian footballer
- May 17 – Nikki Reed, American actress
- May 18 – Ryan Cooley, Canadian actor
- May 19 – Lily Cole, English supermodel
- May 24 – Billy Gilman, American singer
- May 25
- Adrián González, Spanish footballer
- Cameron van der Burgh, South African swimmer
- May 26 – Dani Samuels, Australian discus thrower
- May 27 – Matthew Špiranović, Australian football (soccer) player
- May 28 – Cheng Fei, Chinese gymnast
- May 31 – Hope Partlow, American pop singer
June[link]
- June 1
- Nami Tamaki, Japanese singer
- Javier Hernández Balcázar, Mexican footballer
- June 2 – Sergio Agüero, Argentine footballer
- June 7
- Michael Cera, Canadian actor
- Ekaterina Makarova, professional Russian tennis player
- June 9
- Mae Whitman, American actress
- Sokratis Papastathopoulos, Greek professional footballer
- June 11 – Yui Aragaki, Japanese model, actress and singer
- June 12 – Eren Derdiyok, Swiss footballer
- June 13 – Gabe Carimi, American football player
- June 14 – Kevin McHale, American actor, dancer and singer
- June 15 – Cristopher Toselli, Chilean football goalkeeper
- June 16 – Keshia Chanté, Canadian singer-songwriter, model and actress
- June 17 – Stephanie Rice, Australian swimmer
- June 20 – Shefali Chowdhury, British actress
- June 21 – Alejandro Ramírez (chess player), Costa Rican chess Grandmaster
- June 22
- Omri Casspi, Israeli professional basketball player
- Portia Doubleday, American actress
- June 23
- Isabella Leong, Hong Kong singer, actress and model
- Chellsie Memmel, American gymnast
- June 24
- Micah Richards, English footballer
- Nichkhun Horvejkul, Thai singer
- June 27 – Matthew Špiranović, Australian footballer
- June 28 – Kanon Wakeshima, Japanese singer and cellist
- June 29 – Éver Banega, Argentine professional footballer
July[link]
- July 2 – Lee Chung-Yong, Korean footballer
- July 7
- Natalie Mejia, American singer and songwriter
- Claire Holt, Australian actress
- July 8 – Miguel Roque Farrero, Spanish footballer
- July 13
- He Pingping, Mongolian & Guinness World Records shortest man able to walk (d. 2010)
- Steven R. McQueen, American actor
- July 13 – Colton Haynes, American actor and model
- July 14 – James Vaughan (footballer born 1988), English footballer
- July 16 – Sergio Busquets, Spanish footballer who plays for FC Barcelona
- July 19 – Shane Dawson, American YouTube comedian and actor
- July 20
- Julianne Hough, American ballroom dancer
- Stephen Strasburg, American baseball player
- July 23 – Paul Anderson, English footballer
- July 25
- Anthony Stokes, Irish footballer
- Sarah Geronimo, Filipina singer and actress
- July 26, – Francia Raisa, American actress
- July 31 – Krystal Meyers, American Christian singer/songwriter/musician
August[link]
- August 5 – Federica Pellegrini, Italian swimmer
- August 8 – Princess Beatrice of York, British Princess and daughter of Prince Andrew, Duke of York and Sarah, Duchess of York
- August 16
- Ismaïl Aissati, Moroccan footballer
- Rumer Willis, American actress
- August 17 – Erika Toda, Japanese actress
- August 18
- G-Dragon, Leader of Korean band, Big Bang
- Jack Hobbs, English footballer
- August 23 – Jeremy Lin, American basketball player
- August 24 – Rupert Grint, English actor
- August 25
- Alexandra Burke, English singer
- Ray Quinn, English actor, singer, and dancer
- August 26
- Tori Black, American pornographic actress
- Evan Ross, American actor and musician
- August 27 – Alexa Vega, American actress
- August 30 – Ernests Gulbis, Latvian tennis player
September[link]
- September 1 – Simona de Silvestro, Swiss race car driver from Thun, Switzerland
- September 5 – Nuri Şahin, Turkish footballer
- September 6 – Max George, British singer
- September 7 – Kevin Love, American basketball player
- September 9 – McKey Sullivan, American fashion model
- September 10
- Jordan Staal, Canadian hockey player
- Coco Rocha, Canadian fashion model
- Jared Lee Loughner, Perpetrator/gunman of the 2011 Tucson shooting
- September 12 – Adrianne Leigh Reynolds, American murder victim (d. 2005)
- September 15 – Chelsea Kane, American actress and singer
- September 22 – Bethany Dillon, contemporary Christian music artist
- September 23 – Juan Martin del Potro, Argentine tennis player
- September 26 – Kiira Korpi, Finnish figure skater
- September 28 – Esmée Denters, Dutch singer
- September 29 – Kevin Durant, American basketball player
October[link]
- October 1 – Cariba Heine, Australian actress and performer
- October 4 – Derrick Rose, American basketball player
- October 6 – Maki Horikita, Japanese actress
- October 14
- Max Thieriot, American actor
- Pia Toscano, American singer; American Idol contestant
- October 15 – Mesut Özil, German football player
- October 20
- Risa Niigaki, Japanese singer
- Candice Swanepoel, South African supermodel
- October 27 – Evan Turner, American basketball player
- October 28
- Devon Murray, Irish actor
- Edd Gould, British animator, Creator of Eddsworld (d. 2012)
- October 31 – Sébastien Buemi, Swiss racing driver
November[link]
- November 1 – Ai Fukuhara, Japanese table tennis player sponsored by All Nippon Airways
- November 3 – Angus McLaren, Australian actor
- November 6 – Emma Stone, American actress
- November 7
- Tinie Tempah, English rapper
- Alexandr Dolgopolov, Ukrainian tennis player
- November 8 – Jessica Lowndes, Canadian actress and singer
- November 9
- Nikki Blonsky, American actress and singer
- Analeigh Tipton, American figure skater and actress
- November 12 – Russell Westbrook, American professional basketball
- November 15 – B.o.B, American rapper, singer and record producer
- November 19 – Patrick Kane, American professional hockey player
- November 21 – Len Väljas, Canadian cross-country skier
- November 22 – Jamie Campbell Bower, English actor
- November 24 – Sabi, American pop singer-songwriter, dancer and actress
- November 25 – Jay Spearing, English footballer
- November 29 – Russell Wilson, American football player
December[link]
- December 1 – Zoë Kravitz, American actress
- December 2 – Alfred Enoch, British actor
- December 4 – Mario Maurer, Thai model and actor
- December 6 – Sandra Nurmsalu, Estonian musician
- December 7 – Emily Browning, Australian actress
- December 12 – Ashley Hinshaw, American actress and model
- December 14
- Nicolas Batum, French basketball player
- Vanessa Hudgens, American actress and singer
- December 16
- Anna Popplewell, English actress
- Mats Hummels, German footballer
- December 19 – Alexis Sánchez, Chilean footballer
- December 23 – Eri Kamei, Japanese singer
- December 25 – Eric Gordon, American professional basketball player
- December 27 – Hayley Williams, American singer (Paramore)
- December 28 – Ched Evans, Welsh footballer who last played for Sheffield United as a striker
- December 29 – Ágnes Szávay, Hungarian tennis player
- December 30 – Leon Jackson, Scottish singer and X Factor winner 2007
Deaths[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Margot Bryant, British actress (b. 1897)
- January 2 – Edmund Brisco Ford, British geneticist (b. 1901)
- January 5 – Pete Maravich, American basketball player (b. 1947)
- January 6 – L. P. Davies, English novelist (b. 1914)
- January 7 – Trevor Howard, British actor (b. 1913)
- January 11 – Gregory "Pappy" Boyington, American pilot, United States Marine Corps fighter ace (b. 1912)
- January 12 – Hiram Bingham IV, American diplomat (b. 1903)
- January 13 – Chiang Ching-kuo, Chinese politician, 3rd President of the Republic of China (b. 1910)
- January 14 – Georgy Malenkov, Soviet politician, 5th Prime Minister of the Soviet Union (b. 1902)
- January 15 – Seán MacBride, Irish Republican Army leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1904)
- January 16 – Ballard Berkeley, British actor (b. 1904)
- January 20 – Philippe de Rothschild, French vineyard owner (b. 1902)
- January 22 – Parker Fennelly, American comedian and actor (b. 1891)
- January 25 – Colleen Moore, American actress (b. 1900)
- January 28 – Klaus Fuchs, German-British physicist and spy (b. 1911)
February[link]
- February 1 – Heather O'Rourke, American actress (b. 1975)
- February 3 – Robert Duncan, American poet (b. 1919)
- February 5 – Emeric Pressburger, Hungarian-British film producer (b. 1902)
- February 11 – Marion Crawford, Scottish nanny of Elizabeth II (b. 1909)
- February 13
- Ron Embleton, British comics artist and illustrator (b. 1930)
- Léon Goossens. British oboist (b. 1897)
- February 14 – Frederick Loewe, Austrian-American composer (b. 1901)
- February 15 – Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- February 19
- René Char, French poet (b. 1907)
- André Frédéric Cournand, French-American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1895)
- February 25 – Kurt Mahler, German-Australian mathematician (b. 1903)
March[link]
- March 1 – Joe Besser, American actor and comedian (b. 1907)
- March 3 – Lois Wilson, American actress (b. 1894)
- March 5 – Alberto Olmedo, Argentine comedian and actor (b. 1933)
- March 7
- Divine, American actor (b. 1945)
- Edmund Berkeley, American scientist (b. 1909)
- Robert Livingston, American actor (b. 1904)
- March 8
- Werner Hartmann, German physicist (b. 1912)
- Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist (b. 1918)
- March 9 – Kurt Georg Kiesinger, German politician, 3rd Chancellor of Germany (b. 1904)
- March 10
- Glenn Cunningham, American Olympic athlete (b. 1909)
- Andy Gibb, British singer (b. 1958)
- March 13
- Olive Carey, American actress (b. 1896)
- John Holmes, American pornographic actor (b. 1944)
- March 16 – Erich Probst, Austrian football player (b. 1927)
- March 20
- Gil Evans, American jazz pianist (b. 1912)
- Ralph Wright, Writer and American actor (b. 1908)
- March 22 – Lester Rawlins, American stage and screen director (b. 1924)
- March 25 – Robert Joffrey, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1930)
- March 31 – Sir William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
April[link]
- April 1 – Jim Jordan, American actor (b. 1896)
- April 3 – Milton Caniff, American cartoonist (b. 1907)
- April 6 – John Clements, British actor (b. 1910)
- April 11
- Hermann Graf, German fighter ace (b. 1912)
- Jesse L. Lasky, Jr., American screenwriter (b. 1910)
- April 12
- Harry McShane, Scottish socialist (b. 1891)
- Alan Paton, South African author (b. 1903)
- April 15 – Kenneth Williams, British actor and raconteur (b. 1926)
- April 17
- Louise Nevelson, Ukrainian-American sculptor (b. 1900)
- Eva Novak, American actress (b. 1898)
- April 18 – Pierre Desproges, French humorist (b. 1939)
- April 21 – I. A. L. Diamond, American screenwriter (b. 1920)
- April 22 – Irene Rich, American actress (b. 1891)
- April 23 – Michael Ramsey, British bishop, 100th Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1904)
- April 26
- James McCracken, American tenor (b. 1926)
- Valerie Solanas, American author (b. 1936)
- April 27 – David Scarboro, British actor (b. 1968)
May[link]
- May 3 – Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (b. 1908)
- May 5 – George Rose, English actor (b. 1920)
- May 8 – Robert A. Heinlein, American science fiction author (b. 1907)
- May 10
- Shen Congwen, Chinese writer (b. 1902)
- Ciaran Bourke, Irish musician (b. 1935)
- May 11 – Kim Philby, British spy (b. 1912)
- May 12 – Chet Baker, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1929)
- May 14 – Willem Drees, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1948 until 1958 (b. 1886)
- May 15
- Andrew Duggan, American actor (b. 1923)
- Greta Nissen, Norwegian-born actress (b. 1905)
- May 16 – Charles Keeping, British illustrator (b. 1924)
- May 18 – Daws Butler, voice actor (b. 1916)
- May 21 – Sammy Davis, Sr., American dancer (b. 1900)
- May 23 – Aya Kitō, Japanese Writer (b. 1962)
- May 25 – Ernst Ruska, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- May 27 – Florida Friebus, American actor (b. 1909)
- May 30 – Ella Raines, American actress (b. 1920)
- May 31 – Arthur Olliver, Australian footballer (b. 1918)
June[link]
- June 8 – Eli Mintz, American actor (b. 1904)
- June 10 – Louis L'Amour, American writer (b. 1908)
- June 11 – Giuseppe Saragat, former President of Italy (b. 1898)
- June 16 – Kim Milford, American actor and singer (b. 1951)
- June 18 – Wilford Leach, American theater director (b. 1929)
- June 22 – Dennis Day, Irish-American singer and radio and television personality (b. 1916)
- June 25 – Hillel Slovak, Israeli-American guitarist (Red Hot Chili Peppers) (b. 1962)
July[link]
- July 3 – Gabriel Dell, American actor (b. 1919)
- July 4 – Adrian Adonis, American wrestler (b. 1954)
- July 8 – Ray Barbuti, American athlete (b. 1905)
- July 12 – Joshua Logan, American stage and film director (b. 1908)
- July 17 – Bruiser Brody, American professional wrestler (b. 1946)
- July 18 – Nico, singer-songwriter, fashion model, actress and Warhol socialite (b. 1938)
- July 21 – Jack Clark, American television personality and game show host (b. 1921)
- July 25 – Judith Barsi, American child actress (b. 1978)
- July 27 – Frank Zamboni, American inventor (b. 1901)
- July 31 – Trinidad Silva, American actor (b. 1950)
August[link]
- August 1 – Florence Eldridge, American actress (b. 1901)
- August 2 – Raymond Carver, American short-story writer & poet (b. 1938)
- August 5
- Colin Higgins, American film director (b. 1941)
- Ralph Meeker, American actor (b. 1920)
- August 8
- Félix Leclerc, French-Canadian poet & singer (b. 1914)
- Alan Napier, American actor (b. 1903)
- August 9
- Giacinto Scelsi, Italian composer (b. 1905)
- Ramon Valdez, Mexican actor (b. 1923)
- August 10 – Adela Rogers St. Johns, American journalist and screenwriter (b. 1893)
- August 11 – Anne Ramsey, American actress (b. 1929)
- August 12 – Jean-Michel Basquiat, American musician/graffiti painter (b. 1960)
- August 14
- Robert Calvert, writer, poet, and musician (b. 1944)
- Enzo Ferrari, Italian car maker (b. 1898)
- August 17
- Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr., American lawyer and politician (b. 1914)
- Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, leader of Pakistan (b. 1924)
- August 21 – Ray Eames, American artist, designer, and filmmaker (b. 1912)
- August 24 – Leonard Frey, American actor (b. 1938)
- August 27
- William Sargant, British psychiatrist (b. 1907)
- Mario Montenegro, Filipino actor (b. 1928)
- August 28
- Hazel Dawn, American actress (b. 1891)
- Max Shulman, American comedic writer (b. 1919)
September[link]
- September 1 – Luis Walter Alvarez, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- September 5 – Gert Fröbe, German actor (b. 1913)
- September 6 – Harold Rosson, American cinematographer (b. 1895)
- September 12 – Roger Hargreaves, English author (b. 1935)
- September 16 – Dick Pym, English footballer (b. 1893)
- September 18 – Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar, Iranian Azari poet (b. 1906)
- September 20 – Roy Kinnear, British actor (b. 1934)
- September 21
- Glenn Robert Davis American politician (b. 1914)
- Henry Koster, German-born film director (b. 1905)
- September 28
- Charles Addams, American cartoonist (b. 1912)
- Ethel Grandin, American actress (b. 1894)
- September 30 – Truong Chinh, former President of Vietnam (b. 1907)
October[link]
- October 1
- Lucien Ballard, American cinematographer (b. 1908)
- Sacheverell Sitwell, English writer (b. 1897)
- Pavle Vuisić, Yugoslav actor (b. 1926)
- October 2 – Alec Issigonis, Greek-British engineer (b. 1906)
- October 7 – Billy Daniels, American singer (b. 1915)
- October 9 – Jackie Milburn, English footballer (b. 1924)
- October 11
- Wayland Flowers, American puppeteer (b. 1939)
- Bonita Granville, American actress (b. 1923)
- October 12
- Ken Murray, American actor (b. 1903)
- Ruth Manning-Sanders, British children's author (b. 1895)
- October 13 – Melvin Frank, American screenwriter and director (b. 1913)
- October 15 – Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji, English composer and pianist (b. 1892)
- October 18 – Frederick Ashton, English dancer and choreographer (b. 1904)
- October 19 – Son House, American musician (b. 1902)
- October 22 – Henry Armstrong, American boxer (b. 1912)
- October 27 – Charles Hawtrey, English actor (b. 1914)
- October 31 – John Houseman, Romanian-American actor and producer (b. 1902)
November[link]
- November 1 – George J. Folsey, American cinematographer (b. 1898)
- November 7 – Sy Mah, Canadian marathoner (b. 1926)
- November 9 – John N. Mitchell, American lawyer, 67th United States Attorney General (b. 1913)
- November 11 – William Ifor Jones, Welsh conductor & organist (b. 1900)
- November 12
- Vet Boswell, American singer (b. 1911)
- Lyman Lemnitzer, American Army General (b. 1899)
- November 13 – Antal Dorati, Hungarian conductor (b. 1906)
- November 14 – Takeo Miki, Japanese politician, 41st Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1909)
- November 15 – Mona Washbourne, British actress (b. 1903)
- November 17 – Sheilah Graham, English-born gossip columnist (b. 1904)
- November 19 – Christina Onassis, American shipping magnate (b. 1950)
- November 21 – Carl Hubbell, American baseball player (b. 1903)
- November 22 – Luis Barragán, Mexican architect (b. 1902)
- November 27 – John Carradine, American actor (b. 1906)
December[link]
- December 2 – Tata Giacobetti, Italian singer and lyricist (Quartetto Cetra) (b. 1922)
- December 4 – Osman Achmatowicz, Polish chemist (b. 1899)
- December 6
- Roy Orbison, American singer (b. 1936)
- Timothy Patrick Murphy, American actor (b. 1959)
- December 10 – Richard S. Castellano, American actor (b. 1933)
- December 16 – Sylvester James, American R&B singer, disco performer (b. 1948)
- December 17 – Jerry Hopper, American film and television director (b. 1907)
- December 20 – Max Robinson, American broadcast journalist, and ABC News World News Tonight co-anchor (b. 1939)
- December 21
- Bob Steele, American actor (b. 1907)
- Nikolaas Tinbergen, Dutch ornithologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1907)
- December 22 – Francisco Alves Mendes Filho, Brazilian environmental activist (b. 1944)
- December 26
- John Loder, English actor (b. 1898)
- Glenn McCarthy, American oil tycoon and businessman (b. 1907)
- December 27
- Hal Ashby, American film director (b. 1929)
- Jess Oppenheimer, American radio and television producer (b. 1913)
- December 30 – Isamu Noguchi, Japanese-American artist (b. 1904)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger
- Chemistry – Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel
- Medicine – Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings
- Literature – Naguib Mahfouz
- Peace – The United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces.
