World Wisdom is an independent publishing company established in 1980 in Bloomington, Indiana. World Wisdom publishes religious and philosophical texts, including the work of authors such as Frithjof Schuon, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Titus Burckhardt, Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, Joseph Epes Brown, Paul Goble, Swami Ramdas, Samdhong Rinpoche, William Stoddart, and Martin Lings.

The company publishes The Library of Perennial Philosophy, which focuses on the Truth underlying the diverse religions, also referred to as Sophia Perennis—or perennial Wisdom. World Wisdom’s Library of Perennial Philosophy encompasses seven series.

Series

Perennial Philosophy

A school of thought begun in the twentieth century, it focuses on spiritual practices and beliefs found in all religions.

Sacred Worlds

This series combines images from throughout the world with comparative selections of texts from the world religions. The books may focus on particular religions or upon common themes within several religions.

Sacred Art in Tradition

This series focuses on the principle of ''the role of beauty'' in the Perennial Philosophy. The books contain reproductions of traditional art (such as paintings, sculptures, architectures, and vestimentary art), and contrasting writings by religious authorities on the particular subject.

Spiritual Classics

This series focuses on reproducing “classic” religious works from around the world that have been lost or forgotten. The books include modern introductions which place the works within the framework of the Perennial Philosophy.

Spiritual Masters—East & West

This series presents the writings of spiritual authorities from throughout the world. These writings are combined with modern tools as well, including biographical information and a glossary of terms, as well as historical maps, and pictorial and photographic art.

Treasures of the World's Religions

This series is an anthology of scriptures and writings of spiritual authorities of the past on fundamental themes of religion. Some books focus on a single spiritual tradition, while others have a unifying topic that touches upon traditions from around the world.

Writings of Frithjof Schuon

The writings of Frithjof Schuon form the foundation of the World Wisdom library because he is the pre-eminent exponent of the Perennial Philosophy.

Awards

MIPA 2005 - Nature (Honorable Mention - 3rd) - "All Our Relatives: Traditional Native American Thoughts about Nature"

James Madison Award 2006- (Nominated)- "All Our Relatives: Traditional Native American Thoughts about Nature"

MIPA 2004- Religion & Philosophy (1st place) - "Christian Spirit"

MIPA 2005- Multicultural (Honorable Mention - 3rd) - "The Gospel of the Redman": Commemorative Edition

MIPA 2005- Nature (Merit - 2nd) - "The Sermon of all Creation: Christians on Nature"

MIPA 2005- Religion/Philosophy (Merit - 2nd place) - "The Sermon of all Creation: Christians on Nature"

MIPA 2005- Multicultural (1st place) - "The Spirit of Indian Women"

MIPA 2005- Religion/Philosophy (1st place) - "The Spirit of Indian Women"

MIPA 2005- Religion/Philosophy (Honorable Mention - 3rd place) - "The Sufi Doctrine of Rumi"

Foreword 2005- Religion (Bronze) - "The Sufi Doctrine of Rumi"

Foreword 2006- Religion (Finalist) - "The Universal Spirit of Islam: From the Koran and Hadith"

Foreword 2006- Religion (Finalist)- "Samdhong Rinpoche Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World: Tibetan Buddhism and Today's World"

MIPA 2006- Culture (1st place)- "Indian Spirit: Revised & Enlarged"

MIPA 2006- Religion/Philosophy/Inspiration (1st place)- "Indian Spirit": Revised & Enlarged

MIPA 2006- Religion/Philosophy/Inspiration (Honorable Mention - tie for 3rd) - "Samdhong Rinpoche Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World: Tibetan Buddhism and Today's World"

MIPA 2006- Religion/Philosophy/Inspiration (Merit Award - 2nd place) - "The Universal Spirit of Islam: From the Koran and Hadith"

MIPA 2006- Interior Layout (1st place) - "The Foundations of Christian Art"

MIPA 2007 - Religion/Philosophy/Inspiration (Finalist) - "Native Spirit: The Sun Dance Way"

MIPA 2007 - Culture (Finalist) - "Native Spirit: The Sun Dance Way"

MIPA 2007 - Religion/Philosophy/Inspiration (Finalist) - "The Essential Charles Eastman"

MIPA 2007 - Child/Young-Adult Non-Fiction (Finalist) - "Tipi: Home of the Nomadic Buffalo Hunter"

MIPA 2007 - Nature (Finalist) - "Tipi: Home of the Nomadic Buffalo Hunter"

Foreword Book of the Year 2007- Religion (Silver)- "The Essential Shinran" Foreword Book of the Year 2007- Juvenile Nonfiction (Finalist)- "Tipi: Home of the Nomadic Buffalo Hunter"

PMA 2007- Arts (Finalist) - "The Foundations of Christian Art"

PMA 2007- Religion (Finalist) - "The Universal Spirit of Islam"

PMA 2007- Religion (Finalist) - "The Universal Spirit of Islam: From the Koran and Hadith"

PMA 2007- Interior Design, Children's/Young Adult (Finalist) - "Tipi: Home of the Nomadic Buffalo Hunter"

PMA 2007- New Age/Metaphysics/Spirituality (Finalist) - "Native Spirit: The Sun Dance Way"

References

External links

World Wisdom Books

Category:Traditionalism Category:Eastern philosophy Category:Book publishing companies based in Indiana Category:Publishing companies established in 1980 Category:Companies based in Bloomington, Indiana Category:Academic publishing

name	Will Smith
birth name	Willard Christopher Smith, Jr.
birth date	September 25, 1968
birth place	Wynnefield, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
origin	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
other names	The Fresh Prince
occupation	Actor, rapper, film producer, record producer, television producer
years active	1985–present
spouse
children	Trey Smith Jaden SmithWillow Smith
website	http://www.willsmith.com/ }}

Willard Christopher "Will" Smith, Jr. (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor, film producer and rapper. He has enjoyed success in music, television and film. In April 2007, ''Newsweek'' called him the most powerful actor in Hollywood. Smith has been nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, two Academy Awards, and has won multiple Grammy Awards.

In the late 1980s, Smith achieved modest fame as a rapper under the name The Fresh Prince. In 1990, his popularity increased dramatically when he starred in the popular television series ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air''. The show ran for nearly six years (1990–1996) on NBC and has been syndicated consistently on various networks since then. In the mid-1990s, Smith moved from television to film, and ultimately starred in numerous blockbuster films. He is the only actor to have eight consecutive films gross over $100 million in the domestic box office and the only one to have eight consecutive films in which he starred open at #1 spot in the domestic box office tally.

Fourteen of the 19 fiction films he has acted in have accumulated worldwide gross earnings of over $100 million, and four took in over $500 million in global box office receipts. As of 2011, his films have grossed $5.7 billion in global box office. His most financially successful films have been ''Bad Boys'', ''Bad Boys II'', ''Independence Day'', ''Men in Black'', ''Men in Black II'', ''I, Robot'', ''The Pursuit of Happyness'', ''I Am Legend'', ''Hancock'', ''Wild Wild West'', ''Enemy of the State'', ''Shark Tale'', ''Hitch'' and ''Seven Pounds''. He also earned critical praise for his performances in ''Six Degrees of Separation'', ''Ali'' and ''The Pursuit of Happyness'', receiving Best Actor Oscar nominations for the latter two.

Family and early life

Born and raised in West Philadelphia, Smith also spent time in Germantown in Northwest Philadelphia. His mother, Caroline (née Bright), was a school administrator who worked for the Philadelphia school board, and his father, Willard Christopher Smith, Sr., was a refrigeration engineer. He was raised Baptist. His parents separated when he was 13, and did not actually divorce until Smith was around 30.

It is untrue, though widely reported, that Smith turned down a scholarship to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); he never applied to the school, although he was admitted to a "pre-engineering program" there. According to Smith, "My mother, who worked for the School Board of Philadelphia, had a friend who was the admissions officer at MIT. I had pretty high SAT scores and they needed black kids, so I probably could have gotten in. But I had no intention of going to college."

Recording and acting career

Early work (1985–1995)

Smith started as the MC of the hip-hop duo DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, with his childhood friend Jeffrey "DJ Jazzy Jeff" Townes as turntablist and producer as well as Ready Rock C (Clarence Holmes) as the human beat box. The trio was known for performing humorous, radio-friendly songs, most notably "Parents Just Don't Understand" and "Summertime". They gained critical acclaim and won the first Grammy awarded in the Rap category (1988). He had a line in "Voices That Care", a 1991 Gulf War song by a celebrity group. Smith spent money freely during his early career and underpaid his income taxes. The Internal Revenue Service eventually assessed a $2.8 million tax debt against Smith, took many of his possessions, and garnished his income. Smith was nearly bankrupt in 1990 when the NBC television network signed him to a contract and built a sitcom, ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'', around him. The show was successful and began his acting career. Smith set for himself the goal of becoming "the biggest movie star in the world," studying box office successes' common characteristics.

Breakthrough (1996–2000)

In 1996, Smith starred as part of an ensemble cast in Roland Emmerich's ''Independence Day''. The film was a massive blockbuster, becoming the second highest grossing film in history at the time and establishing Smith as a prime box office draw. In 1998, Smith starred with Gene Hackman in ''Enemy of the State''. Smith turned down the role of Neo in ''The Matrix'' in favor of ''Wild Wild West''. Despite the disappointment of ''Wild Wild West'', Smith has said that he harbors no regrets about his decision, asserting that Keanu Reeves's performance as Neo was superior to what he himself (Smith) would have achieved.

International success (2001–present)

In 2005, Smith was entered into the Guinness Book of World Records for attending a record breaking three premieres in a 24-hour time span.

He has planned to star in a feature film remake of the television series ''It Takes a Thief''.

On December 10, 2007, Smith was recognized at Grauman's Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard. Smith left an imprint of his hands and feet outside the world renowned theater in front of many fans. Later that month, Smith starred in the film ''I Am Legend'', released December 14, 2007. Despite marginally positive reviews, its opening was the largest ever for a film released in the United States during December. Smith himself has said that he considers the film to be "aggressively unique". A reviewer said that the film's commercial success "cemented [Smith's] standing as the number one box office draw in Hollywood." On December 1, 2008, TV Guide reported that Smith has been selected as one of America’s top ten most fascinating people of 2008 for a Barbara Walters ABC special that aired on December 4, 2008.

