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Send this Playlist by SMS
The Bad Girls Club - S10E13 - Greece Up, Get Down
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:17
- Updated: 05 May 2013
BAD GIRLS CLUB ® is a registered trademark of O2 Holdings LLC. © 2012 Oxygen Media Production LLC. All Rights Reserved © 2012 Oxygen Media LLC. All Rights Re...
http://wn.com/The_Bad_Girls_Club_S10E13_Greece_Up,_Get_Down
BAD GIRLS CLUB ® is a registered trademark of O2 Holdings LLC. © 2012 Oxygen Media Production LLC. All Rights Reserved © 2012 Oxygen Media LLC. All Rights Re...
Counting the Cost - Greece's hidden riches
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:01
- Updated: 16 May 2013
Hundreds of billions of dollars worth of oil and gas are believed trapped under the seabed around Greece - enough to wipe out the country's debt for good. Bu...
http://wn.com/Counting_the_Cost_Greece's_hidden_riches
Hundreds of billions of dollars worth of oil and gas are believed trapped under the seabed around Greece - enough to wipe out the country's debt for good. Bu...
- published: 16 Mar 2013
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Greece v Norway - Total Rugby
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 05 May 2013
NORWAY FOCUS - We've a report on the Game in Norway as they travelled to Athens to take on Greece in Division 2D of the European Nations Cup 2014.
http://wn.com/Greece_v_Norway_Total_Rugby
NORWAY FOCUS - We've a report on the Game in Norway as they travelled to Athens to take on Greece in Division 2D of the European Nations Cup 2014.
- published: 18 Apr 2013
- views: 10271
- author: irb
Meteora Holy Trinity - Greece - UNESCO world Heritage Site
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 14 May 2013
The Metéora (Greek: Μετέωρα, pronounced [mɛˈtɛoɾɐ], lit. "middle of the sky", "suspended in the air" or "in the heavens above" — etymologically related to "M...
http://wn.com/Meteora_Holy_Trinity_Greece_UNESCO_world_Heritage_Site
The Metéora (Greek: Μετέωρα, pronounced [mɛˈtɛoɾɐ], lit. "middle of the sky", "suspended in the air" or "in the heavens above" — etymologically related to "M...
- published: 25 Apr 2013
- author: THEWORLDOFTRAVEL
Paragliding at kavelaris Attikis (Greece) on 27.4.2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Updated: 03 May 2013
Paragliding at kavelaris Attikis (Greece) on 27.4.2013.
http://wn.com/Paragliding_at_kavelaris_Attikis_Greece_on_2742013
Paragliding at kavelaris Attikis (Greece) on 27.4.2013.
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 162
- author: Christos Kolonelos
Vlog - Moving To Greece & Important Channel News!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 08 May 2013
Commentary of the game in the background: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICAhUyTXrxI.
http://wn.com/Vlog_Moving_To_Greece_Important_Channel_News!
Commentary of the game in the background: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICAhUyTXrxI.
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- views: 5394
- author: ZeroEmpires
Koza Mostra feat. Agathon Iakovidis - Alcohol Is Free (Greece) LIVE at Eurovision In Concert 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 09 May 2013
powered by: http://www.eurovision.tv Koza Mostra feat. Agathon Iakovidis performed their song 'Alcohol Is Free' at Eurovision In Concert in Amsterdam, The Ne...
http://wn.com/Koza_Mostra_feat_Agathon_Iakovidis_Alcohol_Is_Free_Greece_LIVE_at_Eurovision_In_Concert_2013
powered by: http://www.eurovision.tv Koza Mostra feat. Agathon Iakovidis performed their song 'Alcohol Is Free' at Eurovision In Concert in Amsterdam, The Ne...
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 5348
- author: eurovision
Cop set on fire. [ protest in Greece ] Motorcycle Police officer caught on video tape burned
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 12 May 2013
http://wn.com/Cop_set_on_fire_protest_in_Greece_Motorcycle_Police_officer_caught_on_video_tape_burned
Greece Mass layoffs of government workers by the parliament
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 01 May 2013
FaceBook Like page:https://www.facebook.com/GreekFilipinoCommunity website:http://www.tsismosaonline.com.
http://wn.com/Greece_Mass_layoffs_of_government_workers_by_the_parliament
FaceBook Like page:https://www.facebook.com/GreekFilipinoCommunity website:http://www.tsismosaonline.com.
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- views: 24
- author: Bigamo Diario
Project Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Project Greece is a mission to raise money for families who are struggling in Greece. Greece is not alone, because we care! Please SHARE this video with ever...
http://wn.com/Project_Greece
Project Greece is a mission to raise money for families who are struggling in Greece. Greece is not alone, because we care! Please SHARE this video with ever...
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 177
- author: ItsAHomelessWorld
New World Order in Greece ΝΕΑ ΤΑΞΗ ΠΡΑΓΜΆΤΩΝ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ(HLIAS747)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/New_World_Order_in_Greece_ΝΕΑ_ΤΑΞΗ_ΠΡΑΓΜΆΤΩΝ_ΣΤΗΝ_ΕΛΛΑΔΑHLIAS747
Eurovision: GREECE's Top 10 Songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:56
- Updated: 05 May 2013
OPA!! 10 Greek masterpieces alive over the ages..
http://wn.com/Eurovision_GREECE's_Top_10_Songs
OPA!! 10 Greek masterpieces alive over the ages..
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 584
- author: ParalimniVoice
Golden Dawn, immigration and police violence in Greece - Truthloader speaks to Into The Fire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 15 May 2013
Into the Fire is an independent film entirely crowd-funded and crowd-distributed online, looking into the treatment of immigrants in Greece as the country's ...
http://wn.com/Golden_Dawn,_immigration_and_police_violence_in_Greece_Truthloader_speaks_to_Into_The_Fire
Into the Fire is an independent film entirely crowd-funded and crowd-distributed online, looking into the treatment of immigrants in Greece as the country's ...
- published: 22 Apr 2013
- author: Truthloader
Spectacular UFO Lenticular Cloud, Livadeia Greece, April 19, 2012 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Updated: 06 May 2013
For More Exclusive Information on UFO. http://areazone51ufos.blogspot.be/ http://www.youtube.com/EriGIA007 http://www.youtube.com/UFOvni2012 http://www.face...
http://wn.com/Spectacular_UFO_Lenticular_Cloud,_Livadeia_Greece,_April_19,_2012_HD
For More Exclusive Information on UFO. http://areazone51ufos.blogspot.be/ http://www.youtube.com/EriGIA007 http://www.youtube.com/UFOvni2012 http://www.face...
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 14130
- author: CuriosityMars2012
Kateryna Lahno vs Anna Gasik - Greece 2001
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 08 May 2013
Check the Playlist: Women Chess Masers: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8gqV9r--YyAsDaNxRv0mCWmsmnqrcx6- Kateryna Lahno (2239) - Anna Gasik [B29] EYCC...
http://wn.com/Kateryna_Lahno_vs_Anna_Gasik_Greece_2001
Check the Playlist: Women Chess Masers: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8gqV9r--YyAsDaNxRv0mCWmsmnqrcx6- Kateryna Lahno (2239) - Anna Gasik [B29] EYCC...
- published: 28 Apr 2013
- views: 3272
- author: MatoJelic
Lefkada Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 27 Apr 2013
We welcome you to our island and we urge you to discover it but slowly, enjoying every hour and moment Σας καλωσορίζουμε στο νησί μας και σας προτρέπουμε, να...
http://wn.com/Lefkada_Greece
We welcome you to our island and we urge you to discover it but slowly, enjoying every hour and moment Σας καλωσορίζουμε στο νησί μας και σας προτρέπουμε, να...
- published: 27 Apr 2013
- views: 8
- author: Dimitris Katsotas
Samos - Σάμος, Greece - 47 min.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:55
- Updated: 13 May 2013
Samos Island (Σάμος), Greece - Kokkari, Pythagorio, Potami, Mikro and Megalo Seitani, Pythagoras cave, waterfalls, Kampos, Votsalakia, Posidonio, Karlovasi, ...
http://wn.com/Samos_Σάμος,_Greece_47_min
Samos Island (Σάμος), Greece - Kokkari, Pythagorio, Potami, Mikro and Megalo Seitani, Pythagoras cave, waterfalls, Kampos, Votsalakia, Posidonio, Karlovasi, ...
- published: 30 Mar 2012
- author: Robert Polasek
Former Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou: 'The U.S. is Like Greece'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:09
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Why Americans Are So Ignorant? -- It's Not Only Fox News, There Are Some Understandable Reasons For It: http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard/Article...
http://wn.com/Former_Greek_Prime_Minister_George_Papandreou_'The_US_is_Like_Greece'
Why Americans Are So Ignorant? -- It's Not Only Fox News, There Are Some Understandable Reasons For It: http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard/Article...
- published: 12 Apr 2013
- views: 1139
- author: politicalarticles
See it to Believe it... Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/See_it_to_Believe_it_Greece
free Ride North Greece..
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/free_Ride_North_Greece
Dolphins of Fourni & Samos, Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Watch in HD Filmed in one day.
http://wn.com/Dolphins_of_Fourni_Samos,_Greece
GREECE TOUR. Re upload from 2009 Edition.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
GREECE TOUR. Re upload from 2009 Edition. Produced by MegaArtvision. Original music by Xaroula Koutsouroumba.
http://wn.com/GREECE_TOUR_Re_upload_from_2009_Edition
GREECE TOUR. Re upload from 2009 Edition. Produced by MegaArtvision. Original music by Xaroula Koutsouroumba.
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- author: MegaArtvision
Greece: Civil servants protest ahead of vote on job cuts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 02 May 2013
http://www.euronews.com/ Public sector workers in Greece protested against planned job cuts the government has agreed to make in order to get much-needed bai...
http://wn.com/Greece_Civil_servants_protest_ahead_of_vote_on_job_cuts
http://www.euronews.com/ Public sector workers in Greece protested against planned job cuts the government has agreed to make in order to get much-needed bai...
- published: 27 Apr 2013
- author: Euronews
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. There appears to be a curse stalking second term presidents, specifically starting with Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon and continuing through to President Barack Obama. President Obama's malevolent shadow, namely Benghazigate, IRSgate and the more recent APgate, have almost utterly enveloped him and his administration ... President Obama's second term is also unraveling....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: AP / Mike Fuentes
16 May 2013
"A massive emergency response" is underway in North Texas, where tornadoes blew through Wednesday night, The Dallas Morning News says. A twister that hit Granbury, about 35 miles southwest of Fort Worth, left at least six people dead, more than 100 injured and even more homeless, The Associated Press adds ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
photo: AP / Abdukareem Haruna
15 May 2013
Admitting that Islamist extremists now control some of his nation’s villages and towns, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency on Tuesday across Nigeria’s troubled northeast, promising to send more troops to fight what he said is now an open rebellion. Mr ... Get Free E-mail Alerts on These Topics. Nigeria Jonathan, Goodluck Disasters and Emergencies Muslims and Islam ... . Inside NYTimes.com. Books » ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Aleppo Media Center AMC
17 May 2013
If there’s one thing you can say about Bashar al-Assad, it’s that he has staying power. For more than two years, the Syrian president has defied predictions that his downfall is imminent. His regime has certainly suffered many setbacks during the brutal civil war that shows no signs of ending, but it's clear right now that Assad and his followers have been gaining momentum ... “The regime right now is strong ... (Lens Young Homsi/AP) ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS2 Tony D. Curtis
15 May 2013
A drone the size of a fighter jet has taken off from the deck of an US aircraft carrier for the first time in a test flight that could eventually open the way for the US to launch unmanned aircraft from almost anywhere in the world. The X-47B is the first drone designed to take off and land on a carrier, meaning the US military would not need permission from other countries to use their bases ... 643 Source.. AP ... Infographic....(size: 8.4Kb)
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The Examiner
18 May 2013
Shouldn't that create a worldly feast for the eyes?. Who could deny that the vibrant hot pinks and reds from Mexico, the matte golds and silvers from Egypt and the white on white from Greece would be a challenging recipe for an architectural palette?. As we decorate with streamlined shapes, crisp colors pack a lot of punch worthy of a double take ... COSMIC PASSION by Philly Wynn. Photo credit. . Philly Wynn. Location. Costantini Design ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)
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Music News
18 May 2013
With the line up for Saturday night's Eurovision final complete, Paddy Power are tipping Denmark for victory by having them as their 8/11 favourites ... Outright Winner. 8/11 Denmark. 7/1 Ukraine. 7/1 Norway. 14/1 Russia ... 50/1 Greece ... ....(size: 1.2Kb)
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The New York Times
18 May 2013
Twitter List ... Olli Rehn, center, the European Union’s top economic policy maker, with the finance ministers from Greece, Yannis Stournaras, left, and Ireland, Michael Noonan, in Brussels on Monday ... Rehn said, Greece, Portugal and other countries burdened with heavy debts lost access to financial markets and simply could not cover their expenses, leaving policy makers no choice but to push for swift budget cuts and tax increases ... ....(size: 6.8Kb)
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The Independent
18 May 2013
conflicts since, including the Second World War and the Vietnam war, have involved conscription, while countries as diverse as Finland, Israel, South Korea, Greece, Columbia and Turkey still require their young people to perform military service ... Charalabos Akrivopoulos, Greece. Completing nine months of military service is mandatory for all men between 19 and 45 in Greece....(size: 23.0Kb)
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The Independent
18 May 2013
Actually, the number one talking point was a new book which highlights the unforeseen consequences of the austerity programme.* The book has mined official statistics and finds that cuts in these basic unsung services have led to alarming rises in HIV in countries such as Greece, increases in the number of suicides and a surge in a whole range of illnesses in between ... * The Body Economic....(size: 2.3Kb)
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Foreign Policy
18 May 2013
On Saturday night, Europe will grind to a halt to mark its annual celebration of the cheesy and the saccharine. the Eurovision finals. This year, the singing competition is being held in the southern Swedish city of Malmo, and the field features the typical collection of over-the-top Europop, earnest acts, and strange sub-plots (the bassist in the Swiss act is 95 years old) ... Politics also tends to rear its head outside the venue ... Greece....(size: 2.7Kb)
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The Irish Times
18 May 2013
The Irish are thought to be a compassionate people who care about human rights, but we are also capable of appalling selfishness towards our own citizens ... Ireland’s youth unemployment, among 15- to 24-year-olds, has gone from one of the best rates in Europe, at 5 per cent, to about 30 per cent, and might be worse than that of Greece or Spain were it not for emigration. Disproportionate share ... They chose not to. ....(size: 2.9Kb)
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BBC News
18 May 2013
There have been 57 Eurovision winners to date but what has become of those acts that hit the dizzy heights of Euro fame? ... Some have gone on to be international stars, while others have faded into obscurity ... 1950 - 1959 ... More recently, she was elected a councillor in Piraeus in Greece and subsequently became the deputy mayor ... The song topped the charts in Turkey, Greece and Sweden as well as charting in nearly 10 other European countries....(size: 9.0Kb)
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Belfast Telegraph
18 May 2013
A member of David Cameron's inner circle has described grassroots Tory activists as "swivel-eyed loons", according to reports ... The ally of the Prime Minister said. "There's really no problem ... Come and join us." ... He added ... Download the Belfast Telegraph iPad App. Most Read ... A lorry driver from Northern Ireland has been jailed for 14 years in Greece after being convicted for smuggling herbal cannabis worth £1 million, police have said ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
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The Examiner
18 May 2013
The model's Facebook fan page gained 2,000 new likes in 24 hours, which gave her the idea to turn her page into a confidence builder for ordinary women. "I decided to use the attention as an opportunity to make the world a little nicer by promoting confidence. I've since been receiving lots of messages from fans, expressing gratitude," said Jennie Runk ... Candidly, we go after the cool kids . ... Tweet ... On full display at the beach in Greece....(size: 5.4Kb)
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noodls
18 May 2013
(Source. FC Dallas). Perhaps the toughest road test of the year awaits FC Dallas this week with a trip to Seattle Sounders FC (9.30pm Saturday, TWCSN-TX HD 148). FCD has tied the 2nd longest win streak in club history at nine games, but after early season struggles, Seattle is in form as well with wins in three of their last four games ... READ ... READ ... The 32 year old Gspurning joined Seattle in 2012 after a pro career in Austria and Greece....(size: 5.0Kb)
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Huffington Post
18 May 2013
Greece 0 v England 2 ... Football, 2002 World Cup Qualifier, Group 9, 6th June 2001, Athens, Greece 0 v England 2, England captain David Beckham raises his arms in frustration at being caught offside (Photo by Popperfoto/Getty Images)David Beckham ... against Greece during the World Cup qualifying match at Old Trafford in Manchester 06 October 2001....(size: 21.2Kb)
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The Dallas Morning News
18 May 2013
The first question that comes to mind when waiting for The Musical Adventures of Flat Stanley to unfold at Dallas Children’s Theater is how can they pull this off? How do you take the story of a boy who wakes up one morning flat enough to be mailed around the world and have a three-dimensional actor play him on a three-dimensional stage? ... Plan your life ... Running time ... See pieces from 'The Body Beautiful in Ancient Greece' at the DMA....(size: 6.5Kb)
"Hellas" redirects here. For other uses, see Hellas (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Greece (disambiguation).
