- published: 17 Mar 2011
- views: 1529
- author: Claudio Mortini
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- Algeria
- Anti-Gaddafi forces
- Arab
- Arabic language
- Awbari Governorate
- Baladiyah
- Berber language
- Berber people
- Capital city
- Carthage
- Chad
- Client state
- Cyrenaica
- Desert
- Districts of Libya
- Erg (landform)
- Fascist Italy
- Fezzan
- Fezzan campaign
- Free French
- Garamantian Empire
- Germa Museum
- Ghadames District
- Ghat District
- Ghat, Libya
- Haruj
- Italian Libya
- Jufra District
- Julius Maternus
- Kanem Empire
- Kingdom of Libya
- Latin language
- Library of Congress
- Libya
- Middle Ages
- Muammar Gaddafi
- Muhafazah
- Murzuk
- Murzuq District
- Niger
- Ottoman Empire
- Phut
- Provinces of Libya
- Roman Empire
- Sabha District
- Sabha Governorate
- Sabha, Libya
- Sahara
- Sahel
- Sanusiya
- Second World War
- Septimus Flaccus
- Sha'biyah
- Suetonius Paulinus
- Sufi
- Taureg people
- Tibesti Mountains
- Toubou
- Toubou people
- Trans-Saharan trade
- Tripolitania
- Tuareg people
- Turkish language
- Volcanic field
- Wadi
- Wilayah
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Algeria
Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2
Algeria
i/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā'ir; Berber: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash-Shaʿbiyyah), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a large country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.
When referring to its land area, Algeria is the largest country in Africa, Maghreb and the Arab World. It is also the largest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; it is also the tenth-largest country in the world. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost 2,400,000 square kilometres (926,645 sq mi) with an estimated population of 37.1 million as of 2012. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC and the United Nations. The country is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.
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Awbari Governorate
Awbari Governorate or Ubari GovernorateArabic: أوباري محافظة was one of the governorates (muhafazah) of Libya from 1963 to 1973. Its capital was the town of Ubari. It was created out of the southwestern part of Fezzan. In 1973 the Awbari Governorate was merged into an altered Sabha Governorate.
The governorate's population was 31,890 in 1964.
Coordinates: 25°12′N 13°14′E / 25.2°N 13.233°E / 25.2; 13.233
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Carthage
Carthage (Latin: Carthago or Karthago, Ancient Greek: Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Arabic: قرطاج Qarṭāj, Berber: ⴽⴰⵔⵜⴰⵊⴻⵏ Kartajen, Etruscan: *Carθaza, Modern Hebrew: קרתגו Qartágo, from the Phoenician Qart-ḥadašt meaning New City (Aramaic: קרתא חדאתא, Qarta Ḥdatha), implying it was a 'new Tyre', is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC. It is currently a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia, with a population of 20,715 (2004 Census).
The first civilization that developed within the city's sphere of influence is referred to as Punic (a form of the word "Phoenician") or Carthaginian. The city of Carthage is located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the centre of Tunis. According to Greek historians it was founded by Canaanite-speaking Phoenician colonists from Tyre (in modern Lebanon) under the leadership of Elissa who was renamed (Queen Dido) in Virgil's Aeneid. It became a large and rich city and thus a major power in the Mediterranean. The resulting rivalry with Syracuse, Numidia, and Rome was accompanied by several wars with respective invasions of each other's homeland.
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Chad
Chadi/ˈtʃæd/ (French: Tchad, Arabic: تشاد Tšād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
Chad is divided into multiple regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara, and N'Djamena, (formerly Fort-Lamy), the capital, is the largest city. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.
Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fell in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa.
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Cyrenaica
Cyrenaica (
/saɪrɨˈneɪ.ɨkə/ SY-rə-NAY-ə-kə; Ancient Greek: Κυρηναϊκή, after the city of Cyrene; Arabic: برقة Barqah; Berber: Berqa) is the historical name of the eastern region in Libya, which self-declared autonomy. In a tribal meeting the National Federal Bloc party declared Cyrenaica as self-autonomous region, but no actual authority has been observed on the ground, as the National Transitional Council still the defacto authority in all of Libya. Also known as Pentapolis in antiquity, it was part of the Creta et Cyrenaica province during the Roman period, later divided in Libia Pentapolis and Libia Sicca. During the Islamic period, the area came to be known as Barqa, after the city of Barca.
Cyrenaica was the name of an administrative division of Italian Libya from 1927 through 1943, then under British military and civil administration from 1943 through 1951, and finally in the Kingdom of Libya from 1951 through 1963. In a wider sense, which is still used, Cyrenaica is composed of all of the eastern part of Libya, including the Kufra District. Cyrenaica is adjacent to Tripolitania in the northwest and Fezzan in the southwest. The region that used to be Cyrenaica officially through 1963 is now divided up into several shabiyat, the administrative divisions of Libya.
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Fezzan
Fezzan ( /fɛˈzɑːn/; Arabic: فزان Fizzān, Berber: Fezzan, Turkish: Fizan, Latin: Phasania) is a south western region of modern Libya. It is largely desert but broken by mountains, uplands, and dry river valleys (wadis) in the north, where oases enable ancient towns and villages to survive deep in the otherwise inhospitable Sahara.
Fezzan derives from the region's Latin Roman name Phasania or Phazania, which may mean "the country of the pheasants" or is related to the Biblical name Phut.
Fezzan is crossed in the north by the Ash-Shati Valley (Wadi Al Shatii) and in the west by the Wadi Irawan. These two areas, along with portions of the Tibesti Mountains crossing the Chadian border and a sprinkling of remote oases and border posts, are the only parts of the Fezzan able to support settled populations. Large dune seas known as ergs cover much of the remaining land.
From the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE, Fezzan was home to the Garamantian Empire, a state which operated the Trans-Saharan trade routes successively between Carthage and the Roman Empire in North Africa and Sahelian states of west and central Africa.
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Germa Museum
The Germa Museum is a museum located in Fezzan, Libya. It contains archeological objects of the Garamantian Kingdom.
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Ghadames District
Ghadames or Ghadamis (Arabic: غدامس, Libyan vernacular: ġdāməs) was a districts of Libya until 2007. Its territory is now part of Nalut District. It was in the northwest of the country with its capital at Ghadames.
To the west, Ghadamis bordered the following regions of Tunisia and Algeria:
Domestically, it bordered the following districts:
Coordinates: 30°08′N 9°30′E / 30.133°N 9.5°E / 30.133; 9.5
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Ghat District
Ghat (Arabic: غات Ġāt) is one of the districts of Libya. Its capital is Ghat.
To the west, Ghat borders two provinces of Algeria: Tamanghasset in the far southwest, and Illizi Province otherwise. It also has a short border with the Agadez Department of Niger in the far south. Domestically, it borders the following districts:
Coordinates: 25°20′N 11°00′E / 25.333°N 11°E / 25.333; 11
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Jufra District
Jufra or Jofra (Arabic: الجفرة Al Jufrah) is one of the districts of Libya. It is in the centre of the country. Its capital is Hun.
