Look up AD, ad-, or ad in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

AD commonly refers to Anno Domini, Latin for "In the Year of (Our) Lord", applied to years following 1 BC in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.

AD or Ad may also refer to:

Media and culture[link]

• Absolute Design
• An abbreviation for advertisement, the promotion of an item, service, company, and/or idea
• A.D. (film), a 2010 animated zombie horror film
• A.D. (miniseries), a 1985 television miniseries set in ancient Rome
• A.D.: New Orleans After the Deluge, a nonfiction graphic novel about Hurricane Katrina
• Algemeen Dagblad, a Dutch newspaper
• American Dad!, a Fox Network animated program
• Animation Domination, a programming block on Fox
• Architectural Digest, or "AD", an American monthly magazine mainly dedicated to interior design
• Arrested Development (TV Series), a Fox Network comedy
• Art director, the administrator in charge of art and design for a magazine or newspaper
• Assistant director, a film crew member who manages various tasks
• "at", "to", or "for", in some Latin phrases (such as ad lib or ad nauseam)
• Athletic director, the administrator of the athletics program, usually at an educational institution
• United States Academic Decathlon, a United States high school based academic competition
• Top level domain for Andorra.

Politics and history[link]

• .ad, Andorra's Internet Country Code Top Level Domain
• Andorra's ISO 3166-1 country code
• Action Directe (terrorist group), a French left-wing terrorist group
• Democratic Action (Spanish: Acción Democrática), a Venezuelan social democratic party
• Democratic Alternative (Malta) (Maltese: Alternattiva Demokratika), the Maltese Green party
• Aad (Omani tribe), a destroyed civilization mentioned in the Quran
• Anno Diocletiani, an alternative year-numbering system

Military[link]

• Air defense, anti-aircraft weaponry and systems
• Accidental discharge, the mistaken firing of a firearm
• Active duty, a status of full duty or service, usually referencing full service in the armed forces
• Destroyer Tender (US Navy Hull Classification: AD), support ships to aid the operation of a fleet of destroyers
• The Air Department, part of the British Admiralty

Science and technology[link]

• Adenovirus, viruses of the family Adenoviridae
• Alzheimer's disease, a disease leading to the degeneration of neural function and dementia, usually seen in older people
• Anaerobic Digestion, a biological process mediated by bacteria occurring naturally and used in the treatment of various wastes
• Active Directory, a component of Microsoft Windows that provides distributed user management and authentication
• Aggregate demand, the total demand curve of an entire economy that is the sum of each individual's demand
• Automatic differentiation, a way to speedily compute derivatives in computer programming
• Axiom of determinacy, a set theory axiom inconsistent with the Axiom of Choice
• Antiproton Decelerator, a machine to cool down antiprotons at the CERN physics laboratory
• Autodynamics, an alternate to special relativity proposed by Ricardo Carezani in physics
• Audio description, a narration track for blind and visually impaired viewers of media such as TV and film
• Administrative domain, a collection of hosts and routers into one network
• Analog Devices, a multinational producer of semiconductor devices
• Analog-to-digital converter (A/D), a circuit which converts continuous analog signals to discrete digital values
• Active Disassembly, a technology supporting the cost-effective deconstruction of complex materials
• Atypical depression, a depression that still allows one to feel positive moods
• Adamantyl (Ad), an abbreviation in organic chemistry for Adamantyl
• Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, a type of organic chemical reaction
• Approximate digestibility, in study of dietary efficiency, a rough unit measure of the digestibility of animal feed
• Anti-diarrheal, a medication used to treat diarrhea
• Addison's disease, a rare endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones
• Autosomal Dominant, a classification of genetic traits
• Atopic dermatitis, a type of eczema, an inflammatory, chronically relapsing, non-contagious and pruritic skin disorder

Transportation[link]

• Abbreviation for Airworthiness Directive, aircraft maintenance requirements
• IATA code for Air Paradise, a defunct Indonesian airline

People[link]

• Adrian Peterson, nickname AD, football player, for "All Day"
• Adalius Thomas, nickname AD, football player
• ‘Ad, great-grandson of Shem, son of Noah
• ʿĀd, ancient Arab tribe

Organizations[link]

• Aktsionerno drujestvo (акционерно дружество), a Bulgarian name for a type of company
• Akcionersko društvo (aкционерско друштво), a joint-stock company, in Macedonia
• Analog Devices, a multinational producer of semiconductor devices

See also[link]

• Anno Domini (disambiguation)
• All pages beginning with "ad"
• All pages with titles containing "ad"

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012)

"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise.