Smith is currently developing a film entitled ''The Last Pharaoh'', in which he will star as Taharqa.

President Barack Obama has stated that if a film were to ever be made about his life, he would have Smith play his part, because "he has the ears". Obama stated that the two have discussed a possibility of a film based on the 2008 election, but this may not happen until the end of the Obama presidency.

He is currently filming ''Men in Black III'' for a 2012 release playing Agent J one of his more popular earlier roles, making this his first major starring role in four years.

On August 19, 2011, it was announced that Smith had returned to the studio with producer La Mar Edwards to make a new album. Edwards has worked with artists such as T.I., Chris Brown, and Game.

Personal life

Smith was raised by his parents in West Philadelphia. Smith credits his father's dedication when discussing his own involvement in the lives of his three children: "I look at my father and how he was able to keep four kids fed and clothed and still managed to find time to spend with us." Smith married Sheree Zampino in 1992. They had a son, Willard Christopher Smith III, also known as "Trey", but divorced in 1995. Trey appeared in his father's music video for the 1998 single "Just the Two of Us". Smith married actress Jada Pinkett in 1997 and practice an open marriage. Together they have had two children: Jaden Christopher Syre (born 1998), his co-star in ''The Pursuit of Happyness'', and Willow Camille Reign (born 2000), who appeared as his daughter in ''I Am Legend''. Along with his brother, Harry Smith, he owns Treyball Development Inc., a Beverly Hills-based company named after his first son. Smith and his family reside on Star Island in Miami Beach, Florida and in Los Angeles, Stockholm, Sweden and Philadelphia.

Smith was consistently listed in Fortune Magazine's "Richest 40" list of the forty wealthiest Americans under the age of 40. He donated $4,600 to the presidential campaign of Democrat Barack Obama. December 11, 2009, Smith and his wife hosted the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway, when Obama had won the prize.

Smith has said he has studied multiple religions, including Scientology, and he has said many complimentary things about Scientology and other faiths. Despite his praise of Scientology, Smith said "I just think a lot of the ideas in Scientology are brilliant and revolutionary and non-religious" and "Ninety-eight percent of the principles in Scientology are identical to the principles of the Bible.... I don't think that because the word someone uses for spirit is 'thetan' that the definition becomes any different." He has denied having joined the Church of Scientology, saying "I am a Christian. I am a student of all religions, and I respect all people and all paths." Smith gave $1.3 million to charities in 2007, of which $450,000 went to two Christian ministries, and $122,500 went to three Scientology organizations; the remaining beneficiaries included "a Los Angeles mosque, other Christian-based schools and churches, and [...] the Yitzhak Rabin Memorial Center in Israel". Smith and his wife have also founded a private elementary school in Calabasas, California, the New Village Leadership Academy, which has attracted controversy and speculation over its use of Study Technology, a teaching methodology developed by L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of Scientology.

Discography

With DJ Jazzy Jeff

''Rock the House'' (1987)

''He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper'' (1988)

''And in This Corner...'' (1989)

''Homebase'' (1991)

''Code Red'' (1993)

Solo

''Big Willie Style'' (1997)

''Willennium'' (1999)

''Born to Reign'' (2002)

''Lost and Found'' (2005)

Filmography

! Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
	''Saturday Morning Videos''	Host	TV
''ABC Afterschool Special'' – "The Perfect Date"	Hawker	TV
''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air''		TV (1990–1996)
		Fresh Prince	TV, Cameo, episode 18 "I'm with the Band"
''Where the Day Takes You''	Manny
		Tea Cake Walters
	Paul
1995		Detective Mike Lowrey
1996		Captain Steven "Steve" Hiller, USMC	MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss
			MTV Movie Award for Best FightMTV Movie Award for Best Song From a Movie
''Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child''	Pinocchio	TV Series;Episode 14 of Season 2 which aired on April 13, 1997.Episode also starred Chris Rock and Della Reese
1998		Robert Clayton Dean	Nominated—NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
	''Torrance Rises''		Cameo
''Wild Wild West''	Captain James "Jim" West
	''Welcome to Hollywood''	Himself
''The Legend of Bagger Vance''	Bagger Vance	Nominated—NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
2001		Muhammad Ali	MTV Movie Award for Best PerformanceNominated—Academy Award for Best ActorNominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActorNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture DramaNominated—NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
	''Men in Black II''		BET Awards
Girlfriend by [[B2K	Himself	Music video
	''Bad Boys II''	Detective Mike Lowrey	Nominated—NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
''All of Us''	Johnny	TV, 3 episodes (2003–2004); Creator/Executive Producer
	''A Closer Walk''	Narrator	Documentary
	Himself	Uncredited Cameo
''American Chopper''	Himself	TV, Cameo
	Detective Del Spooner	ProducerNominated—NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
''The Seat Filler''		Executive Producer; Independent Film
''Shark Tale''	Oscar	Voice
	''There's a God on the Mic''		Documentary
	Alex "Hitch" Hitchens	ProducerNominated—BET Awards
2006	''[[The Pursuit of Happyness''	Chris Gardner
2007		Dr. Robert Neville
		John Hancock	ProducerNominated – Saturn Award for Best Actor
''Lakeview Terrace''		Producer
		Producer
''Seven Pounds''	Ben Thomas	Producer
2010			Producer
			''Post-production''
''Men in Black III''		''Filming''
2013	''The Last Pharaoh''	Taharqa	''Pre-production''

Box office grosses

! Year	! Title	! Budget	! U.S. gross	! Worldwide gross
1992	''Where the Day Takes You''		$390,152	$390,152
		$44,942,695	$104,942,695
	$6,284,090	$6,284,090
1995		$23m	$65,647,413	$141,247,413
1996		$75m	$306,169,255	$817,400,878
1997			$250,690,539	$587,790,539
1998		$111,549,836	$250,649,836
1999	''Wild Wild West''	$170m	$113,805,681	$222,105,681
2000	''The Legend of Bagger Vance''	$80m	$30,695,227	$39,235,486
2001		$107m	$58,183,966	$84,383,966
2002	''Men in Black II''	$140m	$190,418,803	$441,818,803
2003	''Bad Boys II''	$60m	$138,540,870	$272,940,870
		$120m	$144,801,023	$348,601,023
''Shark Tale''	$75m	$161,192,000	$367,192,000
2005		$70m	$177,784,257	$366,784,257
2006	''The Pursuit of Happyness''	$55m	$162,586,036	$306,086,036
2007			$256,393,010	$585,055,701
		$227,946,274	$624,346,274
''Seven Pounds''	$55m	$69,369,933	$166,617,328

References

Further reading

External links

in 2002 Category:1968 births Category:Actors from Pennsylvania Category:African American film actors Category:African-American film producers Category:African American rappers Category:American beatboxers Category:American hip hop musicians Category:American rappers Category:American television actors Category:Baptists from the United States Category:Columbia Records artists Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Interscope Records artists Category:Living people Category:People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Category:Rappers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Category:Saturn Award winners

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name	Norman Wisdom
birth name	Norman Joseph Wisdom
birth date	February 04, 1915
birth place	Marylebone, London, England
death date
death place	Ballasalla, Isle of Man
medium	Comedian, actor, singer-songwriter
nationality	British
death cause	Stroke
active	1948–2005, 2007–08
spouse	Doreen Brett (1941–46, divorced)Freda Simpson (1947–68, divorced)

}} Sir Norman Joseph Wisdom, OBE (4 February 1915 – 4 October 2010) was an English actor, comedian and singer-songwriter best known for a series of comedy films produced between 1953 and 1966 featuring his hapless onscreen character Norman Pitkin. These films initially made more money than the ''James Bond'' film series, and secured Wisdom a celebrity status in lands as far apart as South America, Iran and many Eastern Bloc countries, particularly in Albania where his films were permitted by Enver Hoxha – Wisdom was the only Western actor to enjoy this privilege. Charlie Chaplin famously referred to Wisdom as his "favourite clown".

Wisdom later forged a career on Broadway and as a television actor, winning critical acclaim for his dramatic role of a dying cancer patient in the television play ''Going Gently'' in 1981. It was broadcast on 5 June that year. He toured Australia and South Africa. After the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, a hospice was named in his honour. In 1995 he was given the Freedom of the City of London and of Tirana. The same year he received an OBE. Wisdom was knighted in 2000 and spent much of his later life on the Isle of Man. Some of his later appearances included roles in ''Last of the Summer Wine'' and ''Coronation Street'', and he retired from acting at the age of 90 after his health declined.

Early and personal life

Norman Joseph Wisdom was born in the Marylebone district of London. His parents were Frederick, a chauffeur, and Maud Wisdom (née Targett), a dressmaker who often worked for West End theatres. The couple married in Marylebone on 15 July 1912. Wisdom had an elder brother, Frederick Thomas "Fred" Wisdom (13 December 1912 – 1 July 1971). The family resided at 91 Fernhead Road, London W9, where they slept in one room. Wisdom quipped, "I was born in very sorry circumstances. Both of my parents were very sorry."

Wisdom was married twice. His first wife was Doreen Brett, whom he married in 1941. By 1944 they had separated when Doreen gave birth to a son, Michael (born 1944), fathered by Albert Gerald Hardwick, a telephone engineer. The marriage was dissolved in 1946. He married his second wife, Freda Isobel Simpson, a dancer, in 1947; they had two children: Nicholas (born 1953, who later played first-class cricket for Sussex) and Jacqueline (born 1954). The couple divorced in 1969 and Wisdom was granted full custody of the children. Freda Wisdom died in Brighton in 1992.

Wisdom was a lifelong supporter and a former board member of football team Brighton and Hove Albion. However he also liked Everton and Newcastle United., first declaring his support for the Merseyside club when appearing in the matchday programme in an interview in 1974. He enjoyed golf and was a member of the Grand Order of Water Rats. Popular in the Isle of Man, he lived for 27 years in a house in Andreas named Ballalough (Manx language for "place of the lake", though really a humorous corruption of the English "belly laugh"). He was an Honorary Member of the Winkle Club, a famous charity in Hastings, East Sussex.