| Hellenic Republic
Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
Elliniki Dimokratia |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: Eleftheria i Thanatos, (Greek: "Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος", "Freedom or Death") (traditional) | ||||||
| Anthem: "Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν" Ýmnos is tin Eleftherían "Hymn to Liberty"1  |
||||||
![Location of Greece (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130518025235/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Greece.svg) Location of Greece (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Athens 37°58′N 23°43′E / 37.967°N 23.717°E / 37.967; 23.717 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | Greek | |||||
| Ethnic groups | 94% Greek, 4% Albanian, 2% others[1][2][3][4][5] |
|||||
| Demonym | Greek (Officially: Hellenic) | |||||
| Government | Unitary parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | Karolos Papoulias | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Panagiotis Pikrammenos | ||||
| - | President of Parliament | Vyron Polydoras | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
| Independence from the Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| - | Declared | 1 January 1822, at the First National Assembly | ||||
| - | Recognized | 3 February 1830, in the London Protocol | ||||
| - | Current constitution | 11 June 1975, Third Hellenic Republic |
||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 131,990 km2 (96th) 50,944 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 0.8669 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 estimate | 11,305,118[6] (74th) | ||||
| - | 2011 (preliminary data) census | 10,787,690[7] | ||||
| - | Density | 85.3/km2 (88th) 221.0/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $294.339 billion[8] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $26,293[8] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $303.065 billion[8] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $27,073[8] | ||||
| Gini (2005) | 33[9] | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.861 (very high) (29th) |
|||||
| Currency | Euro (€)2 (EUR) |
|||||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||||
| Date formats | dd/mm/yyyy | |||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | GR | |||||
| Internet TLD | .gr3 | |||||
| Calling code | 30 | |||||
| 1 | Also the national anthem of Cyprus. | |||||
| 2 | Before 2002, the Greek drachma. | |||||
| 3 | The .eu domain is also used, as in other European Union member states. | |||||
Greece 
i/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] (
listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia][10]), is a country in Southern Europe,[11] politically considered part of Western Europe.[12] Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of ancient Greece, generally considered the cradle of Western civilization. As such it is the birthplace of democracy,[13] Western philosophy,[14] the Olympic Games, Western literature and historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama,[15] including both tragedy and comedy. This legacy is partly reflected in the seventeen UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in Greece, ranking Greece 7th in Europe and 13th in the world. The modern Greek state was established in 1830, following the Greek War of Independence.
Greece has been a member of what is now the European Union since 1981 and the eurozone since 2001,[16] NATO since 1952,[17] and is a founding member of the United Nations. Greece is a developed country with an advanced,[18][19] high-income economy[20] and very high standards of living (including the 21st highest quality of life as of 2010).[21][22][23] Since late 2009, the Greek economy has been hit by a severe economic and financial crisis resulting in the Greek government requesting €240 billion in loans from EU institutions, a substantial debt write-off, stringent austerity measures and political instability.[24]
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Name[link]
Main article: Name of Greece
Greece's name differs in comparison with the names used for the country in other languages and cultures, just like the names of the Greeks. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: Ελλάς, Ελλάδα) and its official name is Hellenic Republic, in English the country is called Greece, which comes from Latin Graecia as used by the Romans and literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name Γραικός; however, the name Hellas is sometimes used in English too.
History[link]
Main article: History of Greece
From the earliest settlements to the 3rd century B.C.[link]
Main article: Ancient Greece
While the area around Attica was inhabited during the Upper Paleolithic period (30000–10000 BC), archaeological evidence suggests that the small caves around the Acropolis rock and the Klepsythra spring were in use during the Neolithic period (3000–2800 BC).
Greece was the first area in Europe where advanced early civilizations emerged, beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3000 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC) and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC). The period between 1200 and 800 BC is known as the Greek Dark Ages following the supposed Dorian invasion, which marked the end of the Mycenean era. Two of the most celebrated works of Greek literature, the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer, were written during that period.
The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, South Italy (known in Latin as Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.[25][26]
By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled territories ranging from what is now northern Greece and Turkey all the way to Iraq, and posed a threat to the Greek states. Failed attempts by the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks, Persian forces sacked Athens. Following successive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time. The military conflicts, known as the Greco-Persian Wars, were led mostly by Athens and Sparta. However, the fact that Greece was not a unified country meant that conflict between the Greek states was common. The most devastating of intra-Greek wars in classical antiquity was the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), which marked the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in the history of Greece.
Following the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander III ("The Great") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Following Greek victories in the battles of Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, the Greeks marched on Susa and Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of Persia, in 330 BC. The Empire created by Alexander the Great stretched from Greece in the west and Pakistan in the east, and Egypt in the south. Before his sudden death in 323 BC, Alexander was also planning an invasion of Arabia. His death marked the collapse of the vast empire, which was split into several kingdoms, the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt. Other states founded by Greeks include the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Greco-Indian Kingdom in India. Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it brought about the dominance of Hellenistic civilization and the Greek language in the territories conquered by Alexander for at least two centuries, and, in the case of parts the Eastern Mediterranean, considerably longer.[27]
Hellenistic and Roman periods[link]
Main articles: Hellenistic Greece and Roman Greece
See also: Roman Empire
After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon by 276 B.C., as well as hegemony over most of the Greek city-states.[28] From about 200 B.C the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon.[29] Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 signaled the end of Antigonid power in Greece.[30] In 146 B.C. Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.[29][31] The process was completed in 27 B.C. when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea.[31] Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive").[32]
Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,[33] and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking,[34] though none were from Greece. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling on to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century,[35] with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.[36]
Medieval period[link]
Main article: Byzantine Greece
See also: Byzantine Empire
The Roman Empire in the east, following the fall of the Empire in the west in the 5th century, is known to history as the Byzantine Empire and lasted until 1453. With its capital in Constantinople, its language and literary culture was Greek and its religion was predominantly Eastern Orthodox.[37] From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula.[38] Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority.[38] Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.[39][40]
The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century.[41][42] This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated.[39] During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth – much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.[41] Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the “Latins” in 1204 most of Greece quickly came under Frankish rule [43] (initiating the period known as the Frankokratia) or Venetian rule in the case of some of the islands.[44] The re-establishment of the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese remained an important regional power into the 14th century.[43]
In the 14th century much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Empire as first the Serbs and then the Ottomans seized imperial territory.[45] By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to the Despotate of the Morea in the Peloponnese.[45] After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece.[46]
Ottoman period[link]
Main article: Ottoman Greece
While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands were under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670, respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule were the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.
While Greeks in Constantinople and the Ionian Islands lived in prosperity, much of the population of mainland Greece suffered the economic consequences of the Ottoman conquest. Heavy taxes were enforced, and in later years the Ottoman Empire enacted a policy of creation of hereditary estates, effectively turning the rural Greek populations into a serfdom.
The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, many did so superficially as they received tax benefits from the authorities.
The Ottoman administration of Greece varied. Some cities had governors appointed by the Sultan, while others, (like Athens), were self-governed municipalities. Some regions of Greece, like Crete and Epirus, remained effectively autonomous from the central Ottoman state for many centuries.
When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601, the Morean War of 1684–1699 and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770 which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests. These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.[47][48]
The last century of Ottoman rule in Greece saw the birth of some of the most influential figures in Greece's struggle for independence as well as the modern Greek Enlightenment. Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna. In 1798, he was murdered by Ottoman agents.[49] Other influential figures include Adamantios Korais and Anthimos Gazis.
The War of Independence[link]
Main article: Greek War of Independence
See also: First Hellenic Republic and Greek Declaration of Independence
In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese in action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans. By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. The Turks and Egyptians ravaged several Greek islands, including Chios and Psara.[50]
Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi—put under siege by the Turks since April 1825—fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.
Following years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at Navarino. Following a week long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. With the help of a French expeditionary force, the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.
The 19th century[link]
See also: Kingdom of Greece
In 1827 Ioannis Kapodistrias, from Corfu, was chosen as the first governor of the new Republic. However, following his assassination in 1831, the Great Powers installed a monarchy under Otto, of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach. In 1843 an uprising forced the king to grant a constitution and a representative assembly.
Due to his unimpaired authoritarian rule he was eventually dethroned in 1862 and a year later replaced by Prince Wilhelm (William) of Denmark, who took the name George I and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from Britain. In 1877 Charilaos Trikoupis, who is credited with significant improvement of the country's infrastructure, curbed the power of the monarchy to interfere in the assembly by issuing the rule of vote of confidence to any potential prime minister.
Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek. Government documents and newspapers were consequently published in Katharevousa (purified) Greek, a form which few ordinary Greeks could read. Liberals favoured recognising Demotic as the national language, but conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted all such efforts, to the extent that, when the New Testament was translated into Demotic in 1901, riots erupted in Athens and the government fell (the Evangeliaka). This issue would continue to plague Greek politics until the 1970s.
All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866–1869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete. Greeks in Crete continued to stage regular revolts, and in 1897, the Greek government under Theodoros Deligiannis, bowing to popular pressure, declared war on the Ottomans. In the ensuing Greco-Turkish War of 1897 the badly trained and equipped Greek army was defeated by the Ottomans. Through the intervention of the Great Powers however, Greece lost only a little territory along the border to Turkey, while Crete was established as an autonomous state under Prince George of Greece.
The 20th century and beyond[link]
File:Konstantine Venizelos 1913.jpg
King Constantine I with Eleftherios Venizelos (seated, with back to camera) in 1913, during the Balkan Wars.
As a result of the Balkan Wars Greece increased the extent of its territory and population. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During part of WWI, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki. The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.
In the aftermath of The First World War Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal, a war which resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne.[51] According to various sources,[52] several hundred thousand Pontic Greeks died during this period.[53] Instability and successive coups d'état marked the following era, which was overshadowed by the massive task of incorporating 1.5 million Greek refugees from Turkey into Greek society. The Greek population in Istanbul dropped from 300,000 at the turn of the 20th century to around 3,000 in the city today.[54]
Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'état followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a fascist regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although fascist, Greece remained in good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.
On 28 October 1940 Fascist Italy demanded the surrender of Greece, but Greek dictator Metaxas refused and in the following Greco-Italian War, Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania, giving the Allies their first victory over Axis forces on land. The country would eventually fall to urgently dispatched German forces during the Battle of Greece. The German occupiers nevertheless met serious challenges from the Greek Resistance. Over 100,000 civilians died from starvation during the winter of 1941–42, and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported to Nazi extermination camps.[55]
After liberation, Greece experienced a bitter civil war between communist and anticommunist forces, which led to economic devastation and severe social tensions between rightists and largely communist leftists for the next thirty years.[56] The next twenty years were characterized by marginalisation of the left in the political and social spheres but also by rapid economic growth, propelled in part by the Marshall Plan.
King Constantine II's dismissal of George Papandreou's centrist government in July 1965 prompted a prolonged period of political turbulence which culminated in a coup d'état on 21 April 1967 by the United States-backed Regime of the Colonels. The brutal suppression of the Athens Polytechnic uprising on 17 November 1973 sent shockwaves through the regime, and a counter-coup established Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis as dictator. On 20 July 1974, as Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus, the regime collapsed.
Former prime minister Konstantinos Karamanlis was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self-exile since 1963, marking the beginning of the Metapolitefsi era. On 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of NATO in protest at the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus.[57][58] The first multiparty elections since 1964 were held on the first anniversary of the Polytechnic uprising. A democratic and republican constitution was promulgated on 11 June 1975 following a referendum which chose to not restore the monarchy.
File:Accession of Greece to the European Union.png
Signing of the documents for the accession of Greece to the European Communities in 1979.
Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980.[57] Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.
Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of remarkable and sustained economic growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector have raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. The country adopted the euro in 2001 and successfully hosted the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens.