- The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Maurice Allais
Templeton Prize[link]
Right Livelihood Award[link]
- International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims / Inge Kemp Genefke (M.D.)
- José Lutzenberger
- John F. Charlewood Turner
- Sahabat Alam Malaysia / Mohamed Idris, Harrison Ngau, the Penan people.
References[link]
- ^ Kraft Accepts $13B Buyout by Philip Morris The Boston Globe. Accessed 2009-03-17. Archived 2009-05-08.
http://wn.com/1988
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Ron Paul | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 14th district |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 1997 |
|
| Preceded by | Greg Laughlin |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 22nd district |
|
| In office January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1985 |
|
| Preceded by | Robert Gammage |
| Succeeded by | Tom DeLay |
| In office April 3, 1976 – January 3, 1977 |
|
| Preceded by | Robert Casey |
| Succeeded by | Robert Gammage |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ronald Ernest Paul (1935-08-20) August 20, 1935 (age 76) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican Party (1976–1988, 1988–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Libertarian Party (1988 election) |
| Spouse(s) | Carol Wells |
| Children | Ronnie Lori Rand Robert Joy |
| Alma mater | Gettysburg College (B.S.) Duke University (M.D.) |
| Religion | Southern Baptist |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Congressional website Campaign website |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force Texas Air National Guard |
| Years of service | 1963–1965 1965–1968 |
| Rank |  Captain[1] |
|
This article is part of a series about
Ron Paul |
|
Ronald Ernest "Ron" Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for Texas's 14th congressional district, which includes Galveston, since 1997, and a three-time candidate for President of the United States, as a Libertarian in 1988 and as a Republican in 2008 and currently 2012. He is an outspoken critic of American foreign and monetary policies, including the Military–industrial complex and the Federal Reserve, and is known for his libertarian-leaning views, often differing from his own party on certain issues.
A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Paul is a graduate of Gettysburg College and Duke University School of Medicine, where he earned his medical degree. He served as a medical officer in the United States Air Force from 1963 until 1968. He worked as an obstetrician-gynecologist from the 1960s to the 1980s, delivering more than 4,000 babies. He became the first Representative in history to serve concurrently with a child in the Senate when his son Rand Paul was elected to the United States Senate for Kentucky in 2010.[2]
Ron Paul has been an active writer and publisher since the late 1970s, when he created the first of several newsletters bearing his name. He has published many books, beginning with The Case for Gold (1982) and including Liberty Defined: 50 Essential Issues That Affect Our Freedom (2011), End The Fed (2009), The Revolution: A Manifesto (2008), Pillars of Prosperity (2008), and A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship (2007). Paul has been characterized as the "intellectual godfather" of the Tea Party movement.[3][4]
On July 12, 2011, Paul announced that he would forego seeking another term in Congress in order to focus on his presidential bid.[5] On May 14, 2012, Paul announced that he would not be competing in any other Presidential primaries, though he is still competing for delegates in states where the primary election have already been held.[6]
Early life, education, and medical career[link]
Ronald Ernest Paul was born on August 20, 1935, in Pittsburgh,[7] the son of Howard Caspar Paul, who ran a small dairy company, and Margaret (née Dumont) Paul. His paternal great-grandparents emigrated from Germany, and his mother was of German and Irish ancestry.[8][9]
As a junior at suburban Dormont High School, he was the 220-yard dash state champion.[10] He graduated from Gettysburg College with a B.S. degree in Biology in 1957.[10]
Paul earned a Doctor of Medicine degree from Duke University's School of Medicine in 1961, and completed his medical internship at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit and his residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Magee-Womens Hospital in Pittsburgh.[11] Paul served as a flight surgeon in the United States Air Force from 1963 to 1965 and then in the United States Air National Guard from 1965 to 1968.[12]
Paul and his wife then relocated to Texas, where he began a private practice in obstetrics and gynecology.[13] He refused to accept Medicaid or Medicare payments, but routinely lowered fees for patients who could not afford to pay.[14][15]
Early congressional career (1976–1985)[link]
While still a medical resident in the 1960s, Paul was influenced by Friedrich Hayek's The Road to Serfdom, which caused him to read many publications by Ludwig von Mises and Ayn Rand. He came to know economists Hans Sennholz and Murray Rothbard well, and credits to them his interest in the study of economics.[16]
When President Richard Nixon "closed the gold window" by ending American participation in the Bretton Woods System, thus ending U.S. dollar's loose association with gold[16] on August 15, 1971, Paul decided to enter politics[17] and became a Republican candidate for the United States Congress.[18]
Elections[link]
In 1974, incumbent Robert R. Casey defeated him for the 22nd district. President Gerald Ford later appointed Casey to direct the Federal Maritime Commission, and Paul won an April 1976 special election to the vacant office.[19] Paul lost the next regular election to Democrat Robert Gammage by fewer than 300 votes (0.2%), but defeated Gammage in a 1978 rematch, and was reelected in 1980 and 1982.[20] Gammage underestimated Paul's popularity among local mothers: "I had real difficulty down in Brazoria County, where he practiced, because he'd delivered half the babies in the county. There were only two obstetricians in the county, and the other one was his partner."[21]
Tenure[link]
Paul has served in Congress three different periods: first from 1976 to 1977, after he won a special election, then from 1979 to 1985, and finally since 1997.
In his early years, Paul served on the House Banking Committee, where he blamed the Federal Reserve for inflation and spoke against the banking mismanagement that resulted in the savings and loan crisis.[22][8] Paul argued for a return to the gold standard maintained by the US from 1873-1933, and with Senator Jesse Helms convinced the Congress to study the issue.[16] He spoke against the reinstatement of registration for the military draft in 1980, in opposition to President Jimmy Carter and the majority of his fellow Republican members of Congress.[23]
During his first term, Paul founded the Foundation for Rational Economics and Education (FREE), a non-profit "think tank" dedicated to promoting principles of limited government and free-market economics.[24]
Paul proposed term-limit legislation multiple times, while himself serving four terms in the House of Representatives.[23] In 1984, he decided to retire from the House in order to run for the U.S. Senate, complaining in his House farewell address that "Special interests have replaced the concern that the Founders had for general welfare.... It's difficult for one who loves true liberty and utterly detests the power of the state to come to Washington for a period of time and not leave a true cynic."[25][26] (On Paul's departure from the House, his congressional seat was assumed by former state representative Tom DeLay, who would eventually become Speaker of the House.)[27]
Committee assignments[link]
1984 U.S. Senate election[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in Texas, 1984
In 1984, Paul campaigned for the U.S. Senate, but lost the Republican primary to Phil Gramm, who had switched parties the previous year from Democrat to Republican.[28] Another candidate of the senatorial primary was Henry Grover, a conservative former state legislator who had lost the 1972 gubernatorial general election to the Democrat Dolph Briscoe, Jr.
Inter-congressional years[link]
1985–1997[link]
Following the loss of the 1984 senate race, Paul returned to his obstetrics practice and took part in a number of other business ventures.[8][29] Along with his former congressional chief of staff, Lew Rockwell, Paul founded a for-profit enterprise, Ron Paul & Associates, Inc. (RP&A) in 1984, with Paul serving as president, Rockwell as vice president, Paul's wife Carol as secretary, and daughter Lori Pyeatt as treasurer.[30] The company published a variety of political and investment-oriented newsletters including Ron Paul Freedom Report and Ron Paul Survival Report, and by 1993 was generating revenues in excess of $900,000.[31][32]
Paul also co-owned a mail-order coin dealership, Ron Paul Coins, for twelve years with Burt Blumert, who continued to operate the dealership after Paul resumed office in 1996.[33][34] Paul spoke multiple times at the American Numismatic Association's 1988 convention.[33] He worked with his Foundation for Rational Economics and Education on such projects as establishing the National Endowment for Liberty, producing the At Issue public policy series that was broadcast on the Discovery Channel and CNBC,[24] and continuing publication of newsletters.
1988 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Ron Paul presidential campaign, 1988
Paul resigned from the Republican Party in 1987 and launched a bid for the presidency running on the Libertarian Party ticket. At the 1987 Libertarian National Convention, the party was split between a Conservative and Liberal wing. Paul represented the conservative wing, which was successful in fundraising, while the liberal wing claimed to have received ten times more (and more favorable) press coverage.[citation needed] Paul argued, "Pro-life libertarians have a vital task to perform: to persuade the many abortion-supporting libertarians of the contradiction between abortion and individual liberty; and to sever the mistaken connection in many minds between individual freedom and the 'right' to extinguish individual life."[35][36]
In the 1988 presidential election, Paul was on the ballot in 46 States,[37] scoring third in the popular vote with 432,179 votes (0.5%).[38] Paul was kept off the ballot in Missouri, and received votes there only when written in, due to what the St. Louis Post-Dispatch termed a "technicality".[39]
According to Paul, his presidential campaign was about more than obtaining office; he sought to promote his libertarian ideas, often to school and university groups regardless of vote eligibility. He said, "We're just as interested in the future generation as this election. These kids will vote eventually, and maybe, just maybe, they'll go home and talk to their parents."[37]
Paul considered campaigning for President during 1992,[40] but instead chose to endorse Pat Buchanan that year, and served as an adviser to Buchanan's Republican presidential primary campaign against incumbent President George H. W. Bush.[41]
Later congressional career (1997–present)[link]
Elections[link]
For more details on this topic, see Texas's 14th congressional district.
- 1996 campaign
During 1996, Paul was re-elected to Congress after a difficult campaign. The Republican National Committee endorsed incumbent Greg Laughlin in the primary; Paul won with assistance from baseball pitcher, constituent, and friend Nolan Ryan, tax activist and publisher Steve Forbes[8] and conservative commentator Pat Buchanan (both of whom had had presidential campaigns that year). Paul narrowly defeated Democratic attorney Charles "Lefty" Morris in the fall election, despite Morris' criticism over controversial statements in several newsletters that Ron Paul published.
- 1998–present
In 1998 and 2000, Paul defeated Loy Sneary, a Democratic Bay City, Texas, rice farmer and former Matagorda County judge.[17] In the 2008 Republican primary,[42] he defeated Friendswood city councilman Chris Peden,[43] with over 70 percent of the vote[44] and ran unopposed in the general election.[45] In the 2010 Republican primary, Paul defeated three opponents with 80 percent of the vote.[46]
On July 12, 2011, Paul announced that he would not seek re-election to the House in order to pursue the 2012 presidential election.[47][48]
Tenure[link]
- Legislation
Main article: List of legislation sponsored by Ron Paul
Of the 620 bills that Paul had sponsored through December 2011, over a period of more than 22 years in Congress, only one had been signed into law – a lifetime success rate of less than 0.3%.[49] The sole measure authored by Paul that was ultimately enacted allowed for a federal customhouse to be sold to a local historic preservation society (H.R. 2121 in 2009).[49]
By amending other legislation, he has helped prohibit funding for national identification numbers, funding for federal teacher certification,[17] International Criminal Court jurisdiction over the U.S. military, American participation with any U.N. global tax, and surveillance of peaceful First Amendment activities by citizens.[50]
- Affiliations
Paul was honorary chairman of, and is a member of the Republican Liberty Caucus, a political action committee that describes its goal as electing "liberty-minded, limited-government individuals".[51] He is an initiating member of the Congressional Rural Caucus, which deals with agricultural and rural issues, and the 140-member Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus.[52]
Committee assignments[link]
Rep. Paul serves on the following committee and subcommittees.[53]
With the election of the 112th Congress, and a resulting GOP majority in the House, Paul became the chairman of the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology starting in January 2011.[54]
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Ron Paul presidential campaign, 2008
2008 Republican primary campaign[link]
Paul formally declared his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination on March 12, 2007, on C-SPAN.[55] Few major politicians endorsed him, and his campaign was largely ignored by traditional media.[56] However, he attracted an intensely loyal grassroots following, in large part energized by "iconoclastic white men"[57] interacting through internet social media.[58][59][60] In May 2007, shortly after the first televised primary debates, the blogs search engine site Technorati.com listed Paul's name as the term most frequently searched for;[58] and Paul's campaign claimed that Paul had more YouTube channel subscribers than Barack Obama or any other candidate for president.[61] For a candidate who had had relatively low national name recognition prior to entering the race, Paul did surprisingly well in fundraising, taking in more money than any other Republican candidate in the fourth quarter of 2007, as the primary season headed into the Iowa caucuses.[62][63]
Despite benefiting from large numbers of campaign contributions from individual donors,[64] and the efforts of tech-savvy supporters determined to keep his name a frequent topic of discussion on the internet,[58] over the course of the campaign Paul was unable to translate the enthusiasm of his core supporters into large enough numbers of actual primary votes to unseat his rivals.
Paul came in 5th place in both the January 4 Iowa caucuses (10% of votes cast)[65] and the January 8 New Hampshire primary (8%).[66] With the exception of the Nevada caucuses January 19, where he came in 2nd (14%) behind Romney (51%), he did little better through the rest of January: Michigan 4th (6%), South Carolina 5th (4%), Florida 5th (3%). On SuperTuesday, February 5, he placed 4th in almost every state, generally taking in a mere 3–6% of the votes (although he did better in the mountain states of North Dakota (21%, 3rd place) and Montana (25%, 2nd place).[67][68]
By March, front-runner John McCain had secured enough pledged delegates to guarantee that he would win the nomination, and Romney and Huckabee had both formally withdrawn from the race. Paul, who had won no state primaries, knew that it was now mathematically impossible for him to win the nomination, as he had captured only 20[69] – 40 pledged delegates compared to more than 1,191 for McCain, yet he refused to concede the race and said that it was unlikely that he would ultimately endorse McCain.[70][71][72] Over the next few weeks, Paul's supporters clashed with establishment Republicans at several county and state party conventions over state party rules, the party platforms, and selection of delegates for the national convention.[73][74][75] In one of the more dramatic moments, Nevada's state party leaders, outmaneuvered by Paul supporters at the state nominating convention, resorted to the highly unusual measure of prematurely and abruptly shutting down the convention before selecting national delegates, with a plan to reconvene at a later date.[76][77]
On June 12, 2008, Paul finally withdrew his bid for the Republican nomination. He later said that one of the reasons he did not run in the general election as a third-party candidate, after losing the primary election, was that, as a concession to gain ballot access in certain states, he had signed legally-binding agreements to not run a third-party campaign if he lost the primary.[78] Some of the $4 million remaining campaign contributions was invested into the new political action and advocacy group called Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty.[79]
Refusal to endorse the Republican candidate[link]
At a September 10, 2008, press conference, Paul announced his general support of four third-party candidates: Cynthia McKinney (Green Party); Bob Barr (Libertarian Party); Chuck Baldwin (Constitution Party); and Ralph Nader (independent). He said that each of them had pledged to adhere to a policy of balancing budgets, bringing the troops home, defending privacy and personal liberties, and investigating the Federal Reserve. Paul also said that under no circumstances would he be endorsing either of the two dominant parties' candidates (McCain – Republican Party, or Obama – Democratic Party) because there were no real differences between them, and because neither of them, if elected, would seek to make the fundamental changes in governance that were necessary. He urged instead that, rather than contribute to the “charade” that the two-party election system had become, the voters support the third-party candidates as a protest vote, to force change in the election process.[80][81] Later that same day, Paul gave a televised interview with Nader saying much the same again.[82]
Two weeks later, "shocked and disappointed" that Bob Barr (the Libertarian candidate) had pulled out of attending the press conference at the last minute and had admonished Paul for remaining neutral and failing to say which specific candidate Paul would vote for in the general election, Paul released a statement saying that he had decided to endorse Chuck Baldwin, the Constitution Party candidate, for president.[83]
In the November 2008 general election, Paul received 41,905 votes despite not actively campaigning.[84][85]
2012 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Ron Paul presidential campaign, 2012
See also: Draft Ron Paul movement
Paul is a candidate for the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 election.