A lover of cars, he owned a 1987 Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit and a Jaguar S-Type, until his age and declining mental health meant he failed a Department of Transport fitness-to-drive test and they were sold in September 2005. A supporter of various charities including Mencap, in 2005 Wisdom starred in a video for the Manx girl group Twisted Angels, for their single "LA", in support of the local charity Project 21.

During the 1960s he was involved in a famous legal case (Wisdom v Chamberlain) in which he was pursued by the Inland Revenue for tax on profits made from the sale of silver bullion he had bought as he was concerned about the further devaluation of sterling. He had contended that it was an investment but the court held that it had been a trading venture and was duly chargeable to income tax.

Armed forces

Name	Norman Wisdom
Birth place	London, United Kingdom
Death place	Ballasalla, Isle of Man
Allegiance
Branch	Merchant NavyBritish Army
Serviceyears	1930–46
Unit	10th Royal HussarsRoyal Corps of Signals
Battles	World War II
Laterwork	Actor }}

After a period in a children's home in Deal, Kent, Wisdom ran away when he was 11 but returned to become an errand boy in a grocer's on leaving school at 13. In 1929, he walked (by his own account) to Cardiff, Wales, where he became a cabin boy in the Merchant Navy. Wisdom had been kicked out of his home by his father. He also worked as a coal miner, waiter and page boy. He first enlisted into the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) but his mother got him "unenlisted" as he was under age. He later re-enlisted as a drummer boy in the 10th Royal Hussars of the British Army and in 1930 was posted to Lucknow, in the United Provinces of British India, as a bandsman. There he gained an education certificate, rode horses, was the flyweight boxing champion of the British Army in India and learned to play the trumpet and clarinet. While performing a comedy boxing routine in an army gym, Wisdom discovered he had a talent for entertainment and began to develop his skills as a musician and stage entertainer. After leaving the army he learned to drive and worked as a private hire car driver and having improved his diction in the army he also took a job as a night telephone operator.

World War II

At the outbreak of World War II Wisdom was sent to work in a communications centre in a command bunker in London where he connected telephone calls from war leaders to the prime minister. He met Winston Churchill on several occasions when asked for updates on incoming calls and once was disciplined for calling him Winnie. He then joined the Royal Corps of Signals and performed a similar function with a military unit based in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. After Wisdom appeared at a charity concert at the Cheltenham Town Hall actor Rex Harrison came backstage and urged him to become a professional entertainer.

Theatre

Leaving the army in 1946, Wisdom made his debut as a professional entertainer at the age of 31 and his rise to the top was phenomenally fast. Initially the straight man to the magician David Nixon, he had already adopted the costume that would remain his trademark: tweed flat cap askew, with peak turned up; a suit at least two sizes too tight; a crumpled collar and a mangled tie. The character that went with this costume—known as "the Gump"—was to dominate Wisdom's film career.

A West End star within two years, he made his TV debut the same year and was soon commanding enormous audiences. Charlie Chaplin called Wisdom his "favourite clown".

Film career

Wisdom made a series of low-budget star-vehicle comedies for the Rank Organisation, beginning with ''Trouble in Store'' in 1953. This film earned him a BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Film in 1954.

Their cheerful, unpretentious appeal make them the direct descendants of the films made a generation earlier by George Formby. Never highly thought of by the critics, they were very popular with domestic audiences and Wisdom's films were among Britain's biggest box office successes of their day, and were successful in some unlikely overseas markets, helping Rank stay afloat financially when their more expensive film projects were unsuccessful.

The films usually involved the Gump character, Norman Pitkin, in a manual occupation in which he is barely competent and in a junior position to a straight man, often played by Edward Chapman (as Mr Grimsdale) or Jerry Desmonde. They benefited from Wisdom's capacity for physical slapstick comedy and his skill at creating a sense of the character's helplessness. The series often contained a romantic subplot; the Gump's inevitable awkwardness with women is a characteristic shared with the earlier Formby vehicles but in which his innocent incompetence made him endearing to the heroine.

Despite a move to filming in colour, by the mid-1960s Wisdom's commercial film appeal was in eclipse. The obvious incongruity of a fifty-year old man playing the prime minister's grandson in ''Press for Time'' (1966) counted against him; Wisdom's age was inaccurately reported for many years.

Later career

In 1966, Wisdom went to the United States to star in a Broadway production of the James Van Heusen and Sammy Cahn musical comedy ''Walking Happy''. His performance was nominated for a Tony Award.

On 31 December 1976, Wisdom performed his theme song "Don't Laugh At Me (Cause I'm a Fool)" on BBC1's ''A Jubilee of Music'', celebrating British pop music for Queen Elizabeth II's impending Silver Jubilee. Wisdom had performed in front of the Queen at many Royal Command Performances, the first being in 1952.

He also completed his first American film as a vaudeville comic in ''The Night They Raided Minsky's''. After a typical performance on the ''Ed Sullivan Show'', further US opportunities were denied him when he had to return to London after his second wife left him. His subsequent career was largely confined to television and he toured the world with his successful cabaret act. He won critical acclaim in 1981 for his dramatic role of a dying cancer patient in the television play ''Going Gently''.

He became prominent again in the 1990s, helped by the young comedian Lee Evans, whose act was often compared to Wisdom's work. His classic Rank films were playing to new audiences on television screens and DVD, with a growing number of new young fans in the United Kingdom and abroad. The highpoint of this new popularity was the knighthood he was awarded, for services to entertainment, in the 2000 new year's honours list. During the ceremony, once he had received his knighthood, he walked away and again performed his trademark trip which the Queen smiled and laughed at.

From 1995 until 2004 he appeared in the recurring role of Billy Ingleton in the long-running BBC comedy ''Last of the Summer Wine''. The role was originally a one-off appearance, but proved so popular that he returned as the character on a number of occasions. In 1996, he became recipient of a Special Achievement Award from the London Film Critics.

Wisdom was a guest on a ''This Is Your Life'' special in the year 2000 for actor and director Todd Carty. He appeared as a half-time guest at the England vs Albania 2002 World Cup qualifier at St James' Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, and scored a penalty at the Leazes End.

In 2002 Wisdom filmed a very tiny role as a butler in a low budget horror film, In 2004, he made a cameo appearance in ''Coronation Street'' playing fitness fanatic pensioner Ernie Crabbe. In 2007 he came out of retirement to take a role in a short film called ''Expresso''.

Popularity in Albania

Wisdom was a cult figure in Albania, where he was one of the few Western actors whose films were allowed in the country during the dictatorship of Enver Hoxha. He was known as "Mr Pitkin" after the character from his films. In 1995, he visited the post-Stalinist country where, to his surprise, he was greeted by many appreciative fans including the then President of Albania, Sali Berisha. During this trip, Wisdom was also filmed by ''Newsnight'' visiting a children's project funded by ChildHope UK. On a visit in 2001, which coincided with the England football team playing Albania in the city of Tirana (of which Wisdom was granted the freedom in 1995), his presence at the training ground eclipsed even that of David Beckham. He appeared on the pitch before the start of the Albania v England match wearing a half Albanian and half English football shirt. He was well-received by the crowd, especially when he performed one of his trademark trips on his way out to the centre circle. Wisdom was an honorary citizen of Tirana.

In his book and TV series ''One Hit Wonderland'', Tony Hawks united with Wisdom and, along with Sir Tim Rice, released a single, "Big In Albania", in an attempt to enter the Albanian pop charts. It reached Number 18 on the Top Albania Radio chart.

Songwriting

Whilst Norman's stage performances often involved musical numbers, few of them were penned by him. He has seven songs attributed to him in the ASCAP database, which were: ''Beware'', ''Don't Laugh at Me (Cause I'm a Fool)'', ''Falling in Love'', ''Follow a Star'', ''I Love You'', ''Please Opportunity'', and ''Up in the World''.

After his death some confusion was caused by an unsubstantiated Wikipedia claim that he provided lyrics for the song popular during the Second World War, (There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover (actually written by Walter Kent and Nat Burton). Three British newspapers reported this supposed fact: ''The Guardian'', ''The Independent'', and ''The Daily Mirror''. All three publications later retracted this, ''The Guardian'' issued an apology, although ''The Independent'' and the ''The Daily Mirror'' merely changed the text of their webpages without any indication of the error. ''The Guardian'' also retracted that "he was nominated for an Oscar for ''The Night They Raided Minsky's''", whilst ''The Daily Mirror'' retains this attribution (item 6 of their "10 Things you need to know..")

Retirement

Wisdom announced his retirement from the entertainment industry on his 90th birthday (4 February 2005). He announced that he intended to spend more time with his family, playing golf and driving around the Isle of Man, where he was living.

In 2007, he made a singular return to acting in a feature film directed by Kevin Powis, ''Expresso''. The film, which Wisdom later announced (reported BBC/ITV News) was to be officially his last film role, is set during one day in a coffee shop and was funded by the UK Film Council and ScreenWM. Shot in January, it premièred at the Cannes Film Festival on 27 May 2007. It was later adopted by the UK charity Macmillan and released on DVD in aid of the charity. In the film Wisdom plays a vicar plagued by a fly in a café. Producer Nigel Martin Davey gave him only a visual role so he would not have to remember any lines, but on the day Wisdom was alert and had his performance changed to add more laughs.

Health decline

In mid-2006, after he suffered an irregular heart rhythm, Wisdom was flown by helicopter to hospital in Liverpool and after a few days was fitted with a heart pacemaker.

In August 2007, newspapers of the ''Daily Mail'' group and the Isle of Man Newspapers reported that Wisdom was in the Abbotswood nursing home in Ballasalla, where he had been resident from 12 July 2007.

On the release of ''Expresso'' to DVD in the same month, BBC News confirmed that Wisdom lived in a care home, due to his suffering from vascular dementia. It was also reported that he had granted his children power of attorney over his affairs and having sold off his flat in Epsom, Surrey, they were now in the process of selling his Isle of Man home to raise money to fund his longer term care.

In an exclusive interview on 27 August 2007 with the ''News of the World'', journalists were given access to Wisdom's room at the home. He claimed to be happy and content in a routine which his family and carers considered kept him safe in spite of the memory losses associated with his condition.

On 16 January 2008, BBC2 aired ''Wonderland: The Secret Life Of Norman Wisdom Aged 92 and 3/4'', a documentary highlighting the dilemma of coping with an ageing parent. In a spoken trailer on BBC Radio 5 Live for the programme and in later publicity interviews undertaken by his family, it was stated that Wisdom's memory loss had become so severe that he no longer recognised himself in his own films.

