Papuan is a cover term for the various indigenous peoples of New Guinea and neighboring islands, speakers of so-called Papuan languages. They are often distinguished linguistically from Austronesians, speakers of a language family introduced into New Guinea about three thousand years ago, but this is not always an ethnic distinction, as New Guinea Austronesians are often seen as Papuan in culture.^{[citation needed][clarification needed]}

Genetics[link]

In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants, Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that the Papuan people have among the highest rate of the newly-evolved ASPM haplogroup D, at 59.4% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele.^[1] While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroup D allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.

According to one study, Papuan people, together with Melanesians, are the only known modern humans whose prehistoric ancestors interbred with the Denisova hominin, with which they share 4%–6% of their genome.^[2]

Papuan ethnic groups[link]

See also[link]

• People of New Guinea

References[link]

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Blue King Brown are a Melbourne-based, Australian urban roots^{[clarification needed]} band. They have released a self-titled EP (2005) and a full length album, Stand Up (2006). They released their follow-up Worldwize Part 1 - North & South on 20 August 2010. They have opened for acts such as Carlos Santana, Michael Franti & Spearhead, Damian Marley, The John Butler Trio, The Cat Empire, Silverchair, Dispatch and Powderfinger.

Biography[link]

The two founding and songwriting members of the band, Carlo Santone and Natalie Pa'apa'a, commenced playing and songwriting on guitar, jamming with residents and itinerants alike in their original base of Byron Bay. They originally performed as a percussion duo and also with a band called Skin, which became the beginnings of Blue King Brown.

This beats driven collaboration formed many connections within the Australian roots scene and they were invited to sit in as percussionists with The John Butler Trio at many of their shows, along with many other guest performances with a number of local and international touring artists over the years.

After moving to Melbourne in 2004 to concentrate on the new collective of Blue King Brown, they recruited Salvador Persico as the band's percussionist, adding a Latin influence to the Blue King Brown sound. Sam Cope is the bands keyboardist and Peter Wilkins plays the drum kit. Hailey Cramer, Ngaiire and Jess Harlen were added as the original backing vocalists.

Success came quickly for the newly formed Blue King Brown. Their debut single, "Water", released on their debut self-titled EP, was quickly added to high rotation on Triple J, as well as earning them an AIR Chart award in 2006.

Blue King Brown backed up their first EP release with a debut album entitled Stand Up, independently released in October 2006 through their own label, Roots Level Records and in Japan through Village Again/Sideout. The album was nominated for the 2006 J Award^[1] and their song "Come and Check Your Head" was #100 on the Triple J Hottest 100, 2006,^[2] as voted by the listening public.

Members[link]

• Natalie Pa'apa'a – vocals, guitar
• Carlo Santone – bass
• Salvador Persico – percussion
• Pete Wilkins – drums
• Sam Cope – keyboards
• Emily G – trombone
• Nadee – backing vocals
• Jess Harlen – backing vocals

Discography[link]

Albums and EPs[link]

• Blue King Brown (EP, Roots Level Records, 12 September 2005)
• Stand Up (LP, Roots Level Records, 14 October 2006)
• Worldwize Part 1 North & South (LP, Lion House Records, 20 August 2010) #44 Australia^[3]

Singles[link]

• "Moment of Truth"
• "Water"
• "Come Check Your Head (download single, Roots Level Records)
• "Stand Up" (Roots Level Records, 3 March 2007)
• "Women's Revolution (download single, Roots Level Records, 11 June 2010)
• "Never Fade Away" (Lion House Records, 20 August 2010)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Blue King Brown official website
• Blue King Brown on Myspace
• Blue King Brown discography at MusicBrainz
• Blue King Brown at Australian Music Online
• NGAIIRE official website