He won several early straw polls for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination [86] and in late April, 2011, he formed an official exploratory committee.[87][88] He participated in the first Republican presidential debate on May 5, 2011.[89] and on May 13, 2011, Paul formally announced his candidacy in an interview on ABC's Good Morning America.[90] He placed second in the 2011 Ames Straw Poll, missing first by 0.9%.[91]
In December 2011, with Ron Paul's increased support, the controversy over allegedly racist and homophobic statements in several Ron Paul newsletters in the 1980s and early 1990s once again gained media attention.[92] During this time Paul supporters asserted that he was continually ignored by the media despite his significant support, citing examples of where television news shows would fail to mention Paul in discussions of the Republican presidential hopefuls even when he was polling second.[93][94][95][96]
Paul came in third in the Iowa Republican Caucus held on January 3, 2012. Out of a turnout of 121,503 votes, Paul took 26,036 (21%) of the certified votes. Rick Santorum and Mitt Romney finished in a virtual tie for first place with 25% each.[97] In the New Hampshire Primary held on January 10, 2012, Paul received 23% of the votes and came in second after Romney's 39%.[98]
Ron Paul's results then declined, despite the withdrawal of candidates Michele Bachmann, Jon Huntsman and Rick Perry. He had fourth place finishes in the next two primaries, on January 21st in South Carolina (with 13% of the vote[99]) and on January 31st in Florida (where he received 7% of the vote.[100][101][102])
On February 4, Paul finished third in Nevada with 18.8% of the vote.[103] Three non-binding primaries were held on February 7th; Paul took 3rd place in Colorado[104] and Missouri[105] with 13% and 12% of the vote respectively. He fared better in Minnesota[106] with 27%, finishing second to Rick Santorum.
On May 14, Paul's campaign announced that due to lack of funds he would no longer actively campaign for votes in the 11 remaining primary states, including Texas and California, that had not yet voted.[6][107] He would, however, continue to seek to win delegates for the national party convention in the states that had already voted.
Political party identification[link]
Throughout his entire tenure in Congress, Paul has represented his district as a member of the Republican Party. However, he has frequently taken positions in direct opposition to the other members and the leadership of the party, and he has sometimes publicly questioned whether he really belonged in the party.
He had been a lifelong supporter of the Republican Party by the time he entered politics in the mid 1970s.[108] He was one of the first elected officials in the nation to support Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign,[109] and he actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980.[110] After Reagan's election in 1980, Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration's policies. He later recalled being the only Republican to vote against Reagan budget proposals in 1981,[111][112] aghast that "in 1977, Jimmy Carter proposed a budget with a $38 billion deficit, and every Republican in the House voted against it. In 1981, Reagan proposed a budget with a $45 billion deficit – which turned out to be $113 billion – and Republicans were cheering his great victory. They were living in a storybook land."[109] He expressed his disgust with the political culture of both major parties in a speech delivered in 1984 upon resigning from the House of Representatives to prepare for a (failed) run for the Senate, and he eventually apologized to his Libertarian friends for having supported Reagan.[111]
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By 1987, Paul was ready to sever all ties to the Republican Party, as he explained in a blistering resignation letter: "Since [1981] Ronald Reagan and the Republican Party have given us skyrocketing deficits, and astoundingly a doubled national debt. How is it that the party of balanced budgets, with control of the White House and Senate, accumulated red ink greater than all previous administrations put together? ... There is no credibility left for the Republican Party as a force to reduce the size of government. That is the message of the Reagan years."[110][108] A month later he announced he would seek the 1988 Libertarian Party nomination for president.
During the 1988 campaign, Paul called Reagan "a dramatic failure"[110] and complained that "Reagan's record is disgraceful. He starts wars, breaks the law, supplies terrorists with guns made at taxpayers' expense and lies about it to the American people."[113] Paul predicted that "the Republicans are on their way out as a major party,"[111] and he said that, although registered as a Republican, he had always been a Libertarian at heart.[112][111]
Paul returned to his private medical practice and managing several business ventures after losing the 1988 election; but by 1996, he was ready to return to politics, this time running on the Republican Party ticket again. He said that he had never read the entire Libertarian platform when he ran for president as a Libertarian in 1988, and that "I worked for the Libertarians on my terms, not theirs."[114] He added that in terms of a political label he preferred to call himself "a constitutionalist. In Congress I took an oath to uphold the Constitution, not the (Republican) platform."[114]
When he lost the Republican Party presidential primary election in 2008, Paul criticized the two major political parties, saying that there was no real difference between the parties and that neither of them truly intended to challenge the status quo. He refused to endorse the Republican Party's nominee for president, John McCain, and lent his support to third-party candidates instead.[115][116]
In 2012 presidential campaign, during which he acknowledged it was unlikely that he would win the Republican Party nomination,[117] Paul again asserted that he was participating in the Republican Party on his own terms, trying to persuade the rest of the party to move toward his positions rather than joining in with theirs.[118] He expressed doubt that he would support any of his rivals should they win the nomination, warning that, “If the policies of the Republican Party are the same as the Democrat Party and they don't want to change anything on foreign policy, they don't want to cut anything, they don't want to audit the Fed and find out about monetary policy, they don't want to have actual change in government, that is a problem for me."[119] On that same theme he said in another interview, "I would be reluctant to jump on board and tell all of the supporters that have given me trust and money that all of a sudden, I'd say, [all] we've done is for naught. So, let's support anybody at all ... even if they disagree with everything that we do."[120]
Political positions[link]
Main article: Political positions of Ron Paul
Paul has been described as conservative and libertarian.[8] According to University of Georgia political scientist Keith Poole, Paul had the most conservative voting record of any member of Congress from 1937 to 2002,[121] and is the most conservative of the candidates seeking the 2012 Republican nomination for president,[122] on a scale primarily measuring positions on the role of government in managing the economy – not positions on social issues or foreign policy matters.[123] Other analyses, in which key votes on domestic social issues and foreign policy factor more heavily, have judged Paul much more moderate. The National Journal, for instance, rated Paul only the 145th most conservative member of the House of Representatives based on votes cast in 2010.[124][125]
The foundation of Paul's political philosophy is the conviction that "the proper role for government in America is to provide national defense, a court system for civil disputes, a criminal justice system for acts of force and fraud, and little else."[126] He has been nicknamed "Dr. No,"[17] reflecting both his medical degree and his insistence that he will "never vote for legislation unless the proposed measure is expressly authorized by the Constitution."[22]
Paul is a proponent of Austrian School economics; he has authored six books on the subject, and displays pictures of Austrian School economists Friedrich Hayek, Murray Rothbard, and Ludwig von Mises (as well as of Grover Cleveland)[127] on his office wall. He regularly votes against almost all proposals for new government spending, initiatives, or taxes;[128] he cast two thirds of all the lone negative votes in the House during a 1995–1997 period.[17]
He has pledged never to raise taxes[129] and states he has never voted to approve a budget deficit. Paul believes that the country could abolish the individual income tax by scaling back federal spending to its fiscal year 2000 levels;[130][131] financing government operations would be primarily by excise taxes and non-protectionist tariffs. He endorses eliminating most federal government agencies, terming them unnecessary bureaucracies.
On April 15, 2011, Paul was one of four Republican members of Congress to vote against Rep. Paul Ryan's budget proposal, known as "The Path to Prosperity."[132]
Paul has a consistent record as an inflation hawk, having warned of hyperinflation as far back as 1981.[133] While Paul believes the longterm decrease of the U.S. dollar's purchasing power by inflation is attributable to its lack of any commodity backing, he does not endorse a "return" to a gold standard – as the U.S. government has established during the past – but instead prefers to eliminate legal tender laws and to remove the sales tax on gold and silver, so that the market may freely decide what type of monetary standard(s) there shall be.[134] Since 1999, he has introduced bills into each Congress seeking to eliminate the Federal Reserve System in a single year.[135][136][137]
Paul's foreign policy of nonintervention[138] made him the only 2008 Republican presidential candidate to have voted against the Iraq War Resolution in 2002. He advocates withdrawal from the United Nations, and from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, for reasons of maintaining strong national sovereignty.[139]
He endorses free trade, rejecting membership in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization as "managed trade". He endorses increased border security and opposes welfare for illegal aliens, birthright citizenship and amnesty;[140] he voted for the Secure Fence Act of 2006. He voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists in response to the September 11 attacks, but suggested war alternatives such as authorizing the president to grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal targeting specific terrorists. An opponent of the Iraq War and potential war with Iran, he has also criticized neoconservatism and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, arguing that both inadvertently cause terrorist reprisals against Americans. Paul has stated that "Israel is our close friend" and that it is not the place of the United States to "dictate how Israel runs her affairs".[141]
Paul endorses constitutional rights, such as the right to keep and bear arms, and habeas corpus for political detainees. He opposes the Patriot Act, federal use of torture, presidential autonomy, a national identification card, warrantless domestic surveillance, and the draft. Paul also believes that the notion of the separation of church and state is currently misused by the court system: "In case after case, the Supreme Court has used the infamous 'separation of church and state' metaphor to uphold court decisions that allow the federal government to intrude upon and deprive citizens of their religious liberty."[142]
Citing the Ninth and Tenth Amendments, Paul advocates states' rights to decide how to regulate social matters not cited directly by the Constitution. He opposes federal regulation of the death penalty[143] (although he opposes capital punishment),[144] of education,[145] and of marriage, and endorsed revising the military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy to concern mainly disruptive sexual behavior (whether heterosexual or homosexual).[146]
Paul says his years as an obstetrician led him to believe life begins at conception.[147]
He terms himself "strongly pro-life",[148] "an unshakable foe of abortion",[149] and believes regulation or ban[150] on medical decisions about maternal or fetal health is "best handled at the state level".[143][151] His abortion-related legislation, like the Sanctity of Life Act, is intended to negate Roe v. Wade and to get "the federal government completely out of the business of regulating state matters."[152]
Paul has stated that "The government shouldn't be in the medical business." He pushes to eliminate federal involvement with and management of health care, which he argues would allow prices to decrease due to the fundamental dynamics of a free market.[153] Paul also opposes the federal War on Drugs,[154] and believes the states should decide whether to regulate or deregulate drugs such as medical marijuana.[155] He also opposes federal government influenza inoculation programs.[156]
As a free-market environmentalist, he asserts private property rights in relation to environmental protection and pollution prevention.[citation needed] He called global warming a hoax in a 2009 Fox Business interview, saying, "You know, the greatest hoax I think that has been around in many, many years if not hundreds of years has been this hoax on the environment and global warming."[157] He acknowledges there is clear evidence of rising temperatures in some parts of the globe, but says that temperatures are cooling in other parts.[158]
Paul was critical of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, arguing that it sanctioned federal interference in the labor market and did not improve race relations. He once remarked: "The Civil Rights Act of 1964 not only violated the Constitution and reduced individual liberty; it also failed to achieve its stated goals of promoting racial harmony and a color-blind society".[159] Paul opposes affirmative action.[160]
He is an outspoken proponent of increased ballot access for 3rd party candidates,[161] but has sought to repeal the National Voter Registration Act of 1993, also known as the Motor Voter law.[162]
Newsletters controversy[link]
Main article: Ron Paul newsletters
Beginning in 1978, for more than two decades Paul and his associates published a number of political and investment-oriented newsletters bearing his name (Dr. Ron Paul's Freedom Report, The Ron Paul Survival Report, the Ron Paul Investment Letter, and the Ron Paul Political Report).[163] By 1993, a business through which Paul was publishing the newsletters was earning in excess of $900,000 per year.[163]
A number of the newsletters, particularly in the period between 1988 and 1994 when Paul was no longer in Congress, contained material that later proved highly controversial, dwelling on conspiracy theories, praising anti-government militia movements, and warning of coming race wars.[163][164] During Paul's 1996 congressional election campaign, and his 2008 and 2012 presidential primary campaigns, critics charged that some of the passages reflected racist, anti-Semitic, and homophobic bigotry.[165][166][167][168][169][170][171]
The newsletters included statements such as:
- "... I think we can safely assume that 95 percent of the black males in [Washington, DC] are semi-criminal or entirely criminal."[166]
- "Boy, it sure burns me to have a national holiday for that pro-communist philanderer, Martin Luther King. I voted against this outrage time and time again as a Congressmen. What an infamy that Ronald Reagan approved it! We can thank him for our annual Hate Whitey Day!"[163][172]
- "An ex-cop I know advises that if you have to use a gun on a youth [to defend yourself against armed robbery], you should leave the scene immediately, disposing of the wiped off gun as soon as possible.... I frankly don't know what to make of such advice, but even in my little town of Lake Jackson, Texas, I've urged everyone in my family to know how to use a gun in self defense. For the animals are coming."[163][173]
- “I miss the closet. Homosexuals, not to speak of the rest of society, were far better off when social pressure forced them to hide their activities. They could also not be as promiscuous. Is it any coincidence that the AIDS epidemic developed after they came 'out of the closet,' and started hyper-promiscuous sodomy? I don't believe so, medically or morally.”[174][175]
- “[Magic] Johnson may be a sports star, but he is dying [of AIDS] because he violated moral laws.”[164][176]
- “[T]he criminal ‘Justice’ Department wants to force dentists to treat these Darth Vader types [people with AIDS] under the vicious Americans With Disabilities Act;" and “[W]e all have the right to discriminate, which is what freedom of association is all about, especially against killers [AIDS patients].”[164][177]
Other passages referred to former Secretary of Health & Human Services Donna Shalala as a “short lesbian” and Martin Luther King, Jr. as a pedophile and “lying socialist satyr" – while offering praise for former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard David Duke and other controversial figures.[163][164][174]
When criticism of the newsletters was leveled against Paul during his 1996 congressional election, he did not deny writing the newsletters, but instead defended them and said that the material had been taken out of context.[165][167][166] In later years, Paul said that the controversial material had been ghostwritten by members of a team that included 6 or 8 others and that, as publisher, not editor, he had not even been aware of the content of the controversial articles until years after they had been published.[167][178] He eventually disavowed those passages, and stated that in 1996 his campaign advisers had thought denying authorship would be too confusing and that he had to live with the material published under his name.[167][178] Some political commentators made note of the changing nature of the explanations he had provided over the years about his involvement with the newsletters.[179][180][181]
An estranged former long-term aide of Paul, Eric Dondero, alleged that Paul was lying about his role in the production of the controversial newsletters.[182][183] During the 2012 Republican presidential primary campaign, in January 2012, the Washington Post reported[184] that several of Paul's former associates said that Paul had been very involved in the production of the newsletters and had allowed the controversial material to be included as part of a deliberate strategy to boost profits. Paul's former secretary said, "it was his newsletter, and it was under his name, so he always got to see the final product.... He would proof it."[184] Paul continued to deny the accusations and to disavow the material.[185]
Personal life[link]
Paul has been married to Carol Wells since 1957.[186] They met in 1952 when Wells asked Paul to be her escort to her 16th birthday party.[187] They have five children, who were baptized Episcopalian:[8] Ronald, Lori, Randal, Robert, and Joy. Paul's son Randal is the junior United States senator from the state of Kentucky. Raised a Lutheran, Paul later became a Baptist.[188]
Bibliography[link]
Main article: Ron Paul bibliography
- Paul, Ron (1981) (PDF). Gold, Peace, and Prosperity: The Birth of a New Currency. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 7877384. http://www.mises.org/books/goldpeace.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- Paul, Ron; Lehrman, Lewis; U.S. Gold Commission (September 1982) (PDF). The Case for Gold: A Minority Report of the U.S. Gold Commission. Washington, DC: Cato Institute (2d ed. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007). ISBN 0-932790-31-3. OCLC 8763972. http://www.mises.org/books/caseforgold.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- Paul, Ron (1983). Abortion and Liberty. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. ISBN 0-912453-02-8. OCLC 9682249.
- Paul, Ron (1983). Ten Myths About Paper Money: And One Myth About Paper Gold. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 11765863.
- Paul, Ron (1984) (PDF). Mises and Austrian Economics: A Personal View. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2d ed. 2004). OCLC 19968524. http://www.mises.org/books/paulmises.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- Paul, Ron (1987). Freedom Under Siege: The U.S. Constitution After 200 Years. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education (2d ed. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007). OCLC 19697005.
- Paul, Ron (1990). Challenge to Liberty: Coming to Grips with the Abortion Issue. Lake Jackson, Texas: Ron Paul Enterprises. OCLC 46960450.
- Paul, Ron (1991). The Ron Paul Money Book. Plantation Publishing. ISBN 0-521-44733-X.
- Paul, Ron (2000). A Republic, If You Can Keep It. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 45414993. http://paul.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=510&Itemid=60. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
- Paul, Ron (2002). The Case for Defending America. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 49744552.
- Paul, Ron (2002). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards–2001. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press. ISBN 1-893958-84-1.
- Paul, Ron (2003). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards – Vol. 2–2002. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press.
- Paul, Ron (2004). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards – Vol. 3–2003. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press. ISBN 1-893958-24-8.
- Upton, Fred; Paul, Ron (2005). Indecency in the Media: Rating and Restricting Entertainment Content: Should the House Pass H.R. 3717, the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act?. Washington, DC: Congressional Digest Corp. OCLC 81150568.
- Rangel, Charles B.; Paul, Ron (2006). Compulsory National Service: 2006–2007 Policy Debate Topic: Should the All-Volunteer Force be Replaced by Universal, Mandatory National Service?. Bethesda, Maryland: Congressional Digest Corp. OCLC 84912971.
- Paul, Ron (2007). A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. ISBN 0-912453-00-1. OCLC 145174995.
- Paul, Ron (2008). Pillars of Prosperity. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 1-933550-24-4.
- Paul, Ron; Haddad, Philip; Marsh, Roger (April 2008). Ron Paul Speaks. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN 1-59921-448-2. OCLC 199459258.
- Paul, Ron (2008). The Revolution: A Manifesto. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-53751-9. OCLC 191881970.
- Paul, Ron (2009). End the Fed. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-54919-6. OCLC 318878539.
- Paul, Ron (2011). Liberty Defined: 50 Essential Issues That Affect Our Freedom. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-0145-8.
Other contributions[link]
- Belloc, Hilaire; Chesterton, Cecil (2007) [1911]. The Party System. Paul, Ron (foreword). Norfolk, Virginia: IHS Press. ISBN 1-932528-11-3. OCLC 173299105.