Premature obituary

On 28 December 2008, Sky News announced that Wisdom had died, running a pre-recorded obituary, both as part of its rolling broadcast coverage and on its website. Shortly afterwards, when it became apparent that other news sites were not carrying the story, Sky dropped the story, stating that it had been published in error in response to e-mail queries.

Death

In the six months prior to his death, Wisdom suffered a series of strokes causing a decline in his physical and mental health. He died at 6:46 pm on 4 October 2010 at Abbotswood nursing home on the Isle of Man at the age of 95.

According to his publicist, Phil Day, "I have never met anyone in the profession who didn't like him, right up to royalty".

His funeral took place on 22 October 2010 in Douglas, Isle of Man and all of the Isle of Man were invited. His well known cloth cap was placed on the coffin in the church.

Tributes and other references

In 2007, a Norman Wisdom-themed bar opened at the Sefton Hotel, Douglas, called ''Sir Norman's''. It has stills from his many films on the walls and TV screens playing some of his old films. The bronze statue of Wisdom, which used to be on a bench outside Douglas Town Hall, has been moved to the steps leading into the bar.

In September 1991 a French speaker in an agriculture committee in the European Communities called for the communities to show "la sagesse des Normands" (the wisdom of the Normans), which was translated into English as calling for Norman Wisdom to sort out Europe's problems.

Filmography

''A Date with a Dream'' (1948)

''Wit and Wisdom'' (1948–50, TV)

''Trouble in Store'' (1953)

''One Good Turn'' (1954)

''As Long as They're Happy'' (1955) (cameo)

''Man of the Moment'' (1955)

''Up in the World'' (1956)

''Just My Luck'' (1957)

''The Square Peg'' (1958)

''Follow a Star'' (1959)

''There Was a Crooked Man'' (1960)

''The Bulldog Breed'' (1960)

''The Girl on the Boat'' (1961)

''On the Beat'' (1962)

''A Stitch in Time'' (1963)

''The Early Bird'' (1965)

''The Sandwich Man'' (1966)

''Press for Time'' (1966)

''Androcles and the Lion'' (1967, TV)

''The Night They Raided Minsky's'' (1968)

''What's Good for the Goose'' (1969)

''Norman'' (1970, TV)

''Music Hall'' (1970, TV)

''Nobody Is Norman Wisdom'' (1973, TV)

''A Little Bit of Wisdom'' (1974, TV)

''BBC Playhouse'': "Going Gently" (1981, TV)

''BBC Bergerac'': "Almost Like a Holiday" (1983, TV)

''The 1950s: Music, Memories & Milestones'' (1988, TV)

''Double X: The Name of the Game (Double X, Run Rabbit Run)'' (1992)

''Last of the Summer Wine (1995–2004)

''Where on Earth Is ... Katy Manning'' (1998, TV)

''Casualty'' episode "She Loved the Rain" (1998, TV)

''Junfans Attic'' (2001)

''Dalziel and Pascoe'' episode "Mens Sana" (2002, TV)

''Coronation Street'' (2004, TV)

''Five Children and It'' (2004) Played Nesbitt.

''Last of the Summer Wine'' episode "Variations on a Theme of the Widow Winstanley" (2004, TV)

''Expresso'' (2007) [www.expressofilm.com]

''Wonderland: The Secret Life Of Norman Wisdom Aged 92 and 3/4'' (2008, TV) (his last appearance)

Audio recordings

''I Would Like to Put on Record''

''Jingle Jangle''

''The Very Best of Norman Wisdom''

''Androcles and the Lion''

''Where's Charley?''

''Wisdom of a Fool''

''Nobody's Fool''

''Follow a Star''

''1957 Original Chart Hits''

''Follow a Star/Give Me a Night in June''

''Happy Ending/The Wisdom Of A Fool''

''Big in Albania – One Hit Wonderland''

Books

''Lucky Little Devil:Norman Wisdom on the Island He's Made His Home'' (2004)

''Don't Laugh At Me'', ''Cos I'm a Fool'' (1992) (two volumes of autobiography)

''Trouble in Store'' (1991)

References

External links

Official website

Pathe News clips of Wisdom from the 1950s

Obituary: Sir Norman Wisdom BBC Retrieved 4 October 2010

Telegraph obituary

Guardian obituary

Norman Wisdom Tribute at British Classic Comedy

Category:1915 births Category:2010 deaths Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:20th-century writers Category:10th Royal Hussars soldiers Category:Actors awarded British knighthoods Category:British Army personnel of World War II Category:English comedians Category:English film actors Category:English musical theatre actors Category:English screenwriters Category:English stage actors Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Military musicians Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire Category:People from Deal, Kent Category:People from Marylebone Category:Royal Corps of Signals soldiers

ar:ن�?رمان �?يزد�?م az:Norman Uizdom cy:Norman Wisdom da:Norman Wisdom de:Norman Wisdom es:Norman Wisdom fa:ن�?رمن �?یزد�?م fr:Norman Wisdom it:Norman Wisdom hu:Norman Wisdom no:Norman Wisdom pt:Norman Wisdom ru:Уиздом, Норман sq:Norman Wisdom simple:Norman Wisdom fi:Norman Wisdom sv:Norman Wisdom uk:Норман Віздом

name	Carl Gustav Jung
birth date	July 26, 1875
birth place	Kesswil, Thurgau, Switzerland
death date	June 06, 1961
death place	Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
residence	Switzerland
citizenship	Swiss
field	Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychotherapy, Analytical psychology
work institutions	Burghölzli, Swiss Army (as a commissioned officer in World War I)
doctoral advisor	Eugen Bleuler, Sigmund Freud
known for	Analytical psychology
religion	Christian
signature	Carl Jung signature.svg }}

Carl Gustav Jung (; 1875–1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of Analytical Psychology. Jung is considered the first modern psychiatrist to view the human psyche as "by nature religious" and make it the focus of exploration. Though not the first to analyze dreams, he is one of the best known pioneers in the field of dream analysis. While he was a fully involved and practicing clinician, much of his life's work was spent exploring tangential areas, including Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, and sociology, as well as literature and the arts; all of which were extremely productive in regard to the symbols and processes of the human psyche, found in dreams and other entries to the unconscious.

He considered the process of individuation necessary for a person to become whole. This is a psychological process of integrating the opposites including the conscious with the unconscious while still maintaining their relative autonomy. Individuation was the central concept of analytical psychology.

Many pioneering psychological concepts were originally proposed by Jung, including the Archetype, the Collective Unconscious, the Complex, and synchronicity. A popular psychometric instrument, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), has been principally developed from Jung's theories.

Early years

Carl Jung was born Karl Gustav II Jung in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau, as the fourth but only surviving child of Paul Achilles Jung and Emilie Preiswerk. Emilie Preiswerk was the youngest child of Samuel Preiswerk, Paul Achilles Jung's professor of Hebrew. His father was a poor rural pastor in the Swiss Reformed Church, while his mother came from a wealthy and established Swiss family.

When Jung was six months old his father was appointed to a more prosperous parish in Laufen. Meanwhile, the tension between his parents was growing. An eccentric and depressed woman, Emilie Jung spent much of the time in her own separate bedroom, enthralled by the spirits that she said visited her at night. Jung had a better relationship with his father because he thought him to be predictable and thought his mother to be very problematic. Although during the day he also saw her as predictable, at night he felt some frightening influences from her room. At night his mother became strange and mysterious. Jung claimed that one night he saw a faintly luminous and indefinite figure coming from her room, with a head detached from the neck and floating in the air in front of the body. and that resulted in his sometimes patriarchal views of women. After three years of living in Laufen, Paul Jung requested a transfer and was called to Kleinhüningen in 1879. The relocation brought Emilie Jung in closer contact to her family and lifted her melancholy and despondent mood.

A solitary and introverted child, Jung was convinced from childhood that he had two personalities — a modern Swiss citizen and a personality more at home in the eighteenth century. "Personality Number 1," as he termed it, was a typical schoolboy living in the era of the time, while "Personality Number 2" was a dignified, authoritative and influential man from the past. Although Jung was close to both parents he was rather disappointed in his father's academic approach to faith.

A number of childhood memories had made a life-long impression on him. As a boy he carved a tiny mannequin into the end of the wooden ruler from his pupil's pencil case and placed it inside the case. He then added a stone which he had painted into upper and lower halves and hid the case in the attic. Periodically he would come back to the mannequin, often bringing tiny sheets of paper with messages inscribed on them in his own secret language. This ceremonial act, he later reflected, brought him a feeling of inner peace and security. In later years he discovered that similarities existed in this memory and the totems of native peoples like the collection of soul-stones near Arlesheim, or the ''tjurungas'' of Australia. This, he concluded, was an unconscious ritual that he did not question or understand at the time, but which was practiced in a strikingly similar way in faraway locations that he as a young boy had no way of consciously knowing about. His findings on psychological archetypes and the collective unconscious were inspired in part by these experiences.

Shortly before the end of his first year at the Humanistisches Gymnasium in Basel, at the age of twelve, he was pushed to the ground by another boy so hard that he was for a moment unconscious (Jung later recognized that the incident was his fault, indirectly). A thought then came to him that "now you won't have to go to school any more." From then on, whenever he started off to school or began homework, he fainted. He remained at home for the next six months until he overheard his father speaking worriedly to a visitor of his future ability to support himself, as they suspected he had epilepsy. With little money in the family, this brought the boy to reality and he realized the need for academic excellence. He immediately went into his father's study and began poring over Latin grammar. He fainted three more times, but eventually he overcame the urge and did not faint again. This event, Jung later recalled, "was when I learned what a neurosis is."

Jung had no plans to study psychiatry, because it was held in contempt in those days. But as he started studying his psychiatric textbook, he became very excited when he read that psychoses are personality diseases. Immediately he understood this was the field that interested him the most. It combined both biological and spiritual facts and this was what he was searching for.

