Bentley's winged "B" badge and bonnet (hood) ornament
Bentley Motors Limited is a British manufacturer of automobiles founded on 18 January 1919 by Walter Owen Bentley known as W. O. Bentley or just "W O". Bentley had been previously known for his range of rotary aero-engines in World War I, the most famous being the Bentley BR1 as used in later versions of the Sopwith Camel. After the war, W. O. Bentley designed and made production cars that won the 24 hours of Le Mans in 1924 and following models which repeated those successes each June 1927, 1928, 1929 and 1930.
Purchased by Rolls-Royce in 1931, when production was moved from London to Derby and later to Crewe, this business has been owned by the Volkswagen Group of Germany since 1998. The business is still based in Crewe, Cheshire, England with their Central Production Facilities there.
Before World War I, W.O. Bentley had been in partnership with his brother H.M. Bentley selling French DFP cars, but he had always wanted to design and build his own range of cars bearing his name. In August 1919, Bentley Motors Ltd. was registered, and a chassis with dummy engine was exhibited at the London Motor Show in October of that year.[1] An innovative 4 valves per cylinder engine designed by ex-Royal Flying Corps officer Clive Gallop was built and running by December, and orders were taken for deliveries starting in June 1920; however, development took longer than estimated, and the first cars were not ready until September 1921.[1] Their durability earned widespread acclaim. Appearances were made in hill climbs and at Brooklands and a single entry in the 1922 Indianapolis 500 mile race driven by Douglas Hawkes finished at an average speed in excess of 80 miles an hour.
Rolls-Royce stopped the racing programme
It was on a visit to the DFP factory in 1913 that W.O. noticed an aluminium paperweight, and had the inspired idea of using the lightweight metal instead of cast iron to make engine pistons. The first Bentley aluminium pistons went into service in aero engines for the Sopwith Camel during World War I.
Woolf Barnato acquired his first Bentley (a 3-litre) in 1925, just 12 months before he also acquired the business itself. With this car he won numerous Brooklands races. He was a member of a social set of wealthy British motorists known as the "Bentley Boys" who favoured the cars of W.O. Bentley. Many were independently wealthy, often with a background in military service. Barnato was nicknamed "Babe", in ironic deference to his heavyweight boxer's stature.
The Bentley enterprise was always underfunded, but inspired by the 1924 Le Mans win by John Duff and Frank Clement, Barnato agreed to finance Bentley's business. Barnato had incorporated Baromans Ltd in 1922, which existed as his finance and investment vehicle. Via Baromans, Barnato initially invested in excess of £100,000, saving the business and its workforce. A financial reorganisation of the original Bentley company was carried out and all existing creditors paid off for £75,000. Existing shares were devalued from £1 each to just 1 shilling, or 5% or their original value. Barnato held 149,500 of the new shares giving him control of the company and he became chairman. Barnato injected further cash into the business: £35,000 secured by debenture in July 1927; £40,000 in 1928; £25,000 in 1929. With renewed financial input, W. O. Bentley was able to design another generation of cars.
1929 4½ litre
"Blower" Bentley
developed in Welwyn Garden City by "Tim" Birkin and pushed over W.O. to market before it was reliable
A group of wealthy British motorists known as the "Bentley Boys"— Woolf Barnato, Sir Henry "Tim" Birkin, steeplechaser George Duller, aviator Glen Kidston, automotive journalist S.C.H. "Sammy" Davis, and Dr Dudley Benjafield among them—kept the marque's reputation for high performance alive. Bentley, located at Cricklewood, north London, was noted for its four consecutive victories at the 24 hours of Le Mans from 1927 to 1930.
In 1929, Birkin had developed the lightweight Blower Bentley, including five racing specials that started with the Brooklands racing designed Bentley Blower No.1.