- Fortman, Erik; Lavello, Randy (2004). Webs of Power. Paul, Ron (interview). Austin, Texas: Van Cleave Publishing. ISBN 0-9759670-0-2. OCLC 61026033.
- Haugen, David M.; Musser, Susan, eds. (2007). Human Embryo Experimentation. Paul, Ron (Chapter 9: No form of stem cell research should be federally funded). Detroit, Michigan: Greenhaven Press. ISBN 0-7377-3243-1. OCLC 84152907.
- Haugen, David M., ed. (2007). National Security. Paul, Ron (Chapter 1–7: The federal debt is a threat to national security). Detroit, Michigan: Greenhaven Press. ISBN 0-7377-3761-1. OCLC 144227284.
- Jaeger, James; Baehr, Theodore; Griffin, G. Edward; Paul, Ron; Vieira, Edwin (2007). Fiat Empire: Why the Federal Reserve Violates the U.S. Constitution (DVD). Beverly Hills, California: Cornerstone-Matrixx Entertainment. OCLC 192133806.
- Minns, Michael Louis (2001). How to Survive the IRS. Paul, Ron (foreword). Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books. ISBN 1-56980-170-3. OCLC 44860846.
- Paul, Ron; Hayashi, Terry; Pardo, Victoriano; and Fisher, Edwin (August 1, 1969). "Evaluation of Renal Biopsy in Pregnancy Toxemia". Obstetrics and Gynecology (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) 34 (2): 235–241. PMID 5798269.
- Paul, Ron (1999). "Being Pro-Life is Necessary to Defend Liberty". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy (MCB University Press, Ltd) 19 (3–4): 11. DOI:10.1108/01443339910788712. ISSN 0144-333X. OCLC 89482648.
- Paul, Ron; Bartlett, Roscoe; et al. (2001) (Videotape). The United Nations & the New World Order. Brunswick, OH: American Portrait Films, Inc. ISBN 1-57341-132-9. OCLC 56793278.
- Pearl, Sandy; Beutel, Bill; Alis, Bob; Weingold, Dave; Paul, Ron; Bartsch, Ed (1980). Born Again (Videotape). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Instructional Resources Center. OCLC 7407395.
- Skousen, Mark; Weber, Chris; Ketcher, Michael, eds. (1987). The Closing Door. Paul, Ron (introduction). Bethel, Connecticut: Institute for the Preservation of Wealth (2d ed. 1988). ISBN 0-938689-03-7. OCLC 17209571.
- Vieira, Jr., Edwin (1983). Pieces of Eight. Paul, Ron (foreword). Fort Lee, NJ: Sound Dollar Committee. ISBN 978-0-8159-6226-7. OCLC 9919612.
- von NotHaus, Bernard, ed. (September 1, 2003). The Liberty Dollar Solution to the Federal Reserve. Paul, Ron (Chapter 21: Abolish the Fed). Evansville, Indiana: American Financial Press. ISBN 0-9671025-2-9.
References[link]
- ^ "Military Service: Members of the 106th Congress". Personal email correspondence of Bruce K. Melson. Will Pete. October 2000. http://www.willpete.com/military_service.htm. Retrieved 2011-09-07.
- ^ Douglas, William (2011-01-05). "Father watches with pride as Rand Paul becomes U.S. senator". The McClatchy Company. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/01/05/106256/father-watches-with-pride-as-rand.html#storylink=misearch. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ Smith, James F. (2007-12-16). "Ron Paul's tea party for dollars". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2007/12/ron_pauls_tea_p.html.
- ^ "The Tea Party's Brain". The Atlantic. 2011-08-05. http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/11/the-tea-party-8217-s-brain/8280/a. Retrieved 2011-08-09.
- ^ Trygstad, Tyler (2011-07-12). "Ron Paul to Retire from Congress". Roll Call. http://www.rollcall.com/news/Ron-Paul-retire-207207-1.html?ET=rollcall:e10569:80081152a:&st=email. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
- ^ a b Dinan, Stephen (May 14, 2012). "Ron Paul ends his hunt for votes". Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/may/14/ron-paul-ends-his-hunt-votes/. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ Anderson, Lisa (2007-11-13). "A seller of ideas". Chicago Tribune. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1381838921.html?dids=1381838921:1381838921&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+13%2C+2007&author=Lisa+Anderson&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=A+seller+of+ideas%3B+They+call+him+Dr.+No+--+no+big+government%2C+no+big+spending%2C+no+flouting+the+Constitution.+And+no+interest+in+a+slick+political+image.+Series%3A+THE+CONTENDERS+%3A+RON+PAUL+The+eighth+in+a+series+of+the+2008+presidential+candidates&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ^ a b c d e f Caldwell, Christopher (2007-07-22). "The Antiwar, Anti-Abortion, Anti-Drug-Enforcement-Administration, Anti-Medicare Candidacy of Dr. Ron Paul". The New York Times Magazine. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/22/magazine/22Paul-t.html. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
- ^ Reitweisner, William Addams. "The Ancestors of Ron Paul". http://www.wargs.com/political/paul.html. Retrieved 2008-11-13.
- ^ a b Wereschagin, Mike (2007-06-17). "Presidential candidate Ron Paul drawing diverse crowds". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_513029.html. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ^ Halbfinger, David M. (2012-02-05). "Ron Paul’s Flinty Worldview Was Forged in Early Family Life". The New York Times (New York, NY). http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/06/us/politics/for-ron-paul-a-distinctive-worldview-of-long-standing.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
- ^ Ron Paul biography at Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Penn State University Libraries. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
- ^ Ron Paul biography at Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Penn State University Libraries. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
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- ^ Murtagh, Joseph (2007-06-28). "An Interview with Presidential Candidate Congressman Ron Paul". Muckraker Report (Team Liberty). Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20071018022258/http://www.teamliberty.net/id447.html. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ Paul, Ron (1999-10-27). "Providing for Consideration of H.R. 2260, Pain Relief Promotion Act of 1999". Congressional Record. U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on September 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070908011246/http://www.house.gov/paul/congrec/congrec99/cr102799.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ Paul, Ron (2007). "Life and Liberty". Ron Paul 2008. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20071024143701/http://www.ronpaul2008.com/issues/life-and-liberty/. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ Paul, Ron (2006-01-31). "Federalizing Social Policy". Congressional Record. U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071229014649/http://www.house.gov/paul/tst/tst2006/tst013006.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ^ "Paul says merger plans must be derailed: 'You cannot amend the Constitution with a treaty'". Election 2008 Q&A (WorldNetDaily). 2007-07-10. http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56526. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ Eddlem, Thomas R. (2005-05-02). "Who had the right to rule?". The New American. American Opinion Publishing, Inc. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Who+had+the+right+to+rule%3F+Accusations+about+the+abuses+of...-a0132162835. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- ^ Paul, Ron (2004-05-05). "Free market Medicine". LewRockwell.com. http://www.lewrockwell.com/paul/paul175.html. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
- ^ Paul, Ron (2004-04-17). "The War on Drugs is a War on Doctors". Congressional Record. U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080802163713/http://www.house.gov/paul/tst/tst2004/tst051704.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
- ^ "H.R. 2592". Library of Congress. 2001-07-23. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:HR02592. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
- ^ Malcolm, Arthur (2009-04-30) "Ron Paul pooh-poohs swine flu; yet another grab for more Fed control!", L.A. Times blogsite. Retrieved 2009-10-7.
- ^ Anchor: David Asman (2009-11-04). "America's Nightly Scoreboard". 7 minutes in. Fox Business Network.
- ^ On the Issues: Global Warming
- ^ "The Trouble With Forced Integration by Ron Paul". http://www.lewrockwell.com/paul/paul188.html. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ "Ron Paul on the Issues | Campaign 2008". The Washington Post. http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/issues/candidates/ron-paul/#affirmative-action. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
- ^ Paul, Ron (2004-07-15). "End the Two-Party Monopoly!". Congressional Record (House of Representatives). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930110358/http://www.house.gov/paul/congrec/congrec2004/cr071504.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ "H.R. 2139: To Repeal the National Voter Registration Act of 1993". 108th Congress, 2003-05-15. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h108-2139. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Kirchick, James (2008-01-08). "Angry White Man: The Bigoted Past of Ron Paul". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/angry-white-man. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d Kirchick, James (2012-01-17). "More Selections from Ron Paul's Newsletters". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/99666/ron-paul-newsletters-part-two?page=0,1. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ a b Camia, Catalina (1996-05-22). "Candidate's Comments on Blacks Questioned". Dallas Morning News: 8A.
- ^ a b c Bernstein, Alan (1996-05-23). "Newsletter Excerpts Offer Amunition to Paul's Opponent/GOP Hopeful Quoted on Race, Crime". Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1996_1343749/campaign-96-u-s-house-newsletter-excerpts-offer-am.html. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Dr. No". Texas Monthly. 2001-10. http://www.texasmonthly.com/preview/2001-10-01/feature7. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "Ron Paul interview by Wolf Blitzer". CNN (The Situation Room). 2008-01-10. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0801/10/sitroom.02.html. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "Ron Paul interview by Sanjay Gupta". CNN (Anderso Cooper 360 Degrees). 2011-12-21. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1112/21/acd.01.html. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Strauss, Daniel (2011-12-29). "Huntsman Camp Hits Ron Paul for Controversial Newsletters". The Hill. http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/201643-huntsman-camp-hits-ron-paul-for-controversial-newsletters. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "Old Issue Causing New Problem for Ron Paul". Houston Chronicle. 2011-12-27. http://blog.chron.com/rickperry/2011/12/old-issue-causing-new-problem-for-ron-paul/. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "The Coming Race War". Ron Paul Political Report. 1990-02. http://www.tnr.com/sites/default/files/February1990.pdf.
- ^ "Blast 'Em?". Ron Paul Political Report. 1992-10. http://www.tnr.com/sites/default/files/PoliticalReportOctober1992.pdf.
- ^ a b TNR Staff (2011-12-23). "A Collection of Ron Paul's Most Incendiary Newsletters". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/98883/ron-paul-incendiary-newsletters-exclusive. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "Newsletter". Ron Paul Political Report. 1990-06. http://www.tnr.com/sites/default/files/PR_June90_p6.pdf.
- ^ "Mr. Johnson's Magic". Ron Paul Political Report. 1991-12-15. http://www.tnr.com/sites/default/files/Dec91PolRep.PDF.
- ^ "AIDSophilia". Ron Paul Survival Report. 1993-11. http://www.tnr.com/sites/default/files/SurvRepNov93.pdf.
- ^ a b "Ron Paul interview by Ali Velshi". CNN (American Morning). 2011-12-20.
- ^ Hicks, Josh (2011-12-27). "Ron Paul and the Racist Newsletters (Fact Checker Biography)". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/post/ron-paul-and-the-racist-newsletters-fact-checker-biography/2011/12/21/gIQAKNiwBP_blog.html. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Kucinich, Jackie (2011-12-21). "Paul's Story Changes on Racial Comments". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/story/2011-12-21/ron-paul-racist-newsletters/52147878/1. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Legum, Judd (2011-12-27). "Fact Check: Ron Paul Personally Defended Racist Newsletters". Thinkprogress. http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2011/12/27/395391/fact-check-ron-paul-personally-defended-racist-newsletters/?mobile=nc. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Newby, Joe (2011-12-26). "Former Staffer Says Ron Paul Lying about Role in Controversial Newsletter". Spokane Conservative Examiner.
- ^ Lord, Jeffrey (2011-12-20). "Ex-Ron Paul Aide Disputes Paul on Newsletters". The American Spectator. http://spectator.org/blog/2011/12/20/ex-ron-paul-aide-disputes-paul. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ a b Markon, Jerry; Crites, Alice (2012-1-27). "Paul Pursued Strategy of Publishing Controversial Newsletters, Associates Say". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/ron-paul-signed-off-on-racist-newsletters-sources-say/2012/01/20/gIQAvblFVQ_story.html.
- ^ "Ron Paul interview by John King". CNN (John King USA). 2012-01-27. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1201/27/jkusa.01.html. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Paul, Carol (2007-03-16). "The American Dream – Through the Eyes of Mrs. Ron Paul". Daily Paul. http://dailypaul.com/node/53. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
- ^ Sheri & Bob Stritof. "Carol and Ron Paul Marriage Profile".
- ^ Husna Haq. "Election 101: Ron Paul sets sights on 2012. Ten things to know about him. – What is his family and religious background?". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/2011/0513/Election-101-Ron-Paul-sets-sights-on-2012.-Ten-things-to-know-about-him/What-is-his-family-and-religious-background. Retrieved 2011-08-09.
External links[link]
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
- Ron Paul's personal website, books, articles, links to political sites connected with Ron Paul
- Ron Paul at the Open Directory Project
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- U.S. House of Representatives Office of Ron Paul
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Ron Paul in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Presidential campaign
- NOW on PBS "Ron Paul and Internet Politics". Also, a September 2008 NOW on PBS interview with Ron Paul
- PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer – Vote 2008: Ron Paul
- Ron Paul TV. Ron Paul Presidential Candidate Media and Internet Video Campaign.
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| Preceded by Robert R. Casey |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 22nd congressional district April 3, 1976 – January 3, 1977 |
Succeeded by Robert Gammage |
| Preceded by Robert Gammage |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 22nd congressional district January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1985 |
Succeeded by Tom DeLay |
| Preceded by Greg Laughlin |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 14th congressional district January 3, 1997 – present |
Incumbent |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by David Bergland |
Libertarian Party presidential candidate 1988 |
Succeeded by Andre Marrou |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Rob Andrews |
United States Representatives by seniority 53rd |
Succeeded by David Price |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Paul, Ron |
| Alternative names | Paul, Ronald Ernest |
| Short description | U.S. libertarian, physician, politician, obstetrician |
| Date of birth | August 20, 1935 |
| Place of birth | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ron_Paul
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the talk show host. For his father and singer, see Morton Downey. For the trader/author of Oil 101, see Morgan Downey.
| Morton Downey, Jr. | |
|---|---|
| 200px Sean Morton Downey, Jr. |
|
| Born | (1932-12-09)December 9, 1932 Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Died | March 12, 2001(2001-03-12) (aged 68) Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Occupation | Talk show host, Singer, Actor, DJ |
| Website | |
| http://www.mortondowneyjrhome.com | |
Morton Downey, Jr. (December 9, 1932 – March 12, 2001) was an American singer, songwriter and later a television talk show host of the 1980s who pioneered the "trash TV" format on his program The Morton Downey Jr. Show.[1]
Legally named Sean Morton Downey, Jr.,[2] he dropped "Sean" from his stage name, as his father, Morton Downey had.
The film company Ironbound Films produced a biopic about Downey entitled Évocateur: The Morton Downey Jr. Movie, which premiered April 19, 2012 at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival.
Contents |
Career[link]
Downey attended New York University. He was a program director and announcer at a radio station in Connecticut in the 1950s, and later worked in various markets around the U.S., including Phoenix (KRIZ), Miami (WFUN) and Seattle (KJR). Like his father, Downey pursued a career in music, recording in both pop and country styles. He sang on a few records and then began to write songs, several of which were popular in the 1950s and 1960s. He joined ASCAP as a result.[citation needed] In 1958, he recorded "Boulevard Of Broken Dreams", which he sang on national television on a set that resembled a dark street with one street light. In 1981, "Green Eyed Girl" charted on the Billboard Magazine country chart, peaking at #95.
In the 1980s, Downey was a talk show host at KFBK-AM in Sacramento, California,[3] where he established his abrasive and much imitated right wing, populist style, relentlessly deriding anyone who disagreed with him or had a liberal point of view. Downey's success laid the groundwork for more aggressive, opinion-based talk radio.
Downey was fired in 1983 for cracking "an ethnic joke about a member of the city council out there who was of Asian descent, and he refused to apologize [for it];"[4] he was replaced on KFBK by Rush Limbaugh, who has held the time slot ever since, later via his national syndication. Downey also had a stint on WMAQ-AM in Chicago where he unsuccessfully tried to get other on air radio personalities to submit to drug testing.[citation needed] Downey's largest effect on American culture came from his popular, yet short-lived, syndicated late 1980s television talk show, The Morton Downey Jr Show.[1]
Television[link]
Downey headed to Secaucus, New Jersey, where his highly controversial television program The Morton Downey Jr. Show was taped. Starting as a local program on New York-New Jersey superstation WWOR-TV in the fall of 1987, it expanded into national syndication in early 1988. The program featured screaming matches among Downey, his guests, and audience members. Using a large silver bowl for an ashtray, he would chainsmoke during the show and blow smoke in his guests' faces. Downey's fans became known as "Loudmouths," patterned after the studio lecterns decorated with gaping cartoon mouths, from which Downey's guests would go head-to-head against each other on their respective issues.[citation needed]
Downey's signature phrases "pablum puking liberal" (in reference to left-liberals) and "zip it!" briefly enjoyed some popularity in the contemporary vernacular. He particularly enjoyed making his guests angry with each other, which on a few occasions resulted in physical confrontations.[1] One that occurred on a 1988 show taped at the Apollo Theater, involving Al Sharpton and CORE National Chairman Roy Innis. The exchange between the two men culminated in Innis shoving Sharpton into his chair, knocking him to the floor and Downey intervening to separate the pair.[citation needed]
Because of the controversial format and content of the show, distributor MCA Television had problems selling the show to a number of stations and advertisers. Even Downey's affiliates, many of which were low-rated independent television stations in small to medium markets, were so fearful of advertiser and viewer backlash that they would air one or even two local disclaimers during the broadcast.[citation needed]
During one controversial episode Downey introduced his gay brother, Tony Downey, to his studio audience and informed them Tony was HIV positive. During the episode Downey stated he was afraid his audience would abandon him if they knew he had a gay brother, but then said he did not care.[5]
The Washington Post wrote about him, "Suppose a maniac got hold of a talk show. Or need we suppose?" David Letterman said, "I'm always amazed at what people will fall for. We see this every ten or twelve years, an attempt at this, and I guess from that standpoint I don't quite understand why everybody's falling over backwards over the guy."[6]
Celebrity, cancellation, and bankruptcy[link]
The success of the show made Downey a pop culture celebrity, leading to an appearance on Saturday Night Live in 1988,[7] WrestleMania V in 1989 in which he traded insults with Roddy Piper and Brother Love on Piper's Pit, and later roles in movies such as Predator 2 and Revenge of the Nerds III: The Next Generation.[1] He was also cast in several television roles, often playing tabloid TV hosts or other obnoxious media types.[1]
In 1988, Downey recorded an album of songs based on his show, entitled Morton Downey Jr Sings (released in 1989).[8] The album's only single, "Zip It!" (a catch-phrase from the TV show, used to quiet an irate guest), became a surprise hit on some college radio stations.