Jufra was originally one of the 25 baladiya in the administrative sistem of Libya established in 1988. In 2001 It became a Shabiya, and its territorial extension was reduced. In 2007, under the new 22-shabiya system, its original boundaries were reintroduced (see maps).
Jufra borders the following districts:
Coordinates: 28°N 17°E / 28°N 17°E / 28; 17
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Kingdom of Libya
The Kingdom of Libya, (Arabic: المملكة الليبية, literally, the Libyan Kingdom Italian: Regno di Libia) originally called the United Libyan Kingdom came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi on 1 September 1969 overthrew King Idris of Libya and established the Libyan Arab Republic.
Under the constitution of October 1951, the federal monarchy of Libya was headed by King Idris as chief of state, with succession to his designated heirs. Substantial political power resided with the king. The executive arm of the government consisted of a prime minister and Council of Ministers designated by the king but also responsible to the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of a bicameral legislature. The Senate, or upper house, consisted of eight representatives from each of the three provinces. Half of the senators were nominated by the king, who also had the right to veto legislation and to dissolve the lower house. Local autonomy in the provinces was exercised through provincial governments and legislatures. Tripoli and Benghazi served alternately as the national capital.
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Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States of America, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in four buildings in Washington, D.C., as well as the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. Billington.
The Library of Congress was instituted for Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in 1815. After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War, culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library. During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent public role, becoming a "library of last resort" and expanding its mission for the benefit of scholars and the American people.
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Libya
Libya (Arabic: ليبيا Lībyā), Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the third largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The largest city, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 6.4 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica.
In 2009 Libya had the highest HDI in Africa and the fourth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa, behind Seychelles, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the 17th-highest petroleum production.
As a result of the Libyan civil war, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which had at that time been in existence for 34 years, collapsed and Libya entered a period of governance by a transitional administration called the National Transitional Council. The NTC has stated its intention to oversee the first phase of a transition to constitutional democracy, after which it claims it will dissolve in favor of a representative legislature.
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Murzuk
Murzuk or Murzuq (Arabic: مرزق) is an oasis town and the capital of the Murzuq District in the Fezzan region of southwest Libya. Murzuk lies on the northern edge of the Murzuq Desert, a desert of ergs or great sand dunes, and section of the Sahara Desert.
Murzuk developed around the oasis, a stop on the north-south trade route across the Sahara. In 1310 a major fort, now in ruins, was built and the Ottoman Empire capital town of Fezzan prospered for six hundred years. The town had a major fort, and was termed the "Paris of the Sahara". It was occupied by the Ottomans in 1578 and served as the capital of Fezzan off and on. Although the Ottomans frequently had a garrison there control was under the Sultan of Fezzan.
In the early nineteenth century, Murzuk served as a jumping off point for multiple British expeditions to find Lake Chad and the legendary Timbuktu. Explorers such as the 1822 Denham, Oudney and Clapperton expedition went from Tripoli to this city where they attempted to get both protection and supplies for the trip south. Murzuk was considered unhealthy by many British explorers and led to illness for many, killing some and forcing others back to Tripoli.[citation needed]
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Murzuq District
Murzuq (Arabic: مرزق Murzuq) is one of the districts of Libya. It is in the south of the country. Its capital is Murzuk. The city was occupied by the Ottoman Empire in 1578 and served as the capital of Fezzan off and on until the Ottomans ceded Libya to Italy in 1912. It was not occupied by the Italians until 1914.
To the southeast, Murzuq borders the Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region of Chad, and to the southwest it borders the Agadez Department of Niger. The border crossing to Niger is at Tumu. Domestically, it borders the following districts:
The border between Murzuq and Jufra districts was modified after 2007 administrative reorganization of Libyan Districts.
Among the towns in Murzuq District are:
Coordinates: 25°54′N 13°54′E / 25.9°N 13.9°E / 25.9; 13.9
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Niger
Niger (French pronunciation: [niʒɛʁ], but occasionally pronounced as /niːˈʒɛər/ ori/ˈnaɪdʒər/), officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest nation in West Africa, with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey, located in the far southwest corner of Niger.
Niger is a developing country, and consistently ranks as one of the lowest ranks of the United Nations' Human Development Index (HDI), 186th of 187 countries in 2011. Much of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification. The economy is concentrated around subsistence and some export agriculture clustered in the more fertile south, and the export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger remains handicapped by its landlocked position, desert terrain, poor education and poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor health care, and environmental degradation.
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Sabha District
Sabha (Arabic: سبها Sabhā) is one of the districts of Libya. It is located near the center of the country, in the Fezzan region. The capital is the city of Sabha, with a population of 130,000.
The district populations' ethnicity is primarily a mixture of Arab, Bedouin, and Sub-Saharan African Black descent. People of each ethnicity ('unmixed') are also common.
The Sabha District is in the northwestern Libyan Desert section of the Sahara Desert.
The capital of Sabha is the largest and most important city of southern Libya. It has a small domestic airport. The Sabha Air Base is in the district.
The Gaberoun oasis, on a spring fed lake, is a rustic tourist resort and the site of Bedouin village ruins that is located in the district near Sabha city.
Sabha District borders the following districts:
The major settlements of Sabha District include:
In the Libyan civil war, Gaddafi forces maintained control of large parts of the district and city longer than elsewhere in the country. The National Transitional Council took control of the city on 11 September 2011.
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Sabha Governorate
Sabha Governorate (Sebha Governorate) was one of the governorates (muhafazah) of Libya from 1963 to 1983. It was formed from part of Fezzan. Its capital was Sabha. In 1970, it had a population of around 97,000.
Coordinates: 27°46′N 15°40′E / 27.767°N 15.667°E / 27.767; 15.667
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Sahara
The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى, Aṣ-Ṣaḥrā´ al-Kubrā, "The Great Desert") is the world's largest hot desert and second largest desert, after Antarctica. At over 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi), it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as China or the United States. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna that composes the northern region of central and western Sub-Saharan Africa.
Some of the sand dunes can reach 180 metres (590 ft) in height. The name comes from the Arabic word for desert: (صَحراء ṣaḥrāʾ [sˤɑħrɑːʔ] (
listen)).
The Sahara's boundaries are the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea on the north, the Red Sea on the east, and the Sudan (region) and the valley of the Niger River on the south. The Sahara is divided into western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Air Mountains (a region of desert mountains and high plateaus), Ténéré desert and the Libyan desert (the most arid region). The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi (3,415 m/11,204 ft) in the Tibesti Mountains in northern Chad.