In 1895, Jung studied medicine at the University of Basel. In 1900, he worked in the Burghölzli, a psychiatric hospital in Zurich, with Eugen Bleuler. His dissertation, published in 1903, was titled "On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena." In 1906, he published ''Studies in Word Association'' and later sent a copy of this book to Sigmund Freud, after which a close friendship between these two men followed for some six years (see section on Relationship with Freud). In 1912 Jung published ''Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido'' (known in English as ''Psychology of the Unconscious'') resulting in a theoretical divergence between him and Freud and consequently a break in their friendship, both stating that the other was unable to admit he could possibly be wrong. After this falling-out, Jung went through a pivotal and difficult psychological transformation, which was exacerbated by news of the First World War. Henri Ellenberger called Jung's experience a "creative illness" and compared it to Freud's period of what he called neurasthenia and hysteria.

During World War I Jung was drafted as an army doctor and soon made commandant of an internment camp for British officers and soldiers. (Swiss neutrality obliged the Swiss to intern personnel from either side of the conflict who crossed their frontier to evade capture.) Jung worked to improve the conditions for these soldiers stranded in neutral territory; he encouraged them to attend university courses.

Later life

In 1903, Jung married Emma Rauschenbach, who came from a wealthy family in Switzerland. They had five children: Agathe, Gret, Franz, Marianne, and Helene. The marriage lasted until Emma's death in 1955, but he had more-or-less open relationships with other women. The most well-known women with whom Jung is believed to have had extramarital relationships were patient and friend Sabina Spielrein and Toni Wolff.

Jung continued to publish books until the end of his life, including ''Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies'', which analyzed the archetypal meaning and possible psychological significance of the reported observations of UFOs. He also enjoyed a friendship with an English Roman Catholic priest, Father Victor White, who corresponded with Jung after he had published his controversial ''Answer to Job''.

Jung's work on himself and his patients convinced him that life has a spiritual purpose beyond material goals. Our main task, he believed, is to discover and fulfill our deep innate potential, much as the acorn contains the potential to become the oak, or the caterpillar to become the butterfly. Based on his study of Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Gnosticism, Taoism, and other traditions, Jung perceived that this journey of transformation, which he called individuation, is at the mystical heart of all religions. It is a journey to meet the self and at the same time to meet the Divine. Unlike Sigmund Freud, Jung thought spiritual experience was essential to our well-being.

In 1944 Jung published ''Psychology and Alchemy,'' where he analyzed the alchemical symbols and showed a direct relationship to the psychoanalytical process. He argued that the alchemical process was the transformation of the impure soul (lead) to perfected soul (gold), and a metaphor for the individuation process.

Jung died in 1961 at Küsnacht, after a short illness.

Relationship with Freud

Jung was thirty when he sent his ''Studies in Word Association'' to Sigmund Freud in Vienna in 1906. The two men met for the first time the following year, and Jung recalled the discussion between himself and Freud as interminable. They talked, he remembered, for thirteen hours, virtually without stopping'. Six months later, the then 50-year-old Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zurich, which marked the beginning of an intense correspondence and collaboration that lasted six years and ended in May 1910. At this time Jung resigned as the chairman of the International Psychoanalytical Association, where he had been elected with Freud's support.

Today Jung's and Freud's theories have diverged. Nevertheless, they influenced each other during the intellectually formative years of Jung's life. As Freud was already fifty years old at their meeting, he was well beyond the formative years. In 1906 psychology as a science was still in its early stages. Jung, who had become interested in psychiatry as a student by reading ''Psychopathia Sexualis'' by Richard von Krafft-Ebing, professor in Vienna, now worked as a doctor under the psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in Burghölzli and became familiar with Freud's idea of the unconscious through Freud's ''The Interpretation of Dreams'' (1900) and was a proponent of the new "psycho-analysis." At the time, Freud needed collaborators and pupils to validate and spread his ideas. Burghölzli was a renowned psychiatric clinic in Zurich at which Jung was a young doctor whose research had already given him international recognition.

In 1908, Jung became an editor of the newly founded ''Yearbook for Psychoanalytical and Psychopathological Research.'' The following year, Jung traveled with Freud and Sándor Ferenczi to the U.S. to spread the news of psychoanalysis and in 1910, Jung became Chairman for Life of the International Psychoanalytical Association. While Jung worked on his ''Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (Psychology of the Unconscious),'' tensions grew between Freud and Jung, mostly due to their disagreements over the nature of libido and religion. In 1912 these tensions came to a peak because Jung felt severely slighted after Freud visited his colleague Ludwig Binswanger in Kreuzlingen without paying him a visit in nearby Zurich, an incident Jung referred to as "the Kreuzlingen gesture." Shortly thereafter, Jung again traveled to the United States and gave the ''Fordham lectures,'' which were published as ''The Theory of Psychoanalysis.'' While they contain some remarks on Jung's dissenting view on the nature of libido, they represent largely a "psychoanalytical Jung" and not the theory Jung became famous for in the following decades.

In November 1912, Jung and Freud met in Munich for a meeting among prominent colleagues to discuss psychoanalytical journals. At a talk about a new psychoanalytic essay on Amenhotep IV, Jung expressed his views on how it related to actual conflicts in the psychoanalytic movement. While Jung spoke, Freud suddenly fainted and Jung carried him to a couch.

Jung and Freud personally met for the last time in September 1913 for the ''Fourth International Psychoanalytical Congress,'' also in Munich. Jung gave a talk on psychological types, the introverted and the extraverted type, in analytical psychology. This constituted the introduction of some of the key concepts which came to distinguish Jung's work from Freud's in the next half century.

In the following years Jung experienced considerable isolation in his professional life, exacerbated through World War I. His ''Seven Sermons to the Dead'' (1917) reprinted in his autobiography ''Memories, Dreams, Reflections'' (see bibliography) can also be read as expression of the psychological conflicts which beset Jung around the age of forty after the break with Freud.

Jung's primary disagreement with Freud stemmed from their differing concepts of the unconscious. Jung saw Freud's theory of the unconscious as incomplete and unnecessarily negative. According to Jung (though not according to Freud), Freud conceived the unconscious solely as a repository of repressed emotions and desires. Jung agreed with Freud's model of the unconscious, what Jung called the "personal unconscious", but he also proposed the existence of a second, far deeper form of the unconscious underlying the personal one. This was the collective unconscious, where the archetypes themselves resided, represented in mythology by a lake or other body of water, and in some cases a jug or other container. Freud had actually mentioned a collective level of psychic functioning but saw it primarily as an appendix to the rest of the psyche.

Travels

Jung's first trip outside of Europe was the 1909 conference at Clark University. The event was planned by psychologist G. Stanley Hall and included twenty-seven distinguished psychiatrists, neurologists and psychologists. It represented a watershed in the acceptance of psychoanalysis in North America. This forged welcome links between Jung and influential Americans. Jung returned to the United States the next year for a brief visit, and again for a six-week lecture series at Fordham University in 1912. He made a more extensive trip westward in the winter of 1924–5, financed and organized by Fowler McCormick and George Porter. Of particular value to Jung was a visit with chieftain Mountain Lake at the Taos Pueblo in New Mexico.

Jung spoke at meetings of the Psycho-Medical Society in London in 1913 and 1914. His travels were soon interrupted by the war, but his ideas continued to receive attention in England primarily through the efforts of Constance Long. She translated and published the first English volume of his collected writings and arranged for him to give a seminar in Cornwall in 1920. Another seminar was held in 1923, this one organized by Helton Godwin Baynes (known as Peter), and another in 1925.

In October 1925, Jung embarked on his most ambitious expedition, the "Bugishu Psychological Expedition" to East Africa. He was accompanied by Peter Baynes and an American associate, George Beckwith. On the voyage to Africa, they became acquainted with an English woman named Ruth Bailey, who joined their safari a few weeks later. The group traveled through Kenya and Uganda to the slopes of Mount Elgon, where Jung hoped to increase his understanding of "primitive psychology" through conversations with the culturally isolated residents of that area. Later he concluded that the major insights he had gleaned, had to do with himself and the European psychology in which he had been raised.

Jung made another trip to America in 1936, giving lectures in New York and New England for his growing group of American followers. He returned in 1937 to deliver the Terry Lectures, ''Psychology and Religion'', at Yale University. In December 1937, Jung left Zurich again for an extensive tour of India with Fowler McCormick. In India, he felt himself "under the direct influence of a foreign culture" for the first time. In Africa, his conversations had been strictly limited by the language barrier, but in India he was able to converse extensively. Hindu philosophy became an important element in his understanding of the role of symbolism and the life of the unconscious. Unfortunately, Jung became seriously ill on this trip and endured two weeks of delirium in a Calcutta hospital. After 1938, his travels were confined to Europe.

Political views

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Jung stressed the importance of individual rights in a person's relation to the state and society. He saw that the state was treated as "a quasi-animate personality from whom everything is expected" but that this personality was "only camouflage for those individuals who know how to manipulate it", and referred to the state as a form of slavery. He also thought that the state "swallowed up [people's] religious forces", and therefore that the state had "taken the place of God"—making it comparable to a religion in which "state slavery is a form of worship". From Jung's perspective, this replacement of God with the state in a mass society led to the dislocation of the religious drive and resulted in the same fanaticism of the church-states of the Dark Ages—wherein the more the state is 'worshiped', the more freedom and morality are suppressed; this ultimately leaves the individual psychically undeveloped with extreme feelings of marginalization.

Works

Jung was a prolific writer. His collected works fill 19 volumes. Many of his works were not translated into English until after his death. His best known works are ''Psychology of the Unconscious'' (1912) and ''Psychological Types'' (1921).

Red Book

In 1913 at the age of thirty-eight, Jung experienced a horrible "confrontation with the unconscious". He saw visions and heard voices. He worried at times that he was "menaced by a psychosis" or was "doing a schizophrenia." He decided that it was valuable experience, and in private, he induced hallucinations, or, in his words, "active imaginations." He recorded everything he felt in small journals. Jung began to transcribe his notes into a large, red leather-bound book, on which he worked intermittently for sixteen years.

Jung left no posthumous instructions about the final disposition of what he called the "Red Book". His family eventually moved it into a bank vault in 1984. Sonu Shamdasani, a historian from London, for three years tried to persuade Jung's heirs to have it published, to which they declined every hint of inquiry. As of mid-September 2009, fewer than two dozen people had seen it. But Ulrich Hoerni, Jung's grandson who manages the Jung archives, decided to publish it. To raise the additional funds needed, the Philemon Foundation was founded.