Over the course of the 1988-89 television season, his TV show suffered a decline in viewership, resulting in many markets downgrading its time slot; even flagship station WWOR moved Downey's program from its original 9:00 PM slot to 11:30 PM in January 1989, where it was followed by the then-new Arsenio Hall Show. However, following Hall's strong early ratings, the two series swapped time slots several weeks later, thus relegating Downey to 12:30 AM in the number-one television market.
In late April 1989, he was involved in an incident in a San Francisco International Airport restroom in which he claimed to have been attacked by neo-Nazis who painted a swastika on his face and attempted to shave his head.[9] Some inconsistencies in Downey's account (e.g., the swastika was painted in reverse, suggesting that Downey had drawn it himself in a mirror), and the failure of the police to find supportive evidence,[10] led many to suspect that the incident was a hoax and a plea for attention.[11][12]
In July 1989 his show was cancelled, with the owners of the show announcing that the last show had been taped on June 30, and that no new shows would air after September 15.[13] At the time of its cancellation, the show was airing on a total of 30 stations across the country (including WPHL in Philadelphia), and its advertisers had been reduced primarily to "direct-response" ads (such as 900 chat line and phone sex numbers).[14]
In February 1990, Downey filed for bankruptcy in the US Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Jersey.[15]
Later career[link]
In 1990, Downey resurfaced on CNBC with an interview program called Showdown, which was followed by three attempted talk radio comebacks: first in 1992 on Washington, D.C. radio station WWRC; then in 1993 on Dallas radio station KGBS, where he would scream insults at his callers.[16] He was also hired as the station's VP of Operations.[3] The following year he returned to CNBC with a short-lived television show, Downey, that was similar in theme to his earlier, more popular show.[17] In one episode, Downey claimed to have had a psychic communication with O.J. Simpson's murdered ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson.[11]
His third - and final - attempt at a talk radio comeback occurred in 1997 on Cleveland radio station WTAM in a late evening time slot.[18] It marked his return to the Cleveland market, where Downey had been a host for crosstown radio station WERE (1300 AM) in the early 1980s prior to joining KFBK.[19] This stint came shortly after the surgery for lung cancer that removed one of his lungs.
On August 30, 1997, Downey quit his WTAM radio talk show to focus on pursuing legal action against Howard Stern. Downey had accused Stern of spreading rumors that he resumed his smoking habits, to which publicist Les Schecter retorted, "He hasn't picked up a cigarette."[20] His replacement was former WERE (1300 AM) host Rick Gilmour.[21]
Following his death, news reports and obituaries incorrectly (according to the Orange County Register)[22] credited him as the composer of "Wipe Out."[12] As of 2008, Downey's official website (and others) continue to make this claim.[23] Prior to Downey's death, Spin in April 1989 had identified the "Wipe Out" authorship as a myth.[24]
Controversies[link]
In 1984, at KFBK radio, Downey used the word "Chinaman" while telling a joke.[25] His use of the word upset portions of the sizable Asian community in Sacramento. One Asian-American city councilman called for an apology and pressured the station for Downey's resignation. Downey refused to apologize and was forced to resign, with Rush Limbaugh taking his place.[26]
Downey was sued for allegedly appropriating the words and music to his theme song from two songwriters.[27] He was sued for $40 million after bringing a stripper onto the show and calling her a "slut," a "pig," a "hooker," and a "tramp," claiming that she had venereal diseases, and banging his pelvis against hers.[28]
At one point, he was arraigned on criminal charges for allegedly attacking a gay guest on his show, in a never-aired segment.[29] In another lawsuit, he was accused of slandering a newscaster (a former colleague), and of indecently exposing himself to her and slapping her.[30] Downey punched Stuttering John during an interview done for The Howard Stern Show.[31]
In various interviews, he expressed remorse for some of the extreme theatrics of his TV show, saying he had taken things too far. He added that he had been a "bastard."[12] However, he also claimed that his show was of a higher quality and not as "sleazy" as Jerry Springer's.[11]
Personal life[link]
Morton Downey, Jr.'s parents were also in show business; his father, Morton Downey, was a popular singer, and his mother, Barbara Bennett, was a singer and dancer. His aunts included Hollywood film stars Constance and Joan Bennett, from whom he was estranged, and his maternal grandfather was the celebrated matinée idol Richard Bennett. Born into a life of luxury, he was raised next door to the Kennedy compound at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts.[11]
Downey was married four times and had four children from three of those marriages.[11] With wife Helen he had Melissa, with Joan he had daughters Tracey and Kelli, and with fourth wife and widow Lori he had a daughter. He and Lori met when she appeared as a dancer in a show he attended in Atlantic City.[1]
According to Terry Pluto's book, Loose Balls, Downey was one of the owners of the New Orleans Buccaneers basketball team in the American Basketball Association in the late 1960s.
Downey was also president and co-founder of the proposed World Baseball Association in 1974.[1] The WBA proposed a number of rule changes, including the use of five designated hitters to replace defensive players who would remain in the game; the use of one designated runner per game; the pitcher would be required to throw a pitch within 20 seconds; a walk would be on three balls instead of the usual four; and stealing home after the sixth inning would count as two runs. The WBA never played a game.
In the Super Mario Bros. video game series, the character, Morton Koopa, Jr. was named after him.[32]
Death[link]
In 1996, Downey was diagnosed with lung cancer and had one of his lungs removed. He did a complete about-face on the issue of tobacco use, going from a one-time member of the National Smokers Alliance to a staunch anti-smoking activist.[33] He continued to speak against smoking until his death from lung cancer in 2001.[34]
After being diagnosed with lung cancer, he commented, "I had spawned a generation of kids to think it was cool to smoke a cigarette. Kids walked up to me until a matter of weeks ago, they'd have a cigarette in their hand and they'd say, 'Hey, Mort,' or, 'Hey, Mouth, autograph my cigarette.' And I'd do it."[1] He also blamed tobacco companies for lying to consumers about cigarettes, although congressman Ron Paul (also a physician) had advised him, in 1988, while on his show, that smoking was highly unhealthy and responsible for a huge number of deaths every year.[1]
[edit] Évocateur: The Morton Downey Jr. Movie
Due for release in 2012, the biopic Évocateur: The Morton Downey Jr. Movie will touch upon Downey's upbringing and formative years in radio and politics before launching into the history of The Morton Downey Jr. Show and Downey's influence on trash TV.[35] The film will also look at Downey's relationship with Al Sharpton and other important 80's figures,[36] as well as Downey's role as a predecessor for conservative commentators like Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh.[37]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Trash TV icon Morton Downey Jr. dies". CNN. March 13, 2001. Archived from the original on 2001-03-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20010316014541/http://www.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/TV/03/13/obit.morton.downey.ap/index.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ Case of Sean M. Downey, Jr., US Bankruptcy Court, District of New Jersey, 16 February 1990
- ^ a b Downey's entry at 440 International
- ^ Limbaugh, Rush (2009-11-10). Rush Celebrates 25 Years on KFBK. The Rush Limbaugh Show. Retrieved 2009-11-10.
- ^ "His Love for a Brother Brings Morton Downey's Compassion Out of the Closet". People. June 20, 1988. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20099240,00.html. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
- ^ "Shriek! Chic! It's Morton Downey!; Talk's Mr. Nasty, Coming On Strong With the Art of Abuse", The Washington Post, July 6, 1988, Tom Shales
- ^ Episode 4, Tales from the Crypt, Season 14 of Saturday Night Live at imdb
- ^ "Morton Downey Jr. Sings". Amazon.com Music Listings. Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Morton-Downey-Jr-Sings/dp/B0007Z2SKS. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ "TV Host Takes a Beating". Deseret News. 26 April 1989. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/43987/TV-HOST-TAKES-A-BEATING.html. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ "Attacked or Not?". Deseret news. 3 May 1989. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/45045/ATTACKED-OR-NOT.html. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "'Mort the Mouth' Downey Jr. Dies; 'Trash TV' Talk-Show Host's Draw Was Shocking, Mocking". The Washington Post. March 14, 2001. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-412459.html. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ a b c "Morton Downey Jr. Dies". CBS News. March 14, 2001. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/03/13/entertainment/main278395.shtml. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- ^ "Morton Downey Jr. Show is History". Deseretnews.com. Deseret News. 23 July 1989. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/56373/MORTON-DOWNEY-JR-SHOW-IS-HISTORY.html. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ Gerard, Jeremy (July 20, 1989). "Downey Show Canceled". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/20/arts/downey-show-canceled.html.
- ^ "Downey Wants Protection from Creditors". Deseret News. 22 February 1989. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/88157/DOWNEY-WANTS-PROTECTION-FROM-CREDITORS.html. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ "Talk Show Culture". Report. Ellen Hume. http://www.ellenhume.com/articles/talkshow3.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
- ^ Downey at IMDb
- ^ Morton Downey Jr. back with WTAM talk show, The Plain Dealer, July 14, 1997, pg. 5, sec. E, Roger Brown
- ^ Talk hosts talk about talking on Morton Downey show-il, The Plain Dealer, December 9, 1988, pg. 33, sec. SU, Bob Dolgan
- ^ "Smoking Report Spurs Threats Of Lawsuits", San Jose Mercury News, August 30, 1997, p. 4A, Mercury News Wire Services
- ^ 'Best Radio Personality: Rick Gilmore (sic) of WTAM', Cleveland Scene, September 17, 2003
- ^ "Wiping Out a Myth". article. Orange County Register. 2002. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928210857/http://www.buriedlede.com/journalism/wipeout.html. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
- ^ Morton Downey Jr.'s Home Page
- ^ "Myth Information". Spin 5 (1): 66. April 1989. http://books.google.com/books?id=h-bxxO5B-xsC&lpg=PP1&lr&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved April 29, 2011. "20 great rock 'n roll events that never really happened... 11. Morton Downey Jr. did not cowrite "Wipeout," the surf instrumental by the Surfaris."
- ^ News report of controversy in Sacramento re use of word "Chinaman"
- ^ "The Rush is On -- But it's a Slow Start After Two Months In NY, Limbaugh Is Happy, Hopeful". Sacramento Bee. August 31, 1988. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SB&p_theme=sb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB0D88C82E30EE9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM.
- ^ Suit alleges Downey stole song, Chicago Sun-Times, May 5, 1989, Adrienne Drell
- ^ Giordano, Al (1989-02-25). "Zzzzip It". article (Washington Post). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73782606.html?dids=73782606:73782606&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=FEB+28%2C+1989&author=Al+Giordano&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=Zzzzip+It%3B+A+Liberal+Has+His+Day+on+%60The+Morton+Downey+Jr.+Show'&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
- ^ Gay News From 365Gay.com
- ^ Talk show host Downey named in defamation suit, Chicago Sun-Times, December 11, 1988
- ^ . http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20040308/ai_n10949440. [dead link]
- ^ "Nintendo Feature: 10 Amazing Mario Facts". Official Nintendo Magazine. 2010-04-30. http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/16520/features/10-amazing-mario-facts/. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
- ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=108365&page=1
- ^ Seattle Post-Intelligencer account of Downey's death
- ^ Barnhard, Aaron (18 January 2011). "Zip it!! New film looks at Morton Downey Jr.". The Kansas City Star. http://www.kansascity.com/2011/01/18/2591878/see-the-morton-downey-jr-trailer.html. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ "Thankfully, Rev. Al Sharpton No Longer Addresses His Detractors As "Punk Faggot"". The Smoking Gun. 16 December 2010. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/buster/morton-downey/thankfully-rev-al-sharpton-no-longer-addresses-his-detractors-%E2%80%9Cpunk-faggot%E2%80%9D. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ Smith, Emily (22 December 2010). "First of a Kind". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/first_of_kind_zaRhBZbzzQFEZSPFAje8pM. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
External links[link]
- Official Morton Downey, Jr. Web Site
- Morton Downey, Jr. at the Internet Movie Database
- Morton Downey, Jr. at Find a Grave
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Downey, Morton, Jr. |
| Alternative names | Downey, Sean Morton |
| Short description | Talk show host, Singer, Actor, DJ |
| Date of birth | December 17, 1932 |
| Place of birth | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Date of death | March 12, 2001 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
http://wn.com/Morton_Downey,_Jr.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Downey,_Jr.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the singer. For his son and talk show host, see Morton Downey, Jr.. For the trader/author of Oil 101, see Morgan Downey.
| Morton Downey | |
|---|---|
| Morton Downey in the 1920s Morton Downey in the 1920s |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Sean Morton Downey |
| Also known as | Morton James |
| Born | November 14, 1901 |
| Origin | Wallingford, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Died | October 25, 1985(1985-10-25) (aged 83) |
| Genres | Jazz |
| Instruments | Vocalist, piano |
Morton Downey (November 14, 1901 – October 25, 1985) was a singer popular in the United States, enjoying his greatest success in the 1930s and 1940s. Downey was nicknamed "The Irish Nightingale".[1]
Contents |
Early years[link]
Sean Morton Downey[2] was born in Wallingford, Connecticut, the child of James and Bessie (Cox) Downey.[1] He later dropped his first name in favor of his middle name as his professional name
Music[link]
For a time in the 1920s, Downey, a tenor, sang with Paul Whiteman's Orchestra. He first recorded in 1923 for Edison Records under the pseudonym Morton James; the following year he recorded for Victor with the S.S. Leviathan Orchestra. In 1925 he began 4 years of recording for Brunswick Records. In 1926 he had a hit in the show Palm Beach Nights.[1]
He toured London, Paris, Berlin, New York City and Hollywood. He also began appearing in motion pictures, including Syncopation (1929), the first film released by RKO Radio Pictures.
Downey was also a songwriter whose most successful numbers include "All I Need is Someone Like You", "California Skies", "In the Valley of the Roses", and "Now You're in My Arms", "Sweeten Up Your Smile", "That's How I Spell Ireland", "There's Nothing New", and "Wabash Moon". He joined ASCAP in 1949.[1]
Radio[link]
In 1930, Downey began making national radio broadcasts after opening his own nightclub (The Delmonico) in New York. He was voted America's "Radio Singer of the Year" in 1932. At the time, Downey was featured nightly on the Camel Quarter Hour radio broadcast.[3] In the 1930s he recorded for ARC, Hit of the Week, and Decca Records, and in the 1940s made records for Columbia.[1]There is also a personal recollection that in the 1940s he had a 15-minute daytime program wherein he sang Irish ballads and read letters of inspiration sent in by listeners.
Television[link]
Starting in 1949, Morton Downey began appearing on television. From 1950 to 1952, he co-hosted the CBS Television show Star of the Family.
Personal life[link]
Morton Downey was the father of the right-wing television personality Morton Downey, Jr., by his first wife, actress Barbara Bennett (1906–1958), the sister of actresses Constance and Joan Bennett, and with whom he ultimately had five children, four sons and a daughter: Michael, Sean (Morton Downey, Jr), Lorelle, Anthony and Kevin. Her early promise as a dancer and actress gave way to her turbulent marriage with Downey. The couple married in 1929, and divorced in 1941. She would marry singing cowboy actor Addison Randall shortly afterward. Downey's second wife was Margaret Boyce Schulze (1922—1964), the former wife of Prince Alexander zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen and the granddaughter of Colorado mining industralist William Boyce Thompson.
Downey owned a house in Hyannis, Massachusetts next to Joseph P. Kennedy's. This house was used by John F. Kennedy as his summer White House.
Downey's third wife was Ann Trainer, the widow of Howell Van Gerbig and the former wife of John Kevin Barry; they married in 1970. Downey died from a stroke in Palm Beach, Florida, aged 83.
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". Volume One, 1981–1985, pp. 242–43. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998
- ^ Born as Sean Morton Downey as per Book of the Dead
- ^ Press: Scrapbookman. Time Magazine. February 8, 1932. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,743114,00.html. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Downey, Morton |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | November 14, 1901 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | October 25, 1985 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Morton_Downey
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Downey
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Michael Jackson, see Michael Jackson (disambiguation).
| Michael Jackson | |
|---|---|
 Jackson at the White House in 1984 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Michael Joseph Jackson[1] |
| Also known as | King of Pop, MJ |
| Born | (1958-08-29)August 29, 1958 Gary, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | June 25, 2009(2009-06-25) (aged 50) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Genres | R&B, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1964–2009 |
| Labels | Motown, Epic, Legacy, MJJ Productions |
| Associated acts |
 Michael Jackson's Signature |
| Website | www.michaeljackson.com |
Michael Joseph Jackson[1] (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ,[2] Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.
In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B, pop and rock artists.