More recently, Greece has been hit hard by the late-2000s recession and central to the related European sovereign debt crisis. The Greek government debt crisis, subsequent economic crisis and resultant, sometimes violent protests have roiled domestic politics and have regularly threatened both European and world financial market stability in since the crisis began in 2010.
Geography and Climate[link]
Main article: Geography of Greece
      Greece
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Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth). Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with13,676 km (8,498 mi);[59] its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes 34° and 42° N, and longitudes 19° and 30° E.
Greece features a vast number of islands, between 1,200 and 6,000, depending on the definition,[60] 227 of which are inhabited. Crete is the largest and most populous island; Euboea, separated from the mainland by the 60m-wide Euripus Strait, is the second largest, followed by Rhodes and Lesbos.
The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea.
Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Mount Olympus, the mythical abode of the Greek Gods, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,917 m (9,570 ft), the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the Dinaric Alps, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at Mt. Smolikas (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel.
The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and find its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland. Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. The spectacular Vikos Gorge, part of the Vikos-Aoos National Park in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world.[61] Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries.
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Northeastern Greece features another high-altitude mountain range, the Rhodope range, spreading across the region of East Macedonia and Thrace; this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests, including the famous Dadia forest in the Evros regional unit, in the far northeast of the country.
Extensive plains are primarily located in the regions of Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Thrace. They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country. Rare marine species such as the Pinniped Seals and the Loggerhead Sea Turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered brown bear, the lynx, the Roe Deer and the Wild Goat.
The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean, featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese and parts of the Sterea Ellada (Central Continental Grece) region. The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a rain shadow effect).
The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (parts of Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese – including parts of the regional units of Achaea, Arcadia and Laconia – feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls. The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens.
Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.
Politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of Greece and List of political parties in Greece
Greece is a parliamentary republic.[62] The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term.[62] The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967–1974. It has been revised three times since, in 1986, 2001 and in 2008. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights.[63] Women's suffrage was guaranteed with a 1952 Constitutional amendment.
According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government.[62] From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister.[64] The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.[62]
Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament.[62] Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic.[62] Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance.[62] The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.[62]
The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: the Court of Cassation (Άρειος Πάγος), the Council of State (Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας) and the Court of Auditors (Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο). The Judiciary system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge disputes between the citizens and the Greek administrative authorities.
Political parties[link]
Main article: Political parties of Greece
Since the restoration of democracy, the Greek two-party system is dominated by the liberal-conservative New Democracy (ND) and the social-democratic Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK).[65] Other significant parties include the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) and the Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS). In 2010, two new parties split off from ND and SYRIZA, the centrist-liberal Democratic Alliance (DS) and the moderate leftist Democratic Left (DA). George Papandreou, president of PASOK, won 4 October 2009, won with a majority in the Parliament of 160 out of 300 seats. A new government was sworn in on 20 June 2011, and received a marginal vote of confidence on June 22, with 155 votes for, 143 against, and two MPs absent.[66] Since the beginning in 2010 of the government-debt crisis, the two major parties, New Democracy and PASOK, have seen a sharp decline in the share of votes in polls conducted, with recent polls showing support from 34% to 48% for the two major parties.[67][68][69][70][71] Polls show support for PASOK ranging from 8%[71] to 18%,[67] while New Democracy is in the 18% to 30% range.[67][69]
In November 2011, the two major parties joined the smaller Popular Orthodox Rally in a grand coalition, pledging their parliamentary support for a government of national unity headed by former European Central Bank vice-president Lucas Papademos.[72]
Administrative divisions[link]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Greece (2011)
Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece consists of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, "Holy Mountain"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia.
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Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Greece
Greece's foreign policy is conducted through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its head, the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The current minister is Stavros Dimas of the New Democracy party. According to the official website, the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations;[74] safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad;[74] the promotion of Greek culture;[74] the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora;[74] and the promotion of international cooperation.[74] Additionally, Greece has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the Balkans, the Mediterranean and the Middle East.[75]
The Ministry identifies three issues as of particular importance to the Greek state: Turkish claims over what the Ministry defines as Greek sovereignty over the Aegean Sea and corresponding airspace;[76] the legitimacy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on the island of Cyprus;[76] and the Macedonia naming dispute[76] with the small Balkan country which shares a name with Greece's largest and second-most-populous region, also called Macedonia.
Greece is a member of numerous international organizations, including the Council of Europe, the European Union, the Union for the Mediterranean and the United Nations, of which it is a founding member.
Military[link]
Main article: Military of Greece
 Hellenic Army Leopard 2A6 HEL |
 Hellenic Navy MEKO-200 HN |
 Hellenic Air Force Mirage 2000 |
The Hellenic Armed Forces are overseen by the Hellenic National Defense General Staff (Γενικό Επιτελείο Εθνικής Άμυνας – ΓΕΕΘΑ) and consists of three branches:
The civilian authority for the Greek military is the Ministry of National Defence. Furthermore, Greece maintains the Hellenic Coast Guard for law enforcement in the sea and for search and rescue.
Greece has universal compulsory military service for males, while females (who may serve in the military) are exempted from conscription. As of 2009[update], Greece has mandatory military service of nine months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. However, as the armed forces had been gearing towards a complete professional army system, the government had promised that the mandatory military service would be cut or even abolished completely.
Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard. Service in the Guard is paid. As a member of NATO, the Greek military participates in exercises and deployments under the auspices of the alliance.
Greece spends over 9 billion US Dollars every year on its military, or 3.2% of GDP, ranked 20th in the world. On a per capita level, Greece is ranked 8th.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Greece
Since 2010, the Greek economy has been hit by the most severe of the European sovereign debt crises. Greece's GDP (Gross Domestic Product) shrunk by 6.9% in 2011 and by 3.4% in 2010.[77] The country's public debt-to-GDP ratio stood at 165.3% of nominal gross domestic product in 2011.[78][79] The ongoing crisis has led to concerns of a run on the Greek banks, a forced exit from the Euro and, according to the Greek President, a "threat to our national existence".[80]
The pre-crisis economy[link]
Prior to the crisis, GDP had expanded at an average annual rate of 4% from 2004–2007, one of the highest rates in the Eurozone.[81]
The tourism industry remains a major source of foreign exchange earnings and revenue and accounted for 15% of Greece's total GDP[82] and employing, directly or indirectly, 16.5% of the total workforce.
The Greek labour force totals 4.9 million, and it is the second-most-industrious among OECD countries, after South Korea.[83] The Groningen Growth & Development Centre published a poll revealing that between 1995 and 2005, Greece ranked third in the "working hours per year ranking" among European nations; Greeks worked an average of 1,811 hours per year.[84] In 2007, the average worker produced around 20 dollars per hour, similar to Spain and slightly more than half of average U.S. worker's hourly output. Immigrants made up nearly one-fifth of the work force, occupied in mainly agricultural and construction work.
Greece's purchasing power-adjusted GDP per capita was the world's 25th highest. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), it had an estimated average per capita income of $29,882 for the year 2009, a figure slightly higher than that of Italy and Spain. According to Eurostat data, Greek PPS GDP per capita stood at 95 per cent of the EU average in 2009.[85] According to a survey by The Economist,[when?] the cost of living in Athens was close to 90% of the costs in New York City; in rural regions it is lower.[86]
In Greece, the euro was introduced in 2002. As a preparation for this date, the minting of the new euro coins started as early as 2001. However, all Greek euro coins introduced in 2002 have this year on it, unlike some other countries of the Eurozone where mint year is minted in the coin. Eight different designs, one per face value, were selected for the Greek coins. In 2007, in order to adopt the new common map like the rest of the Eurozone countries, Greece changed the common side of their coins. Before adopting the euro in 2002, Greece had maintained use of the Greek drachma from 1832.
In 2009, Greece had the EU's second-lowest Index of Economic Freedom (after Poland), ranking 81st in the world.[citation needed] The country suffers from high levels of political and economic corruption and low global competitiveness relative to its EU partners.[citation needed] The Greek economy faces significant problems, including rising unemployment levels and an inefficient government bureaucracy.[verification needed]
Although remaining above the euro area average, economic growth turned negative in 2009 for the first time since 1993.[87][verification needed] An indication of the trend of over-lending in recent years is the fact that the ratio of loans to savings exceeded 100% during the first half of the year.[88]
Debt crisis (2010-2012)[link]
See also: Greek government debt crisis
By the end of 2009, as a result of a combination of international and local factors (respectively, the world financial crisis and uncontrolled government spending), the Greek economy faced its most-severe crisis since the restoration of democracy in 1974 as the Greek government revised its deficit from an estimated 6% to 12.7% of gross domestic product (GDP).[89][90]
In early 2010, it was revealed that successive Greek governments had been found to have consistently and deliberately misreported the country's official economic statistics to keep within the monetary union guidelines.[91][92] This had enabled Greek governments to spend beyond their means, while hiding the actual deficit from the EU overseers.[93] In May 2010, the Greek government deficit was again revised and estimated to be 13.6%[94] which was one of the highest in the world relative to GDP[95] and public debt was forecast, according to some estimates, to hit 120% of GDP during 2010,[96] one of the highest rates in the world.
As a consequence, there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece's ability to repay its sovereign debt. In order to avert such a default, in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries, and the IMF, agreed to a rescue package which involved giving Greece an immediate €45 billion in loans, with more funds to follow, totaling €110 billion.[97][98] In order to secure the funding, Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control.[99]
On 15 November 2010 the EU's statistics body Eurostat revised the public finance and debt figure for Greece following an excessive deficit procedure methodological mission in Athens, and put Greece's 2009 government deficit at 15.4% of GDP and public debt at 126.8% of GDP making it the biggest deficit (as a percentage of GDP) amongst the EU member nations (although some have speculated that Ireland's in 2010 may prove to be worse).[100][101][102][103]
In 2011 it became apparent that the bail-out would be insufficient and a second bail-out amounting to €130 billion ($173 billion) was agreed in 2012, subject to strict conditions, including financial reforms and further austerity measures.[24] As part of the deal, there was to be a 53% reduction in the Greek debt burden to private creditors and any profits made by eurozone central banks on their holdings of Greek debt are to be repatriated back to Greece.[24] A team of monitors will be based in Athens to ensure agreed reforms are put into place and three months worth of debt repayments are to be held in a special account.[24]
An inconclusive election on 6 May 2012 has resulted in a power struggle between parties willing to accept austerity measures, and those that reject them.[24] The political instability has led to fears of a run on Greek banks with almost €1 billion being withdrawn from Greek bank accounts in the week following the election.[80]
Maritime industry[link]
Main articles: Greek shipping and List of ports in Greece
See also: Economy of Greece » Maritime industry
The shipping industry is a key element of Greek economic activity dating back to ancient times.[104] Today, shipping is one of the country's most important industries. It accounts for 4.5% of GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit.[105]
During the 1960s, the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled, primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates, Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.[106] The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold to them by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s.[106]
According to a United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report in 2011, the Greek merchant navy is the largest in the world at 16.2% of the world's total capacity,[107] up from 15.96% in 2010.[108] This is a drop from the equivalent number in 2006, which was 18.2%.[109] The total tonnage of the country's merchant fleet is 202 million dwt, ranked 1st in the world.[107] In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports).[108] In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fourth in other ships.[110] However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.[104] Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).[108]
Tourism[link]
Main article: Tourism in Greece
An important percentage of Greece's national income comes from tourism. According to Eurostat statistics, Greece welcomed over 19.5 million tourists in 2009,[111] which is an increase from the 17.7 million tourists it welcomed in 2007.[112] The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million,[113] while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million).[113] In 2010, the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia, with 18% of the country's total tourist flow (amounting to 3.6 million tourists), followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million.[111] Northern Greece is the country's most-visited geographical region, with 6.5 million tourists, while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million.[111]
In 2010, Lonely Planet ranked Greece's northern and second-largest city of Thessaloniki as the world's fifth-best party town worldwide, comparable to other cities such as Dubai and Montreal.[114] In 2011, Santorini was voted as "The World's Best Island" in Travel + Leisure.[115] Its neighboring island Mykonos, came in fifth in the European category.[115]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Greece
Since the 1980s, the road and rail network of Greece has been significantly modernized. Important works include the A2 (Egnatia Odos) motorway, that connects northwestern Greece (Igoumenitsa) with northern and northeastern Greece (Kipoi); and the Rio–Antirrio bridge, the longest suspension cable bridge in Europe (2250 m or 7382 ft long), connecting the western Peloponnese from Rio (7 km or 4 mi from Patras) with Antirrio in Central Greece.
Important projects that are currently underway include, the conversion of the GR-8A, connecting Athens with Patras and further towards Pyrgos in the western Peloponnese, into a modernised motorway throughout its length (scheduled to be completed by 2014); upgrading unfinished sections of motorway on the A1, connecting Athens to Thessaloniki; and the construction of the Thessaloniki Metro.
The Athens Metropolitan Area in particular is served by some of the most modern and efficient transport infrastructure in Europe, such as the Athens International Airport, the privately run Attiki Odos motorway network and the expanded Athens Metro system.
Most of the Greek islands and many main cities of Greece are connected by air mainly from the two major Greek airlines, Olympic Air and Aegean Airlines. Maritime connections have been improved with modern high-speed craft, including hydrofoils and catamarans.
Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of Larissa and Edessa; and around Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway. International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey, although as of 2011[update] they have been suspended, due to the financial crisis.
Telecommunications[link]
Main article: Telecommunications in Greece
Broadband internet availability is widespread in Greece; there were a total of 2,252,653 broadband connections as of early 2011[update]. This translates to 20% broadband penetration[116]
Internet cafés that provide net access, office applications and multiplayer gaming are also a common sight in the country, while mobile internet on 3G cellphone networks and Wi-Fi connections can be found almost everywhere.[117]
Science and technology[link]
The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2003, public spending on research and development (R&D) was 456.37 million euros (12.6% increase from 2002). Total R&D spending (both public and private) as a percentage of GDP had increased considerably since the beginning of the past decade, from 0.38% in 1989, to 0.65% in 2001. R&D spending in Greece remained lower than the EU average of 1.93%, but, according to Research DC, based on OECD and Eurostat data, between 1990 and 1998, total R&D expenditure in Greece enjoyed the third-highest increase in Europe, after Finland and Ireland. Because of its strategic location, qualified workforce and political and economic stability, many multinational companies such as Ericsson, Siemens, Motorola and Coca-Cola have their regional research and development headquarters in Greece.
Greece's technology parks with incubator facilities include the Science and Technology Park of Crete (Heraklion), the Thessaloniki Technology Park, the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park. Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005.[118] Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s. In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement. Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005. As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative.