In March 1930, during the Blue Train Races, Woolf Barnato raised the stakes on Rover and its Rover Light Six, having raced and beat Le Train Bleu for the first time, to better that record with his 6½-litre Bentley Speed Six on a bet of £100. He drove against the train from Cannes to Calais, then by ferry to Dover, and finally London, travelling on public highways, and won; the H.J. Mulliner-bodied formal saloon he drove during the race as well as a streamlined fastback "Sportsman Coupé" by Gurney Nutting—he took delivery of on 21 May 1930—became known as the "Blue Train Bentleys"; the latter is regularly mistaken for (or erroneously referred to) as being the car that raced the Blue Train, while in fact Barnato named it in memory of his race.[2][3]
The original model was the 3-litre, but as customers put heavier bodies on the chassis, a larger 4½-litre model followed. Perhaps the most iconic model of the period is the 4½-litre "Blower Bentley", with its distinctive supercharger projecting forward from the bottom of the grille. Uncharacteristically fragile for a Bentley, it was not the racing workhorse the 6½-litre was. It became famous in popular media as the vehicle of choice of James Bond in the original novels, but this has been seen only briefly in the films. John Steed in the television series The Avengers drove a Bentley.
The new 8-litre was such a success that when Barnato's money seemed to run out in 1931 and Napier was planning to buy Bentley's business, Rolls-Royce purchased Bentley Motors to prevent competition for the market of their most expensive model, Phantom II.
The Wall Street Crash of 1929 affected the Bentley business greatly, with the Great Depression reducing demand for its expensive products. In July 1931, two mortgage payments on the firm that were guaranteed by Barnato fell due, and he advised the lenders that he was "unable to meet these debts." On 10 July, on the application of the mortgagee, the court appointed a Receiver to Bentley Motors Limited.[4]
The Press Association understands that Messrs Napier and Son, aero-engine builders, have reached an agreement to take over Bentley Motors Limited which is in voluntary liquidation. It is expected that the matter will come before the Court within the next few days.
— Press Association, Napier To Absorb Bentley Motors, The Times, Saturday, Oct 24, 1931; pg. 18; Issue 45962
Napier & Son negotiated with Bentley's receiver to buy the company, with the takeover expected to be made final in November 1931. Instead, a competitor named British Central Equitable Trust offered a counter-proposal at that time and outbid Napier in a sealed bid auction. British Central Equitable Trust later proved to be a front for Rolls-Royce Limited.[5] for the sum of £125,000.[6]
Barnato received around £42,000 in return for his shares in Bentley Motors, having bought a sizeable stake in Rolls-Royce not long before Bentley Motors was liquidated.[citation needed] By 1934 he was appointed to the board of the new Bentley Motors (1931) Ltd.[7]
This attempted total obliteration of Bentley Motors and its founder was one outcome of a highly personal "vendetta" between the two engineers, Hives and Bentley, two men of quite different natures, begun in 1914 when Bentley was made official liaison between Government and aero engine manufacturers.[citation needed] Bentley's abiding weaknesses were in sometimes poor personal relationships combined with his apparent inability to curb spending on development. The 8-Litre was acknowledged[by whom?] to be the better if more expensive car. Bentley may have been the better engineer.[citation needed] He accepted the position of patron of the Bentley Drivers' Club just before the end of Woolf Barnato's term as its president.
1935 Bentley 3½-litre Cabriolet
Rolls-Royce acquired Bentley using an entity named the British Central Equitable Trust; not even Bentley himself knew the true identity of the purchaser until the deal was completed.[1] A new company, wholly owned by Rolls-Royce, was formed, Bentley Motors (1931) Ltd. The Cricklewood factory was closed and sold, and production moved to the Rolls-Royce works in Derby. Unhappy with his role at Rolls-Royce, when his contract expired at the end of April 1935 W.O. Bentley left to join Lagonda.
When the new Bentley 3½ litre appeared in 1933, it was a sporting variant of the Rolls-Royce 20/25, which disappointed some traditional customers yet was well-received by many others. Even Bentley himself was reported as saying, "Taking all things into consideration, I would rather own this Bentley than any other car produced under that name".[1]
1952
Bentley R Type: an evolution of the Mark VI, which was the first Bentley available from the manufacturer with a standard body
Until the Second World War companies like Bentley and Rolls-Royce did not supply complete cars. They sold a rolling chassis, near-complete from the instrument panel forward. This was delivered to the coachbuilder of the buyer's choice. The biggest dealerships had coachbuilders build standard designs for them and held them in stock awaiting potential buyers.
This being so it made sense to meet postwar demand for much more ruggedly constructed cars by the Crewe factory assembling complete vehicles using bought-in pressings. Rolling chassis were still available to coachbuilders.