Jackson's 1982 album Thriller is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including Off the Wall (1979), Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.[3] He was also one of the world's most prominent humanitarians and philanthropists; personally, and through his Heal the World Foundation, he donated more than $300 million in charity, and held the Guinness World Record for having supported the most charities out of any pop star.[4][5]
Aspects of Jackson's personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of child sexual abuse, but the case was settled out of court and no formal charges were brought. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts. While preparing for his concert series titled This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25, 2009, after suffering from cardiac arrest. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter. Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and as many as one billion people around the world reportedly watched his public memorial service on live television. In March 2010, Sony Music Entertainment signed a $250 million deal with Jackson's estate to retain distribution rights to his recordings until 2017, and to release seven posthumous albums over the decade following his death.[6]
Contents
|
Life and career[link]
Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)[link]
Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana,[7] an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy.[8] A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.[9]
Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.[10][11][12] Joseph acknowledged in 2003 that he regularly whipped Jackson as a boy.[12] Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals, though he also credited his father's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success.[10] Jackson first spoke openly about his childhood abuse in an interview with Oprah Winfrey, broadcast in February 1993. He admitted that he had often cried from loneliness and he would vomit on the sight of his father. Jackson's father was also said to have verbally abused Jackson, saying that he had a fat nose on numerous occasions.[13] In fact, Michael Jackson's deep dissatisfaction with his appearance, his nightmares and chronic sleep problems, his tendency to remain hyper-compliant especially with his father, and to remain child-like throughout his adult life are in many ways consistent with the effects of this chronic maltreatment he endured as a young child.[14]
In an interview with Martin Bashir, later included in the 2003 broadcast of Living with Michael Jackson, Jackson acknowledged that his father hurt him when he was a child, but was nonetheless a "genius", as he admitted his father's strict discipline played a huge role in his success. When Bashir dismissed the positive remark and continued asking about beatings, Jackson put his hand over his face and objected to the questions. He recalled that Joseph sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed, and that "if you didn't do it the right way, he would tear you up, really get you".[15][16]
In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers—a band formed by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine—as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine. Jackson later began performing backup vocals and dancing. When he was eight, Jackson began sharing the lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine, and the group's name was changed to The Jackson 5.[8] The band toured the Midwest extensively from 1966 to 1968, frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the "chitlin' circuit", where they often opened stripteases and other adult acts. In 1966, they won a major local talent show with renditions of Motown hits and James Brown's "I Got You (I Feel Good)", led by Michael.[17]
The Jackson 5 recorded several songs, including "Big Boy", for the local record label Steeltown in 1967, before signing with Motown Records in 1968.[8] Rolling Stone magazine later described the young Michael as "a prodigy" with "overwhelming musical gifts," writing that he "quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer."[18] The group set a chart record when its first four singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There") peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] Between 1972 and 1975, Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown, among them Got to Be There and Ben, released as part of the Jackson 5 franchise, and producing successful singles such as "Got to Be There", "Ben", and a remake of Bobby Day's "Rockin' Robin".
The Jackson 5 "became a cutting-edge example of black crossover artists... five working-class black boys with afros and bell bottoms, and they really didn't have to trade any of that stuff in order to become mainstream stars."[19]
The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single "Dancing Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.[20]
[edit] Move to Epic and Off the Wall (1975–81)
In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records[20] and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career.[21] They continued to tour internationally, releasing six more albums between 1976 and 1984, during which Michael was the lead songwriter, writing hits such as "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)", "This Place Hotel", and "Can You Feel It".[17] In 1978, he starred as the scarecrow in the musical, The Wiz, a box-office disaster. It was here that he teamed up with Quincy Jones, who was arranging the film's musical score. Jones agreed to produce Jackson's next solo album, Off the Wall.[22] In 1979, Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine. His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career. He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations.[23]
Jones and Jackson produced the Off the Wall album together. Songwriters for the album included Jackson, Rod Temperton, Stevie Wonder, and Paul McCartney. Released in 1979, it was the first solo album to generate four U.S. top 10 hits, including the chart-topping singles "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "Rock with You".[24][25] It reached number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[26] In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B Album, Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[27][28] That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough".[24] Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B Album and Favorite Soul/R&B Male Artist.[29] Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release.[30] In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.[31]
[edit] Thriller and Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever (1982–83)
In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows.[32][33] These awards were thanks to the Thriller album, released in late 1982, which was 1983's best-selling album worldwide[34][35] and became the best-selling album of all time in the United States,[36] as well as the best-selling album of all time worldwide, selling an estimated 110 million copies so far.[37] The album topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It", and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[38] Thriller was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work.[39] Jackson's attorney John Branca noted that Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point: approximately $2 for every album sold. He was also making record-breaking profits from sales of his recordings. The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller sold over 350,000 copies in a few months. The era saw the arrival of novelties like dolls modeled after Michael Jackson, which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12.[40] Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that, "Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item—like a magazine, a toy, tickets to a hit movie—and started selling like a household staple."[41] In 1985, The Making of Michael Jackson's Thriller won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Longform.[32] In December 2009, the music video for "Thriller" was selected for the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, "Thriller" is the first music video ever to be inducted.[42][43][44]
Time described Jackson's influence at that point as "Star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too".[40] The New York Times wrote that, "in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else".[45]
On March 25th 1983, Michael Jackson reunited with his brothers for a legendary live performance which was taped for a Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever television special. The show aired on May 16, 1983, to an audience of 47 million viewers, and featured the Jacksons and a number of other Motown stars. It is best remembered for Jackson's solo performance of "Billie Jean". Wearing a distinctive black sequin jacket and golf glove decorated with rhinestones, he debuted his signature dance move, the moonwalk, which former Soul Train dancer and Shalamar member Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years before. The Jacksons' performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley's and The Beatles' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.[46] Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times later wrote, "The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style. How does he do it? As a technician, he is a great illusionist, a genuine mime. His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing."[47]
Pepsi, "We Are the World" and business career (1984–85)[link]
On January 27, 1984, Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi Cola commercial, overseen by executive Phil Dusenberry,[48] from ad agency BBDO and Pepsi's Worldwide Creative Director, Alan Pottasch at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. In front of a full house of fans during a simulated concert, pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson's hair on fire. He suffered second-degree burns to his scalp. Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars on his scalp, and he also had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter.[23] Jackson never recovered from this injury. Pepsi settled out of court, and Jackson donated his $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City, California, which now has a "Michael Jackson Burn Center" in honor of his donation.[49] Dusenberry later recounted the episode in his memoir, Then We Set His Hair on Fire: Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising.
On May 14, 1984, Jackson was invited to the White House to receive an award from President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse.[50] Jackson won eight awards during the Grammys that year. Unlike later albums, Thriller did not have an official tour to promote it, but the 1984 Victory Tour, headlined by The Jacksons, showcased much of Jackson's new solo material to more than two million Americans. He donated all the funds (around $8 million) raised from the Victory Tour to charity.[51] He also co-wrote the charity single "We Are the World" in 1985 with Lionel Richie, which was released worldwide to aid the poor in the U.S. and Africa. It became one of the best-selling singles of all time, with nearly 30 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief. In 1986, "We Are the World" won four Grammys (one for Jackson for Song of the Year). American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate, but recognized it with two special honors (one for the creation of the song and one for the USA for Africa idea). They are the only AMAs that Jackson won as non-solo artist.[52][53][54][55]
In 1984, ATV Music Publishing, which had the copyrights to nearly 4000 songs, including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the Lennon–McCartney compositions recorded by The Beatles, was put up for sale by Robert Holmes à Court.[56] Jackson had become interested in owning music catalogs after working with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s: Jackson had learned McCartney made approximately $40 million a year from other people's songs.[57] In 1981,[58] McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £20 million ($40 million).[57][59] According to McCartney, he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost equally at £10 million each, but Ono thought they could buy it for £5 million each.[57][59] When they were unable to make the joint purchase, McCartney let the offer fall through, not wanting to be the sole owner of the Beatles' songs.[58][59]
According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale, "We had given Paul McCartney first right of refusal but Paul didn't want it at that time."[60] Also, an attorney for McCartney assured Jackson's attorney, John Branca, that McCartney was not interested in bidding: McCartney reportedly said "It's too pricey".[57][58] But there were several other companies and investors bidding. In September 1984, Jackson was first informed about the sale by Branca and sent a bid of $46 million on November 20, 1984.[56] Jackson's agents thought they had a deal several times, but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate.[56] In May 1985, Jackson's team walked away from talks after having spent over $1 million on four months of due diligence and on the negotiations.[56]
In June 1985, Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman's and Marty Bandier's The Entertainment Co. had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million.[56] But in early August, Holmes à Court's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed. Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million and it was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly, having already completed due diligence of ATV Music.[56] He also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia, where he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.[56][60] Jackson's purchase of ATV Music was finalized August 10, 1985.[56]
[edit] Appearance, tabloids, Bad, films, autobiography and Neverland (1986–90)
See also: Michael Jackson's health and appearance
File:Michael Jackson King of Pop 1988.jpg
Jackson two years after he was diagnosed with vitiligo, here in the early stages of the disease
Jackson's skin had been a medium-brown color for the entire duration of his youth, but starting in the mid 1980s, it gradually grew paler. The change gained widespread media coverage, including rumors that he might be bleaching his skin.[61] According to J. Randy Taraborrelli's biography, in 1986, Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo and lupus; the vitiligo partially lightened his skin, and the lupus was in remission; both illnesses made him sensitive to sunlight. The treatments he used for his condition further lightened his skin tone, and, with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches, he could appear very pale.[62] Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy.[63] By the mid 1990s several surgeons speculated that he had undergone various nasal surgeries, a forehead lift, thinned lips, and cheekbone surgery—although Jackson denied this and insisted that he only had surgery on his nose.[64] Jackson claimed that he had only two rhinoplasties and no other surgery on his face, although at one point he mentioned having a dimple created in his chin.[65] Jackson lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for "a dancer's body".[65] Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy and speculated that he was suffering from anorexia nervosa; periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life.[66]
During the course of his treatment, Jackson made two close friends: his dermatologist, Dr. Arnold Klein, and Klein's nurse Debbie Rowe. Rowe eventually became Jackson's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children. Long before becoming romantically involved with her, Jackson relied heavily on Rowe for emotional support. He also relied heavily on Klein, for medical and business advice.[67]
Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports. In 1986, the tabloids ran a story claiming that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process; he was pictured lying down in a glass box. Although the claim was untrue, according to tabloid reports that are widely cited, Jackson had disseminated the fabricated story himself.[68][69] When Jackson bought a chimpanzee called Bubbles from a laboratory, he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality.[70] It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "elephant man") and although untrue, Jackson did not deny the story.[68][69] Although initially he saw these stories as opportunities for publicity, he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational. Consequently the media began making up their own stories.[69][71][72] These reports became embedded in the public consciousness, inspiring the nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson came to despise.[73] Responding to the gossip, Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli:
Why not just tell people I'm an alien from Mars? Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight. They'll believe anything you say, because you're a reporter. But if I, Michael Jackson, were to say, "I'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight," people would say, "Oh, man, that Michael Jackson is nuts. He's cracked up. You can't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth."[74]
Jackson collaborated with George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola on the 17-minute 3-D film Captain EO, which debuted in September 1986 at both the original Disneyland and at EPCOT in Florida, and in March 1987 at Tokyo Disneyland. The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks. A Captain EO attraction was later featured at Euro Disneyland after that park opened in 1992. All four parks' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s: Paris' installation was the last one to close, in 1998.[75] The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson's death.[76]
In 1987, Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah's Witnesses, in response to their disapproval of the Thriller video.[77] With the industry expecting another major hit, Jackson's first album in five years, Bad (1987), was highly anticipated.[78] It did not top Thriller as a commercial or artistic triumph, but Bad was still a substantial success in its own right.
The Bad album spawned seven hit singles in the U.S., five of which ("I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror" and "Dirty Diana") reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. This was a record for most number one Hot 100 singles from any one album, including Thriller.[79] Although the title track's video was arguably derivative of the video for the earlier single "Beat It", the "Bad" video still proved to be one of Jackson's iconic moments. It was a gritty but colorful epic set against the backdrop of the New York City Subway system, with costuming and choreography inspired by West Side Story. As of 2012, the album sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide.[80][81][82][83][84][85][86] Thanks to the Bad album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989.[32][39] In the same year, Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards because Bad is the first album ever to generate five number one singles in the US, the first album to top in 25 countries and the best-selling album worldwide in 1987 and in 1988.[87][88][89][90] In 1988, "Bad" won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Single.[91]
The Bad World Tour began on September 12 that year, finishing on January 14, 1989.[92] In Japan alone, the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people, nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour.[93] Jackson broke a Guinness World Record when 504,000 people attended seven sold-out shows at Wembley Stadium. He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people. The Bad Tour turned out to be the last of Jackson's concert tours to include shows in the continental United States, although later tours did make it to Hawaii.
