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A riding is an administrative jurisdiction or electoral district, particularly in several current or former Commonwealth countries.^[1]

Word history[link]

The word riding is descended from late Old English *þriðing or *þriding (recorded only in Latin contexts or forms, e.g., trehing, treding, trithing, with Latin initial t here representing the Old English letter thorn). It came into Old English as a loanword from Old Norse þriðjungr, meaning a third part (especially of a county), cf. farthing. The modern form riding was the result of initial th being absorbed in the final th or t of the words north, south, east and west, by which it was normally preceded.^[2][3]

A common misconception holds that the term arose from some association between the size of the district and the distance that can be covered on horseback in a certain amount of time.

Norse states[link]

Ridings are originally Scandinavian institutions.

In Iceland the third part of a thing which corresponded roughly to an English county was called þrithjungr. The island of Gotland and the Swedish province Närke were also divided into þrithjungar instead of hundreds.

In Norway (excluding Iceland) the þrithjungr seems to have been an ecclesiastical division.

England[link]

Yorkshire[link]

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The ancient county of Yorkshire had three ridings,^[3][4][5] North, West and East, originally each subdivided into wapentakes.

The Yorkshire ridings were in many ways treated as separate counties, having had separate Quarter Sessions and also separate Lieutenancies since the Restoration. This practice was followed by the Local Government Act 1888, which made each of the three ridings an administrative county with an elected county council. These county councils, along with the ancient lieutenancies, were abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972.

A local government area East Riding of Yorkshire was created in 1996, but this does not cover the entire area of the former East Riding and includes areas from the historical West Riding.

According to the 12th century compilation known as the Leges Edwardi Confessoris, the riding was the third part of a county (provincia); to it causes were brought which could not be determined in the wapentake, and a matter which could not be determined in the riding was brought into the court of the shire.

There is abundant^[quantify] evidence^{[by whom?]} that riding courts were held after the Norman Conquest. A charter which Henry I granted to the Church of St Peters at York mentions wapentacmot, tridingmot and shiresmot (-mot designates popular assemblies), and exemptions from suit to the thriding or riding may be noticed frequently^[quantify] in the charters of the Norman kings. As yet, however, the jurisdiction and functions of these courts have not been ascertained. It seems probable from the silence of the records that they had already fallen into disuse early in the 13th century.

Although no longer having any administrative role the ridings of Yorkshire still play a part as cultural entities - they are used for the names of a number of groups and organisations and some people^[who?] in Yorkshire associate themselves with one riding or another (see West Riding of Yorkshire#Current usage and Yorkshire Ridings Society).

Elsewhere[link]

Lindsey, one of the 'Parts' (subdivisions) of Lincolnshire, also possessed ridings, in this case the North, West, and South ridings.

Ireland[link]

County Tipperary in Ireland was divided in 1838 into two ridings, Tipperary North Riding and Tipperary South Riding — the divisions remain as local government counties, but were renamed simply 'North Tipperary' and 'South Tipperary' in 2002.

County Cork was divided into East and West Ridings in 1823. The ridings still exist for judicial purposes, and Garda (police) divisions are based on them. County Cork is divided for some purposes into the two ridings, with county councillors for the ridings meeting separately to perform certain functions. County Galway was also divided into east and west ridings.

Canada[link]

The term was used in 19th century Canada to refer to subdivisions of counties.

In Canadian politics, "riding" is a colloquial term for a constituency or electoral district. Officially, "electoral district" is generally used, although government documents sometimes use the colloquial term. In colloquial Canadian French, a riding is confusingly known as comté, i.e., "county", as the electoral districts in Quebec were historically identical to its counties; the official French term is circonscription.

The Canadian use of "riding" is derived from the English local government term, which was widely used in Canada in the 19th century. Most Canadian counties never had sufficient population to justify administrative subdivisions. Nonetheless, it was common, especially in Ontario, to divide counties with sufficient population into multiple electoral districts, which thus became known as "ridings" in official documents. The term was used in the legal description of the electoral districts of Canada West, which were grandfathered, by means of a schedule to the new constitution, as the electoral districts for the first elections to the new Canadian House of Commons, immediately following Confederation. Soon after Confederation, the urban population grew (and more importantly, most city dwellers gained the franchise after property ownership was no longer required to gain the vote). Rural constituencies therefore became geographically larger through the 20th century and generally encompassed one or more counties each, and the word "riding" was then used to refer to any electoral division.

The local association for a political party, which legally is known as an "electoral district association", is often referred to as a riding association.

Australia[link]

The term is also used in Australia as a division of Shire Councils, similar to a Ward in City councils.

New Zealand[link]

Ridings existed in rural New Zealand in the late 19th and early to mid 20th century as part of larger county councils in the area. For example, The Taranaki County Council was divided into three separate ridings: Moa (south), Omata (west) and Waitara (east).^[6]

As use of the automobile became more popular with the improvement of roads, combined with the concurrent trend of urban drift (c. 1950s), the ridings were either merged back into their parent councils or separated off into county councils in their own right. The Taranaki Country Council's three ridings eventually split, with the Omata Riding remaining part of the Taranaki County Council, the Moa riding merging with the Inglewood Borough Council and the Waitara Riding becoming part of the Clifton County Council.^[7]

In 1989 these were again merged reorganised into district and/or city councils. For example, the above three all merged with the New Plymouth Council and Waitara Borough Councils to form the New Plymouth District Council.