After World War II production of Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars was moved to an ex-wartime engine factory in Crewe, Cheshire and standard-steel Bentleys were slightly lower priced Rolls-Royces without the Rolls' distinctive square-shouldered grille.
Bentley Continental, fastback coupé body by H J Mulliner
Bentley S-series Standard Saloon
Bentley T-series Standard Saloon (l.w.b.)
The Continental fastback coupé was produced principally for the domestic home market, the majority of cars produced (165, including a prototype) being right-hand drive. The chassis was produced at the Crewe factory and shared many components with the standard R type. Other than the R-Type standard steel saloon, R-Type Continentals were delivered as rolling chassis to the coachbuilder of choice. Coachwork for most of these cars was completed by H. J. Mulliner & Co. who mainly built them in fastback coupe form. Other coachwork came from Park Ward (London) who built six, later including a drophead coupe version. Franay (Paris) built five, Graber (Wichtrach, Switzerland) built three, one of them later altered by Köng (Basle, Switzerland), and Pininfarina made one. James Young (London) built in 1954 a Sports Saloon for the owner of James Young's, James Barclay.
The early R Type Continental has essentially the same engine as the standard R Type, but with modified carburation, induction and exhaust manifolds along with higher gear ratios.[8] After July 1954 the car was fitted with an engine, having now a larger bore of 94.62 mm (3.7 in) with a total displacement of 4,887 cc (4.9 L; 298.2 cu in). The compression ratio was raised to 7.25:1.
- Standard-steel saloon
- Continental
- S-series
- 1955–59 S1 and Continental
- 1959–62 S2 and Continental
- 1962–65 S3 and Continental
The problems of Bentley's owner with Rolls-Royce aero engine development, the RB211, brought about the financial collapse of its business in 1970.
The motorcar division was made a separate business, Rolls-Royce Motors Limited, which remained independent until bought by Vickers plc in August 1980. By the 1970s and early 1980s Bentley sales had fallen badly; at one point less than 5% of combined production carried the Bentley badge.[1] Under Vickers, Bentley set about regaining its high-performance heritage, typified by the 1980 Mulsanne. Bentley's restored sporting image created a renewed interest in the name and Bentley sales as a proportion of output began to rise. By 1986 the Bentley:Rolls-Royce ratio had reached 40:60; by 1991 it achieved parity.[1]
1984 Bentley Mulsanne Turbo
In 1998, Vickers decided to sell Rolls-Royce Motors. The leading contender seemed to be BMW, who already supplied engines and other components for Bentley (and Rolls-Royce) cars and because of their long-lasting joint efforts in building aero engines. Their final offer of £340m was outbid by Volkswagen Group, who offered £430m. Volkswagen Group got the Crewe works and found it held the rights to Rolls-Royce's "Spirit of Ecstasy" mascot and the shape of that radiator grille but no rights to the Rolls-Royce name or logo. In 1998 BMW started supplying components for the new range of Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars - notably V8 engines for the Bentley Arnage and V12 engines for the Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph. It also emerged that BMW was able to terminate its supply deal with Rolls-Royce with 12 months' notice, which would not be enough time for Volkswagen Group to re-engineer the cars.
BMW paid aero engine-maker Rolls-Royce plc £40m to license the Rolls-Royce name and "RR" logo - a deal that many commentators thought was a bargain for possibly the most valuable property in the deal[citation needed]. Bentley was the higher volume brand, with Bentley models out-selling the equivalent Rolls Royce by around two to one[citation needed].
Bentley Azure Mulliner 2003 Final Series
After negotiations, BMW and Volkswagen Group arrived at a solution. From 1998 to 2002, BMW would continue to supply engines for the cars and would allow Volkswagen temporary use of the Rolls-Royce name and logo. Bentley reintroduced the venerable Rolls-Royce V8 engine into the Arnage, initially as an additional model, and all BMW engine supply ended in 2003 with the end of Silver Seraph production. From 1 January 2003 forward, Volkswagen Group would be the sole provider cars with the "Bentley" marque. Rolls-Royce production was relocated to their Goodwood plant in Goodwood, West Sussex, England.