The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.^[1]

History[link]

The earliest recorded use^{[citation needed]} of the term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to a letter written by a young Alexander Hamilton in September 1772, when he was 15. In a letter to his father James Hamilton, published in the Royal Dutch-American Gazette, he described the response of the Dutch governor of St. Croix to a hurricane that raked that island on August 31, 1772. "Our General has issued several very salutary and humane regulations and both in his publick and private measures, has shewn himself the Man." ^{[2][dubious – discuss]} In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.

It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me", William Burroughs's novel Naked Lunch, and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.

The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in U.S. News and World Report, had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine Easyriders which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."

In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema, featuring particularly prominently as a recurring motif in the 2003 film School of Rock.^[3][4][5][6]

Use as praise[link]

The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."^{[7][dubious – discuss]}

In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment ("you da man!") indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.

See also[link]

• Absentee landlord
• Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)
• New World Order (conspiracy theory)
• Ruling class
• The Establishment
• Power elite
• Corrections officer
• YTMND

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). Random House Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House.

Bar Refaeli
Refaeli at the 2008 Cannes film festival
Born	(1985-06-04) 4 June 1985 (age 27) Hod HaSharon, Israel
Occupation	Model, actress
Height	1.74 m (5 ft 8.5 in)[1]
Eye color	Blue[1]
Measurements	89-60-89 (EU) (35C-24-35)[1]
Dress size	6 (US); 36 (EU)[2]
Shoe size	40 (EU);[1] 9 (US)
Manager	Storm Model Management (London) ONE Management (New York City) IMG Models (Paris)
Website
www.barrefaeli.co.il

Bar Refaeli (Hebrew: בר רפאלי‎; born 4 June 1985) is an Israeli model and occasional actress. She was the cover model of the 2009 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and was voted #1 on Maxim magazine's Hot 100 list of 2012.

Early life[link]

Bar Refaeli was born into an Israeli Jewish family in Hod HaSharon, Israel. Her parents, Rafael and Tzipi, own a horse ranch. Her mother was a successful Israeli model in the 1970s under her maiden name, Tzipi Levine.^[3][4] Refaeli has three brothers. She began a modeling career at the age of eight months, appearing in commercials.^[5] Refaeli had to wear braces in her early years, interrupting her modeling until age 15, when she returned to modeling with the representation of Irene Marie Models.

Career[link]

Modeling career[link]

Refaeli at 18 years old

Refaeli began her modeling career before the age of 8 months for a baby commercial.^[6] By age 15, she was featured in campaigns for the fashion brands Castro and Pilpel, also starring in a commercial for Milky. Refaeli won the title "Model of The Year" in an Israeli beauty contest in 2000.^[7]

Refaeli has appeared in ELLE (France), Maxim, and GQ (Italy). She debuted in the 2007 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, becoming the first Israeli model to appear in the magazine, posing with rock band Aerosmith.^[8][9] In 2009, Refaeli was the covermodel for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.^[10] A photo from the shoot, featuring a bikini-clad Refaeli, was painted on the side of a Boeing 737 in a promotional deal with Southwest Airlines,^[11][12] leading to criticism of Southwest from passengers for using an image they regarded as inappropriately sexual and "offensive to families".^[13] In October of the same year, Refaeli was again embroiled in controversy, when Haredi groups criticised a Tel Aviv billboard campaign in which she appeared semi-nude, alleging that it could "poison" the public.^[14][15] The billboards were subsequently removed.