In 2007, two technicians for DigitalFusion, working with the publisher, W. W. Norton & Company, painstakingly scanned one-tenth of a millimeter at a time with a 10,200-pixel scanner. It was published on October 7, 2009 (ISBN 978-0-393-06567-1) in German with "separate English translation along with Shamdasani's introduction and footnotes" at the back of the book, according to Sara Corbett for ''The New York Times''. She wrote, "The book is bombastic, baroque and like so much else about Carl Jung, a willful oddity, synched with an antediluvian and mystical reality."

The Rubin Museum of Art in New York City displayed the original Red Book journal, as well as some of Jung's original small journals, from October 7, 2009 to January 25, 2010. According to them, "During the period in which he worked on this book Jung developed his principal theories of archetypes, collective unconscious, and the process of individuation." Two-thirds of the pages bear Jung's illuminations of the text.

Response to Nazism

Jung had many friends and respected colleagues who were Jewish and he maintained relations with them through the 1930s when anti-semitism in Germany and other European nations was on the rise. However, until 1939, he also maintained professional relations with psychotherapists in Germany who had declared their support for the Nazi regime and there were allegations that he himself was a Nazi sympathizer. In his work ''Civilisation in Transition, Collected Works Volume X'', however, Jung wrote of "... the Aryan bird of prey with his insatiable lust to lord it in every land, even those that concern him not at all."

There are writings showing that Jung's sympathies were against, rather than for, Nazism. In his 1936 essay ''Wotan'', Jung described Germany as "infected" by "one man who is obviously 'possessed'...", and as "rolling towards perdition", and wrote "...what a so-called Führer does with a mass movement can plainly be seen if we turn our eyes to the north or south of our country." The essay does, however, speak in more positive terms of Jakob Wilhelm Hauer and his German Faith Movement which was loyal to Hitler. In April 1939, the Bishop of Southwark asked Jung if he had any specific views on what was likely to be the next step in religious development. Jung's reply was:

Jung would later say that: "Hitler seemed like the 'double' of a real person, as if Hitler the man might be hiding inside like an appendix, and deliberately so concealed in order not to disturb the mechanism ... You know you could never talk to this man; because there is nobody there ... It is not an individual; it is an entire nation." In 1943, Jung aided the United States Office of Strategic Services by analyzing the psychology of Nazi leaders.

In an interview with Carol Baumann in 1948, Jung denied rumors regarding any sympathy for the Nazi movement, saying:

A full response from Jung discounting the rumors can be found in ''C.G Jung Speaking, Interviews and Encounters'', Princeton University Press, 1977.

Jung and professional organizations in Germany, 1933 to 1939

In 1933, after the Nazis gained power in Germany, Jung took part in restructuring of the General Medical Society for Psychotherapy (''Allgemeine Ärztliche Gesellschaft für Psychotherapie''), a German-based professional body with an international membership. The society was reorganized into two distinct bodies: # A strictly German body, the ''Deutsche Allgemeine Ärztliche Gesellschaft für Psychotherapie'', led by Matthias Göring, an Adlerian psychotherapist and a cousin of the prominent Nazi Hermann Göring; # International General Medical Society for Psychotherapy, led by Jung. The German body was to be affiliated to the international society, as were new national societies being set up in Switzerland and elsewhere.

The International Society's constitution permitted individual doctors to join it directly, rather than through one of the national affiliated societies, a provision to which Jung drew attention in a circular in 1934. This implied that German Jewish doctors could maintain their professional status as individual members of the international body, even though they were excluded from the German affiliate, as well as from other German medical societies operating under the Nazis.

As leader of the international body, Jung assumed overall responsibility for its publication, the ''Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie''. In 1933, this journal published a statement endorsing Nazi positions and Hitler's book ''Mein Kampf''. In 1934, Jung wrote in a Swiss publication, the ''Neue Zürcher Zeitung'', that he experienced "great surprise and disappointment" when the ''Zentralblatt'' associated his name with the pro-Nazi statement.

Jung went on to say "the main point is to get a young and insecure science into a place of safety during an earthquake". He did not end his relationship with the ''Zentralblatt'' at this time, but he did arrange the appointment of a new managing editor, Carl Alfred Meier of Switzerland. For the next few years, the ''Zentralblatt'' under Jung and Meier maintained a position distinct from that of the Nazis, in that it continued to acknowledge contributions of Jewish doctors to psychotherapy.

In the face of energetic German attempts to Nazify the international body, Jung resigned from its presidency in 1939, the year the Second World War started.

Influence

Jung has had an enduring influence on psychology as well as wider society. He founded a new school of psychotherapy, called analytical psychology or Jungian psychology. His theories include:

The concept of introversion and extraversion.

The concept of the complex.

The concept of collective unconscious, which is shared by all people. It includes the archetypes.

Synchronicity as a mode of relationship that is not causal, an idea which has influenced Wolfgang Pauli (with whom he developed the notion of Unus mundus in connection with the notion of non-locality) and some other physicists.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Socionics were both inspired by Jung's psychological types theory.

Spirituality as a cure for alcoholism

Jung recommended spirituality as a cure for alcoholism and he is considered to have had an indirect role in establishing Alcoholics Anonymous. Jung once treated an American patient (Rowland Hazard III), suffering from chronic alcoholism. After working with the patient for some time and achieving no significant progress, Jung told the man that his alcoholic condition was near to hopeless, save only the possibility of a spiritual experience. Jung noted that occasionally such experiences had been known to reform alcoholics where all else had failed.

Rowland took Jung's advice seriously and set about seeking a personal spiritual experience. He returned home to the United States and joined a First-Century Christian evangelical movement known as the Oxford Group (later known as Moral Re-Armament). He also told other alcoholics what Jung had told him about the importance of a spiritual experience. One of the alcoholics he brought into the Oxford Group was Ebby Thacher, a long-time friend and drinking buddy of Bill Wilson, later co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Thacher told Wilson about the Oxford Group, and through them Wilson became aware of Hazard's experience with Jung. The influence of Jung thus indirectly found its way into the formation of Alcoholics Anonymous, the original twelve-step program, and from there into the whole twelve-step recovery movement, although AA as a whole is not Jungian and Jung had no role in the formation of that approach or the twelve steps.

The above claims are documented in the letters of Jung and Bill W., excerpts of which can be found in ''Pass It On'', published by Alcoholics Anonymous. Although the detail of this story is disputed by some historians, Jung himself discussed an Oxford Group member, who may have been the same person, in talks given around 1940. The remarks were distributed privately in transcript form, from shorthand taken by an attender (Jung reportedly approved the transcript), and later recorded in Volume 18 of his Collected Works, ''The Symbolic Life'' ("For instance, when a member of the Oxford Group comes to me in order to get treatment, I say, 'You are in the Oxford Group; so long as you are there, you settle your affair with the Oxford Group. I can't do it better than Jesus.'" Jung goes on to state that he has seen similar cures among Roman Catholics).

Art therapy

Jung proposed that Art can be used to alleviate or contain feelings of trauma, fear, or anxiety and also to repair, restore and heal. In his work with patients and in his own personal explorations, Jung wrote that art expression and images found in dreams could be helpful in recovering from trauma and emotional distress. Jung often drew, painted, or made objects and constructions at times of emotional distress, which he recognized as recreational.

Influences on culture

Literature

Laurens van der Post claimed to have had a 16-year-long friendship with Jung, from which a number of books and a film were created about Jung's life. The accuracy of van der Post's claims about the closeness of his relationship to Jung have been questioned. Hermann Hesse, author of works such as ''Siddhartha'' and ''Der Steppenwolf'', was treated by Dr. Joseph Lang, a student of Jung. This began for Hesse a long preoccupation with psychoanalysis, through which he came to know Jung personally. Joyce's ''A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man'' can be read as an ironic parody of Jung's "four stages of eroticism". Jung appears as a character in the novel ''Possessing the Secret of Joy'' by Alice Walker. He appears as the therapist of Tashi, the novel's protagonist. He is usually called "Mzee" but is identified by Alice Walker in the afterword. Jung appears as a character in Timothy Findley's novel ''Pilgrim.'' During the title character's stay at the Burghölzli Psychiatric Clinic in Zürich, Switzerland, Carl Gustav Jung is his therapist.

Robertson Davies' novel ''The Manticore'' is told from the perspective of a man undergoing Jungian psychoanalysis.

Alchemy

The work and writings of Jung from the 1940s onwards focused on alchemy. In 1963 ''Mysterium Coniunctionis'' was first published in the ''Collected Works of C.G. Jung''. ''Mysterium Coniunctionis'' was Jung's last book and focused on the "Mysterium Coniunctionis" archetype, known as the sacred marriage between sun and moon. Jung argued that the stages of the alchemists, the blackening, the whitening, the reddening and the yellowing, could be taken as symbolic of individuation - his favourite term for personal growth (75).

Art

The visionary Swiss painter Peter Birkhäuser was treated by a student of Jung, Marie-Louise von Franz, and corresponded with Jung regarding the translation of dream symbolism into works of art. American Abstract Expressionist Jackson Pollock underwent Jungian psychotherapy in 1939 with Dr. Joseph Henderson. His therapist made the decision to engage him through his art, and had Pollock make drawings, which led to the appearance of many Jungian concepts in his paintings. Contrary to some sources, Jung did not visit Liverpool but recorded a dream in which he had, and of which he wrote "Liverpool is the pool of life, it makes to live." As a result a statue of Jung was erected in Mathew Street in 1987 but, being made of plaster, was vandalised and replaced by a more durable version in 1993.

Television and film

Federico Fellini brought to the screen an exuberant imagery shaped by his encounter with the ideas of Carl Jung, especially Jungian dream interpretation. Fellini preferred Jung to Freud because Jungian analysis defined the dream not as a symptom of a disease that required a cure but rather as a link to archetypal images shared by all of humanity.

Niles Crane from popular TV show Frasier is an adherent of Jung, while his brother Frasier is a Freudian.