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Tibesti Mountains
The Tibesti Mountains are a range of inactive volcanoes located on the northern edge of the Chad Basin in the Borkou- and Tibesti Region of northern Chad. The massif is one of the most prominent features of the Central-Sahara desert and covers an area of approximately 100,000 km2 (39,000 sq mi). The northern slopes extend into southern Libya. It is one of the most isolated areas on Earth and the people called the Tibesti the mountains of hunger, as they can only feed a few people.[citation needed] The biggest city is Bardaï, with only 1,500 residents. The region is a settlement area of the Tubu people and in periods of drought in the lowlands the nomadic Tuareg visit this area.[citation needed]
The mountains are the largest and highest range in the Central Sahara, formed by a volcanic group. Most are inactive volcanoes, but the Smithsonian Institution lists four potentially active volcanos. The toponymy of the Tibesti massif is derived from the Arabic and Teda-daza languages of the Toubou people and is used throughout the region. The term ehi refers to peaks, rocky hills, emi to larger mountains or mountainous regions; ehra to calderas. The term Tarso designates a high plateau or gently-sloping mountainsides; for example the Ehi Mosgau is a 3,100 m (10,200 ft) Stratovolcano with a small summit area, near Tarso Voon. The Ehra Kohor is a caldera on the Emi Koussi summit.
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Tripolitania
Tripolitania /trɨpɒlɨˈteɪniə/ or Tripolitana (Arabic: طرابلس Ṭarābulus, Berber: Ṭrables, from Latin Regio Tripolitana) is a historic region and former province of Libya.
Tripolitania was a separate Italian colony from 1927 to 1934. From 1934 to 1963, Tripolitania was one of three administrative divisions within Italian Libya and the Kingdom of Libya, alongside Cyrenaica to the east and Fezzan to the south.
In the old system, Tripolitania included Tripoli, the capital city of Libya and a vast northwestern portion of the country; in the subsequent systems, the sha'biyah of Tripoli has become much smaller than the original Tripolitania, including merely the city of Tripoli and its immediate surroundings. Because the city and the sha'biyah are nowadays almost coextensive, the term "Tripolitania" has more historical than contemporary value. In Arabic the same word (طرابلس) is used for both the city and the region, and that word, used alone, would be understood to mean only the city; in order to designate Tripolitania in Arabic, a qualifier such as "state", "province" or "sha'biyah" is required.
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Wadi
Wadi (Arabic: وادي wādī; also: Vadi) is the Arabic term traditionally referring to a valley. In some cases, it may refer to a dry (ephemeral) riverbed that contains water only during times of heavy rain or simply an intermittent stream.
In North Africa the transcription Oued, pronounced as Wad, is used. The term kouri is used in Hausa speaking and surrounding areas of West Africa. The Hebrew term nahal (נחל) and Hindi/Urdu term "Nala" is synonymous in meaning and usage.
Some names of Spanish locations are derived from Andalusian Arabic toponyms where wādī was used to mean a permanent river, for example: Guadalcanal, Guadalajara from wādī al-hidjārah = "river of stones", or Guadalquivir from al-wādī al-kabīr = "the great river". Seasonal streams, frequent in south-east Spain, are called rambla instead.
The term wādī is very widely found in Arabic toponyms.
Modern English usage differentiates a wadi from another canyon or wash by the action and prevalence of water. Wadis, as drainage courses, are formed by water, but are distinguished from river valleys or gullies in that surface water is intermittent or ephemeral. Wadis, cut by stream in a desert environment, generally are dry year round except after a rain. The desert environment is characterized by a sudden but infrequent heavy rainfall often resulting in flash floods. Crossing wadis at certain times of the year can be dangerous because of unexpected flash floods. Such flash floods cause several deaths each year in North America and many Middle Eastern countries.
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Berber people
Berbers (Berber: ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⴻⵏ Imazighen / Imaziɣen) are the indigenous ethnic group of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch of the Afro-Asiatic linguistic family. Today, varieties of Maghrebi colloquial Arabic are spoken by a large portion of Berbers besides the Berber language itself. Foreign languages like French are used by the educated in Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. Spanish is also known by some Berbers in Morocco and in the annexed Western Sahara and Italian in Libya. This presence of European languages was due to Europe's occupation and colonization of the Berber world. Today, most Berber-speaking people live in Morocco and Algeria, smaller Berber-speaking populations are scattered throughout Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania, Mali and Niger, as well as various diasporas living in Europe.
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Kingdom of Libya
The Kingdom of Libya, (Arabic: المملكة الليبية, literally, the Libyan Kingdom Italian: Regno di Libia) originally called the United Libyan Kingdom came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi on 1 September 1969 overthrew King Idris of Libya and established the Libyan Arab Republic.
Under the constitution of October 1951, the federal monarchy of Libya was headed by King Idris as chief of state, with succession to his designated heirs. Substantial political power resided with the king. The executive arm of the government consisted of a prime minister and Council of Ministers designated by the king but also responsible to the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of a bicameral legislature. The Senate, or upper house, consisted of eight representatives from each of the three provinces. Half of the senators were nominated by the king, who also had the right to veto legislation and to dissolve the lower house. Local autonomy in the provinces was exercised through provincial governments and legislatures. Tripoli and Benghazi served alternately as the national capital.
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Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي) (June 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Muammar Gaddafi /ˈmoʊ.əmɑr ɡəˈdɑːfi/ (Arabic: مُعَمَّر القَذَّافِي Muʿammar al-Qaḏḏāfī audio (help·info)) or Colonel Gaddafi, was the official ruler of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then the "Brother Leader" of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Gaddafi seized power in a bloodless military coup in 1969 and served as the country's head of state until 1977, when he stepped down from his official executive role as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya, and claimed subsequently to be merely a symbolic figurehead. He styled himself as "Leader of the Revolution"; in 2008 a meeting of traditional African rulers bestowed on him the title "King of Kings". A leading advocate for a United States of Africa, he served as Chairperson of the African Union (AU) from 2 February 2009 to 31 January 2010.
Gaddafi replaced the Libyan Constitution of 1951 with laws based on the political ideology he had formulated, which he called the Third International Theory and published in The Green Book. After establishing the Jamahiriya (جماهيرية, "state of the masses") system in 1977, he officially stepped down from power and after that time held a largely symbolic role within the country's official governance structure. Rising oil prices and extraction in Libya led to increasing revenues. By exporting as much oil per capita as Saudi Arabia and through various welfare programs, Libya achieved the highest living standards in Africa; Libya remained debt-free.
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Phut
Phut or Put (Hebrew: פוט pûṭ; Septuagint Greek Φουδ Phoud) is the third son of Ham (one of the sons of Noah), in the biblical Table of Nations (Genesis 10:6; cf. 1 Chronicles 1:8).