She has modeled for Subaru, Accessorize,^[16] Brazilian clothing line Besni, Italian jewelry line Marco Bicego, and Rampage. In 2009, she modeled for Garnier International.^[17]

On 5 March 2009, Refaeli received the "World Style Award," presented by the Women's World Awards, for her "natural elegance, sense of style and compassion."^[18] In October of the same year, Refaeli co-hosted Fashionable Istanbul's press conference announcing their October 2009 fashion event, also appearing in its advertising.^[19] Refaeli was voted #42 in 2008, #57 in 2010, and #97 in 2011 in the FHM "100 Sexiest Women" list^[20] and came in first on Maxim's Hot 100 list of 2012.^[21]

Film and television career[link]

Refaeli co-starred in the Israeli TV series Pick Up in 2005. In October 2008, she co-hosted the Bravo special program Tommy Hilfiger Presents Ironic Iconic America,^[22] based on the book Ironic Iconic America written by George Lois. She returned as a program host in 2009, this time for MTV's brief revival of House of Style.^[23]

On 18 January 2011, Refaeli attended the premiere of the English-language movie Session in Israel^[24] in which she starred. Directed by Israeli Haim Bouzaglo, the film is a psychological thriller that tells the story of a manipulative psychologist who becomes obsessed with a new young patient.

She served as a guest judge on cycle four of Germany's Next Topmodel hosted by Heidi Klum.

Business venture[link]

In 2011, Refaeli and Dudi Balsar, an attorney and former model, set up an E-commerce company called Undeez that will sell designer underwear. The company is slated to go online in November 2011.^[25] By November 2011, the company had raised $1 million in venture capital funds.^[26]

Personal life[link]

Previously linked to Baywatch actor David Charvet and Uri El-Natan, Refaeli began a relationship with American actor Leonardo DiCaprio in November 2005 after meeting him at a Las Vegas party thrown for members of U2.^[27] In the course of their trip to Israel in March 2007, the couple met with Israeli president Shimon Peres and visited Refaeli's hometown of Hod HaSharon.^[28] The relationship ended in June 2009.^[29] Numerous reports, however, indicate that, as of early 2010, the romance may have been rekindled.^[30][31][32] In May 2011, it was reported that the couple had ended their romantic relationship, although still remaining friends.^[33]

Her relationship with DiCaprio caused one nationalist Israeli organization to send her a letter, later leaked to the press,^[34] in which she was asked, for the sake of "future generations of Jews", not to marry a "non-Jew", a request similar to the one made, a few years previously, to Israeli Miss World winner Linor Abargil.^[35]

Refaeli confided to L'Isha magazine that she prefers to keep a lower profile – though she is out with DiCaprio much of the time. "I am there for him and I am at all the events," she says. "I just don't walk in hand-in-hand with him. I don't see any reason. I don't need to strike poses with him in front of the cameras. No one needs to know how we kiss."^[36]

Philanthropy/personal causes[link]

Refaeli volunteers for Project Sunshine,^[37] a non-profit organization providing free services and programs for children facing life-threatening illnesses. She has also volunteered for organization Ahava, which has been caring for pets abandoned in Northern Israel during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.^[38]

Refaeli and film director Shahar Segal have agreed to do a free campaign under the slogan "One Bag Less" to reduce the use of plastic bags.^[39]

In August 2010, she decided to write a special report with the collaboration of Better Place^[40] on why she believes that people should drive electric cars.^[41]

Military enlistment[link]

In 2007, it was reported that Refaeli had married a family acquaintance and divorced him soon after to avoid military service in the Israel Defense Forces,^[42] which is generally mandatory for both men and women over the age of 18.^[43] The Israeli Forum for the Promotion of Equal Share in the Burden threatened to boycott the fashion chain Fox if they hired Refaeli, but the two sides reached a compromise in which Refaeli agreed to visit injured IDF soldiers on visits to Israel and encourage enlistment in the army.^[44] Refaeli later stated, "I don't regret not enlisting, because it paid off big time. That's just the way it is, celebrities have other needs. I hope my case has influenced the army."^[45] In 2009, fellow Israeli model Esti Ginzburg, while speaking in support of enlisting, criticized Refaeli for her avoidance of military service.^[46][47] In 2011, Refaeli was featured on the cover of Italian GQ's war-themed May 2011 issue.^[45]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bar Refaeli

• Bar Refaeli at the Fashion Model Directory
• Bar Refaeli at the Internet Movie Database
• Bar Refaeli at AllRovi
• Bar Refaeli Photo Gallery 2009