BBC interview with John Freeman at Jung's home in Zurich. 1959.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/radio4/2011/02/face_to_face_john_freeman_and_his_remarkable_guests.html

Music

Peter Gabriel's song "Rhythm of the Heat" from the 1982 album ''Security'', tells about Jung's visit to Africa, during which he joined a group of tribal drummers and dancers and became overwhelmed by the fear of losing control of himself. At the time, Jung was exploring the concept of the collective unconscious and was afraid he would come under control of the music. Gabriel learned about Jung's journey to Africa from the essay ''Symbols and the Interpretation of Dreams'' (ISBN 0-691-09968-5). In the song, Gabriel tries to capture the powerful feelings the African tribal music evoked in Jung by means of intense use of tribal drumbeats. The original song title was "Jung in Africa". On the cover of The Police's final album, ''Synchronicity'', which was named after Carl Jung's theory, Sting is seen reading a book called ''Synchronicity'' by Carl Jung.

MGMT's song "Metanoia" features various references to Jung, addressing him as the "mystic referee". Jung is also featured on the single cover in a referee's uniform.

Tool's song "Forty Six & 2" makes references to a wish to experience change through the "Shadow (psychology)" one of the three most recognizable Jungian archetypes.

Video games

The Persona series, a spin-off series of the Megami Tensei series of games, draws from many elements of Jungian psychology as well as various Jungian archetypes.

The PSX game Xenogears and the PS2 series Xenosaga draws from many elements of Jungian psychology, such as the concept of Anima, Animus and the Collective Unconscious.

See also

;Topics

Active imagination

Analytical psychology

Anima and animus

Answer to Job

Archetypal cosmology

Archetypal literary criticism

Archetypal pedagogy

Archetypal psychology

Bollingen Tower

Collective unconscious

Dream interpretation

Individuation

Jungian archetypes

Jungian interpretation of religion

Jungian Type Index

Jung Type Indicator

Keirsey Temperament Sorter

Logos

Logotherapy

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Neo-Freudian

Nekyia

Personality test

Psychodynamics

Wounded healer

;People

Alfred Adler

Jean Shinoda Bolen

Martin Buber – see the Buber-Jung disputations

Joseph Campbell – popularizer of Jungian ideas

Clarissa Pinkola Estés

Erich Neumann – developer of matriarchal mythological adaptations of Jungian thought

Joel Ryce-Menuhin - proponent of sandplay therapy

Herbert Silberer

D. T. Suzuki – see An Introduction to Zen Buddhism, for which C.G. Jung wrote a preface

Marie Louise von Franz – Founder of the C. G. Jung Institute in Zurich

Richard Wilhelm – Translator of the I Ching

Bill W. (Bill Wilson) founder of Alcoholics Anonymous

Victor White (Dominican) - Father Victor White, OP, correspondent and friend,"My white raven".

;Organizations

International Association of Analytical Psychologists

International Association for Jungian Studies

Philemon Foundation

OPUS Archives and Research Center

Notes and references

Further reading

;Introductory texts

Carl Gustav Jung, ''Analytical Psychology: Its Theory and Practice (The Tavistock Lectures)'', (Ark Paperbacks), 1990, ISBN 0-7448-0056-0

Anthony Stevens, ''Jung. A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994, ISBN 0-19-285458-5

Anthony Stevens, ''On Jung'', Princeton University Press, 1990 (1999).

''The Basic Writings of C.G. Jung'', edited by V.S. de Laszlo (The Modern Library, 1959)

''The Portable Jung'', edited by Joseph Campbell (Viking Portable), ISBN 0-14-015070-6

Edward F Edinger, ''Ego and Archetype'', (Shambhala Publications), ISBN 0-87773-576-X

Another recommended tool for navigating Jung's works is Robert Hopcke's book, ''A Guided Tour of the Collected Works of C.G. Jung'', ISBN 1-57062-405-4. He offers short, lucid summaries of all of Jung's major ideas and suggests readings from Jung's and others' work that best present that idea.

Edward C. Whitmont, ''The Symbolic Quest: Basic Concepts of Analytical Psychology'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1969, 1979, ISBN 0-691-02454-5

''The Cambridge Companion to Jung, second edition'', edited by Polly Young-Eisendrath and Terence Dawson, published in 2008 by Cambridge University Press.

;Texts in various areas of Jungian thought

Robert Aziz, ''C.G. Jung’s Psychology of Religion and Synchronicity'' (1990), currently in its 10th printing, is a refereed publication of State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-0166-9.

Robert Aziz, ''Synchronicity and the Transformation of the Ethical in Jungian Psychology'' in Carl B. Becker, ed. ''Asian and Jungian Views of Ethics''. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. ISBN 0-313-30452-1.

Robert Aziz, ''The Syndetic Paradigm:The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung'' (2007), a refereed publication of The State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6982-8.

Robert Aziz, Foreword in Lance Storm, ed. Synchronicity: Multiple Perspectives on Meaningful Coincidence. Pari, Italy: Pari Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-88-95604-02-2

Wallace Clift, Jung and Christianity: The Challenge of Reconciliation. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1982. ISBN 0-8245-0409-7

Edward F. Edinger, ''The Mystery of The Coniunctio'', ISBN 0-919123-67-8. A good explanation of Jung's foray into the symbolism of alchemy as it relates to individuation and individual religious experience. Many of the alchemical symbols recur in contemporary dreams (with creative additions from the unconscious e.g. space travel, internet, computers)

Wolfgang Giegerich, ''The Soul's Logical Life'', ISBN 3-631-38225-1. A critique and extension of Jungian Theory.

James A Hall M.D., ''Jungian Dream Interpretation'', ISBN 0-919123-12-0. A brief, well structured overview of the use of dreams in therapy.

James Hillman, "Healing Fiction", ISBN 0-88214-363-8. Covers Jung, Adler, and Freud and their various contributions to understanding the soul.

Andrew Samuels, ''Critical Dictionary of Jungian Analysis'', ISBN 0-415-05910-0

June Singer, ''Boundaries of the Soul'', ISBN 0-385-47529-2. On psychotherapy

Marion Woodman, ''The Pregnant Virgin: A Process of Psychological Transformation'' ISBN 0-919123-20-1. The recovery of feminine values in women (and men). There are many examples of clients' dreams, by an experienced analyst.

;Academic texts

Andrew Samuels, ''The Political Psyche'' (Routledge), ISBN 0-415-08102-5.

Lucy Huskinson, ''Nietzsche and Jung: The Whole Self in the Union of Opposites'' (Routledge), ISBN 1583918337 Excellent analysis of the highly significant anticipation and influence of the philosophy of Nietzsche on Jung.

;Jung-Freud relationship

Kerr, John. ''A Most Dangerous Method : The Story of Jung, Freud, and Sabina Spielrein.'' Knopf 1993. ISBN 0-679-40412-0.

;Other people's recollections of Jung

van der Post, Laurens, "Jung and the story of our time", New York : Pantheon Books, 1975. ISBN 0-394-49207-2

Hannah, Barbara, "Jung, his life and work; a biographical memoir", New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1976. SBN: 399-50383-8

;Critical scholarship on Jung by historians

Richard Noll, The Jung Cult: Origins of a Charismatic Movement (Princeton University Press, 1994); and

Richard Noll, The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Jung (Random House, 1997)

Anthony Stevens, ''On Jung'' (second edition) includes an appendix where Noll's derogatory claims are refuted.

Sonu Shamdasani, ''Cult Fictions'', ISBN 0-415-18614-5. Critique of the above works by Noll.

Sonu Shamdasani, ''Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology : The Dream of a Science'', ISBN 0-521-53909-9. A comprehensive study of the origins of Jung's psychology which places it in a historical and philosophical context. The author calls this a "Cubist history".

Sonu Shamdasani, ''Jung Stripped Bare'', ISBN 1-85575-317-0. Critique of Jung biographies.

Bair, Deirdre. ''Jung: A Biography''. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 2003.

;Works in the public domain

Carl Jung: ''Forward to the I Ching''

The Association Method Full text article from 1916. Originally Published in the Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology.

On The Psychology & Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena Full text article from 1916. Originally Published in the Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology.

Category:1875 births Category:1961 deaths Category:People from Arbon District Category:ETH Zurich faculty Category:German-language philosophers Category:History of mental health Category:People associated with the University of Zurich Category:Psychodynamics Category:Psychologists of religion Category:Psychology writers Category:Swiss astrologers Category:Swiss autobiographers Category:Swiss Christians Category:Swiss philosophers Category:Swiss psychiatrists Category:Swiss psychologists Category:Symbologists Category:Western mystics Category:University of Basel alumni Category:History of psychiatry Category:People from Rapperswil-Jona Category:20th-century philosophers

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name	Baz Luhrmann
birth date	September 17, 1962
birth place	Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
birth name	Mark Anthony Luhrmann
other names	Baz
occupation	film director, screenwriter, producer
spouse	Catherine Martin (1997-) }}

Mark Anthony "Baz" Luhrmann (; born 17 September 1962) is an Australian film director, screenwriter, and producer best known for The Red Curtain Trilogy, which includes his films ''Strictly Ballroom'', ''William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet'' and ''Moulin Rouge!''. In 2008, he released his film ''Australia'', starring Hugh Jackman and Nicole Kidman.

Personal life

Luhrmann was born in Sydney to a mother who was a ballroom dance teacher and dress shop owner, and Leonard Luhrmann, a farmer. He was raised in Herons Creek, a tiny rural settlement in northern New South Wales, where his father ran a petrol station and a movie theatre, both of which would influence his son's film-making career. He attended St. Joseph's Hasting Regional School, Port Macquarie 1975-1978 and Balgowlah Boys Campus. He attended Year 11 at Narrabeen Sports High School in Sydney, performing in the school's version of Shakespeare's ''Henry IV, Part 1''. His nickname was given to him because of a perceived resemblance to the character Basil Brush. He graduated from NIDA in 1985.

Luhrmann married Catherine Martin, the production designer on all of his films, on 26 January 1997. They have two children, Lillian Amanda Luhrmann and William Alexander Luhrmann.

Films

After theatrical successes, including the original stage version of ''Strictly Ballroom'', Luhrmann moved into film, and has directed four so far:

''Strictly Ballroom'' (1992), starring Tara Morice and Paul Mercurio

''William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet'' (1996), starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes

''Moulin Rouge!'' (2001), starring Nicole Kidman and Ewan McGregor

''Australia'' (2008), starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman

Luhrmann's ''Moulin Rouge!'' (2001) was named one of AFI's top ten films of 2001 and was recently chosen as the top film of the noughties decade in a poll of 150,000 respondents in the UK. The film also gave birth to a hugely successful soundtrack album, selling more than 7 million copies led by the Grammy-winning number one hit single Lady Marmalade.