Put (or Phut) is associated with Ancient Libya by many early writers. Josephus writes: "Phut also was the founder of Libya, and called the inhabitants Phutites (Phoutes), from himself: there is also a river in the country of Moors which bears that name; whence it is that we may see the greatest part of the Grecian historiographers mention that river and the adjoining country by the appellation of Phut (Phoute): but the name it has now has been by change given it from one of the sons of Mezraim, who was called Lybyos." (AotJ Book 1:6/2). Pliny the Elder Nat. Hist. 5.1 and Ptolemy Geog. iv.1.3 both place the river Phuth on the west side of Mauretania (modern Morocco). Ptolemy also mentions a city Putea in Libya (iv.3.39).
A Libyan connection has likewise been inferred from Nahum 3:9, where it is said that "Put and Lubim" were the helpers of Egypt. Other biblical verses consistently refer to the descendants of Put as warriors. In Jeremiah 46:9, they are again described as being supporters of Egypt. Ezekiel mentions them three times - in 27:10, as supporters of Tyre (Phoenicia), in 30:5 again as supporting Egypt, and in 38:5, as supporters of Gog. The Septuagint Greek (LXX) substitutes Libues in Ezekiel where the Hebrew Bible refers to Put. However, the LXX reads Put in Isaiah 66:19, in place of Pul in the Hebrew.
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Tuareg people
The Tuareg (also spelled Twareg or Touareg; endonym Imuhagh) are a Berber people with a traditionally nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. They are the principal inhabitants of the Saharan interior of North Africa.
The Tuareg language, or languages, have an estimated 1.2 million speakers. About half this number is accounted for by speakers of the Eastern dialect (Tamajaq, Tawallammat). Most Tuareg live in the Saharan parts of Niger and Mali but, being nomadic, there is constant movement across national borders, and small groups of Tuareg are also found in southeastern Algeria, southwestern Libya and northern Burkina Faso, and a small community in northern Nigeria.
The name Tuareg is derived from Targa, the Berber name of Libya's Fezzan province. The name Tuareg thus in origin designated the inhabitants of Fezzan from the perspective of the Berbers living closer to the Mediterranean coast, and was adopted from them into English, French and German during the colonial period. The Berber noun targa means "drainage channel" and by extension "arable land, garden". It designated the Wadi al-Haya area between Sabha and Ubari and is rendered in Arabic as bilad al-khayr "good land". There is a widespread Arabic folk etymology of the name, connecting tawariq "abandoned [by God]", reflecting the religious disapproval of residual animist practice among the Tuareg by orthodox Muslims.
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LIBIA - IL SAHARA Acacus - Fezzan - Laghi di Ubari الصحراء الليبية
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:18
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
[[ By CLAUDIO MORTINI ]] Viaggio avventura nel Sahara libico, estrema frontiera delle terre conosciute, è una ricerca vitale della poetica dei luoghi dove perdersi per ritrovare il senso della meraviglia. Gli erg di Ubari, Uan Kaza e Murzuk, i rilievi dell'Acacus e del Messak sono gli scenari di una spedizione nel Fezzan alla scoperta dei "deserti", oceani di sabbia e roccia senza limiti visibili, come sospesi in un tempo indefinito.
http://wn.com/LIBIA_IL_SAHARA_Acacus_Fezzan_Laghi_di_Ubari_الصحراء_الليبية
[[ By CLAUDIO MORTINI ]] Viaggio avventura nel Sahara libico, estrema frontiera delle terre conosciute, è una ricerca vitale della poetica dei luoghi dove perdersi per ritrovare il senso della meraviglia. Gli erg di Ubari, Uan Kaza e Murzuk, i rilievi dell'Acacus e del Messak sono gli scenari di una spedizione nel Fezzan alla scoperta dei "deserti", oceani di sabbia e roccia senza limiti visibili, come sospesi in un tempo indefinito.
Fezzan & Zatul Pre Wedding 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Fezzan_Zatul_Pre_Wedding_2012
ESOVISION - Across Fezzan Libya-Africa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:33
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
In anincreasingly hurried and busy world, it is important to take time out to relax, to recharge one's batteries, chillout and perhaps enjoy a little self-indulgence. The desert can be an amazing and mesmerizing place that captures the imagination and creates a mirage of your wildest dreams. Come and enjoy this amazing world of seemingly endless spaces and experience the sublime pleasure that the combination of natural splendor and beautiful music can bring. This is a special journey that relaxes the mind and soothes the soul.
http://wn.com/ESOVISION_Across_Fezzan_Libya-Africa
In anincreasingly hurried and busy world, it is important to take time out to relax, to recharge one's batteries, chillout and perhaps enjoy a little self-indulgence. The desert can be an amazing and mesmerizing place that captures the imagination and creates a mirage of your wildest dreams. Come and enjoy this amazing world of seemingly endless spaces and experience the sublime pleasure that the combination of natural splendor and beautiful music can bring. This is a special journey that relaxes the mind and soothes the soul.
- published: 21 Feb 2012
- views: 75
- author: TravelVideoStore
fezzan khan frm borana...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Updated: 17 Jul 2012
video uploaded from my mobile phone
http://wn.com/fezzan_khan_frm_borana
Ipad music videos song Haal e dil tujhko sunata by Fezzan albert .
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
A rising star Gufran ..
http://wn.com/Ipad_music_videos_song_Haal_e_dil_tujhko_sunata_by_Fezzan_albert_
RV1 Fezzan Murzuq
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
RV1 Fezzan Murzuq
http://wn.com/RV1_Fezzan_Murzuq
Fezzan 3 Productions Trailer (Explicit)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Chi- Town
http://wn.com/Fezzan_3_Productions_Trailer_Explicit
fezzan muerte
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
impunidad
http://wn.com/fezzan_muerte
FEZZAN Libya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:56
- Updated: 18 May 2012
Fezzan is a legendary, barren desert landscape perforated by tall rocks that appears to extend forever in the southwest of Libya. It is hard to believe that this barren rock desert was once a green and fertile paradise until the climate and landscape were transformed by the passage of time. Today, sand and stone dominate the scene. Due to the remoteness of this land of sand, rock and stone, a fascinating cultural epoch of Mankind fell into oblivion for thousands of years. The Fezzan was once the home of a legendary tribe, the Garamantes, of which the Tuareg of today are thought to be the descendants. The Garamantes created a large number of remarkable rock paintings that depict life in those bygone times. The Fezzan was once crossed by numerous caravans and even today one expects to encounter a caravan at any moment but they have since become few and far between. The endless landscape of the desert and its prehistoric rock paintings, countless images that date back to both prehistoric times and antiquity and, last but not least, the presence of the Tuareg, make this visit to the Fezzan a truly memorable adventure.
http://wn.com/FEZZAN_Libya
Fezzan is a legendary, barren desert landscape perforated by tall rocks that appears to extend forever in the southwest of Libya. It is hard to believe that this barren rock desert was once a green and fertile paradise until the climate and landscape were transformed by the passage of time. Today, sand and stone dominate the scene. Due to the remoteness of this land of sand, rock and stone, a fascinating cultural epoch of Mankind fell into oblivion for thousands of years. The Fezzan was once the home of a legendary tribe, the Garamantes, of which the Tuareg of today are thought to be the descendants. The Garamantes created a large number of remarkable rock paintings that depict life in those bygone times. The Fezzan was once crossed by numerous caravans and even today one expects to encounter a caravan at any moment but they have since become few and far between. The endless landscape of the desert and its prehistoric rock paintings, countless images that date back to both prehistoric times and antiquity and, last but not least, the presence of the Tuareg, make this visit to the Fezzan a truly memorable adventure.