After acquiring the business, Volkswagen spent GBP500 million (about US$845 million) to modernise the Crewe factory and increase production capacity.[9] As of early 2010, there are about 3,500 working at Crewe, compared with about 1,500 in 1998 before being taken over by Volkswagen.[10] It was reported that Volkswagen invested a total of nearly USD2 billion in Bentley and its revival.[11]
In 2002, Bentley presented Queen Elizabeth II with an official State Limousine to celebrate her Golden Jubilee. In 2003, Bentley's 2-door convertible, the Bentley Azure, ceased production, and Bentley introduced a second line, Bentley Continental GT, a large luxury coupé powered by a W12 engine built in Crewe.
Demand had been so great that the factory at Crewe was unable to meet orders despite an installed capacity of approximately 9,500 vehicles per year; there was a waiting list of over a year for new cars to be delivered. Consequently, part of the production of the new Flying Spur, a four-door version of the Continental GT, was assigned to the Transparent Factory (Germany), where the Volkswagen Phaeton luxury car is also assembled. This arrangement ceased at the end of 2006 after around 1,000 cars, with all car production reverting to the Crewe plant.
In April 2005, Bentley confirmed plans to produce a four seat convertible model—the Azure, derived from the Arnage Drophead Coupé prototype—at Crewe beginning in 2006. By the autumn of 2005, the convertible version of the successful Continental GT, the Continental GTC, was also presented. These two models were successfully launched in late 2006.
A limited run of a Zagato modified GT was also announced in March 2008, dubbed "GTZ".
A new version of the Bentley Continental was introduced at the 2009 Geneva Auto Show: The Continental Supersports. This new Bentley is a supercar combining extreme power with environmentally friendly FlexFuel technology, capable of using petrol (gasoline) and biofuel (E85 ethanol).
Bentley sales continued to increase, and in 2005 8,627 were sold worldwide, 3,654 in the United States. In 2007 the 10,000 cars-per-year threshold was broken for the first time with sales of 10,014. For 2007, a record profit of €155 million was also announced.[12] Bentley reported a sale of about 7,600 units in 2008.[13] However, its global sales plunged 50 percent to 4,616 vehicles in 2009 (with the U.S. deliveries dropped 49% to 1,433 vehicles) and it suffered an operating loss of €194 million, compared with an operating profit of €10 million in 2008.[9][14] As a result of the slump in sales, production at Crewe was shutdown during March and April, 2009.[15] Though vehicle sales increase by 11% to 5,117 in 2010, operating loss grew by 26% to €245 million.[16] In Autumn 2010, workers at Crewe staged a series of protests over proposal of compulsory work on Fridays and mandatory overtime during the week.[17]
Vehicle sales in 2011 rose 37% to 7,003 vehicles, with the new Continental GT accounted for over one-third of total sales. The current workforce is about 4,000 people.
The business earned a profit in 2011 after two years of losses as a result of the following sales results:[18]
| Year |
Profit |
Staff |
Total
sales
|
USA
sales
|
China
sales
|
Europe
exc UK
|
UK
sales
|
Other
sales
|
|
1998
|
|
1500
|
414
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1999
|
|
|
1001
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2000
|
|
|
1469
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2001
|
|
|
1429
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2002
|
|
|
1157
|
|
36
|
|
|
|
|
2003
|
|
|
1017
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2004
|
|
|
7411
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2005
|
|
|
8627
|
3654
|
500
|
|
|
|
|
2006
|
+137
|
|
9387
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007
|
+155
|
|
10014
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008
|
+10
|
|
7605
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2009
|
-194
|
3500
|
4616
|
1433
|
489
|
|
897
|
|
|
2010
|
-245
|
|
5117
|
1525
|
910
|
776
|
982
|
924
|
|
2011
|
8
|
4000
|
7003
|
2021
|
1839
|
1187
|
1031
|
925
|
|
2012 Q1[19]
|
|
|
1759
|
468
|
578
|
207
|
233
|
273
|
Sources Volkswagen AG Annual Reports (except 2012)[20]
- ^ a b c d e f Georgano, N. (2000). Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. London: HMSO. ISBN 1-57958-293-1.