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of Greece and Greeks
The official statistical body of Greece is the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT). According to the ELSTAT, Greece's total population in 2001 was 10,964,020.[119] That figure is divided into 5,427,682 males and 5,536,338 females.[119] The preliminary results of the 2011 census show a decrease in the country's population to 10,787,690, a drop of 1.6%.[7] As statistics from 1971, 1981, and 2001 show, the Greek population has been aging the past several decades.[119]
The birth rate in 2003 stood 9.5 per 1,000 inhabitants (14.5 per 1,000 in 1981). At the same time the mortality rate increased slightly from 8.9 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 9.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2003. In 2001, 16.71% of the population were 65 years old and older, 68.12% between the ages of 15 and 64 years old, and 15.18% were 14 years old and younger.[119]
Greek society has also rapidly changed with the passage of time. Marriage rates kept falling from almost 71 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 until 2002, only to increase slightly in 2003 to 61 per 1,000 and then fall again to 51 in 2004.[119] Divorce rates on the other hand, have seen an increase – from 191.2 per 1,000 marriages in 1991 to 239.5 per 1,000 marriages in 2004.[119]
Cities[link]
See also: List of cities in Greece
Almost two-thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas. Greece's largest metropolitan centres and most influential urban areas, are those of Athens and Thessaloniki, with metropolitan populations of approximately 4 million and 1 million inhabitants respectively. A number of cities that also form influential urban centres around the country include those of Patras, Heraklion, Larissa, Volos, Rhodes, Ioannina, Chania and Chalcis with urban populations above 100,000 inhabitants.[120]
The table below lists the largest cities in Greece, by population contained in their respective contiguous built up urban areas; which are either made up of many municipalities, evident in the cases of Athens and Thessaloniki, or are contained within a larger single municipality, case evident in most of the smaller cities of the country. The results come from the population census that took place in Greece in May 2011.
|
Largest cities or towns of Greece Hellenic Statistical Authority 2011 census[7] |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City name | Region | Pop. | Rank | City name | Region | Pop. | ||
 Athens |
1 | Athens | Attica | 3,074,160 | 11 | Agrinio | West Greece | 93,930 |  Patras |
| 2 | Thessaloniki | C. Macedonia | 790,824 | 12 | Katerini | C. Macedonia | 86,170 | ||
| 3 | Patras | West Greece | 214,580 | 13 | Trikala | Thessaly | 80,900 | ||
| 4 | Heraklion | Crete | 173,450 | 14 | Serres | C. Macedonia | 76,240 | ||
| 5 | Larissa | Thessaly | 163,380 | 15 | Lamia | Central Greece | 74,720 | ||
| 6 | Volos | Thessaly | 144,420 | 16 | Alexandroupoli | E. Macedonia/Thrace | 72,750 | ||
| 7 | Rhodes | South Aegean | 118,623 | 17 | Kozani | W. Macedonia | 70,420 | ||
| 8 | Ioannina | Epirus | 111,740 | 18 | Kavala | E. Macedonia/Thrace | 70,360 | ||
| 9 | Chania | Crete | 108,310 | 19 | Kalamata | Peloponnese | 70,130 | ||
| 10 | Chalcis | Central Greece | 102,420 | 20 | Veria | C. Macedonia | 66,630 | ||
Migration[link]
Main articles: Greek Diaspora and Immigration to Greece
Throughout the 20th century, millions of Greeks migrated to the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Germany, creating a thriving Greek diaspora. Net migration started to show positive numbers from the 1970s but until the beginning of the 1990s the main influx was that of return migrants.[121]
In 1986 legal and unauthorized immigrants totaled approximately 90,000. A study from the mmo.gr Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total.[122] The greatest cluster of non-EU immigrant population are the urban centers, especially the Municipality of Athens with 132,000 immigrants, at 17% of the local population and then Thessaloniki, with 27,000, reaching 7% of the local population. There is also a considerable number of co-ethnics that came from the Greek communities of Albania and the former Soviet Union.[121]
Greece, together with Italy and Spain, faces a flood of illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU. The Cabinet has approved a draft law that would allow children born in Greece to parents who are immigrants, one of whom must have been living in the country legally for at least five consecutive years to apply for Greek citizenship.[123]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Greece
The Greek Constitution recognizes the Orthodox faith as the "prevailing" faith of the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all.[62] The Greek government does not keep statistics on religious groups and censuses do not ask for religious affiliation. According to the U.S. State Department, an estimated 97% of Greek citizens identify themselves as Orthodox Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church.[124] In a Eurostat – Eurobarometer 2005 poll, 81% of Greek citizens responded that they "believe there is a God",[125] which was the third highest percentage among EU members behind only Malta and Cyprus.[125] According to other sources, 15.8% of Greeks describe themselves as "very religious", which is the highest among all European countries. The survey also found that just 3.5% never attend a church, compared to 4.9% in Poland and 59.1% in the Czech Republic.[126]
Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority, which is mostly located in Thrace, range from 98,000 to 140,000,[124][127] (between 0.9% and 1.2%) while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000. Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim religion, although most are secular in orientation.[128] Following the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Greece and Turkey agreed to a population transfer based on cultural and religious identity. About 500,000 Muslims from Greece, predominantly Turks, but also other Muslims, were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Asia Minor (now Turkey).[129]
| Religiosity in Greece (2005)[125] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belief in God |
|
81% | ||
| Belief in spirit or life force |
|
16% | ||
| No belief |
|
3% | ||
Athens is the only EU capital without a purpose-built place of worship for its Muslim population.[130][131]
Judaism has existed in Greece for more than 2,000 years. Sephardi Jews used to have a large presence in the city of Thessaloniki (by 1900, some 80,000, or more than half of the population, were Jews),[132] but nowadays the Greek-Jewish community who survived German occupation and the Holocaust, during World War II, is estimated to number around 5,500 people.[124][127]
Greek members of Roman Catholic faith are estimated at 50,000[124][127] with the Roman Catholic immigrant community approximating 200,000.[124] Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers.[127] Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000.[124][127] Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and other Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church has 12,000 members.[133] Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches.[134] There are not official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000.[135] The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 28,859 active members.[124][127][136]
Languages[link]
The first concrete evidence of the Greek language dates back to 15th century BC and the Linear B script which is associated with the Mycenaean Civilization. Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and beyond during Classical Antiquity, and would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire. During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as Greek language question, on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa, created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language, or the Dimotiki, the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people. The dispute was finally resolved in 1976, when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language, and Katharevousa fell to disuse.
Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group.
The Muslim minority in Thrace, which amounts to approximately 0.95% of the total population, consists of speakers of Turkish, Bulgarian (Pomaks)[138] and Romani. Romani is also spoken by Christian Roma in other parts of the country. Further minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various parts of the country. Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. Today they are only maintained by the older generations and are on the verge of extinction. This goes for the Arvanites, an Albanian-speaking group mostly located in the rural areas around the capital Athens, and for the Aromanians and Moglenites, also known as Vlachs, whose language is closely related to Romanian and who used to live scattered across several areas of mountaneous central Greece. Members of these groups ethnically identify as Greeks[139] and are today all at least bilingual in Greek.
Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic–speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian Slavic or Bulgarian.[140][141] It is estimated that in the aftermath of the population exchanges of 1923 there were somewhere between 200,000 and 400,000 Slavic speakers in Greek Macedonia.[54] The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a small group of a few thousand speakers.[citation needed]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Greece
Compulsory education in Greece comprises primary schools (Δημοτικό Σχολείο, Dimotikó Scholeio) and gymnasium (Γυμνάσιο). Nursery schools (Παιδικός σταθμός, Paidikós Stathmós) are popular but not compulsory. Kindergartens (Νηπιαγωγείο, Nipiagogeío) are now compulsory for any child above 4 years of age. Children start primary school aged 6 and remain there for six years. Attendance at gymnasia starts at age 12 and last for three years.
Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (Γενικό Λύκειο, Genikό Lykeiό) and technical–vocational educational schools (Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια, "TEE"). Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης, "IEK") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education.
Public higher education is divided into universities, "Highest Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ΑΕΙ") and "Highest Technological Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα,Anótata Technologiká Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ATEI"). Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. The Capodistrian University of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean.
The Greek education system also provides special kindergartens, primary and secondary schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning. Specialist gymnasia and high schools offering musical, theological and physical education also exist.
Health[link]
Main article: Health care in Greece
The Greek healthcare system is universal and is ranked as one of the best in the world. In a 2000 World Health Organization report it was ranked 14th in the overall assessment and 11th at quality of service, surpassing countries such as the United Kingdom (18th) and Germany (25th).[142] In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.[143] Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%.[144] The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country.[144]
Life expectancy in Greece is 80.3 years, above the OECD average of 79.5.[144] and among the highest in the world. The same OECD report showed that Greece had the largest percentage of adult daily smokers of any of the 34 OECD members.[144] The country's obesity rate is 18.1%, which is above the OECD average of 15.1% but considerably below the American rate of 27.7%.[144] In 2008, Greece had the highest rate of perceived good health in the OECD, at 98.5%.[145] Infant mortality is one of the lowest in the developed world with a rate of 3.1 deaths per 1,000 live births.[144]
Culture[link]
Main articles: Culture of Greece and List of Greeks
The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern successor the Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and states such as Latin and Frankish states, the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Republic, Genoese Republic, and British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture, but historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single entity of its multi-faceted culture.
Philosophy[link]
Main article: Ancient Greek philosophy
Most western philosophical traditions began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BC.The first philosophers are called "Presocratics" which designates that they came before Socrates. The Presocratics were from the western or the eastern colonies of Greece and only fragments of the original writings of the presocratics survive, in some cases merely a single sentence.
A new period of philosophy started with Socrates. Like the Sophists, he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged, and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point. Aspects of Socrates were first united from Plato, who also combined with them many of the principles established by earlier philosophers, and developed the whole of this material into the unity of a comprehensive system.
Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity but while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism.[146]
Literature[link]
Main articles: Greek Literature and Modern Greek literature
The timeline of the Greek literature can be separated into three big periods: the ancient, the Byzantine and the modern Greek literature.
At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey. Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy;historiography, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period.The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama.
Of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors have survived: those of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The surviving plays by Aristophanes are also a treasure trove of comic presentation, while Herodotus and Thucydides are two of the most influential historians in this period. The greatest prose achievement of the 4th century was in philosophy with the works of the three great philosophers.
Byzantine literature refers to literature of the Byzantine Empire written in Atticizing, Medieval and early Modern Greek, and it is the expression of the intellectual life of the Byzantine Greeks during the Christian Middle Ages.
Modern Greek literature refers to literature written in common Modern Greek, emerging from late Byzantine times in the 11th century. The Cretan Renaissance poem Erotokritos is undoubtedly the masterpiece of this period of Greek literature. It is a verse romance written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros(1553–1613). Later, during the period of Greek enlightenment (Diafotismos), writers such as Adamantios Korais and Rigas Feraios will prepare with their works the Greek Revolution (1821–1830).
Leading literary figures of modern Greece include Dionysios Solomos, Andreas Kalvos, Angelos Sikelianos, Emmanuel Rhoides, Kostis Palamas, Penelope Delta, Yannis Ritsos, Alexandros Papadiamantis, Nikos Kazantzakis, Andreas Embeirikos, Kostas Karyotakis, Gregorios Xenopoulos, Constantine P. Cavafy, and Demetrius Vikelas. Two Greek authors have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature: George Seferis in 1963 and Odysseas Elytis in 1979.
Cinema[link]
Main article: Greek cinema
Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films begun. Golfo (Γκόλφω), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe (Δάφνις και Χλόη), contained the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls.
The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many as the Greek Golden age of Cinema. Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important historical figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: Mihalis Kakogiannis, Alekos Sakellarios, Melina Mercouri, Nikos Tsiforos, Iakovos Kambanelis, Katina Paxinou, Nikos Koundouros, Ellie Lambeti, Irene Papas etc. More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having film noir elements . Notable films were Η κάλπικη λίρα (1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas), Πικρό Ψωμί (1951, directed by Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis). Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. Finos Film also contributed to this period with movies such as Λατέρνα, Φτώχεια και Φιλότιμο, Madalena, Η Θεία από το Σικάγο, Το ξύλο βγήκε από τον Παράδεισο and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.
There were also internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora such as the Greek-American Elia Kazan.
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Greek cuisine
Greek cuisine is as an example of the healthy Mediterranean diet (Cretan diet).[147] Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, spanakopita and souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia[citation needed] (a thick purée of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), lentil soup, retsina (white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades(rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish.
Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennelseed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews.
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Greece
File:Manzaro.jpeg
Nikolaos Mantzaros, composer of the Hymn to Liberty, representative of the founding generation of the Ionian School.
Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments during that period included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument, the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara. Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East and the Byzantine Empire had also effect on Greek music.
While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power.
Along with the Byzantine (Church) chant and music, the Greek people also cultivated the Greek folk song which is divided into two cycles, the akritic and klephtic. The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries. and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and the start of the Greek War of Independence. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, paraloghes (narrative song or ballad), love songs, mantinades, wedding songs, songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks. There is a unity between the Greek people's struggles for freedom, their joys and sorrow and attitudes towards love and death.
The Heptanesean kantádhes (καντάδες 'serenades'; sing.: καντάδα) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree. For the first part of the next century, several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs during the period 1870–1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage (επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια 'theatrical revue songs') in revue, operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens' theater scene.
Rebetiko, initially a music associated with the lower classes, later (and especially after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey) reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It was the base of the later laïkó (song of the people).
Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek:Επτανησιακή Σχολή), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos Carrer. Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music. In the 20 century, Greek composers have made a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music, with figures such as Iannis Xenakis and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence.
Sports[link]
Main article: Sport in Greece
Panathenaic Stadium at the first day of the 1896 Summer Olympics (top) and the Olympic Stadium of Athens, during the 2004 games (bottom).
Greece is the birth place of the Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BC. The Panathenaic Stadium in Athens, a replica of an ancient Greek stadium, hosted the Olympic Games in 1896. It had also hosted Olympic Games in 1870 and 1875 (see Evangelis Zappas). The Panathenaic stadium also hosted the Games in 1906 and was used to host events at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
The Greek national football team, ranked 14th in the world in 2012,[148] won the UEFA Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport.[149] The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising sixteen teams. The most successful are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, Aris, PAOK and AEK Athens.