- published: 09 Jan 2010
- views: 366
- author: TravelVideoStore
Strade romane verso il Fezzan.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Giornale Luce B0385 del 12/1933 Descrizione sequenze:vedute della regione del Fezzan in Libia una volta colonizzata dagli antichi Romani ; vestigia, monumenti e mausolei romani nella zona ; prime espressioni di arte rupestre ; veduta di uno dei monti più alti di tutto il Sahara ; Archivio Storico Luce www.archivioluce.com
http://wn.com/Strade_romane_verso_il_Fezzan
Giornale Luce B0385 del 12/1933 Descrizione sequenze:vedute della regione del Fezzan in Libia una volta colonizzata dagli antichi Romani ; vestigia, monumenti e mausolei romani nella zona ; prime espressioni di arte rupestre ; veduta di uno dei monti più alti di tutto il Sahara ; Archivio Storico Luce www.archivioluce.com
- published: 15 Jun 2012
- views: 35
- author: CinecittaLuce
fezzan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:26
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Milano via Fezzan zona Deangeli Gambara bilocale mq 55 sito al 2� piano di stabile medio signorile composto da ingresso , soggiorno , cucinotto separato con finestra , camera matrimoniale, bagno finestrato , ampia balconata , cantina , luminoso, silenzioso, ristrutturato , parquet, ceramica in bagno, porta blindata ,� 215.000,00 trattabili
http://wn.com/fezzan
Milano via Fezzan zona Deangeli Gambara bilocale mq 55 sito al 2� piano di stabile medio signorile composto da ingresso , soggiorno , cucinotto separato con finestra , camera matrimoniale, bagno finestrato , ampia balconata , cantina , luminoso, silenzioso, ristrutturato , parquet, ceramica in bagno, porta blindata ,� 215.000,00 trattabili
- published: 07 Nov 2012
- views: 1
- author: 1ClickAnnunciv
Appartamento in Vendita, via Fezzan - Roma
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Via Fezzan 6 piano composto da ingresso soggiorno cucina camera servizio balcone Spese Condominiali e di Riscaldamento € 100 ca mese Classe energetica: G ≥ 175 kWh/m² anno GABETTI ROMA LIBIA - VESCOVIO Piazza Gimma, 5 - Roma Tel. 0686211547 Vedi tutti i dettagli dell'annuncio su Immobiliare.it: www.immobiliare.it
http://wn.com/Appartamento_in_Vendita,_via_Fezzan_Roma
Via Fezzan 6 piano composto da ingresso soggiorno cucina camera servizio balcone Spese Condominiali e di Riscaldamento € 100 ca mese Classe energetica: G ≥ 175 kWh/m² anno GABETTI ROMA LIBIA - VESCOVIO Piazza Gimma, 5 - Roma Tel. 0686211547 Vedi tutti i dettagli dell'annuncio su Immobiliare.it: www.immobiliare.it
- published: 24 Nov 2012
- views: 9
- author: immobilivideo
Fezzan - MW3 Game Clip
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:28
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Game Clip
http://wn.com/Fezzan_MW3_Game_Clip
Hey Baby (FeZZan RemiXX) - Pitbull Feat. T-Pain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
DOWNLOAD HERE!! adf.ly Pls Thumbs up, subscribe & comment.. Complete Lyrics: Ooh La La La If your girl wanna play, let her go, so let her go (La la la...) If your girl wanna play, let her go, so let her go (La la la...) If your girl wanna play, let her go, so let her go (La la la...) If your girl wanna play, let her go (Chorus) [T-Pain] Hey baby girl what you doin tonight I wanna see what you got in store Hey baby -- givin it you all when you're dancin on me I wanna see if you give me some more Hey baby -- you can be my girl I can be your man and we can pump this jam however you want Hey baby, pump it from the side bend it upside down or we can pump it from the back to the front Hey baby Ooh baby baby, La La La La La La La.. (Aaah) Ooh baby baby, La La La La La La La.. (Aaah) Ooh baby baby, La La La La La La La.. (Hey Baby) Ooh drop it to the floor, make you wanna say it Yeah you can shake some more, make you wanna say it Ooh you got it, because you make me wanna say Don't stop it -- I want you tonight I'm a Dade county, self paid self made millionaire I used to play around the world, now I'm around the world -- gettin paid Girl problems, no problems -- doin anything that won't solve em I wanna get witcha mami, now let me see what the lord split cha (Chorus) [T-Pain] Hey baby girl what you doin tonight I wanna see what you got in store Hey baby -- givin it you all when you're dancin on me I wanna see if you give me some more Hey baby -- you can be my girl I can be your ...
http://wn.com/Hey_Baby_FeZZan_RemiXX_Pitbull_Feat_T-Pain
DOWNLOAD HERE!! adf.ly Pls Thumbs up, subscribe & comment.. Complete Lyrics: Ooh La La La If your girl wanna play, let her go, so let her go (La la la...) If your girl wanna play, let her go, so let her go (La la la...) If your girl wanna play, let her go, so let her go (La la la...) If your girl wanna play, let her go (Chorus) [T-Pain] Hey baby girl what you doin tonight I wanna see what you got in store Hey baby -- givin it you all when you're dancin on me I wanna see if you give me some more Hey baby -- you can be my girl I can be your man and we can pump this jam however you want Hey baby, pump it from the side bend it upside down or we can pump it from the back to the front Hey baby Ooh baby baby, La La La La La La La.. (Aaah) Ooh baby baby, La La La La La La La.. (Aaah) Ooh baby baby, La La La La La La La.. (Hey Baby) Ooh drop it to the floor, make you wanna say it Yeah you can shake some more, make you wanna say it Ooh you got it, because you make me wanna say Don't stop it -- I want you tonight I'm a Dade county, self paid self made millionaire I used to play around the world, now I'm around the world -- gettin paid Girl problems, no problems -- doin anything that won't solve em I wanna get witcha mami, now let me see what the lord split cha (Chorus) [T-Pain] Hey baby girl what you doin tonight I wanna see what you got in store Hey baby -- givin it you all when you're dancin on me I wanna see if you give me some more Hey baby -- you can be my girl I can be your ...