See also[link]

The term farthing is analogous for quarters of a county. Gloucestershire was once divided into Farthings. In Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth, the Shire is divided into four Farthings, into the Fourth Age.

• Lathe
• Parts of Lincolnshire
• Rape

Sources and references[link]

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links[link]

• Etymology on line
• Information about Canadian ridings
• Felix Liebermann, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen (Halle, 1888–89)
• William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England
• Richard Cleasby, Icelandic Dictionary
• New English Dictionary
• William Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, vol. vi., edited by John Caley and others (1846).

Look up riding in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Riding is a homonym of two distinct English words:

From the word ride:

• Equestrianism, riding a horse
• Riding animal, an animal bred or trained for riding
• Ridin', a song by Chamillionaire

From Old English *þriðing:

• Riding (country subdivision), an administrative division of a county, or similar district
• Electoral district (Canada), a Canadian term for an electoral district
• Riding association, Canadian political party organization at the riding level
• Riding officer, a name once used for customs officials who patrolled for smugglers on beaches and other informal landing spots
• Common Riding, an event celebrated in some Scottish towns to commemorate the guarding the boundaries of the town's common land by local men

It may also refer to:

• Douglas Riding, Australian air marshal
• Joanna Riding, English actress

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011)

For "administrative division" in the sense of a company department, see: Division (business).

World administrative divisions

An administrative division, subnational entity, or country subdivision is a portion of a country or other political division, established for the purpose of government. Administrative divisions are each granted a certain degree of autonomy, and are required to manage themselves through their own local governments. Countries are divided up into these smaller units to make managing their land and the affairs of their people easier. For example, a country may be divided into provinces, which in turn are divided into counties, which in turn may be divided in whole or in part into municipalities. These are only a few of the names given to administrative subdivisions; more examples are provided below.

Administrative divisions are conceptually separate from dependent territories, with the former being an integral part of the state and the other being only under some lesser form of control. However, the term "administrative division" can include dependent territories as well as accepted administrative divisions (for example, in geographical databases).

Examples of administrative divisions[link]

English terms[link]

In many of the following terms corresponding to British cultural influence, areas of relatively low mean population density might bear a title of an entity one would expect to be either larger or smaller. There is no fixed rule, for "all politics is local" as is perhaps well demonstrated by their relative lack of systemic order. In the realm of self-government, any of these can and does occur along a stretch of road—which for the most part is passing through rural unsettled countryside. Since the terms are administrative political subdivisions of the local regional government their exact relationship and definitions are subject to home rule considerations, tradition, as well as state statute law and local governmental (administrative) definition and control. In the British cultural legacy, most regional entities begin with fairly expansive counties which encompass an appreciable territorial area and proceed down in size to smaller entities.

Within those entities are the large and small cities or towns, which may or may not be the county seat. Some of the world's larger cities culturally, if not officially, span into multiple counties and those crossing state or provincial boundaries culturally are quite common as well, but are rarely incorporated within the same municipal government. Many sister cities share a water boundary which quite often serves as a border of both cities and counties. For example, Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts appear to the casual traveler as one large city, while locally they each are quite culturally different and occupy different counties.

• Area
• Autonomous communities, as in the Autonomous communities of Spain
• Commune
• County
• Country - the United Kingdom is subdivided into 'constituent countries' e.g. Scotland
• Constituency - usually refers to an electoral division (which is not an administrative division), but in Namibia and in Canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland, "constituency" means "administrative division".
• Department
• Despotate (not subnational)
• District
• Division
• Duchy (partial subnational)
• Empire (not subnational)
• Härad, Herred, Hundred, Kihlakunta
• Kingdom
• Local council
• Municipality
  • Rural
  • Regional
  • Regional county
• Okrug
• Parish
• Prefecture
• Principality (partial subnational)
• Province
• Public body (the general denomination for administrative divisions in the Netherlands)
• Region
• Republic (partial subnational)
• Riding
• State
• Special administrative region
• Territory
• Voivodship

Urban or rural regions:

• Borough or alternatively, "boro"
• Burgh
• City
• Shire
• Town
• Township
• Village

Indigenous:

• Tribe
• Indian reservation
• Indian reserve
• Band

Native terms[link]

See: List of terms for administrative divisions

Consistent translation from original language is sometimes difficult.

Compare[link]

• Sovereign state, a national or supra-national division.
• Country, a national or supra-national division.
• Empire, a supra-national division.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Subnational entities

• Political division
• Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China
• ISO 3166-2 Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions — Part 2
• List of terms for administrative divisions
• List of etymologies of country subdivision names
• List of country subdivisions by population
• List of the largest country subdivisions by area
• Table of administrative country subdivisions by country
• List of administrative division name changes
• List of current constituent monarchs
• GADM, a high-resolution database of country administrative areas

External links[link]

• United Nations' Second Administrative Level Boundaries (SALB) dataset
• "Statoids" - an international convention with standard two-letter, multi-level summaries (e.g. GH.AH.AE represents Adansi East in the Accra Home region in Ghana)

European topographical map

Same map as above, but showing sovereign states widely accepted by the UN instead of topographies

A country is a region legally identified as a distinct entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated peoples with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.