The Greek national basketball team has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport. As of 2012, it ranked 4th in the world.[150] They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005,[151] and have reached the final four in three of the last four FIBA World Championships, taking second place in 2006. In 2009, Greece beat France in the under-20 European Basketball championship.[152] The domestic top basketball league, A1 Ethniki, is composed of fourteen teams. The most successful Greek teams are Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Aris Thessaloniki and PAOK. Water polo and volleyball are also practiced widely in Greece while cricket and handball are relatively popular in Corfu and Veroia respectively.
See also[link]
- Outline of Greece
- Bibliography of Greece
- Index of Greece-related articles
- Greek mythology
- Name days in Greece
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References[link]
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- ^ File:Yearly working time 2004.jpg
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- ^ [clarification needed] "Ζούμε με δανεικά" (in Greek). 16 October 2007. http://stocks.pathfinder.gr/news/560812.html.
- ^ Lynn, Matthew (2011). Bust: Greece, the Euro and the Sovereign Debt Crisis. Hobeken, New Jersey: Bloomberg Press. ISBN 978-0-470-97611-1.
- ^ "Greece's Sovereign-Debt Crunch: A Very European Crisis". The Economist. 4 February 2010. http://www.economist.com/node/15452594?story_id=15452594. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Rehn: No Other State Will Need a Bail-Out". EU Observer. http://euobserver.com/19/30015. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ "Greece Paid Goldman $300 Million To Help It Hide Its Ballooning Debts". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/henry-blodget-greece-paid-goldman-300-million-to-help-it-hide-its-ballooning-debts-2010-2. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ Story, Louise; Thomas Jr, Landon; Schwartz, Nelson D. (14 February 2010). "Wall St. Helped To Mask Debt Fueling Europe's Crisis". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/global/14debt.html?pagewanted=1&hp. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ "Papandreou Faces Bond Rout as Budget Worsens, Workers Strike". 22 April 2010. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aUi3XLUwIIVA. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ Staff (19 February 2010). "Britain's Deficit Third Worst in the World, Table". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/7269629/Britains-deficit-third-worst-in-the-world-table.html. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Melander, Ingrid; Papchristou, Harry (5 November 2009). "Greek Debt To Reach 120.8 Pct of GDP in '10 – Draft". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/05/greece-budget-debt-idUSATH00496420091105. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Thesing, Gabi; Krause-Jackson, Flavia (3 May 2010). "Greece Faces `Unprecedented' Cuts as $159B Rescue Nears". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-02/greece-faces-unprecedented-cuts-as-159b-rescue-nears.html. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ Kerin Hope (2 May 2010). "EU Puts Positive Spin on Greek Rescue". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/08a87e4e-55c4-11df-b835-00144feab49a.html. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ Newman, Rick (3 November 2011). "Lessons for Congress From the Chaos in Greece". US News. http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/rick-newman/2011/11/03/lessons-for-congress-from-the-chaos-in-greece. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ van Puyvelde, Eric (Monday 15 November 2010). "Deficits Increase in Eurozone and EU". Eurostat. http://www.europolitics.info/economy-monetary-affairs/deficits-increase-in-eurozone-and-eu-artb287086-50.html. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ Cooper, Patrick (23 May 2010). "Ireland Worse than Greece, Faces Financial Ruin, Say Two Leading Economists". IrishCentral. http://www.irishcentral.com/news/Ireland-worse-than-Greece-faces-financial-ruin-say-two-leading-economists--94688524.html. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
- ^ "Ireland Now Has a Worse Deficit Problem Than Even Greece". IrishCentral. 3 October 2010. http://www.irishcentral.com/news/Ireland-worse-than-Greece-faces-financial-ruin-say-two-leading-economists--94688524.html. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
- ^ "Ireland Deficit Now 32% of GDP?". Eurostat. http://timiacono.com/index.php/2010/11/23/ireland-deficit-now-32-of-gdp/. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ a b Polemis, Spyros M.. "The History of Greek Shipping". greece.org. http://www.greece.org/poseidon/work/articles/polemis_one.html. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ^ Press release (11 May 2006). "Greek Shipping Is Modernized To Remain a Global Leader and Expand Its Contribution to the Greek Economy". National Bank of Greece. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070831114031/http://www.nbg.gr/en/pr_release_resb.asp?P_ID=463. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ a b Engber, Daniel (17 August 2005). "So Many Greek Shipping Magnates...". Slate. http://www.slate.com/?id=2124542&. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Review of Maritime Transport 2011". United Nations. 2011. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2011_en.pdf. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ a b c "Review of Maritime Transport 2010". United Nations. 2010. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2010_en.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Review of Maritime Transport 2006". United Nations. 2006. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Top 20 Ranking of World Merchant Fleet by Country of Owner as of 1 January 2001". U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2001. http://www.bts.gov/publications/maritime_trade_and_transportation/2002/html/table_01_05.html. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ a b c "Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments – regional – annual data". Eurostat. 2010. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/setupModifyTableLayout.do. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Tourism". Eurostat. 2010. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-HA-10-001-11/EN/KS-HA-10-001-11-EN.PDF. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ a b "02. Αφίξεις αλλοδαπών από το εξωτερικό κατά υπηκοότητα και μέσο ταξιδίου ( Δεκέμβριος 2007 ) [02. Arrivals of foreigners from abroad by nationality and means of travel (December 2007)]" (in Greek). Hellenic National Statistics Agency. December 2007. http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A2001/Other/A2001_STO03_TB_MM_12_2007_02_F_GR.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Ultimate party cities". Lonely Planet. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/canada/travel-tips-and-articles/39339. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ a b "World's Best Awards – Islands". Travel + Leisure. http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/islands/europe-islands/242. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ [clarification needed] "Το 20% του πληθυσμού πλησιάζει η διείσδυση της ευρυζωνικότητας στην Ελλάδα" (in Greek). in.gr. 2 May 2011. http://news.in.gr/science-technology/article/?aid=1231106170. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ "Finding Free WiFi Internet in the Greek Islands". Open Journey. 29 June 2011. http://www.openjourney.com/blogs/josh/free-wifi-internet-greek-islands-47.html. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- ^ "Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State". ESA. 22 March 2005. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMWYQRMD6E_Benefits_0.html. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f "Greece in Numbers" (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071124142319/http://www.statistics.gr/eng_tables/hellas_in_numbers_eng.pdf. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
- ^ "Athena 2001 Census". National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080117231653/http://www.statistics.gr/Athena2001/Athena2001.ASP?wcu=$cmd=0$id=5200712142356520314915. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
- ^ a b Triandafyllidou, Anna. "Migration and Migration Policy in Greece". Critical Review and Policy Recommendations. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy. No. 3, April 2009
- ^ Kasimis, Charalambos; Kassimi, Chryssa (June 2004). "Greece: A History of Migration". Migration Information Source.
- ^ [clarification needed] "Διαβατήριο – Διαδικτυακό περιοδικό για μετανάστες Ελληνοαλβανικός Σύνδεσμος Φιλίας Σωκράτης: Ειδήσεις" (in Greek). Diavatirio.net. http://diavatirio.net/diavat/news.php. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g "International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Greece". US Dept. of State/Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. United States Department of State. 15 September 2006. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90178.htm. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ a b c "Eurobarometer: Social Values, Science, and Technology" (PDF). Eurobarometer. June 2005. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ [clarification needed] "Dagens ESS: Religiøsitet og kirkebesøk" (in Norwegian). forskning.no. 11 October 2005. http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2005/oktober/1128932447.69. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Ktistakis, Ioannis; Sitaropoulos, Nicholas (22 June 2004). "Executive Summary Discrimination on the Grounds of Religion and Belief Greece" (PDF). European Commission. Archived from the original on 5 June 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070605013415/http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/fundamental_rights/pdf/aneval/religion_el.pdf. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ "Greece". United States Department of State. 26 August 2005. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71383.htm. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
- ^ "Turkey – Population". U.S.Library of Congress.
- ^ Burroughs, Andrew (18 July 2006). "Athens Muslims To Get a Mosque". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5190256.stm. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ Kitsantonis, Niki (6 July 2007). "Muslims in Athens Build Their Own Mosque". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/05/world/europe/05iht-greek.1.6505511.html. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Greece. Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ "Synod of Apostolic Church of Christ". Pentecost.gr. http://www.pentecost.gr/English/history.htm. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "Church addresses from the Official Site – in Greek". Christianity.gr. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080421172048/http://www.christianity.gr/church/addresses.php. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "Orthodox estimate –in Greek". Egolpio.com. http://www.egolpio.com/PENTECOSTAL/freechurpentecost.htm. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "2009 Report". The Watchtower. http://watchtower.org/e/statistics/worldwide_report.htm. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
- ^ See Ethnologue "Languages of Greece". ethnologue.com. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=GR&seq=10. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ; Euromosaic, Le (slavo)macédonien / bulgare en Grèce, L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce, Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce, and Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education, The Turkish language in education in Greece. cf. also P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe.Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000.
- ^ Trudgill, P. (2000). "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds.).Language and Nationalism in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Greek Helsinki Monitor, Minority Rights Group, Greece, Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention) 8 September 1999
- ^ [unreliable source?] "Bulgarian Language". Omniglot – Writing Systems & Languages of the World. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/bulgarian.htm. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "The Bulgarian Language". Kwintessential. http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/language/about/bulgarian.html. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "Health Systems: Improving Performance". World Health Report 2000. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ [clarification needed] "ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΑΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΩΝ ΜΟΝΑΔΩΝ ΥΓΕΙΑΣ ΕΣΥ" (in Greek) (PDF). tovima.gr. 1 July 2011. http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22768&subid=2&pubid=63299225. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "OECD Health Data 2011: How Does Greece Compare". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/54/38979850.pdf. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Perceived Health Status". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Ancient Greek Philosophy". Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/.
- ^ Sari Edelstein (22 October 2010). Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 147–149. ISBN 978-0-7637-5965-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&pg=PA147. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ "FIFA World Rankings". FIFA. July 2009. http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/ranking/lastranking/gender=m/fullranking.html. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
- ^ McNulty, Phil (4 July 2004). "Greece Win Euro 2004". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/euro_2004/3860105.stm. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
- ^ "Ranking Men after Olympic Games: Tournament Men (2008)". International Basketball Federation. August 2008. http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/even/rank/rankMen.asp. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
- ^ Wilkinson, Simon (26 September 2005). "Greece Tops Germany for Euro Title". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2172612. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
- ^ "Greece Beats France To Win Under-20 European Title". USA Today. 26 July 2009. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/2009-07-26-108192511_x.htm. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- Bibliography
- Dagtoglou, P.D. (1991). "Protection of Individual Rights" (in Greek). Constitutional Law – Individual Rights – Volume I. Athens-Komotini: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers.
- Mavrias, Kostas G. (2002) (in Greek). Constitutional Law. Athens: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. ISBN 978-960-15-0663-0.
- Paparrigopoulos, Xenophon; Vassilouni, Stavroula (translators) (2008) (PDF). The Constitution of Greece. Athens: Hellenic Parliament. ISBN 978-960-560-073-0. http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- Venizelos, Evangelos (2002). "The Contribution of the Revision of 2001" (in Greek). The "Acquis" of the Constitutional Revision. Athens: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. ISBN 978-960-15-0617-3.
- Pappas, Takis (April 2003). "The Transformation of the Greek Party System Since 1951". West European Politics 26 (2): 90–114. DOI:10.1080/01402380512331341121. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/wep/2003/00000026/00000002/art00005. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- Clogg, Richard (2002). A Concise History of Greece (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00479-4. .
- Kalaitzidis, Akis (2010). Europe's Greece: A Giant in the Making (Palgrave Macmillan) 219 pages; $85. the impact of European Union membership on Greek politics, economics, and society.
- "Minorities in Greece – Historical Issues and New Perspectives". History and Culture of South Eastern Europe. An Annual Journal. München (Slavica) 2003.
External links[link]
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- Government
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- Motorcycle cop redirects here.
Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Policeman (disambiguation), Police Woman (disambiguation), Coppers (disambiguation), and Police Officer (film).
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| Occupation | |
|---|---|
| Activity sectors | Law enforcement |
| Description | |
| Competencies | Physical fitness, sense of justice |
| Education required | Secondary or tertiary education |
A police officer (also known as a policeman or policewoman, and constable in some forces, particularly in the United Kingdom[1][2] and other Commonwealth nations) is a warranted employee of a police force. In the United States, "officer" is the formal name of the lowest police rank; in many other countries "officer" is a generic term not specifying a particular rank, and the lowest rank is often "constable". Police officers are generally charged with the apprehension of criminals and the prevention and detection of crime, and the maintenance of public order. Police officers may be sworn to an oath, and have the power to arrest people and detain them for a limited time, along with other duties and powers.
Some police officers may also be trained in special duties, such as counter-terrorism, surveillance, child protection, VIP protection, and investigation techniques into major crime, including fraud, rape, murder and drug trafficking.
Contents |
Duties and functions[link]
Responsibilities of a police officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property, and the investigation of crimes. Officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within the community, and in many contexts restrictions are placed on what the uniformed officer wears. In some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even if they are off-duty. Police officers in nearly all countries retain their lawful powers, while off duty.[3]
In the community[link]
In the majority of Western legal systems, the major role of the police is to maintain order, keeping the peace through surveillance of the public, and the subsequent reporting and apprehension of suspected violators of the law. They also function to discourage crimes through high-visibility policing, and most police forces have an investigative capability. Police have the legal authority to arrest, usually granted by magistrates. Police officers also respond to emergency calls, along with routine community policing.
Police are often used as an emergency service and may provide a public safety function at large gatherings, as well as in emergencies, disasters, search and rescue situations, and Road Traffic Collisions. To provide a prompt response in emergencies, the police often coordinate their operations with fire and emergency medical services. In some countries, individuals serve jointly as police officers as well as firefighters (creating the role of Fire Police) or paramedics. In many countries, there is a common emergency service number that allows the police, firefighters, or medical services to be summoned to an emergency. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom have outlined command procedures, for the use in major emergencies or disorder. The Gold Silver Bronze command structure is a system set up to improve communications between ground based officers and the control room, typically, Bronze Commander would be a senior officer on the ground, coordinating the efforts in the center of the emergency, Silver Commanders would be positioned in an 'Incident Control Room' erected to improve better communications at the scene, and a Gold Commander who would be in the Control Room.
Police are also responsible for reprimanding minor offenders by issuing citations which typically may result in the imposition of fines, particularly for violations of traffic law. Traffic enforcement is often and effectively accomplished by police officers on motorcycles—called motor officers, these officers refer to the motorcycles they ride on duty as simply motors. Police are also trained to assist persons in distress, such as motorists whose car has broken down and people experiencing a medical emergency. Police are typically trained in basic first aid such as CPR.