- published: 11 Jun 2011
- views: 298
- author: Fezzan Niyas
Ghat Festival Fezzan Libya by www.fsolu.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Updated: 16 Apr 2012
Desert trips and expeditions, cameltrekking, adventure, culture tours, groups and individual, luxury and eco, to Libya, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Nubia (Sudan). More info by www.fsolu.com
http://wn.com/Ghat_Festival_Fezzan_Libya_by_wwwfsolucom
Desert trips and expeditions, cameltrekking, adventure, culture tours, groups and individual, luxury and eco, to Libya, Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Nubia (Sudan). More info by www.fsolu.com
- published: 19 Dec 2009
- views: 1499
- author: fsolu
Fezzan's magic desert
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 01 Sep 2010
Wind and the sand of Fezzan's desert
http://wn.com/Fezzan's_magic_desert
Appartamento in Vendita, via Fezzan - Milano
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
adiacente alla metropolitana linea 1 in stabile signorile con parti comuni ristrutturate, portineria,doppio ascensore, trilocale tripla esposizione con soggiorno con angolo cottura due camere, bagno con finestra due balconi da ristrutturare molto luminoso Classe energetica: E ≥ 175 kWh/m² anno tetris Via Tiziano, 29A - Milano Tel. 3925137591 - 3355897121 Vedi tutti i dettagli dell'annuncio su Immobiliare.it: www.immobiliare.it
http://wn.com/Appartamento_in_Vendita,_via_Fezzan_Milano
adiacente alla metropolitana linea 1 in stabile signorile con parti comuni ristrutturate, portineria,doppio ascensore, trilocale tripla esposizione con soggiorno con angolo cottura due camere, bagno con finestra due balconi da ristrutturare molto luminoso Classe energetica: E ≥ 175 kWh/m² anno tetris Via Tiziano, 29A - Milano Tel. 3925137591 - 3355897121 Vedi tutti i dettagli dell'annuncio su Immobiliare.it: www.immobiliare.it
- published: 19 Jan 2013
- author: immobilivideo
Appartamento in Vendita, via Fezzan - Milano
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
ottimo trilocale con cucina a vista o grande bilocale con cucina abitabile, luminossissimo, tripla esposizione, edificio completamente ristrutturato nelle parti comuni,da ristrutturare parzialmente solo l'appartamento, ottimo taglio. per info 3355897121-3925137591 Classe energetica: E ≥ 175 kWh/m² anno tetris Via Tiziano, 29A - Milano Tel. 3925137591 - 3355897121 Vedi tutti i dettagli dell'annuncio su Immobiliare.it: www.immobiliare.it
http://wn.com/Appartamento_in_Vendita,_via_Fezzan_Milano
ottimo trilocale con cucina a vista o grande bilocale con cucina abitabile, luminossissimo, tripla esposizione, edificio completamente ristrutturato nelle parti comuni,da ristrutturare parzialmente solo l'appartamento, ottimo taglio. per info 3355897121-3925137591 Classe energetica: E ≥ 175 kWh/m² anno tetris Via Tiziano, 29A - Milano Tel. 3925137591 - 3355897121 Vedi tutti i dettagli dell'annuncio su Immobiliare.it: www.immobiliare.it
- published: 19 Jan 2013
- views: 1
- author: videoimmobili
Allenamento Boxe Milano Fezzan un percorso completo a 360 gradi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Il corso della palestra di via Fezzan, un corso completo che varia dall'attività aerobica, prepugilistica e pugilistica semplice o avanzata. Il corso compre tutto l'aspetto fisico e mentale dell'atleta a 360 gradi. Un gruppo di persone che non solo condividono lo sforzo fisico ei risultati ma anche la passione e la capacità di relazionarsi con gli altri. Questo è Fezzan Boxe.
http://wn.com/Allenamento_Boxe_Milano_Fezzan_un_percorso_completo_a_360_gradi
Il corso della palestra di via Fezzan, un corso completo che varia dall'attività aerobica, prepugilistica e pugilistica semplice o avanzata. Il corso compre tutto l'aspetto fisico e mentale dell'atleta a 360 gradi. Un gruppo di persone che non solo condividono lo sforzo fisico ei risultati ma anche la passione e la capacità di relazionarsi con gli altri. Questo è Fezzan Boxe.
- published: 10 Jan 2012
- views: 4053
- author: FezzanBoxe
Fezzan - Beatiful lie - live @ Alkatraz - Fiumicino (Roma) - 24/06/2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Esibizione dei Fezzan presso il locale Alkatraz di Fiumicino (Rm) il 24/06/2011
http://wn.com/Fezzan_Beatiful_lie_live_@_Alkatraz_Fiumicino_Roma_24_06_2011
Esibizione dei Fezzan presso il locale Alkatraz di Fiumicino (Rm) il 24/06/2011
- published: 06 Mar 2012
- views: 85
- author: fezzanband
Ufficio in Vendita, via Fezzan - Milano
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
adiacenze metropolitana MM1 in stabile con portineria ampio ufficio con tripli servizi,riscaldamento centralizzato,luminoso Classe energetica: E ≥ 65 kWh/m³ anno tetris Via Tiziano, 29A - Milano Tel. 3925137591 - 3355897121 Vedi tutti i dettagli dell'annuncio su Immobiliare.it: www.immobiliare.it
http://wn.com/Ufficio_in_Vendita,_via_Fezzan_Milano
adiacenze metropolitana MM1 in stabile con portineria ampio ufficio con tripli servizi,riscaldamento centralizzato,luminoso Classe energetica: E ≥ 65 kWh/m³ anno tetris Via Tiziano, 29A - Milano Tel. 3925137591 - 3355897121 Vedi tutti i dettagli dell'annuncio su Immobiliare.it: www.immobiliare.it
- published: 19 Jan 2013
- author: videoimmobiliareit
Starlet GT vs Eg8 Launch!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:24
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Fully Tuned Ep 82 Starlet GT vs Turbo Civic Eg8 at the Katukurunda Drags 2012. Winner Shehan's Starlet GT.
http://wn.com/Starlet_GT_vs_Eg8_Launch!!
Fully Tuned Ep 82 Starlet GT vs Turbo Civic Eg8 at the Katukurunda Drags 2012. Winner Shehan's Starlet GT.
- published: 03 Jan 2013
- views: 112
- author: Fezzan Niyas
Fezzan Boxe, potenziamento.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:50
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Allenamento di potenziamento. Addominali, dorsali sacco e vuoto.
http://wn.com/Fezzan_Boxe,_potenziamento
Allenamento di potenziamento. Addominali, dorsali sacco e vuoto.