In 1988, Jackson released his first and only autobiography, Moonwalk, which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies.[94] Jackson wrote about his childhood, The Jackson 5, and the abuse he had suffered.[95] He also wrote about his facial appearance, saying he had had two rhinoplastic surgeries and a dimple created in his chin.[65] He attributed much of the change in the structure of his face to puberty, weight loss, a strict vegetarian diet, a change in hair style, and stage lighting.[65] Moonwalk reached the top position on The New York Times best sellers' list.[96] The musician then released a film called Moonwalker, which featured live footage and short films that starred Jackson and Joe Pesci. The film was originally intended to be released to theaters but due to financial issues, the film was released direct-to-video. It saw a theatrical release in Germany, though. It debuted atop the Billboard Top Music Video Cassette chart, staying there for 22 weeks. It was eventually knocked off the top spot by Michael Jackson: The Legend Continues.[97]
In March 1988, Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez, California, to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million. He installed Ferris wheels, a menagerie, and a movie theater on the 2,700-acre (11 km2) property. A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds. In 2003, it was valued at approximately $100 million.[18][98] In 1989, his annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts was estimated at $125 million for that year alone.[99] Shortly afterwards, he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the Soviet Union.[97]
His success resulted in his being dubbed the "King of Pop".[100][101][102][103] The nickname was popularized by Elizabeth Taylor when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989, proclaiming him "the true king of pop, rock and soul."[104] President George H. W. Bush designated him the White House's "Artist of the Decade".[105] From 1985 to 1990, he donated $500,000 to the United Negro College Fund, and all of the profits from his single "Man in the Mirror" went to charity.[106][107] Jackson's live rendition of "You Were There" at Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th birthday celebration received an Emmy nomination.[97]
[edit] Dangerous, Heal the World Foundation and Super Bowl XXVII (1991–93)
In March 1991, Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million, a record-breaking deal at the time,[108] displacing Neil Diamond's renewal contract with Columbia Records.[109] He released his eighth album Dangerous in 1991. As of 2008, Dangerous had shipped seven million copies in the U.S. and had sold 32 million copies worldwide. The Dangerous album was co-produced by Teddy Riley, one of the pioneers of "new jack swing" which convinced Michael to feature a rapper on his album for the first time, the act worked and it turned out to be the best-selling album associated with that movement.[110][111][112] In the United States, the album's first single "Black or White" was its biggest hit, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks, with similar chart performances worldwide.[113] The album's second single "Remember the Time" spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[114] At the end of 1992, Dangerous was awarded 1992's best-selling album worldwide and "Black or White" was awarded 1992's best-selling single worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards. Additionally, he won an award as best-selling artist of the '80s.[115] In 1993, Jackson performed the song at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair, saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals.[116] In the UK and other parts of Europe, "Heal the World" was the biggest hit from the album; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992.[114]
Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992. The charity organization brought underprivileged children to Jackson's ranch to enjoy theme park rides that Jackson had built on the property. The foundation also sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war, poverty, and disease. In the same year Jackson published his second book, the bestselling collection of poetry, Dancing the Dream. While it was a commercial success and revealed a more intimate side to Jackson's nature, the collection was mostly critically unacclaimed at the time of release. In 2009, the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson's untimely death. The Dangerous World Tour grossed $100 million. The tour began on June 27, 1992, and finished on November 11, 1993. Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 67 concerts.[114][117] He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million, a record-breaking deal that still stands.[118]
Following the illness and death of Ryan White, Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV/AIDS, something that was still controversial at the time. He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV/AIDS charities and research.[119][120] In a high-profile visit to Africa, Jackson visited several countries, among them Gabon and Egypt.[121] His first stop to Gabon was greeted with a sizable and enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people, some of them carrying signs that read, "Welcome Home Michael."[121] In his trip to Côte d'Ivoire, Jackson was crowned "King Sani" by a tribal chief.[121] He then thanked the dignitaries in French and English, signed official documents formalizing his kingship and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances.[121]
In January 1993, Jackson made a memorable appearance at the halftime show at Super Bowl XXVII. The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him. As he landed on the canvas, he maintained a motionless "clenched fist, standing statue stance", dressed in a gold and black military outfit and sunglasses; he remained completely motionless for a minute and a half while the crowd cheered. He then slowly removed his sunglasses, threw them away and sang four songs: "Jam", "Billie Jean", "Black or White" and "Heal the World". It was the first Super Bowl where the audience figures increased during the half-time show, and was viewed by 135 million Americans alone; Jackson's Dangerous album rose 90 places up the album chart.[61] Jackson was given the "Living Legend Award" at the 35th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles. "Black or White" was Grammy-nominated for best vocal performance. "Jam" gained two nominations: Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.[114] The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered – Non Classical, awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley. In the same year, Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album (Dangerous), Favorite Soul/R&B Single ("Remember the Time") and was the first to win the International Artist Award, for his global performances and humanitarian concerns. This award will bear his name in the future.[32][39][122]
First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage (1993–94)[link]
Jackson gave a 90-minute interview to Oprah Winfrey on February 10, 1993, his second television interview since 1979. He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years, admitting that he often cried from loneliness. He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man, slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, or bleached his skin, stating for the first time that he had vitiligo. The interview was watched by an American audience of 90 million. Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10, more than a year after its original release.[16][61][114]
In the summer of 1993, Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13-year-old boy named Jordan Chandler and his father, Dr. Evan Chandler, a dentist.[123][124][125] The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson, and the singer initially refused. Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him.[126] Dr. Chandler was tape-recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges, saying, "If I go through with this, I win big-time. There's no way I lose. I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael's career will be over". Jordan's mother was, however, adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson's part.[125] Jackson later used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money from the singer.[125]
Later that year, on December 20, Jackson's home was raided by the police, and Jackson submitted to a 25-minute strip search.[127] Jordan Chandler had reportedly given police a description of Jackson's intimate parts, notably claiming that his bleach-damaged penis was circumcised; the strip search revealed, to the contrary, that Jackson was actually uncircumcised,[128] a fact confirmed in his autopsy.[129] His friends said he never recovered from the humiliation of the strip search. The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were ever filed.[130][131] Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement, and proclaimed his innocence.[123][127][132] On January 1, 1994, Jackson's insurance carrier settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million. A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2, 1994 without indicting Jackson.[133] After which time the Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6, 1994.[134][135][136] The out-of-court settlement's documentation specifically stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest.[137] The Chandlers' lawyer Mr. Feldman also explicitly stated "nobody bought anybody's silence".[138] A decade after the fact, during the second round of child abuse allegations, Jackson's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was done without his consent.[135]
In May 1994, Jackson married the daughter of Elvis Presley, Lisa Marie Presley. They had first met in 1975, when a seven-year-old Presley attended one of Jackson's family engagements at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, and were reconnected through a mutual friend.[139] According to a friend of Presley's, "their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A."[140] They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As the child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs.[141] Presley explained, "I believed he didn't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it."[142] She eventually persuaded him to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover.[141]
Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993, saying, "If I asked you to marry me, would you do it?"[141] They married in the Dominican Republic in secrecy, denying it for nearly two months afterwards.[143] The marriage was, in her words, "a married couple's life ... that was sexually active".[144] At the time, the tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson's public image.[143] The marriage lasted less than two years and ended with an amicable divorce settlement.[145] In a 2010 interview with Oprah, Presley admitted that they spent four more years after the divorce "getting back together and breaking up", until she decided to stop.[146]
[edit] HIStory, second marriage and fatherhood (1995–99)
In 1995, Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony's music publishing division creating Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Jackson retained half-ownership of the company, earned $95 million upfront as well as the rights to even more songs.[147][148] He then released the double album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. The first disc, HIStory Begins, was a 15-track greatest hits album, and was later reissued as Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I in 2001, while the second disc, HIStory Continues, contained 15 new songs. The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US.[149] It is the best-selling multiple-disc album of all-time, with 20 million copies (40 million units) sold worldwide.[113][150] HIStory received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year.[151]
The first single released from the album was the double A-side "Scream/Childhood". "Scream" was a duet, performed with Jackson's youngest sister Janet. The song fights against the media, mainly for what the media made him out to be during his 1993 child abuse allegations. The single had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number five, and received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals".[151] "You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from HIStory; it holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[99] It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success, receiving a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Vocal Performance".[151] In late 1995, Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance; the incident was caused by a stress-related panic attack.[152] "Earth Song" was the third single released from HIStory, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995; it sold a million copies, making it Jackson's most successful single in the UK.[151] The track "They Don't Care About Us" became controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly antisemitic lyrics. Jackson quickly put out a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics.[153] In 1996, Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Scream" and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.[32][154]
The album was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour. The tour began on September 7, 1996, and finished on October 15, 1997. Jackson performed 82 concerts in 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans, and grossed up a total of $165 million. The show, which visited five continents and 35 countries, became Jackson's most successful in terms of audience figures.[92] During the tour, Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe, a dermatology nurse, in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney, Australia. Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple's first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so.[155] Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998.[145][156] The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson got full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006.[157][158]
In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies as of 2007, it is the best selling remix album ever released.[159] It reached number one in the UK, as did the title track.[159][160] In the US, the album was certified platinum, but only reached number 24.[110][151] Forbes placed his annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.[98] Throughout June 1999, Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events. He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena, Italy. The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child, and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo, FR Yugoslavia, as well as additional funds for the children of Guatemala.[161] Later that month, Jackson organized a set of "Michael Jackson & Friends" benefit concerts in Germany and Korea. Other artists involved included Slash, The Scorpions, Boyz II Men, Luther Vandross, Mariah Carey, A. R. Rahman, Prabhu Deva Sundaram, Shobana, Andrea Bocelli and Luciano Pavarotti. The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, the Red Cross and UNESCO.[162]
[edit] Label dispute, Invincible and third child (2000–03)
At the turn of the century, the American Music Awards honored Jackson as Artist of the '80s.[163] Throughout 2000 and 2001, Jackson worked in the studio with Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins, as well as other collaborators. These sessions would result in the album Invincible, released in October 2001. Invincible was Jackson's first full-length album in six years, and it would be the last album of new material he released while still alive. The release of the album was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label, Sony Music Entertainment. Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him sometime in the early 2000s. Once he had the licenses, he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and he would also be able to keep all the profits. However, due to various clauses in the contract, the revert date turned out to be many years away. Jackson discovered that the attorney who represented him in the deal was also representing Sony.[160] Jackson was also concerned about the fact that for a number of years, Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in their music catalog venture. Jackson feared that Sony might have a conflict of interest, since if Jackson's career failed he would have to sell his share of the catalog at a low price.[164] Jackson sought an early exit from his contract.[160] Just before the release of Invincible, Jackson informed the head of Sony Music Entertainment, Tommy Mottola, that he was leaving Sony.[160] As a result, all singles releases, video shootings and promotions concerning the Invincible album were suspended.
In September 2001, two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark the singer's 30th year as a solo artist. Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984. The show also featured performances by Mýa, Usher, Whitney Houston, 'N Sync, Destiny's Child, Monica, Luther Vandross, and Slash, among other artists.[165] The second of the two shows took place the night before the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.[166] After 9/11, Jackson helped organize the United We Stand: What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. The concert took place on October 21, 2001, and included performances from dozens of major artists, including Jackson, who performed his song "What More Can I Give" as the finale.[164] Jackson's solo performances were omitted from the televised version of the benefit concert, although he could still be seen singing background vocals. This omission happened because of contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts: those concerts were boiled down into a two-hour TV special titled Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration: The Solo Years which debuted in November 2001.
In spite of the events preceding its release, Invincible came out in October 2001 to much anticipation. Invincible proved to be a hit, debuting atop the charts in 13 countries and going on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide. It received double-platinum certification in the US.[110][113][167] However, the sales for Invincible were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general.[164] The album cost $30 million to record, not including promotional expenditures.[168] Invincible spawned three singles, "You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies", the latter without a music video. Jackson alleged in July 2002 that Mottola was a "devil" and a "racist" who did not support his African-American artists, using them merely for his own personal gain.[164] He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a "fat nigger".[169] Sony refused to renew Jackson's contract, and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States.[168]
In 2002, Michael Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century.[170] In the same year, Jackson's third child, Prince Michael Jackson II (nicknamed "Blanket") was born.[171] The mother's identity is unknown, but Jackson has said the child was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm.[157] On November 20 of that year, Jackson brought his newborn son onto the balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, as fans stood below, holding him in his right arm, with a cloth loosely draped over the baby's face. The baby was briefly extended over a railing, four stories above ground level, causing widespread criticism in the media. Jackson later apologized for the incident, calling it "a terrible mistake".[172] Sony released Number Ones, a compilation of Jackson's hits on CD and DVD. In the US, the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units.[110][173]
Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal (2003–05)[link]
Further information: Living with Michael Jackson and People v. Jackson
Beginning in May 2002, Jackson allowed a documentary film crew, led by British TV personality Martin Bashir, to follow him around just about everywhere he went. Bashir's film crew was with Jackson during the "baby-dangling incident" in Berlin. The program was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson, and painted an extraordinarily unflattering portrait of the singer.
In a particularly controversial scene, Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy.[174] As soon as the documentary aired, the Santa Barbara county attorney's office began a criminal investigation. Jackson was arrested in November 2003, and was charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in relation to the 13 year old boy shown in the film.[174] Jackson denied the allegations, saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature. The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31, 2005, in Santa Maria, California, and lasted five months, until the end of May. On June 13, 2005, Jackson was acquitted on all counts.[175][176][177] After the trial, in a highly publicized relocation he moved to the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain, as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah.[178] Bahrain was also where the family intended to send Jackson if he was convicted (though Jackson did not know about the plan), according to a statement by Jermaine Jackson printed in The Times of London in September 2011.[179]
[edit] Closure of Neverland, final years and This Is It (2006–09)
In March 2006, the main house at the Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost-cutting measure.[180] There were numerous reports around that time that Jackson was having financial problems. Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music publishing holdings, even though those holdings were reportedly making him as much as $75 million a year.[181] Bank of America sold the debt to Fortress Investments. Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson's stake in their jointly owned publishing company (leaving Jackson with a 25% stake).[148] Jackson agreed to a Sony-backed refinancing deal in April 2006, although the exact details were not made public.[182] Jackson did not have a recording contract in place with Sony or any other major record label at the time.
In early 2006, there was an announcement that Jackson had signed a contract with a Bahrain-based startup called Two Seas Records. However, nothing ever came of that deal, and the CEO of Two Seas, Guy Holmes, later stated that the deal had never been finalized.[183][184] Throughout 2006, Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the Michael Jackson: Visionary series, which subsequently became a box set. Most of those singles returned to the charts as a result. In September 2006, Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long-running child custody suit. The terms were never made public. Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple's two children.[158] In October 2006, Fox News entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural Westmeath, Ireland. It was not known at the time what Jackson might be working on, or who might be paying for the sessions, since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas.[184][185]
In November 2006, Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in Westmeath, and MSNBC broke the story that he was working on a new album, produced by will.i.am of The Black Eyed Peas.[113] Jackson performed at the World Music Awards, in London on November 15, 2006, and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over 100 million records.[113][186] Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend James Brown's funeral in Augusta, Georgia. He gave one of the eulogies, saying that "James Brown is my greatest inspiration."[187] In the spring of 2007, Jackson and Sony teamed up to buy yet another music publishing company: Famous Music LLC, formerly owned by Viacom. This deal gave him the rights to songs by Eminem, Shakira and Beck, among others.[188] Jackson recorded extensively during this period in New York with songwriter and producer will.i.am and also in Las Vegas with producers Akon and RedOne.[189][190] In March 2007, Jackson gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Tokyo, where he said, "I've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old, and as Charles Dickens would say, 'It's been the best of times, the worst of times.' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me, I take it in stride because I have a loving family, a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have, and continue, to support me."[191]
In September 2007, Jackson was reportedly still working with will.i.am, but the album was apparently never completed.[192] However, in 2008, Jackson and Sony released Thriller 25 to mark the 25th anniversary of the original Thriller. This album featured the previously unreleased song "For All Time" (an outtake from the original sessions) as well as remixes, where Jackson collaborated with younger artists who had been inspired by his work.[193] Two of the remixes were released as singles with only modest success: "The Girl Is Mine 2008" (with will.i.am) and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008" (with Akon). The first single was based on an early demo version, without Paul McCartney. The album itself was a hit, however.[193][194][195][196] In anticipation of Jackson's 50th birthday, Sony BMG released a series of greatest-hits albums called King of Pop. Slightly different versions were released in various countries, based on polls of local fans.[197] King of Pop reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued, and also sold well as an import in other countries (such as the United States.)[198][199]
In the fall of 2008, Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch, which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars. However, Fortress opted to sell Jackson's debts to Colony Capital LLC. In November, Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC, which was a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC. This deal cleared Jackson's debt, and he reportedly even gained an extra $35 million from the venture. At the time of his death, Jackson still owned a stake in Neverland/Sycamore Valley, but it is unknown how large that stake was.[200][201][202] In September 2008, Jackson entered negotiations with Julien's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots. The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and April 25.[203] An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14, but the actual auction was eventually cancelled at Jackson's request.[204]
In March 2009, Jackson held a press conference at London's O2 Arena and announced a series of comeback concerts titled This Is It. The shows would be Jackson's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997. Jackson suggested possible retirement after the shows; he said it would be his "final curtain call". The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London, followed by shows in Paris, New York City and Mumbai. Randy Phillips, president and chief executive of AEG Live, stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn the singer approximately £50 million.[205] The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record breaking ticket sales: over one million were sold in less than two hours.[206] Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG.[207] The concerts would have commenced on July 13, 2009, and finished on March 6, 2010. Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London and with all concerts being sold out, Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest.[208] Some time before his death, it was widely stated that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier; due to his death, the current status of the label remains unknown.[209][210]
Jackson's first posthumous single was a song titled "This Is It" which Jackson cowrote in the 1980s with Paul Anka. It was not on the set lists for the concerts, and the recording was based on an old demo tape. The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals. On October 28, 2009, a documentary film about the rehearsals titled Michael Jackson's This Is It was released.[211] Even though it ran for a limited two-week engagement, it became the highest grossing documentary or concert movie of all time, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide.[212] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.[213] The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name. Two versions of the new song appear on the album, which also featured original masters of Jackson's hits in the order in which they appear in the movie, along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits as well as a spoken-word poem titled "Planet Earth".[214] At the 2009 American Music Awards Jackson won four posthumous awards, two for him and two for his album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.[215][216]
Death and memorial[link]
Main articles: Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial service
File:MJ's tomb.jpg
Michael Jackson's Tomb in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
On June 25, 2009, Jackson died while in his bed at his rented mansion at 100 North Carolwood Drive in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles. Attempts at resuscitating him by Conrad Murray, his personal physician, were unsuccessful.[217] Los Angeles Fire Department paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 (PDT, 19:22 UTC), arriving three minutes later at Jackson's location.[218][219] He was reportedly not breathing and CPR was performed.[220] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after arriving there at 1:13 (20:13 UTC). He was pronounced dead at 2:26 local time (21:26 UTC).[221][222] Jackson's death triggered a global outpouring of grief.[217]
The news spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload. Both TMZ and the Los Angeles Times suffered outages.[223] Google initially believed that the input from millions of people searching for "Michael Jackson" meant that the search engine was under DDoS attack, and blocked searches related to Michael Jackson for 30 minutes. Twitter reported a crash, as did Wikipedia at 3:15 p.m. PDT (22:15 UTC).[224] The Wikimedia Foundation reported nearly a million visitors to Jackson's biography within one hour, probably the most visitors in a one-hour period to any article in Wikipedia's history.[225] AOL Instant Messenger collapsed for 40 minutes. AOL called it a "seminal moment in Internet history", adding, "We've never seen anything like it in terms of scope or depth."[226]