In addition, some park rangers are commissioned as law enforcement officers and carry out a law-enforcement role within national parks and other back-country wilderness and recreational areas, whereas Military police perform law enforcement functions within the military.
Entry and promotion qualifications[link]
In most countries, candidates for the police force must have completed some formal education.[citation needed] Increasing numbers of people are joining the police force who possess tertiary education[citation needed] and in response to this many police forces have developed a "fast-track" scheme whereby those with university degrees spend two to three years as a Constable before receiving promotion to higher ranks, such as Sergeants or Inspectors. (Officers who work within investigative divisions or plainclothes are not necessarily of a higher rank but merely have different duties.)[citation needed] Police officers are also recruited from those with experience in the military or security services. In the United States state laws may codify state-wide qualification standards regarding age, education, criminal record, and training but in other places requirements are set by local police agencies. Each local Police agency has different requirements.
Promotion is not automatic and usually requires the candidate to pass some kind of examination, interview board or other selection procedure. Although promotion normally includes an increase in salary, it also brings with it an increase in responsibility and for most, an increase in administrative paperwork. There is no stigma attached to this, as experienced line patrol officers are highly regarded.
Dependent upon each agency, but generally after completing two years of service, officers may also apply for specialist positions, such as detective, police dog handler, mounted police officer, motorcycle officer, water police officer, or firearms officer (in countries where police are not routinely armed).
In some countries such as in Singapore, police ranks may also be supplemented through conscription, similar to national service in the military. Qualifications may thus be relaxed or enhanced depending on the target mix of conscripts. In Singapore, for example, conscripts face tougher physical requirements in areas such as eyesight, but are less stringent with minimum academic qualification requirements. Some police officers join as volunteers, who again may do so via differing qualification requirements.
Police pay[link]
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This section requires expansion. |
In some societies, police officers are paid relatively well compared to other occupations; their pay depends on what rank they are within their police force and how many years they've served.[4]
Occupational hazards[link]
Line of duty deaths[link]
Line of duty deaths are deaths which occur while an officer is conducting his or her appointed duties. Despite the increased risk of being a victim of a homicide, automobile accidents are the most common cause of officer deaths. Officers are more likely to be involved in traffic accidents because of their large amount of time spent conducting vehicle patrols, or directing traffic, as well as their work outside their vehicles alongside or on the roadway, or in dangerous pursuits. Officers killed by suspects make up a smaller proportion of deaths. In the U.S. in 2005, 156 line of duty deaths were recorded of which 44% were from assaults on officers, 35% vehicle related (only 3% during vehicular pursuits) and the rest from other causes: heart attacks during arrests/foot pursuits, diseases contracted either from suspects' body fluids or, more rarely, from emergency blood transfusions received after being in motor vehicle accidents, shot or stabbed, accidental gun discharges, falls, and drownings.[6]
Police officers who die in the line of duty, especially those who die from the actions of suspects or in accidents or heart attacks, are often given elaborate funerals, attended by large numbers of fellow officers. Their families may also be entitled to special pensions. Fallen officers are often remembered in public memorials, such as the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in the U.S., the National Police Memorial in the U.K. and the Scottish Police Memorial, at the Scottish Police College.
In the United Kingdom, in the 10 years from April 2000 there were 143 line of duty deaths: 54 in road accidents travelling to or from duty, 46 in road accidents on duty, 23 from natural causes on duty, 15 from criminal acts, and 5 in other accidents.[7] (In the United Kingdom, police do not normally carry firearms.)
The Singapore Police Force registered just over 100 deaths in a century up to the year 2000. There have been 28 New Zealand police officers killed by criminal act since 1890.[8] Despite perceived dangers, policing has never been listed above number ten as one of the most dangerous jobs in the U.S. In terms of deaths per capita, driver-sales work such as food delivery is a more dangerous profession than being a police officer[9].
Work stress[link]
Indicators[link]
The actual presence of stress in police work is well documented and evidenced by certain statistics. Researchers typically use suicide, divorce and alcoholism rates as three key indexes of stress in a group of people.[10] These factors paint a compelling picture of police officers demonstrating signs of significant stress, for example:
- A study in the United States, by National Surveillance of Police Suicide Study (NSOPS), showed 141 suicides in 2008 and 143 in 2009. This yields a suicide rate of 17/100,000, a figure that holds up under scrutiny and is consistent with CDC/NOMS data.[11] The overall suicide rate in the United States was 11.3 suicide deaths per 100,000 people.[12] There is some speculation or controversy that this official rate may understate the actual rate as it is often other police officers that report facts that lead to a cause of death determination, and death benefits, institutional image, and other factors may be incentives to misreport incident facts. It is speculated that some suicides are reported by fellow officers as accidents or as deaths in the line of duty perpetrated by unknown assailants. Also, many jurisdictions simply don't keep suicide statistics. Even though the information is incomplete, the available statistics suggest that police officers are more likely to commit suicide than the general population. However there is still controversy in the interpretation of these statistics. When comparisons are made within age, gender, and racial cohorts, the differences are much less dramatic.[13][14] Although suicides may be notably more prevalent among police, it is not clear whether police suicides are the result of work stress or the consequence of other variables, such as the influence of a subculture of violence[15]
- Police officers are much more likely to experience interpersonal relationship problems. Relationship problems are most dramatically demonstrated by the divorce rate among police officers, which is usually reported as being the second highest of all occupations. However in a 2009 study, the divorce rates of law enforcement personnel were compared with the rates for other occupations, where data was analyzed from the 2000 U.S. Census. The results of the analysis indicate that the divorce rate for law enforcement personnel is lower than that of the general population, even after controlling for demographic and other job-related variables.[16] The propensity to domestic violence is also thought to be higher for police officers than the general population, though the statistics are very fuzzy and controversial. Police officers also seem to have relationship problems at work, typically with superiors or with political oversight, though the evidence is largely anecdotal and controversial.
- Alcoholism is considered another aberrant statistic for police officers. Although the statistics are fuzzy, clinically treated alcohol addiction rates are usually calculated to be about twice as high for police officers than for the general population in the United States. In contrast, statistics documenting alcohol abuse are less precise. Rates for arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol, or DUI or DWI, are somewhat higher for police officers than for other drivers, but the statistics are not widely trusted outside of the insurance industry since it is other police officers that make DUI arrests. Some departments and even some individual officers tend to hold police officers to a higher behavioral and ethical standard while others will recognize a 'blue line' behind which those within the 'brotherhood' are not held to the same standards as the rest of society. Despite the controversies in the interpretation of the statistics, it is generally considered evident that police officers are more susceptible to alcohol abuse than other occupations. The same conclusions are usually made regarding the police abuse of other substances, though the statistics are even less accurate, and even though the higher rates of substance abuse may be due in part to the more ready access to drugs and the more permissive atmosphere 'behind the blue line' rather than to occupational stresses.
Hans Selye, the foremost researcher in stress in the world, said that police work is "the most stressful occupation in America even surpassing the formidable stresses of air traffic control."[10]
Other researchers, though, claim that police officers are more psychologically healthy than the general population. Police officers are increasingly more educated, more likely to engage in a regular program of exercise and to consume less alcohol and tobacco, and increasingly family-oriented. Healthy behavior patterns typically observed at entry training usually continue throughout the career of an officer. Even though the presence of occupation related stress seems to be well documented, it is highly controversial. Many within the law enforcement industry claim the propagation of incorrect suicide, divorce, and substance abuse statistics comes from people or organizations with political or social agendas, and that the presence of these beliefs within the industry makes it hard for health workers to help police officers in need of treatment to deal with the fear of negative consequences from police work which is necessary to enable police officers to develop a healthy expectancy of success in treatment.[17]
Sources[link]
Even though the presence of occupational stresses appear to be well documented, though not without controversy, the causes of workplace stress are comparatively unclear or even a matter of conjecture.
Although individual policemen and institutional public relations typically cite the risks of being killed in the line of duty as the predominant source of stress for individual policemen, there is significant controversy regarding the causes of personal workplace stress due to the fact that the actual risk of being killed is so small relative to other occupations.
It is charged that the myth of the high risks of occupational mortality connected with police work is often propagated by the law enforcement community as part of its institutional advancement and a central element in its public relations. Actual homicides of police are comparatively rare, but the reports of such incidents are typically reported in the press along with quotes by police officials or police officer family members stressing the notion that police officers 'put their lives on the line for the public' or 'risk their lives everyday', making it look like individual policemen routinely place themselves in mortal danger for low pay and little recognition, and that the view of police work as 'combat' is the source of police occupational stress indications.
Another explanation often advanced is the idea that police officers will undergo some traumatic experience in their police work that they never recover from, leading to suicide, divorce, etc. However, since the effects of such traumatic stresses is readily recognized, there are usually proactive programs in place to help individual police officers deal with the psychological effects of a traumatic event. Unfortunately, there is some evidence that such programs are actually ineffective, especially group therapies, may re-traumatize the participant, weaken coping mechanisms, and contribute to the development of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[18][19][20]
Observations where police officers and other emergency workers, such as firemen, experience the same traumatic event, it is more likely that the police officer will have difficulty dealing with the long term emotional effects of the traumatic event. On this observation, some of the academic literature suggests that along these lines the causes of occupational stress is more complex for police officers. Stress in police work is often present in other occupations, but not in an ongoing capacity. One line of thinking is that the individual stresses of police work produce a condition of chronic stress. Police officers encounter stressors in call after call which sap their emotional strength. Debilitation from this daily stress accumulates making officers more vulnerable to traumatic incidents and normal pressures of life. The weakening process is often too slow to see; neither a person nor his friends are aware of the damage being done. The effects of chronic stresses is two-fold:
- First, prolonged stress causes people to regress. Their psychological growth reverses, and they become more immature. They rapidly become more childish and primitive, much like a person being sick for several days becoming more irritable and childish in its demands on other people.
- Second, chronic stress numbs people's sensitivity. They can't stand to continually see human misery. They must stop feeling or they won't survive. The mind has this defense mechanism so people can continue working in horrible situations. If they kept their normal sensitivity, they would fall apart. As they become insensitive to their own suffering, they become insensitive to the suffering of others. When treated with indignity, they lose not only a sense of their own dignity but also the dignity of others. The pain of others stops bothering them, and they are no longer bothered when they hurt others.
The daily work of a police officer involves certain paradoxes and conflicts which may be difficult to deal with, the predominant examples are[10]
- Any interaction with a member of the public, whether socially or officially, such as in a traffic stop, involves a non-trivial risk of verbal abuse or physical harm. Treating a person with common respect or normal social graces requires the officer to be off guard and unprepared for an attack. Being on guard for an attack and treating every interpersonal situation with safety procedures and affirmative commands makes the police officer appear cynical, brutal, and detached, and limits his actual effectiveness with the public. Considering someone a friend or an enemy produces opposite mental states, an unnatural no-win situation engendering chronic stress.
- A police department is both a professional and military organization, and these two aspects oppose each other. As a professional, he is considered to be an expert in his field and is expected to use his expertise for the good of his public. He has much discretion in how he serves the people who call upon him. However, the dangers and complexities of the work require a military structure of the organization and a military leaning in the training. Although some are actually educated, all police officers are well trained. Policies, regulations, and procedures cover every facet of police work. Everything is expected to be done by the book with substantial repercussions, including civil and criminal liability, for varying from the expectations of operating procedures. Often the facts of a situation require a course of action that does not follow procedures. If he follows procedures exactly, he knows he won't fully help the public, and the public will think he is shirking his responsibility. If the officer follows his own judgment, he is taking a risk. The community and department expect officers to use judgment, but when they do, there is a danger they will be disciplined; another unnatural no-win situation engendering chronic stress.
- Police officers tend to become socially isolated. The reasons given for this isolation are varied and mostly anecdotal. One theory is that police work is not balanced. Most occupations involve a combination of good and bad results. In police work, almost everything is bad, and everybody you deal with is perceived either inherently bad or at least foolish. Another is that police officers develop a 'street wisdom' and by fiat possess a degree of authority that tends to make them perceive themselves as being morally superior to the rest of society. Whatever the reason, the public that the police deal with clearly perceive it and tend to reinforce the divide. Classically when a group of people are isolated, they become disoriented and confused. Their behavior changes drastically. Ironically an isolated class are usually the ones who are losing real world wisdom and tend to judge the world incorrectly from a very limited perspective, leading to interpersonal mistakes and more chronic stress.[citation needed]
A more colloquial view looks at specific sources of stress in police work.[21] The sources of stress most often actually cited are:
- The fear of killing someone in the line of duty.
- Having your partner or somebody else that you feel at least partly responsible for killed in the line of duty.
- Lack of support by the department or superiors.
- The scheduling of work and irregular work demands resulting in a disruption of family time or family events or rituals.
- The daily grind of dealing with the stupidity of the public, or the "asshole factor".
Other more academic studies have produced similar lists, but may include items that the more colloquial surveys do not reveal, such as 'exposure to neglected, battered, or dead children'[22]
Again, the actual fear of occupational death or physical harm is not high on the list of stress sources.
There have been numerous academic studies on the specific sources of police stress, and most conclude organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress.[23] Traumatic events are usually concluded to not be of sufficient scope or prevalence to account for prevalence of suicide, divorce, and substance abuse abnormalities.
Personality theories[link]
Some of the more esoteric, least documented or cited, and more longstanding theories for police stress symptoms involves the interaction of the specifics of police work with the personalities of individual police officers. There has been a raging debate on the fringes of psychiatry as to whether there is something about police work that causes psychiatric symptomology and personality disorders or whether there are certain personalities susceptible to disorders that are attracted to police work. Theory holds that there are four general possibilities:
- There is something about police work, the social structure, the work atmosphere, etc., which causes stresses or presents traumas that cause personality or psychiatric disorders resulting in symptoms such as suicide, divorce, violence, substance abuse, etc. (the foundations of this possibility are outlined above)
- There is one or more personality types or people with certain tendencies or proclivities who are susceptible of developing personality or psychiatric disorders, regardless of their occupation, who because of their personality or preferences are attracted to police work, and then display symptoms of stress or disorders.
- There is a combination of the two.
- Or there is a combination and synergistic interaction of the two.
Some studies have tried to use personality traits to determine police applicant desirability,[24]. These have generally looked at psychology's Big Five personality traits of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. These studies have suggested that age, cynicism and institutional culture affect performance.