- published: 17 Feb 2012
- views: 540
- author: FezzanBoxe
photo: AP / Michael Sohn
28 Feb 2013
Pope Benedict pledged his "unconditional reverence and obedience" to his successor Thursday, then left the Vatican as the first Roman Catholic Church leader to resign in 600 years. Benedict flew from the Vatican by helicopter to the papal residence of Castel Gandolfo near Rome, several hours before his eight-year papacy was to end officially at 8 p.m., local time (1900 UTC) ... Peter's Square after he left ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
01 Mar 2013
Associated Press. WASHINGTON — A fiscal deadline all but blown, President Barack Obama says he once again wants to seek a big fiscal deal that would raise taxes and trim billions from expensive and ever growing entitlement programs. But with automatic federal spending cuts ready to start taking their toll, the path toward that grand bargain Obama campaigned on last year has significantly narrowed ... Follow Jim Kuhnhenn on Twitter ... ....(size: 6.4Kb)
photo: AP / Ibrahim Zayed
26 Feb 2013
Updated. February 26, 2013 8.35AM. LUXOR, Egypt — A hot air balloon flying over Egypt’s ancient city of Luxor caught fire and crashed into a sugar cane field on Tuesday, killing at least 19 foreign tourists in one of the world’s deadliest ballooning accidents and handing a new blow to Egypt’s ailing tourism industry ... The balloon then shot up in the air, the investigator said ... The security official said all 18 bodies have been recovered ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: Malacañang Photo Bureau / Jay Morales
01 Mar 2013
TERESA CEROJANO. Associated Press= MANILA, Philippines (AP) — Shooting erupted in a Malaysian village that has been occupied by nearly 200 members of a Filipino clan for three weeks, but the Malaysian home minister denied Friday that his forces were responsible. Members of a Muslim royal clan from the southern Philippines landed in a coastal village in Malaysia's Sabah state on Feb ... He said his plan was "to fight." ... --- ... World news....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: AP / Jacquelyn Martin
01 Mar 2013
WASHINGTON. The US government hurtled on Friday toward making deep spending cuts that threaten to hinder the nation's economic recovery, after Republicans and Democrats failed to agree on an alternative deficit-reduction plan. Locked in during a bout of deficit-reduction fever in 2011, the time-released "automatic" cuts can only be halted by agreement between Republican lawmakers and the White House. That has proved elusive so far ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
Foreign Policy
21 Feb 2013
For the record. There was no second revolution, no apocalyptic violence, and no jihadi takeover ... On February 13, the General National Congress (GNC), the country's national legislature, set up a three-man committee representing Libya's three old regions (Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan) that is supposed to draft an election law for the 60-member strong Constitutional Drafting Committee ... The plan has three stages ... . ....(size: 8.9Kb)
Middle East Online
07 Jan 2013
There is not even consensus on who should draw up the charter ... Others want fresh elections to a constitutional convention ... He recalled that the provisional constitution, as amended just days before the GNC's election in a bid to head off a federalist boycott, stipulates that the charter should be drawn up by an elected convention with equal representation for each of the three historic regions, Tripolitania, the Fezzan and Cyrenaica ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
News24
07 Jan 2013
There is not even consensus on who should draw up the charter ... Others want fresh elections to a constitutional convention ... He recalled that the provisional constitution, as amended just days before the GNC's election in a bid to head off a federalist boycott, stipulates that the charter should be drawn up by an elected convention with equal representation for each of the three historic regions, Tripolitania, the Fezzan and Cyrenaica ... >....(size: 28.3Kb)
Project Syndicate
04 Jan 2013
MADRID – The revolutions that swept the Arab world during the last two years have exposed the extraordinary fragility of key Arab states ... Can the Arab states avoid a similar fate? ... Libya was created out of three former Italian colonies, Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan, each essentially comprising different tribal confederations (the Sa’adi in Cyrenaica, the Saff al-Bahar in Tripolitania, and the Tuareg in Fezzan) ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
Middle East Online
17 Dec 2012
Thus one of the next government’s immediate concerns must be the economic and social development of the Fezzan region. Prime Minister elect Ali Zidan is well placed to understand the pressing problems in the Fezzan region being himself from Uadan ... In the case of Fezzan however, there is more than economic development; at stake are compelling national security issues....(size: 6.3Kb)
Deutsche Welle
20 Oct 2012
Moammar Gadhafi controlled all aspects of public life in Libya for 40 years. One year after his bloody demise, Libya is trying to build a new state. He called himself a friend of the French, received heads of state and in the final years of his time in power nearly seemed to have taken on a mild tone ... Before Gadhafi staged a coup in 1969 to seize power, the three regions of Cyrenaica, Fezzan and Tripoli had separate identities ... ....(size: 5.4Kb)
Deutsche Welle
20 Oct 2012
Moammar Gadhafi controlled all aspects of public life in Libya for 40 years. One year after his bloody demise, Libya is trying to build a new state. He called himself a friend of the French, received heads of state and in the final years of his time in power nearly seemed to have taken on a mild tone ... Before Gadhafi staged a coup in 1969 to seize power, the three regions of Cyrenaica, Fezzan and Tripoli had separate identities ... ....(size: 5.4Kb)
Huffington Post
16 Oct 2012
Foreign policy is now at the center of the presidential debate ... It's time for the United States to face the legacy of a half century of policies in the Middle East, the legacies of the Cold War as well as of the last decade's neoconservatism. Yes, mistakes have been made. Changes are needed, now. And they can be. The first error is to have legitimated regime change ... Like Libya is divided in three between Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan....(size: 8.0Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
02 Sep 2012
An Italian Fascist leader convicted of using poisonous gas against enemy soldiers in Africa was "not a war criminal", said the mayor of the town which has erected a monument in his honour ... EPA. 4.52PM BST 02 Sep 2012 ... When he was in charge of Italian forces in Libya in 1928, Graziani was nicknamed the "Butcher of Fezzan" after he set up concentration camps where thousands died from illness or executed ... . Italy. News » ... In Italy ... ....(size: 11.3Kb)
BBC News
15 Aug 2012
Graziani was honoured with a mausoleum and memorial park, built at taxpayers' expense, in a village south of Rome ... 'Butcher of Fezzan' Continue reading the main story “Start Quote ... Although almost unknown to modern generations of Italians, the Fascist military officer was known as the Butcher of Fezzan for the executions of Libyans he ordered while military governor of Cyrenaica in North Africa, our correspondent says ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
Deutsche Welle
08 Aug 2012
A democratically-elected parliament took over from Libya's transitional government. Along with reining in armed militias, challenges facing the body include rebuilding a badly damaged infrastructure. The result surprised many ... Before self-styled revolutionary and deposed dictator Moammar Gadhafi came to power in a coup in 1969, the regions of Cyrenaica and Fezzan along with the capital Tripoli had strongly independent identities ... ....(size: 5.4Kb)
Deutsche Welle
08 Aug 2012
A democratically-elected parliament takes over from Libya's transitional government Wednesday. Along with reigning in armed militias, challenges facing the body include rebuilding a badly damaged infrastructure ... Regional differences ... Before self-styled revolutionary and deposed dictator Moammar Gadhafi came to power in a coup in 1969, the regions of Cyrenaica and Fezzan along with the capital Tripoli had strongly independent identities....(size: 5.3Kb)
The Hindu
15 Jul 2012
With 200 seats allocated by regional population sizes, the western region of Tripolitania and the southern region, Fezzan, have 100 and 40 seats respectively; the other 60 go to Cyrenaica in the east ... Final results will not be known until after July 16, and while nearly all polling stations opened and functioned as required, there were some disruptions ... Mr ... Keywords....(size: 2.8Kb)
| Fezzan فزان |
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|---|---|
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| Capital | Sabha |
| Area[1] | |
| • Total | 551,170 km2 (212,810 sq mi) |
| Population (2006)[2] | |
| • Total | 442,090 |
| • Density | 0.8/km2 (2.1/sq mi) |
Fezzan ( /fɛˈzɑːn/; Arabic: فزان Fizzān, Berber: Fezzan, Turkish: Fizan, Latin: Phasania) is a south western region of modern Libya. It is largely desert but broken by mountains, uplands, and dry river valleys (wadis) in the north, where oases enable ancient towns and villages to survive deep in the otherwise inhospitable Sahara.