Before this, it was the groundbreaking modern film interpretation of ''William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet'' starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes which beat out ''Titanic'' at the BAFTAs for best direction, music and screenplay. The film was celebrated at the Berlin Film Festival where it was recognized with the prized Gold Bear for direction and Silver Bear for DiCaprio's performance. Luhrmann also produced the successful soundtrack albums for the film that collectively went on to sell more than 8 million copies worldwide.

Most recently, Luhrmann's sweeping romantic epic ''Australia'' starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman. While achieving modest box office in the United States, the film was hugely successful in Europe, maintaing the number one slot at the box office for many weeks in France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Scandinavia. The film is the second-highest grossing Australian film of all time, next to ''Crocodile Dundee'' and ahead of ''Happy Feet''.

His first three films are formally marketed as "The Red Curtain Trilogy". Luhrmann's next project is an adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's ''The Great Gatsby'', to be shot on 3D, starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Jay Gatsby, Carey Mulligan as Daisy Buchanan, Tobey Maguire as Nick Carraway, Joel Edgerton as Tom Buchanan and Australian newcomer Elizabeth Debicki as Jordan Baker.

Acting credits

''A Country Practice'', TV series, 1981-1982 (6 episodes)

''Winter of Our Dreams'', film, 1981

''The Dark Room'', film, 1982

''The Highest Honor'', film, 1982

Other work

1981: A young Baz Luhrmann can be seen in an early acting role in the film ''Winter of Our Dreams'', directed by John Duigan. Luhrmann has a small part playing opposite Judy Davis.

1992: Luhrman directed a video for John Paul Young's "Love Is in the Air" which was re-released to coincide with the release of ''Strictly Ballroom'', in which the song was featured prominently.

1993: Luhrmann staged his interpretation of Benjamin Britten's version of ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', set in colonial India, for the Australian Opera. After successful seasons in Sydney and Melbourne, the production went on to win the Critics' Prize at the Edinburgh Festival. Music extracts can be heard on his album ''Something for Everybody''.

1993: Luhrman assisted in the election campaign of former Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating.

1997: The CD ''Something for Everybody'' was released. It features music from Luhrmann's films and operas, including his version of Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

1999: As a music producer, Luhrmann is credited with a UK number one single, "Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen)".

2003: Luhrmann brought his production of Puccini's ''La bohème'' to The Broadway Theatre in New York City. Originally produced in Sydney in 1990, once in New York it eventually garnered seven Tony Award nominations, including Best Revival of a Musical, Best Direction (Luhrmann), Best Orchestrations (Nicholas Kitsopoulos), Best Costume Design (Catherine Martin) and won Best Set Design (Catherine Martin), Best Lighting Design (Nigel Levings), and the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre for the Principal Ensemble Cast.

2004: Luhrmann directed a lavish multimillion-dollar commercial for Chanel N° 5 titled ''N° 5 the Film'', inspired by his Red Curtain trilogy, starring Nicole Kidman and Rodrigo Santoro. Luhrmann told interviewer Charlie Rose on ''Charlie Rose'' that he based the commercial on the 1953 film ''Roman Holiday''.

2005: Luhrmann was appointed an Ambassador for the Australian Theatre for Young People.

2008: Luhrman was tasked by prime minister Kevin Rudd to make new ads to promote Australia as a tourist destination.

2009: At the 81st Academy Awards in February, Luhrmann put together a number dedicated to musicals which consisted of Hugh Jackman, Beyoncé Knowles, Zac Efron, Vanessa Hudgens, Dominic Cooper, and Amanda Seyfried

2009: In September, Luhrmann made an appearance as a guest judge on ''Dancing with the Stars''.

2010: Luhrman and painter Vincent Fantauzzo embarked on an art initiative which took them to India, where they created artworks on walls of hotels, in the streets of Rajasthan and on seventeenth century forts.

Influences

Luhrmann has cited Italian grand opera as a major influence on his work, and has also given a nod to other theatrical styles like Bollywood films as having had an impact on his style. Luhrmann was a ballroom dancer as a child, and his mother taught ballroom dancing, which was an inspiration for ''Strictly Ballroom''. Luhrmann's favorite films are ''Star 80'', ''8½'', ''War and Peace'', ''Medium Cool'' and ''Fitzcarraldo''.

Awards and honors

Luhrmann received Directors Guild of America and Golden Globe nominations for ''Best Director - Motion Picture'' for his work on ''Moulin Rouge!'', but did not receive an Oscar nomination for directing (Academy Award host Whoopi Goldberg joked "I guess it just directed itself"). However it did receive an Oscar nomination for Best Picture.

AFI Awards, USA - 2002 - Nominated, AFI Film Award; AFI Movie of the Year for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Academy Awards, USA - 2002 - Nominated, Oscar; Best Picture for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Australian Film Institute -

*2001 - Nominated, Best Direction for ''Moulin Rouge!''. Nominated, Best Film for ''Moulin Rouge!''

*1999 - Won - Byron Kennedy Award

*1997 - Nominated, Best Foreign Film Award for ''William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet]]''

*1992 - Won, Best Director for ''Strictly Ballroom'', Won, Best Screenplay, Original or Adapted for ''Strictly Ballroom''

BAFTA Awards –

*2002 - Nominated, Best Film for ''Moulin Rouge!''; Nominated, David Lean Award for Direction for ''Moulin Rouge!''; Nominated, Best Screenplay, Original for ''Moulin Rouge!'';

*1998 - Won, David Lean Award for Direction for ''William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet''; Won, Best Screenplay, Adapted for ''William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet'';

*1993 - Nominated, Best Screenplay Adapted for ''Strictly Ballroom''; Nominated - Best Film for ''Strictly Ballroom''

Berlin International Film Festival – 1997 - Won, Alfred Bauer Award for ''William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet''; Nominated, Golden Berlin Bear for ''William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet''

Bodil Awards – 2002 - Nominated, Bodil, Best Non-American Film (Bedste ikke amerikanske film) for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Bogota Film Festival – 1994 - Nominated, Golden Precolumbian Circle. Best Film for ''Strictly Ballroom''

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards – 2002 - Won, Critics Choice Award, Best Director for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Cannes Film Festival –

*2001 - Nominated, Palme d'Or for ''Moulin Rouge!'';

*1992 - Won, Award of the Youth, Foreign Film for ''Strictly Ballroom''

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards – 2002 - Nominated, CFCA Award, Best Director for ''Moulin Rouge!''

César Awards, France – 2002 - Nominated, César, Best Foreign Film (Meilleur film étranger) for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Directors Guild of America, USA – 2002 - Nominated, DGA Award, Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Empire Awards, UK – 2002 - Won, Empire Award, Best Director for ''Moulin Rouge!''

European Film Awards –

*2001 - Won, Screen International Award for ''Moulin Rouge!'';

*1997 - Nominated, Screen International Award for ''William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet''

Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards –

*2009 - Nominated, FCCA Award, Best Film for ''Australia'';

*2002 - Won, FCCA Award, Best Director for ''Moulin Rouge!''; Nominated, FCCA Award, Best Screenplay - Original for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Golden Globes, USA – 2002 - Nominated, Golden Globe, Best Director - Motion Picture for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Hollywood Film Festival – 2001 - Won, Hollywood Movie of the Year for ''Moulin Rouge!''

IF Awards – 2001 - Nominated, IF Award, Best Feature Film for ''Moulin Rouge!''; Nominated, IF Award, Best Direction for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists – 2002 - Nominated, Silver Ribbon, Best Director - Foreign Film (Regista del Miglior Film Straniero) for ''Moulin Rouge!''

London Critics Circle Film Awards –

*1998 - Nominated, ALFS Award, Director of the Year for ''William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet'';

*1993 - Won, ALFS Award, Newcomer of the Year for ''Strictly Ballroom''

Love is Folly International Film Festival, Bulgaria – 1993 - Won, Golden Aphrodite for ''Strictly Ballroom''

Online Film Critics Society Awards – 2002 - Nominated, OFCS Award, Best Director for ''Moulin Rouge!''

PGA Awards – 2002 - Won, Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Palm Springs International Film Festival – 2002 - Won, Sonny Bono Visionary Award

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards – 2002 - Nominated, PFCS Award, Best Director for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Robert Festival –

*2002 - Won, Robert, Best Non-American Film (Årets ikke-amerikanske film) for ''Moulin Rouge!''

*1993 - Won, Robert, Best Foreign Film (Årets udenlandske spillefilm) for ''Strictly Ballroom''

Satellite Awards –

*2008 - Won, Auteur Award, Nominated, Satellite Award, Best Screenplay, Original for ''Australia''; Nominated, Satellite Award, Best Original Song for ''Australia'' for the song "By the Boab Tree";

*2002 - Won, Golden Satellite Award, Best Director for ''Moulin Rouge!''. Nominated, Golden Satellite Award, Best Screenplay, Original for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Toronto International Film Festival – 1992 - Won, People's Choice Award for ''Strictly Ballroom''

Vancouver Film Critics Circle – 2002 - Won, VFCC Award, Best Director for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Vancouver International Film Festival – 1992 - Won, Most Popular Film for ''Strictly Ballroom''

World Soundtrack Awards – 2001 - Won, World Soundtrack Award, Most Creative Use of Existing Material on a Soundtrack for ''Moulin Rouge!''

Writers Guild of America Awards, USA – 2002 - Nominated, WGA Award (Screen), Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen for ''Moulin Rouge!''

References

;Notes

External links

Bazmark - Official Baz luhrmann website.

Baz the Great! - Baz Luhrmann fansite containing news updates and movie information

Australia: A Baz Luhrmann Film

Craig Armstrong (Composer for Romeo + Juliet and Moulin Rouge)

N° 5 the Film as 17 MB mov

short making of N° 5 the Film

Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:Australian film directors Category:Australian film producers Category:Australian screenwriters Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:English-language film directors Category:People educated at the National Institute of Dramatic Art Category:People from Sydney

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