There are other personality traits that are specifically not desired for police work that are equally well documented. However, there has been relatively little academic work cited regarding the personality traits attracted to police work. The nature of personality traits of people attracted to police work tends to be a matter of conjecture and anecdotal observations. The personalities of people who are actually in police work tends to be different from that which is purported to be desired by police departments. Police officers tend to be isolated and suspicious, view expression of emotions as a weakness, and find it hard to trust and confide in others.[25] For example, police officers are often viewed by the public to be domineering, narcissistic, authoritarian, physically oppressive, and basically the opposite of the personality traits most often cited as being desirable in a police officer. There are studies that suggest that people who take risks are attracted to police work.[26] There is a corresponding theory that police officers actually tend to be people seeking security and stability and are attracted to the job for the steady government paycheck and government pension and adverse to the risks of business, sales, or other occupations. There is ample evidence that there is something in police work that alters personality.
The theory that there is an interaction between the personality attracted to the work and the work itself is mostly conjecture. For example, people attracted to police work are thought to crave the respect and authority that they expect with a badge, gun, uniform, and commission, but most of the people that police officers come in contact with do not respect them, and their authority is strongly regulated and limited by law, policies, and procedures, setting up a conflict resulting in chronic stress.
Abuse of power[link]
Police officers have considerable powers and are often supported by authorities who oversee them if accused of wrongdoing.[27]
Systematic cases[link]
In dictatorial, corrupt, or weak states, police officers may carry out many criminal acts for the ruling regime with impunity. Examples are the Gestapo secret police in Nazi Germany, and the role of the police in the military dictatorship in Argentina in the 1970s.[28] Institutional racism has been found in modern police forces.[29]
Individual cases[link]
Individual officers, or sometimes whole units, can be corrupt or carry out various other forms of misconduct; this occasionally happens in many forces, but is particularly problematic where police pay is very low unless supplemented by bribes.[30] Police sometimes act with unwarranted brutality when they overreact to confrontational situations,[31] to extract a confession from a person they may or may not genuinely suspect of being guilty,[32] or in other circumstances. Instances of racism occur, even when the police force as a whole is not found to be racist.[33]
See also[link]
- The Thin Blue Line (emblem)
- Cops (TV series)
- Fictional police officers
- Field Training Officer
- List of slang terms for police officers
- Military police
- Peace officer
- Police brutality
- Police rank
- Police procedural
- President Grover Cleveland—former Sheriff of Erie County, New York
- President Theodore Roosevelt—Deputy Sheriff in the Dakota Territory, and New York City Police Commissioner
References[link]
- ^ "Police ranks and pay in England and Wales". Police-information.co.uk. http://www.police-information.co.uk/policepay.htm#constables. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Police rank structure and other information in Scotland". Scotland.gov.uk. 1994-12-31. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library/documents/police.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Educational Requirements for Police Officers". education-portal.com. 2011 [last update]. http://education-portal.com/articles/Police_Officer_Educational_Requirements_for_Police_Officers.html. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
- ^ http://www.police-information.co.uk/policepay.htm
- ^ "Houston Dacoma Driver License office to close for expansion." Texas Department of Public Safety. October 29, 2008. Retrieved on June 16, 2009.
- ^ "Honoring Officers Killed in the Year 2005". Odmp.org. http://www.odmp.org/search/year?year=2005. Retrieved 2010-05-22. See also 2011 figures
- ^ "UK Police Line of Duty Fatalities by Cause of Death, April 2000 to March 2010". Policememorial.org.uk. http://www.policememorial.org.uk/Rolls_of_Honour/Statistics/Statistics_2000-2009.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Policeman 28th killed in line of duty". New Zealand Herald. 11 September 2008. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10531709. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- ^ "Extra: The 10 most dangerous jobs in America – MSN Money". Moneycentral.msn.com. 2003-10-14. http://moneycentral.msn.com/content/invest/extra/P63405.asp. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ a b c "Not So Obvious Police Stress". Tearsofacop.com. http://www.tearsofacop.com/police/articles/constant.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Police suicide- A web surveillance of national data". Journal Of Emergency Mental Health 11 (1). Winter 2009.
- ^ "Suicide in the U.S.: Statistics and Prevention". NIMH. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
- ^ Aamodt MG, Stalnaker NA. Police officer suicide: frequency and officer profiles. In Sheehan D, Warren J, eds. Suicide and Law Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office;2002:383-98
- ^ Sheehan D, Warren J, eds. Suicide and Law Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002
- ^ W C Terry, Police Stress – The Empirical Evidence, Journal of Police Science and Administration Volume:9 Issue:1 Dated:(March 1981) Pages:61–75.
- ^ "A comparison of law enforcement divorce rates with those of other occupations". Journal of Police & Criminal Psychology. Spring 2010.
- ^ Stephen F. Curran, PhD, http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development/482217-1.html
- ^ Rose S, Bisson J, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
- ^ Kaplan Z, Iancu I, Bo E. A review of psychological debriefing after extreme stress. Psychiatr Serv 2001;52:824-7.
- ^ Raphael B, Wilson JP, eds. Psychological Debriefing: Theory, Practice and Evidence. Cambridge University Press;2000:357
- ^ "Effects of Stress on police officers". Heavybadge.com. http://www.heavybadge.com/efstress.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ C D Spielberger ; L G Westberry ; K S Grier ; G Greenfield, Police Stress Survey – Sources of Stress in Law Enforcement, University of South Florida Human Resources Institute, http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=80993
- ^ Collins, P. A.; Gibbs, A. C. C. (June 2003). "Stress in police officers: a study of the origins, prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force". Occupational Medicine 53 (4): 256–264. DOI:10.1093/occmed/kqg061. http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/4/256. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Using the Big Five Personality Traits to Predict Police Officer Performance, American Society of Criminology, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p201108_index.html
- ^ Aviva Twersky-Glasner, City University of New York, Police Personality: What Is It and Why Are They Like That?, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 2005, Volume 20, Number 1
- ^ Cullen, Link, Travis, & Lemming, 1983; Kraus, 1987; Skolnick, 1966, as quoted in Risk Taking and Police Pursuit, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-15434653.html
- ^ "UK Police Federation acknowledges that dealing with complaints against officers is not up to scratch". Policeoracle.com. 2006-12-01. http://www.policeoracle.com/news/Federation-Endorses-Police-Complaints-Reform_22729.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Example of murder by police in Argentina in 1979, in Spanish". Archivo.lavoz.com.ar. 2009-09-21. http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/nota.asp?Inicio=1&Pagina=2¬a_id=552889. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - Lawrence Inquiry.doc" (PDF). http://www.law.cf.ac.uk/tlru/Lawrence.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "IPS: DRUGS-MEXICO: Police Caught Between Low Wages, Threats and Bribes". Ipsnews.net. 2007-06-07. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38075. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Edwards, Richard (2009-04-17). "Ian Tomlinson G20 protests death: police office faces manslaughter charge". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/g20-summit/5172206/Ian-Tomlinson-G20-protests-death-police-office-faces-manslaughter-charge.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "The police often argue that the tough 'interviewing' of suspects is the best way to extract the truth. But such strategies are exactly the sort to provoke false confessions". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12517014.100-you-did-it-didnt-you-the-police-often-argue-that-thetough-interviewing-of-suspects-is-the-best-way-to-extract-the-truth-butsuch-strategies-are-exactly-the-sort-to-provoke-false-confessions-.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Malkin, Bonnie (25 March 2010). "Dozens of Australian police officers under investigation over racist and pornographic emails". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/7519633/Dozens-of-Australian-police-officers-under-investigation-over-racist-and-pornographic-emails.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Police officers |
- Thin Blue Line Emblem
- http://www.discoverpolicing.org
- Metropolitan Police history
- http://www.newscotlandyard.police.uk/foi/pdfs/other_information/corporate/operational_uniform_and_equipment.pdf
- http://www.west-midlands.police.uk/publications/freedom-of-information/policy.asp?id=144
- http://www.gmp.police.uk/mainsite/pages/pcsouniform.htm,ts=2
- http://www.policelink.com
http://wn.com/Police_officer
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_officer
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Kateryna Lahno | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Full name | Kateryna Oleksandrivna Lahno Катерина Олександрівна Лагно |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Born | (1989-12-27) December 27, 1989 (age 22) Lviv, Soviet Union |
| Title | Grandmaster Woman Grandmaster |
| FIDE rating | 2546 (May 2012) (No. 5 ranked woman in the January 2012 FIDE World Rankings) |
| Peak rating | 2557 (January 2012) |
Kateryna Oleksandrivna Lahno (Ukrainian: Катерина Олександрівна Лагно; born December 27, 1989) is a Ukrainian chess player. She earned the FIDE title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM) at the age of 12 years and 4 months, breaking Judit Polgár's record to become the youngest ever to earn this title. She is now a full Grandmaster (GM).[1] Born in Lviv, Lahno grew up in the industrial and chess-friendly town Kramatorsk. As of 2005, she lives in Donetsk.
Lahno was the fifth seed for the 64-player knockout 2004 Women's World Chess Championship. At the age of 15 she won the 2005 European Individual Women's Championship, held in June in Chişinău, Moldova. Tied with Russian IM Nadezhda Kosintseva at the end of the 12th round with 9 points each, Lahno won both games of a two-game rapid-play tie-break playoff to win the championship. She won IV Women's 'North Urals Cup - 2006', attaining a full grandmaster norm in the process.
In May 2008, Lahno won the European Individual Women Chess Championships again in Plovdiv, by one-half point in the 11-round open tournament.[2]
On February 25, 2009 she married Robert Fontaine, French chess grandmaster and TV reporter.[3]
The same year, she became Russian Team champion with the club of Spartak, and then won the European Team championship in Ohrid.
In August 2010, Kateryna became World Woman Blitz Champion.
References[link]
- ^ FIDE: List of Titles Approved, June 25, 2007
- ^ Final standings of the European Individual Women Chess Championships 2008, the Chess-Results web
- ^ ChessBase.com - Chess News - Kateryna and Robert – pour la vie à jamais unis...
External links[link]
- Kateryna Lahno player profile at ChessGames.com
- Ekaterina Lahno - winner of IV Women's 'North Urals Cup - 2006'
- ChessBase "Move over Judit, here comes Kateryna!"
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lahno, Kateryna |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Chess player |
| Date of birth | December 27, 1989 |
| Place of birth | Lviv, Soviet Union |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Kateryna_Lahno
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateryna_Lahno
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Anna Gasik | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Anna Gasik at the 2008 World Junior Chess Championship in Gaziantep, Turkey |
|
| Full name | Anna Gasik |
| Country |  Poland |
| Born | (1988-08-21) 21 August 1988 (age 23) Warsaw |
| Title | Woman International Master |
| FIDE rating | 2219 (January 2009) |
| Peak rating | 2224 (January 2007) |
Anna Gasik (born August 21, 1988 in Warsaw, Poland) is a chess player from Poland who holds the Woman International Master title. She won the 2006 European Youth Chess Championship in the under 18 years old girls category. The competition was held in the coastal town of Herceg Novi, Montenegro. In 2008, she participated in Women's World Chess Championship in Nalchik, where she lost in the second round with Lilit Mkrtchian. She represents two European Chess Clubs, Polish: Polonia Warsaw and German: Hamburger SK.[1]
References[link]
- ^ "European Youth Championships 2006". Chessbase News. 2006-09-22. http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3356.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anna Gasik |
- Anna Gasik rating card at FIDE
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gasik, Anna |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Polish chess player |
| Date of birth | August 21, 1988 |
| Place of birth | Warsaw, Poland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
   |
This biographical article relating to a Polish chess figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Anna_Gasik
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For George Papandreou's namesake grandfather, see Georgios Papandreou.
| George Papandreou Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου MP |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| President of Socialist International | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 30 January 2006 |
|
| Preceded by | António Guterres |
| Prime Minister of Greece | |
| In office 6 October 2009 – 11 November 2011 |
|
| President | Karolos Papoulias |
| Deputy | Theodoros Pangalos |
| Preceded by | Kostas Karamanlis |
| Succeeded by | Lucas Papademos |
| Minister for Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 6 October 2009 – 7 September 2010 |
|
| Preceded by | Dora Bakoyannis |
| Succeeded by | Dimitrios Droutsas |
| In office 18 February 1999 – 13 February 2004 |
|
| Prime Minister | Kostas Simitis |
| Preceded by | Theodoros Pangalos |
| Succeeded by | Tassos Yiannitsis |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 10 March 2004 – 6 October 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Kostas Karamanlis |
| Succeeded by | Antonis Samaras |
| President of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement | |
| In office 8 February 2004 – 18 March 2012 |
|
| Preceded by | Costas Simitis |
| Succeeded by | Evangelos Venizelos |
| Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs | |
| In office 8 July 1994 – 25 September 1996 |
|
| Prime Minister | Andreas Papandreou |
| Preceded by | Dimitrios Fatouros |
| Succeeded by | Gerasimos Arsenis |
| In office 22 June 1988 – 2 July 1989 |
|
| Prime Minister | Andreas Papandreou |
| Preceded by | Apostolos Kaklamanis |
| Succeeded by | Vasileios Kontogiannopoulos |
| Member of Parliament for Achaea |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 17 May 2012 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | Georgios Andreas Papandreou Jr. (1952-06-16) 16 June 1952 (age 60) Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Political party | Panhellenic Socialist Movement |
| Spouse(s) | Ada Papapanou |
| Children | Andreas Margarita-Elena |
| Alma mater | Amherst College London School of Economics |
| Religion | Greek Orthodox |
| Website | Official website |
Georgios A. Papandreou (Greek: Γεώργιος Α. Παπανδρέου, [ʝe̞ˈo̞ɾʝio̞s papanˈðɾe̞u];[1][2][3] born 16 June 1952), commonly anglicised to George and shortened to Γιώργος (Yórgos, [ˈʝo̞ɾɣo̞s]) in Greek, is a Greek politician who served as Prime Minister of Greece following his party's victory in the 2009 legislative election. Belonging to a political dynasty of long standing, he previously served as Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs (1988–1989 and 1994–1996) and Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1999 to 2004. Following his grandfather Georgios Papandreou and his father Andreas Papandreou, he was the third member of the Papandreou family to serve as the country's prime minister. Papandreou was leader of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) party from February 2004 until March 2012, and President of the Socialist International since January 2006. George Papandreou became the 182nd Prime Minister of Greece on 6 October 2009. He resigned on 11 November 2011 to make way for a national unity government charged with tackling the Greek government debt crisis.