Sometimes the word country is used to refer both to sovereign states and to other political entities,^[1][2][3] while other times it refers only to states.^[4] For example, the CIA World Factbook uses the word in its "Country name" field to refer to "a wide variety of dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, uninhabited islands, and other entities in addition to the traditional countries or independent states".^[5]

Etymology and usage[link]

The word country has developed from the Late Latin contra meaning "against", used in the sense of "that which lies against, or opposite to, the view", i.e. the landscape spread out to the view. From this came the Late Latin term contrata, which became the modern Italian contrada. The term appears in the Vulgate version of Matthew 12:30 "Qui non est mecum, contra me est: et qui non congregat mihi, spargit. (He who is not with me is against me, and he who does not gather with me scatters.) In many ways this defined the agonistic world view of the early Christian identity in Europe.^[6] From this new theological World view several different senses of the term developed in Middle English from the 13th century, all reflecting a sense of either opposition, or occupation.^[7]

In English the word has increasingly become associated with political divisions, so that one sense, associated with the indefinite article – "a country" – is now a synonym for state, or a former sovereign state, in the sense of sovereign territory or "district, native land".^[8] Areas much smaller than a political state may be called by names such as the West Country in England, the Black Country (a heavily industrialized part of England), "Constable Country" (a part of East Anglia painted by John Constable), the "big country" (used in various contexts of the American West), "coal country" (used of parts of the US and elsewhere) and many other terms.^[9]

The equivalent terms in French and Romance languages (pays and variants) have not carried the process of being identified with political sovereign states as far as the English "country", instead derived from, pagus, which designated the territory controlled by a medieval count, a title originally granted by the Roman Church. In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the national territory, as in the German Länder, as well as a less formal term for a sovereign state. France has very many "pays" that are officially recognised at some level, and are either natural regions, like the Pays de Bray, or reflect old political or economic unities, like the Pays de la Loire. At the same time Wales, the United States, and Brazil are also "pays" in everyday French speech.

A version of "country" can be found in the modern French language as contrée, based on the word cuntrée in Old French,^[9] that is used similarly to the word "pays" to define regions and unities, but can also be used to describe a political state in some particular cases. The modern Italian contrada is a word with its meaning varying locally, but usually meaning a ward or similar small division of a town, or a village or hamlet in the countryside.

Nations[link]

Although not sovereign states, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (in the United Kingdom) are examples of entities that are regarded and referred to as countries.^{[10][11][12][13]} Former states such as Bavaria (now part of Germany) and Piedmont (now part of Italy) would not normally be referred to as "countries" in contemporary English.^{[citation needed]}

The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely. Some are possessions of sovereign states, as several states have overseas dependencies (such as the British Virgin Islands (GBR) and Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FRA)), with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own. Such dependent territories are sometimes listed together with sovereign states on lists of countries, and may be treated as a "country of origin" in international trade, as Hong Kong is.

Countries of the world[link]

The term "country" is commonly used to refer to sovereign states. There is no universal agreement on the number of "countries" in the world, seeing as a number of states have disputed sovereignty status. There are 206 total states, with 193 states participating in the United Nations and 15 states whose sovereignty status is disputed. The newest state is South Sudan.^[14]

See also[link]

• List of sovereign states
• Constituent country

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Defining what makes a country The Economist

External links[link]

Look up country in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Canada Foreign Affairs Travel Advisories
• The CIA World Factbook
• Country Portals from the United States Department of State, including Background Notes
• Country Profiles from BBC News
• Country Studies from the United States Library of Congress
• Foreign Information by Country and Country & Territory Guides from GovPubs at UCB Libraries
• PopulationData.net
• United Nations statistics division

Look up subdivide, subdivided, subdivision, or subdivisions in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Subdivision may refer to:

• Administrative subdivision, a portion of a country or other political division, established for the purpose of government
  • Subdivision (land), a term for an urban or suburban area, especially if recently parceled up into smaller plots for new uses
  • Census geographic units of Canada (Census subdivision), a term used in Canada
• Subdivision (meter), a term for division of the beat in music
• Subdivision (botany), a taxonomic rank below a phylum and equivalent to a subphylum
• Subdivision (rank), a taxonomic rank
• Subdivision (film), starring Gary Sweet
• Subdivision (graph theory), mathematics
• "Subdivision" (Prison Break episode), the twenty-eighth episode of American television series Prison Break
• "Subdivisions" (song), by the rock group Rush
• Subdivisions (EP), an EP consisting of re-interpretations of songs from Clearing the Channel (2005)
• Subdivision surface, a term in computer graphics
• Trackage, specifically a named section (North American usage)

See also[link]

• Division (disambiguation)
• All pages with titles containing "Subdivision"
• All pages beginning with "Subdivision"

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.