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Name[link]
Fezzan derives from the region's Latin Roman name Phasania or Phazania, which may mean "the country of the pheasants"[3] or is related to the Biblical name Phut.[4]
Geography[link]
Fezzan is crossed in the north by the Ash-Shati Valley (Wadi Al Shatii) and in the west by the Wadi Irawan. These two areas, along with portions of the Tibesti Mountains crossing the Chadian border and a sprinkling of remote oases and border posts, are the only parts of the Fezzan able to support settled populations. Large dune seas known as ergs cover much of the remaining land.
History[link]
From the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE, Fezzan was home to the Garamantian Empire, a state which operated the Trans-Saharan trade routes successively between Carthage and the Roman Empire in North Africa and Sahelian states of west and central Africa.
Roman generals Septimus Flaccus in 19 BCE and Suetonius Paulinus in 50 CE led military expeditions into Sub-Saharan Africa, and Roman explorer Julius Maternus traveled there in early 1st century CE. Paulinus reached Fezzan and went further south.[5] For two–three centuries after this invasion, Fezzan, as part of the Garamantes State, was a client state of the Roman Empire and benefited from Roman civilization.
With the end of the Roman Empire and the following commercial crisis, Fezzan started to lose importance: the population was greatly reduced because of the desertification process of the Sahara during the Middle Ages.
During the 13th and 14th centuries, portions of Fezzan were part of the Kanem Empire, while the Ottoman rulers of North Africa asserted their control over the region in the 17th century.
Beginning in 1911, Fezzan was occupied by Italy. However, Italy's control of the region was precarious until at least 1923, with the rise of the Italian Fascist regime. The Italians were resisted in their early attempts at conquest by Berber and Arab adherents to the militant Sanusiya Sufi religious order. The Tuareg clans of the region were only pacified by European expansion before the Second World War and some of them collaborated with the Italian Army in the North African Campaign.
Free French troops occupied Murzuk, a chief town of Fezzan, on 16 January 1943, and proceeded to administer Fezzan with a staff stationed in Sabha.[6] But French administration was largely exercised through Fezzan notables of the family of Sayf an Nasr.[6] Disquieting to the tribes in western Fezzan was the administrative attachment of Ghat, and its surrounding area, to French-ruled Algeria.[6] However, when the French military control ceased in 1951, all of Fezzan became part of the Kingdom of Libya.
Fezzan was a stronghold for Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi through much of the 2011 Libyan civil war, though starting in July, anti-Gaddafi forces began to gain ground, taking control of the region's largest city of Sabha in mid-to-late September.[7]
Administration[link]
Fezzan was a province under the Ottoman Turks and Italy, and a province (wilayah) or governorate (muhafazah) of independent Libya (alongside Tripolitania and Cyrenaica) until 1963. With the introduction of the new administrative division of Libya in 1963, Fezzan was abolished as an independent administrative unit and was divided into the muhafazat (governorates) of Awbari and Sabha. In 1983, these administrative divisions were abolished in favour of smaller districts or baladiyah. The Baladiyat-system was reorganized in 1987 and was replaced in 1995 by the Sha'biyat-system.
The former Fezzan province contains the districts (Sha'biyat) of Wadi al Shatii, Wadi al Hayaa, Jufra, Ghadames, Murzuq, Sabha and Ghat (other maps allocate Ghadames to the neighbouring region of Tripolitania). The historic capital, largest city, political and administrative centre is Sabha.
Population[link]
The region's inhabitants include the nomadic Tuareg in the southwest and the Toubou in the southeast. These pastoralist populations often cross the borders of Algeria, Chad and Niger freely. In the north, Arab, Berber and settled Tuareg and Toubou mix. While making up some 30% of the land area of Libya, the Fezzan supports little of its population. Despite this, large towns like Sabha, survive on near surface water in the wadis of the north and west. The northeast area is dominated by Haruj, a large and unpopulated volcanic field.
Fezzan's population has grown rapidly since the mid 20th century along with the overall growth in Libya's population, and the province's share of the national population has increased slightly.
| Year | Population | Percent of Libya's population |
|---|---|---|
| 1954 | 59,315 | 5.4 |
| 1964 | 79,326 | 5.1 |
| 1973 | 128,012 | 5.7 |
| 1984 | 213,915 | 5.9 |
| 1995 | 352,276 | 7.3 |
| 2006 | 442,090 | 7.8 |
Source: Gathered from bulletins of censuses 1964, 1973, 1995, 2006.
See also[link]
- List of colonial heads of Fezzan
- Postage stamps and postal history of Fezzan and Ghadames
- List of French possessions and colonies
- Germa Museum
Notes[link]
- ^ Abdel Aziz Tarih Sharaf, “Jughrafia Libia”, Munsha’at al Ma’arif, Alexandria, 2nd ed., 1971, pp.232-233.
- ^ 2006 census, based on the sum of population of districts Murzuq, Sabha, Wadi al Hayaa, Ghat, Jufra, Wadi al Shatii
- ^ Présence africaine. Editions du Seuil, 1975; p. 477.
- ^ Comptes rendus sténographiques ... Imprimerie Nationale, 1881; pp. 864-865 (fn. 1). (In French)
- ^ deGraft-Johnson (1954) African Glory, p. 26
- ^ a b c Berry, LaVerle Bennette "Chapter 1 - Historical Setting -World War II and Independence - Allied Administration" Area Handbook for Libya (1987 edition) Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; available at: A Country Study: Libya, accessed 17 May 2009
- ^ Wedeman, Ben (20 September 2011). "Government forces enter Libya's Sabha, to cheers". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/20/world/africa/libya-sabha/index.html?hpt=wo_c2. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fezzan |
- Map from Google showing a large area of Fezzan and its important cities.
- Worldstatesmen.org's History and list of rulers of Fezzan.
- Hostkingdom.net's History and list of rulers of Fezzan.
- Lexiorient.com's article on Fezzan.
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Coordinates: 26°19′58″N 13°25′31″E / 26.3328°N 13.4253°E / 26.3328; 13.4253
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