- ^ Melissen, Wouter (12 January 2004). "Bentley Speed Six 'Blue Train Special'". UltimateCarPage. http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/1698/Bentley-Speed-Six--Blue-Train-Special-.html. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
- ^ Burgess-Wise, David (1 January 2006). "The Slippery Shape of Power". Auto Aficionado. http://autoaficionado.net/issue/0101-38.html. Retrieved 4 November 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Receiver Appointed Of Bentley Motors Limited Re Bentley Motors Limited; London Life Association Limited v. Bentley Motors Limited, And Woolf Barnato. The Times, Saturday, 11 Jul 1931; pg. 4; Issue 45872
- ^ It was officially announced yesterday that the assets of the Bentley Motor Company have been taken over from the British Equitable Central Trust by Rolls-Royce who have under consideration the formation of a subsidiary company to deal with the matter. The service and repairs for the benefit of Bentley owners will be continued. Motor Trade Mergers. The Times, Saturday, Nov 21, 1931; pg. 19; Issue 45986.
- ^ Feast, Richard (2004). "When Barnato bought Bentley". The DNA of Bentley. St. Paul MN USA: MotorBooks International. pp. 64 – 65. ISBN 978-0-7603-1946-8. http://books.google.com.jm/books?id=5l0PBEg9Ta0C&pg=PA57&dq=Rolls-Royce+buys+Bentley+Motors&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q=Rolls-Royce%20buys%20Bentley%20Motors&f=false. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
- ^ Captain Woolf Barnato has joined the board of Bentley Motors (1931) Limited. This appointment does not indicate any change in the company's policy of not engaging in motor racing. City News in Brief. The Times, Thursday, Mar 08, 1934; pg. 19; Issue 46697
- ^ "Used Car test: Bentley Continental". Autocar 130 (3824): 47–48. 29 May 1969.
- ^ a b Cremer, Andreas (24 June 2010). "Volkswagen Said to Shuffle Porsche, Bentley Managers". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-24/volkswagen-said-to-shuffle-porsche-bentley-managers.html. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ Gillies, Mark (10 May 2010). "Going Back in Time at the Bentley Factory". Car and Driver blog. http://blog.caranddriver.com/going-back-in-time-at-the-bentley-factory/. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ Edmondson, Gail (6 December 2004). "VW Steals A Lead In Luxury". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_49/b3911105.htm. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ Garlick. "Bentley reports record profit". http://www.pistonheads.com/news/default.asp?storyId=17750. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
- ^ Reiter, Chris; Ramsey, Mike (15 December 2009). "Daimler Maybach Fails to Dent Rolls, Bentley Super-Luxury Lead". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ajtqDKRS4Rno.
- ^ Cremer, Andreas (14 January 2010). "Volkswagen’s Bentley Targets U.S. Growth With Mulsanne Sedan". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-14/volkswagen-s-bentley-targets-u-s-growth-with-mulsanne-sedan.html. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ Massey, Ray (2009-01-23). "Bentley announces seven-week production shutdown while Jaguar chief calls for Government aid". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1126830/Bentley-announces-seven-week-production-shutdown-Jaguar-chief-calls-Government-aid.html.
- ^ "Volkswagen AG 2010 Annual Report". Annualreport2010.volkswagenag.com. http://annualreport2010.volkswagenag.com/divisions/bentley.html. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
- ^ Cooke, Rhiannon (2010-10-24). "Bentley protests continue in Crewe over changes to working hours". Crewe Chronicle. http://www.crewechronicle.co.uk/crewe-news/crewe-business-news/2010/11/24/bentley-protests-continue-in-crewe-over-changes-to-working-hours-96135-27702030/.
- ^ Rauwald, Christopher (4 January 2012). "Bentley Mulls Its Own SV". The Wall Street Journal: p. B3.
- ^ Volkswagen AG, News 04-04-2012
- ^ "Volkswagen AG 2011 Annual Report". Annualreport2011.volkswagenag.com. http://annualreport2011.volkswagenag.com/divisions/bentley.html. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ^ Ramsey, Jonathon (2009). "First Bentley Zagato GTZ available at $1.7M". autoblog.com. http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/03/first-bentley-zagato-gtz-available-at-1-7m/. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
- Feast, Richard (2003). Kidnap of the Flying Lady: How Germany Captured Both Rolls-Royce and Bentley. Motorbooks. ISBN 0-7603-1686-4.
- Frankel, Andrew (2005). Bentley – the Story. Redwood Publishing. ISBN 0-9517751-9-7.
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