Around 15% of Twitter posts—or 5,000 tweets per minute—reportedly mentioned Jackson after the news broke,[227][228] compared to the 5% recalled as having mentioned the Iranian elections or the flu pandemic that had made headlines earlier in the year.[228] Overall, web traffic ranged from 11% to at least 20% higher than normal.[227][229] MTV and Black Entertainment Television (BET) aired marathons of Jackson's music videos.[230] Jackson specials aired on multiple television stations around the world. The British soap opera EastEnders added a last-minute scene, in which one character tells another about the news, to the June 26 episode.[231] Jackson was the topic of every front-page headline in the daily British tabloid The Sun for about two weeks following his death.[232] During the same period, the three major U.S. networks' evening newscasts—ABC World News, CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News—devoted 34% of their broadcast time to him.[233] Magazines including Time published commemorative editions.[234] A scene that had featured Jackson's sister La Toya was cut from the film Brüno out of respect toward Jackson's family.[235]
Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Jackson's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body. While some unofficial reports claimed a worldwide audience as high as one billion people,[236][237] the U.S. audience was estimated by Nielsen to be 31.1 million, an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan, and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana.[238]
Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, John Mayer, Jennifer Hudson, Usher, Jermaine Jackson, and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event. Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson gave eulogies, while Queen Latifah read "We had him", a poem written for the occasion by Maya Angelou.[239] The Reverend Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children, "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."[240] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter, Paris Katherine, cried as she told the crowd, "Ever since I was born, Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much."[166] Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.[241] On August 24, several news outlets quoted anonymous sources as stating that the Los Angeles coroner had decided to treat Jackson's death as a homicide; this was later confirmed by the coroner on August 28.[242][243] At the time of death, Jackson had been administered propofol, lorazepam and midazolam.[244] Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician, Conrad Murray.[245] On February 8, 2010, Murray was charged with involuntary manslaughter by prosecutors in Los Angeles.[246] Jackson was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[247]
On June 25, 2010, the first anniversary of Jackson's death, fans traveled to Los Angeles to pay their tribute to him. They visited Jackson’s star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and his family’s home, as well as Forest Lawn Memorial Park. Many of the fans were carrying sunflowers and other tribute items to drop off at the sites. Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects.[248][249] Katherine returned to Gary, Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home. The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of "We Are the World".[250][251] On June 26, there was a protest march in front of the Los Angeles Police Department's Robbery-Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building and a petition with thousands of signatures demanding justice was delivered.[252][253] The Jackson Family Foundation in conjunction with Voiceplate presented "Forever Michael", an event bringing together Jackson family members, celebrities, fans, supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy. A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson's favorite charities. Katherine also introduced her new book "Never Can Say Goodbye".[254][255][256]
Death aftermath[link]
After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009. In the United States selling over 8.2 million albums and a total of 35 million albums worldwide in the 12 months that followed his death.[257][258] Following this surge in sales, Sony announced that they had extended their relationship with his material. The distribution rights held by Sony Music were due to expire in 2015.[259] On March 16, 2010, Sony Music Entertainment, in a move spearheaded by its Columbia/Epic Label Group division, signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017, as well as to obtain permission to release ten new albums with previously unreleased material and new collections of released work. On November 4, 2010 Sony announced the release of Michael, the first posthumous album set to be released on December 14, with the promotional single released to the radios on November 8, titled "Breaking News".[260] The deal was unprecedented in the music industry as it is the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history; it reportedly involved Sony Music paying $250 million for the deal, with the Jackson estate getting the full sum as well as its share of royalties for all works released.[259][261] Video game developer Ubisoft announced it would release a new dancing-and-singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season. The game titled Michael Jackson: The Experience will be among the first to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the respective motion-detecting camera systems for Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Sony's PlayStation 3 due out later that year.[262]
On November 3, 2010, the theatrical performing company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch "Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour" in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show will reside in Las Vegas.[263] The 90-minute US$57M production will combine Jackson's iconic musical oeuvre and choreography with the Cirque's signature artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.[264] The tour was written and directed by Jamie King[265] and centers on Jackson's "inspirational Giving Tree – the wellspring of creativity where his love of music and dance, fairy tale and magic, and the fragile beauty of nature are unlocked."[266] On October 3, 2011, the accompanying compilation soundtrack album Immortal was announced to have over 40 Jackson’s original recordings re-produced by Kevin Antunes.[267]
In April 2011, Jackson's longtime friend and billionaire businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed, chairman of Fulham F.C., unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club's stadium, Craven Cottage.[268] Fulham fans were however bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club.[269] Al Fayed however defended the statue and told the fans to 'go to hell' if they didn't appreciate the statue.[270]
Artistry[link]
Influences[link]
Jackson's music took root in R&B, pop and soul. He had been influenced by the work of contemporary musicians such as Little Richard, James Brown, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, David Ruffin, Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis, Jr., The Isley Brothers, the Bee Gees and the West Side Story dancers, to whom he made a tribute in "Beat It" and in the "Bad" video.[271] According to David Winters, who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV Special "Diana!", (which was also Jackson's first solo debut outside of The Jackson 5), Jackson watched West Side Story almost every week and it was his favorite film.[272][273][274] While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,[275][276] James Brown was Jackson's greatest inspiration. In reference to Brown, Jackson declared: "Ever since I was a small child, no more than like six years old, my mother would wake me no matter what time it was, if I was sleeping, no matter what I was doing, to watch the television to see the master at work. And when I saw him move, I was mesmerized. I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown, and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown."[277]
The young Michael Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross. Not only a mother figure to him, she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer. He later expressed: "I got to know her well. She taught me so much. I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved. She was art in motion. I studied the way she moved, the way she sang – just the way she was." He told her: "I want to be just like you, Diana." She said: "You just be yourself."[278] But Jackson owed part of his enduring style—especially his use of the oooh interjection—to Ross. From a young age, Jackson often punctuated his verses with a sudden exclamation of oooh. Diana Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with The Supremes.[279]
Musical themes and genres[link]
Unlike many artists, Jackson did not write his songs on paper. Instead he would dictate into a sound recorder, and when recording he would sing the lyrics from memory.[280] In most of his songs, such as "Billie Jean", "Who Is It", and "Tabloid Junkie", he would beatbox and imitate the instruments using his voice instead of playing the actual instruments, along with other sounds. Jackson noted that it is easier to sing a drum line, or sing a bass, instead of playing a drum line or a bass with an instrument. Several critics have said that Jackson's distinct voice was able to replace any instrument convincingly. Steve Huey of Allmusic said that, throughout his solo career, Jackson's versatility allowed him to experiment with various themes and genres.[281] As a musician, he ranged from Motown's dance fare and ballads to techno and house-edged new jack swing to work that incorporates both funk rhythms and hard rock guitar.[18][282][283]
According to Huey, Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.[281] Notable tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature" and "The Girl Is Mine"; the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'"; and the post-disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".[281][282][283][284][285] With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery.[285] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[283] In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers.[281] In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.[285] "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.[18][281] He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years.[281] In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.[281]
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One of Jackson's signature pieces, "Thriller", released as a single in 1984, utilizes cinematic sound effects, horror film motifs and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger.[22]
A single from the album Bad, released 1988, "Smooth Criminal" features digital drum sounds, keyboard-created bass lines and other percussion elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart.[286]
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In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana".[290] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution.[78] "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.[78] Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual.[291] He comments the album is more diverse than his previous Bad, as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World".[291] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time".[292] The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs.[292] Dangerous contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet".[292] The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire.[292] The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries.[292] In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.[293]
HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.[294] Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media.[295] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces.[294][295] In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot".[296] Invincible found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins.[281] It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".[297][298]
Vocal style[link]
Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor.[299] His vocal range as an adult was F2-E♭6. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's G.I.T.: Get It Together album.[300] Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of Off the Wall: it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video.[20] With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly".[301][302] 1982 saw the release of Thriller, and Rolling Stone was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".[285]
A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him.[303] The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone".[292] When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.[292] When commenting on Invincible, Rolling Stone were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".[304] Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".[286]
Music videos and choreography[link]
Jackson has also been referred to as the King of Music Videos,[305] Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers.[281] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.[306] Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition.[307] MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race.[308] The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.[309][307] His performance on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage.[310] Short films like Thriller largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated.[311] The choreography in Thriller has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines.[312] The Thriller short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.[99]
In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; Time magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.[71][313] For "Smooth Criminal", Jackson experimented with an innovative "anti-gravity lean" in his performances. The maneuver required special shoes for which he was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,255,452.[314] Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, in 1989, it was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards;[315] the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production. In 1990, "Leave Me Alone" won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.[97]
He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988 and the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990 to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s; in 1991 the first award was renamed in his honor.[114] "Black or White" was accompanied by a controversial music video, which, on November 14, 1991, simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest viewing ever for a music video.[113] It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence. The offending scenes in the final half of the 14-minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned, and Jackson apologized.[316] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton and George Wendt. It helped usher in morphing as an important technology in music videos.[317]
"Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes. Set in ancient Egypt, it featured groundbreaking visual effects and appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson, along with a distinct complex dance routine.[318] The video for "In the Closet" was Jackson's most sexually provocative piece. It featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson. The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery.[114]
The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it gained 11 MTV Video Music Award Nominations—more than any other music video—and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".[319] The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993.[320] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterwards Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made at a cost of $7 million.[151][321]
"Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive and well-received music video that gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1997. The video had an environmental theme, showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow.[151][322] Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video.[151][160][323][324]
Legacy and influence[link]
Jackson throughout his career transformed the art of the music video and paved the way for modern pop music. Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson in 2003 as "extremely important" and a "genius".[239] For much of his career, he had an "unparalleled" level of worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian contributions.[153] Jackson's music and videos, such as Thriller, fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster, helped to put the relatively new channel into public awareness, and steered the channel's focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring. Jackson's work continues to influence numerous hip hop, rock, pop and R&B artists, including Patrick Stump,[325] Jennifer Lopez,[326] Beyoncé,[327] Mariah Carey,[328] Mýa,[329] Usher,[330] Adam Lambert,[331] Green Day,[332] Justin Timberlake,[333] Britney Spears,[334] Madonna,[335] Alien Ant Farm[164] and Ludacris, among others.[336]
Allmusic's Steve Huey describes Jackson as "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".[281] In the mid-1980s, Time magazine's pop music critic, Jay Cocks, noted "Jackson is the biggest thing since The Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever".[40] In 1990, Vanity Fair cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business.[97] In 2007, Jackson said, "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."[337]
Shortly after Jackson's death, on June 25, 2009, MTV briefly returned to its original music video format to celebrate and pay tribute to his work.[338] The channel aired many hours of Jackson's music videos, accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities. The temporary shift in MTV's programming culminated the following week in the channel's live coverage of Jackson's memorial service.[339] At the memorial service on July 7, 2009, founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson as "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".[340][341][342]
In 2010, two university librarians found that Jackson's influence extended into academia, and was detectable in scholarly literature pertaining to a range of subject matter.[343][344] The two researchers combed through various scholars' writings, and compiled an annotated bibliography of those writings that appeared to meet at least one of several criteria. Among these criteria were appearance in a peer-reviewed journal, and the provision of insight into the nature of "popular icons including Jackson".[345] The bibliography located references to Jackson in research reports concerning music, popular culture, and an array of other topics. The bibliographers identified as their most peculiar finding an argument that certain aspects of chemistry can be effectively taught by altering and imitating elements of Jackson's singing.[346] One of the research librarians later reflected that "the fact that someone would take a Michael Jackson song and co-opt it as a means to convey chemistry concepts just shows the pervasiveness of Jackson's influence".[343]
Honors and awards[link]
Michael Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of The Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist. Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium, the American Music Award's Artist of the Century Award and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.[165][347] He was a double-inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001. Jackson was also inducted in several other hall of fames, including Vocal Group Hall of Fame (as The Jackson 5 member) in 1999, Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 and Hit Parade Hall of Fame (with his brothers) in 2009.[165][348] In 2010, Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll.[349] His awards include many Guinness World Records (eight in 2006 alone),[350] 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award), 26 American Music Awards (24 only as a solo artist, including the "Artist of the Century", but not the poll of "Artist of the '80s")—more than any artist—, 13 number one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era[351]—and estimated sales of up to 750 million records worldwide, making him the world's best selling male solo pop artist.[32][99][113][163][215][216][352][353][354][355][356] On December 29, 2009, the American Film Institute recognized Jackson's death as a "moment of significance" saying, "Michael Jackson's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie This Is It."[357] Michael Jackson also received a Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund[358] and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University.[359]
Lifetime earnings[link]
His total lifetime earnings from royalties on his solo recordings and music videos, revenue from concerts and endorsements have been estimated at US$500 million; some analysts have speculated that his music catalog holdings could be worth billions of dollars.[98][360] This speculation however is contradicted by financial documents obtained by the Associated Press, which showed that as of March 31, 2007, Jackson's 50 percent stake in the Sony/ATV Music Publishing catalog (his most prized asset) was worth $390.6 million and Michael Jackson's net worth was $236 million.[361] Billboard has estimated that Jackson has generated at least $1 billion in revenue in the year following his death.[362]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Michael Jackson albums discography, Michael Jackson singles discography, and Michael Jackson videography
See also: Jackson 5 discography
- Got to Be There (1972)
- Ben (1972)
- Music & Me (1973)
- Forever, Michael (1975)
- Off the Wall (1979)
- Thriller (1982)
- Bad (1987)
- Dangerous (1991)
- HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995)
- Invincible (2001)
Filmography[link]
Main article: Michael Jackson videography
| Year | Film | Role | Director |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | The Wiz[363] | Scarecrow | Lumet, SidneySidney Lumet |
| 1986 | Captain EO[364] | Captain EO | Coppola, Francis FordFrancis Ford Coppola |
| 1988 | Moonwalker[365] | Himself | Kramer, JerryJerry Kramer |
| 1997 | Michael Jackson's Ghosts[366] | Maestro/Mayor/Ghoul/Skeleton | Winston, StanStan Winston |
| 2002 | Men in Black II[367] | Agent M (cameo) | Sonnenfeld, BarryBarry Sonnenfeld |
| 2004 | Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls[368] | Agent MJ (cameo) | Stoller, Bryan MichaelBryan Michael Stoller |
| 2009 | Michael Jackson's This Is It[369] | Himself | Ortega, KennyKenny Ortega |
Tours[link]
- Bad World Tour (1987–89)
- Dangerous World Tour (1992–93)
- HIStory World Tour (1996–97)
- This Is It (2009–10) (cancelled)
See also[link]
 |
Book: Michael Jackson |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- Michael Jackson-related games
- List of awards received by Michael Jackson
- List of best-selling albums
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of best-selling music artists in the United States
- List of most expensive music videos
- List of unreleased Michael Jackson material
- List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs
References[link]
- ^ a b County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services. (2009). Michael Jackson death certificate.
- ^ "Biography for Michael Jackson". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001391/bio. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- ^ Lewis, Monica (June 14, 2007). "20 People Who Changed Black Music: Michael Jackson, the Child Star-Turned-Adult Enigma". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/AP/story/139458.html?storylink=mirelated&referer=www.clickfind.com.au. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
- ^ "Humanitarian: Guinness Book Of Records Names Michael "Most Support Charities"". CNN. June 30, 2009. http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-288836. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ^ "Michael Jackson’s Charity Work". The Gholston Post. July 9, 2009. http://simmerdown3.wordpress.com/2009/07/09/michael-jacksons-charity-work/. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ^ By Daniel Kreps (March 16, 2010). "Michael Jackson Estate, Sony Strike Massive 250 Million Deal to Release King of Pop's Music | Music News". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/michael-jackson-estate-sony-strike-massive-250-million-deal-to-release-king-of-pops-music-20100316. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
- ^ Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. p. 26. ISBN 0-307-71698-8.
- ^ a b c d George, p. 20
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 14
- ^ a b Michael Jackson's Secret Childhood, VH1, June 20, 2008.
- ^ Taraborrelli, pp. 20–22
- ^ a b Can Michael Jackson's demons be explained?, BBC, June 27, 2009.
- ^ Jackson interview seen by 14m, BBC News, (February 4, 2003)
- ^ Daniel Schechter, Erica Willheim (2009). The Effects of Violent Experience and Maltreatment on Infants and Young Children. In Charles H. Zeanah (Ed.). Handbook of Infant Mental Health—3rd Edition. New York: Guilford Press, Inc. pp. 197–214.
- ^ Taraborrelli, p. 602
- ^ a b Lewis, pp. 165–168
- ^ a b The Jackson Five, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, accessed May 29, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Michael Jackson: Biography, Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
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- ^ "25th Anniversary Of Michael Jackson’s Landmark Album Bad Celebrated With September 18 Release Of New Bad 25 Packages". Yahoo. 2012. http://news.yahoo.com/25th-anniversary-michael-jackson-landmark-album-bad-celebrated-140242006.html. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
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- ^ "Michael, Travis top Music Award winners". Lodi News-Sentinel. (January 30, 1989). http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=lZozAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477,3617735&dq=american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
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- ^ Press references to Jackson as a music "king" appeared as early as 1984 after he swept the Grammy Awards, and "king of pop" appeared as early as 1987. MTV and Fox used the title in joint press releases and ads for the "Black or White" video at Jackson's request, but MTV denied a report that VJs were required to use it on-camera. Writers described the title as self-proclaimed from then on.
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- ^ Staff writer (July 27, 1987). "Is the thrill gone for singer Michael Jackson?". Sacramento Bee: p. B3.
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- ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, pp. 610–612
- ^ "Ricky Martin, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Others To Join Pavarotti For Benefit". VH1. (May 5, 1999). http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1426933/19990505/carey_mariah.jhtml. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
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- ^ a b "Lauryn Hill, Backstreet Boys, DMX Honored With American Music Awards". MTV. (January 18, 2000). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1425174/20000118/backstreet_boys.jhtml. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Taraborrelli, pp. 614–617
- ^ a b c George, pp. 50–53
- ^ a b Liveblogging Michael Jackson's funeral and memorial service, The Guardian, July 7, 2009.
- ^ Conniff, Tamara (August 30, 2009). "We Killed Michael Jackson". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tamara-conniff/we-killed-michael-jackson_b_272174.html. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
- ^ a b Burkeman, Oliver (July 8, 2002). "Jacko gets tough: but is he a race crusader or just a falling star?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/jul/08/oliverburkeman. Retrieved July 23, 2008.
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- ^ Toumi, Habib (January 23, 2006). "Jackson settles down to his new life in the Persian Gulf". Gulf News. http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/06/01/23/10013403.html. Retrieved November 11, 2006.
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- ^ McNamara, Melissa (March 17, 2006). "Jackson Closes Neverland House". CBS News. http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/03/17/people/main1414450.shtml. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
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- Bibliography
- Brackett, Nathan; Christian Hoard (2004). The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
- Campbell, Lisa (1993). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-1957-X.
- Campbell, Lisa (1995). Michael Jackson: The King of Pop's Darkest Hour. Branden. ISBN 0-8283-2003-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=BVC9zltjf-EC&lpg=PP1&dq=michael%20jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.
- Guinness World Records (2003). Guinness World Records 2004. Guinness. ISBN 1-892051-20-6.
- Guinness World Records (2005). Guinness World Records 2006. Guinness. ISBN 1-904994-02-4.
- Jackson, Michael (2009) [First published 1988]. Moonwalk. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-71698-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=E9sGl5P8vQMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Moonwalk&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Ramage, John D.; Bean, John C.; Johnson, June (2001). Writing arguments: a rhetoric with readings. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-31745-6.
- Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2009). Michael Jackson: The Magic, The Madness, The Whole Story, 1958–2009. Terra Alta, WV: Grand Central Publishing, 2009. ISBN 0-446-56474-5, 9780446564748.
Further reading[link]
- Dineen, Catherine (1993). Michael Jackson: In His Own Words. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3216-6. http://books.google.ca/books?id=DEspWj_IN_UC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20In%20His%20Own%20Words&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Grant, Adrian (1994, 1997, 2002 and 2005). Michael Jackson: The Visual Documentary. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-432-2.
- Jackson, Michael (2006). My World, The Official Photobook, Vol. 1. Triumph International. ISBN 0-9768891-1-0.
- Jones, Bob (2005). Michael Jackson: The Man Behind the Mask. Select Books Inc. ISBN 1-59079-072-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=8j4ILUllObsC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson%3A%20The%20Man%20Behind%20the%20Mask&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Jefferson, Margo; Brown (2007). On Michael Jackson. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27765-7. http://books.google.com/?id=WJiPk-3oPGkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Michael%20Jackson&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Noonan, Damien (1994) (Audio book). Michael Jackson. Carlton Books. ISBN 1-85797-587-1.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jackson, Michael Joseph |
| Alternative names | Jackson, Michael Joe; Jackson, Michael J. |
| Short description | Singer |
| Date of birth | August 29, 1958 |
| Place of birth | Gary, Indiana, United States |
| Date of death | June 25, 2009 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