Contents |
Political career[link]
The younger George Papandreou came to Greece after the restoration of Greek democracy in 1974. He then became active in the political party his father had founded, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). He joined the Central Committee of PASOK in 1984.
Papandreou was elected to the Greek Parliament in 1981, the year his father became Prime Minister, as MP for the constituency of Achaea. He became Under Secretary for Cultural Affairs in 1985, Minister of Education and Religious Affairs in 1988, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1993, Minister for Education and Religious Affairs again in 1994, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs again in 1996 and Minister of Foreign Affairs in February 1999. He was also Minister Responsible for Government Coordination for the Bid for 2004 Olympic Games in 1997.
In his second term as Minister of Education, Papandreou was the first politician in Greece to introduce affirmative action, allocating 5% of university posts for the Muslim minority in Thrace. He was also instrumental in initiating the Open University in Greece.
Papandreou received numerous awards and honorary degrees in recognition of his work for human rights. As Foreign Minister he fostered closer relations with Turkey and Albania. He worked to solve the dispute over Cyprus. Papandreou also worked to resolve tensions regarding the Macedonia naming dispute.
In December 2003 European Voice shortlisted him for nomination of the Europeans of the Year award as "Diplomat of the Year",[4][5] naming him as "The Bridge-Builder" and quoting Le Monde that dubbed him the "architect of Greek-Turkish rapprochement".[6] He is a founding member of the Helsinki Citizens Assembly.
Party leadership[link]
In anticipation of the 2004 national elections in Greece, polls indicated that PASOK was very likely to lose as the conservative New Democracy party was heading towards a landslide. In January 2004, the incumbent PM Costas Simitis announced his resignation as leader of PASOK, and passed the leadership to Papandreou by recommending him as the new leader.
On 8 February 2004 PASOK introduced for the first time the procedure of open primaries for the election of party leadership. Even if Papandreou had no opponent, this was a move designed to solidify the open primaries, democratise the party, and make a clean break with a tradition of “dynastic politics.”
In May 2005, Papandreou was elected Vice President of the Socialist International following a proposal by the former President, António Guterres. In January 2006, Papandreou was unanimously elected President of the Socialist International.
In the 2007 general election, PASOK again lost to the incumbent New Democracy party of Kostas Karamanlis and Papandreou’s leadership was challenged by Evangelos Venizelos and Kostas Skandalidis. Papandreou, however, retained his party's leadership at a leadership election in November.
In June 2009 and under his leadership, his party won the 2009 European Parliament election in Greece.[7] Four months later, PASOK won the October 2009 general elections with 43.92 % of the popular vote to ND's 33.48 %, and 160 parliament seats to 91.[8]
Prime Minister[link]
Taking office and revelations[link]
The inauguration of George Papandreou as the 182nd Prime Minister of Greece took place on 6 October 2009.[9]
Upon inauguration, Papandreou's government revealed that its finances were far worse than previous announcements, with a year deficit of 12.7% of GDP, four times more than the eurozone's limit, and a public debt of $410 billion.[10] This announcement only served to worsen the severe crisis the Greek economy was undergoing, with an unemployment rate of 10%[11] and the country's debt rating being lowered to BBB+, the lowest in the eurozone.[12] Papandreou responded by promoting austerity measures,[13] reducing spending, increasing taxes,[14] freezing additional taxes and hiring and introducing measures aimed at combatting rampant tax evasion[15] and reducing the country's public sector. The announced austerity program caused a wave of nationwide strikes[16] and has been criticised by both the EU and the eurozone nations' finance ministers as falling short of its goals.[17]
Crisis management and bailouts[link]
On 23 April 2010 during a visit at the island of Kastelorizo, Papandreou issued a statement to the press that he instructed the Finance Minister to officially ask the EU partners to activate the support mechanism, 'an unprecedented mechanism in the history and practice of the European Union'.[18] The support mechanism, which was put in place by the European heads of state and government and further elaborated by Euro Group ministers, is a European mechanism to which the IMF is associated with financing and it involves a comprehensive three-year economic program and financing conditions.[19] On 23 April 2010, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced that Greece made a request for a Stand-By Arrangement.[20] Greece's sovereign debt crisis, which is considered as part of the European sovereign debt crisis is marked by massive strikes and demonstrations.
On an opinion poll published on 18 May 2011, 77% of the people asked said they have no faith in Papandreou as Prime Minister in handling the Greek economic crisis.[21]
On 25 May 2011 the Real Democracy Now! movement started protesting in Athens and other major Greek cities. The peaceful protests are ongoing, and are considered to be a sign of popular rejection of Mr. Papandreou and his government's economic policies,[22][23] with as much as three quarters of the Greek population being against the policies of the Papandreou government.[24] Among the demands of the demonstrations at Athens's central square, who claim to have been over 500,000 at one point,[25] is the resignation of Papandreou and his government.
On the early hours of 22 June, George Papandreou and his government narrowly survived a vote of confidence in the Greek parliament, with 155 of the 300 seats in parliament.[26] His government currently holds 152 seats.[27]
On 17 September, he cancelled a visit to the IMF building in Washington D.C and the UN Headquarters in New York City amid mounting concern over the country's debt crisis.[28]
An opinion poll by Public Issue[clarification needed] on behalf of Skai TV and Kathimerini in October 2011 showed that Papandreou's popularity has dropped considerably.[29] Of the people asked, only 23% had a positive view of George Papandreou,[29] while 73% had a negative opinion;[29] ranking him lower than any other leader of a party in the Hellenic Parliament.[29] Papandreou also ranked low on the question of who is more suitable for Prime Minister, with just 22%, as both Antonis Samaras (28%) and "neither" (47%) ranked higher than him.[29]
On 26 October 2011 the European Summit agreed to hand to the Greek government the Sixth Tranche of € 8 billion bailout early in the 2012, while the private-sector banks, the holders of Greek debt, have agreed to a 50% haircut on their outstanding Greek government bonds.[30]
On 28 October 2011 during the national day parade, protesters blocked the parades forcing the President of Greece and other officials to leave.[31]
On 31 October Papandreou announced his government's intentions to hold a referendum for the acceptance of the terms of a eurozone bailout deal.[32] The referendum was to be held in December 2011 or January 2012.[33] On 3 November, however, Papandreou scrapped the plan following vehement opposition both within and outside the country. On 5 November, his government narrowly won a confidence vote in parliament.[34]
On 6 November, Papandreou met with opposition leaders to try to reach an agreement on the formation of an interim government. A day earlier, the leader of the opposition New Democracy party Antonis Samaras had rejected the proposal and called for an immediate election.
Agreeing to step aside[link]
After Papandreou agreed to step aside, however, the two leaders announced their intention to form a national unity government that would allow the EU bailout to proceed and pave the way for elections on 19 February 2012.[35][36] The Communist Party and the Coalition of the Radical Left Party refused Papandreou's invitation to join talks on a new unity government.[37] After several days of intense negotiations, the two major parties along with the Popular Orthodox Rally agreed to form a grand coalition headed by former Vice President of the European Central Bank Lucas Papademos.[38]
On 10 November George Papandreou formally resigned as Prime Minister of Greece.[39]
The new coalition cabinet and Prime Minister Lucas Papademos were formally sworn in on 11 November 2011.[40]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "George A. Papandreou Personal Site". Papandreou.gr. http://www.papandreou.gr/papandreou/content/Home.aspx?d=6&rd=7739474&f=-1&rf=-1&m=-1&rm=-1&l=1. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Government of Greece via Internet Archive". primeminister.gov.gr. http://web.archive.org/web/20110606022703/http://www.primeminister.gov.gr/english/george-papandreou/. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Official curriculum-vitae of George A. Papandreou from the Greek Government website via Internet Archive". primeminister.gov.gr. http://web.archive.org/web/20110606085005/http://www.primeminister.gov.gr/english/george-papandreou/curriculum-vitae/. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "EV50: Europeans of the Year 2003". EuropeanVoice.com. http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/ev50-europeans-of-the-year-2003/48225.aspx. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ "EV award winners: Europeans of the Year 2003". EuropeanVoice.com. http://www.europeanvoice.com/page/the-evawards-europeans-of-the-year-winners-in-2003/2764.aspx. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ "George A. Papandreou Personal Site". Papandreou.gr. http://www.papandreou.gr/papandreou/content/Document.aspx?d=6&rd=7739474&f=1354&rf=1290836267&m=3822&rm=22164866&l=1. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "European election results 2009 for Greece". Results of the 2009 European Elections. Ministry of Internal Affairs. http://ekloges-prev.singularlogic.eu/e2009/pages/index.html?lang=en. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ "Greek legislative election, 2009 results". Results of the 2009 Greek legislative elections. Ministry of Internal Affairs. http://ekloges.ypes.gr/pages/index.html?lang=en. Retrieved 6 October 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Papandreou sworn in as Greek PM". BBC News. 6 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8292278.stm. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ "Greece Bailout: France, Germany Angry Over Rescue". Time Magazine. 16 February 2010. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1964443,00.html. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greece's unemployment rate hits 10%". BBC News. 11 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8510386.stm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greece's Debt and Economy Woes: As Bad as Dubai's?". Time Magazine. 9 December 2009. http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1946594,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-sidebar. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greece unveils austerity programme to cut deficit". BBC News. 3 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8494849.stm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greek Tragedy: Athens' Financial Woes". Time Magazine. 15 February 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1959059,00.html. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "No tax please, we're Greek". BBC News. 11 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8509244.stm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greece hit by nationwide strike over austerity measures". BBC News. 10 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8507551.stm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greece told to make more spending cuts". BBC Nwes. 16 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8517499.stm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "/ George A. Papandreou :: Personal Site \". Papandreou.gr. http://www.papandreou.gr/papandreou/content/Document.aspx?d=6&rd=7739474&f=1722&rf=-1850948134&m=12893&rm=20504593&l=1. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ "Transcript of a Press Conference by George Papaconstantinou, Finance Minister of Greece". IMF. 25 April 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2010/tr042510.htm. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ "Statement by IMF Managing Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn on Greece". IMF. 23 April 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2010/pr10168.htm. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ "Mνημόνιο ένα χρόνο μετά: Aποδοκιμασία, αγανάκτηση, απαξίωση, ανασφάλεια (One Year after the Memorandum: Disapproval, Anger, Disdain, Insecurity)". skai.gr. 18 May 2011. http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/169875/mnimonio-ena-hrono-meta-apodokimasia-aganaktisi-apaxiosi-anasfaleia/. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ^ "Inside the Greek parliament protest camp". BBC. 24 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13900005. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ "Greece austerity: PM Papandreou tries to persuade MPs". BBC. 22 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13877932. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ "EU leaders urge Greek politicians to support new cuts". BBC. 24 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13900008. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ ""Αγανακτισμένοι": Πρωτοφανής συμμετοχή σε Αθήνα και άλλες πόλεις" (in Greek). skai.gr. 5 June 2011. http://www.skai.gr/news/greece/article/171424/aganaktismenoi-protofanis-summetohi-se-athina-kai-alles-poleis-/. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ "Greek government survives confidence vote". BBC. 21 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13869428. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ "Βουλευτές – Ανά Κοινοβουλευτική Ομάδα [MPs – By Parliamentary Group]". www.hellenicparliament.gr. http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/Vouleftes/Ana-Koinovouleftiki-Omada/. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ "Greek crisis: PM George Papandreou cancels US visit". BBC News. 18 September 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14960216. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Πολιτικό Βαρόμετρο 95 – Οκτώβριος 2011". Public Issue (www.skai.gr). October 2011. http://www.skai.gr/files/1/PDF/varometroskaitVoktober.pdf. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
- ^ Gow, David (27 October 2011). "Eurozone crisis: banks agree 50% reduction on Greece's debt". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/27/eurozone-crisis-banks-50-greece. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ "Greek protesters call president "traitor," halt parade". The Guardian. 28 October 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/28/us-greece-protest-idUSTRE79R27O20111028. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ "Ρίσκα και αβεβαιότητες από την πολιτική "βόμβα" για δημοψήφισμα [Risks and uncertainties by the political "bomb" for a referendum]". Skai TV. http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/184900/dimopsifisma-kai-psifo-ebistosunis-zitise-o-prothupourgos-/. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Ευ. Βενιζέλος: Από το νέο έτος το δημοψήφισμα [Evangelos Venizelos: Referendum to take place after the new year]". Skai TV. http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/184902/eu-venizelos-apo-to-neo-etos-to-dimopsifisma-/. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Greek PM Papandreou faces unity challenge over bailout" at bbc.co.uk
- ^ Kington, Tom; Smith, Helena (2011-11-06). "Papandreou out as Greek leaders agree unity government deal". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/06/papandreou-greek-leaders-unity-deal. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ "Greek PM George Papandreou resigns; polls set for February". Business Today. http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/greek-pm-george-papandreou-resigns;-polls-set-for-february/1/19851.html. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ "Political opposition divided over unity government". e.kathemerini.com. 7 November 2011. http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_07/11/2011_413717. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ "Lucas Papademos named as new Greek prime minister". BBC News. 10 November 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-eing15671354. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ^ "George Papandreou resigns as Greece's prime minister". London: The Telegraph. 9 November 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/8879647/George-Papandreou-resigns-as-Greeces-prime-minister.html. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ "New Greek govt takes over, former banker at helm". Associated Press. 11 November 2011. http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2011-11-11-EU-Greece-Financial-Crisis/id-98805fa6da654460a141ba38be2d63e7. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: George Papandreou |
- papandreou.gr, his official personal website
- primeminister.gov.gr, official prime minister website (in Greek; English option on homepage)
- George A. Papandreou on Facebook
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Apostolos Kaklamanis |
Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs 1988–1989 |
Succeeded by Vasileios Kontogiannopoulos |
| Preceded by Dimitrios Fatouros |
Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs 1994–1996 |
Succeeded by Gerasimos Arsenis |
| Preceded by Theodoros Pangalos |
Minister for Foreign Affairs 1999–2004 |
Succeeded by Tassos Yiannitsis |
| Preceded by Dora Bakoyannis |
Minister for Foreign Affairs 2009–2010 |
Succeeded by Dimitrios Droutsas |
| Preceded by Kostas Karamanlis |
Prime Minister of Greece 2009–2011 |
Succeeded by Lucas Papademos |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Costas Simitis |
Leader of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement 2004-2012 |
Succeeded by Evangelos Venizelos |
| Preceded by António Guterres |
President of the Socialist International 2006–present |
Incumbent |
|
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|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Papandreou, Georgios |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1952-06-16 |
| Place of birth | Saint Paul, Minnesota United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/George_Papandreou
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
