Marvel Mills Logan
United States Senator from Kentucky
In office March 4, 1931 – October 3, 1939
Preceded by	Ben M. Williamson
Succeeded by	Happy Chandler
Personal details
Born	(1874-01-07)January 7, 1874 Brownsville, Kentucky
Died	October 3, 1939(1939-10-03) (aged 65) Washington, D.C.
Political party	Democratic
Signature

Marvel Mills Logan (January 7, 1874 – October 3, 1939), a Democrat, served as a member of the United States Senate from Kentucky.

Mills was born on a farm near Brownsville, Edmonson County, Kentucky. He taught school for two years and also conducted a training school for teachers. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1896. He practiced law in Brownsville. He served as chairman of the board of trustees of Brownsville; as county attorney of Edmonson County 1902-1903; as assistant Attorney General of Kentucky 1912-1915; as Attorney General of Kentucky 1915-1917; and as chairman of the Kentucky Tax Commission 1917-1918. Mills then moved to Louisville, Kentucky in 1918 and then to Bowling Green, Kentucky in 1922, continuing to practice law. He served as a member of the State Board of Education, the State Board of Sinking Fund Commissioners, and the State Board of Printing Commissioners. He served as a justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals 1926-1930 and as Chief Justice in 1931.

Mills was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1930 and reelected in 1936 and served from March 4, 1931, until his death. While in the Senate he served as Chairman of the Committee on Mines and Mining (Seventy-third through Seventy-fifth Congresses) and on the Committee on Claims (Seventy-sixth Congress).

In 1933 Logan chaired the subcommittee dispatched to Louisiana by the United States Senate to investigate allegations of corrupt activities of the political machine of Huey Long during the 1932 election of John H. Overton to the Senate. Logan's inquiry reported that the election was impacted by fraud, specifically the involvement of dummy candidates and deducts (money taken from public employees' pay for use by the Long machine), but no action was taken against Overton.

Logan died in Washington, D.C. on October 3, 1939 and is buried in the Logan family cemetery near Brownsville.

External links[link]

• M. M. Logan at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

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M&M

Type	Candy
Owner	Mars, Incorporated
Country	United States
Introduced	1941
Related brands	Minstrels, Revels, Skittles, Treets
Markets	Worldwide (over 100 countries)[1]
Website	http://www.mms.com/

M&M's (named after the surnames of Forrest Mars, Sr., & Bruce Murrie of Hershey's^[2]) are dragée-like "colorful button-shaped candies"^[1] produced by Mars, Incorporated. The candy shells, each of which has the letter "m" printed in lower case on one side, surround a variety of fillings, including milk chocolate, dark chocolate, crisped rice, mint chocolate, peanuts, almonds, orange chocolate, coconut, pretzel, wild cherry, cinnamon and peanut butter. M&M's originated in the United States in 1941, and are now sold in as many as 100 countries.^[1] They are produced in different colors, some of which have changed over the years.

History[link]

1930s and 1940s[link]

Forrest Mars, Sr., the founder of the Mars Company, invented the idea for the candy in the 1930s during the Spanish Civil War when he saw soldiers eating chocolate pellets with a hard shell of tempered chocolate surrounding the inside, preventing the candies from melting. Mars received a patent for his own process on March 3, 1941.^[3] Production began in 1941 in a factory located at 285 Badger Avenue in Clinton Hill, Newark, New Jersey. One M was for Forrest E. Mars Sr., and one for Bruce Murrie, the son of Hershey's Chocolate president William F. R. Murrie.^[4] Murrie had 20 percent interest in the product. The arrangement allowed the candies to be made with Hershey chocolate which had control of the rationed chocolate.^[5] When operations were started, the hard-coated chocolates were made in five colors: red, yellow, brown, green, and violet. They were packaged in a cardboard tube (similar to Smarties).^[6][7]

The practicality of the candies during World War II caused an increase in production and its factory moved to bigger quarters at 200 North 12th Street in Newark, New Jersey where they remained until 1958 when it moved to a bigger factory at Hackettstown, New Jersey. During the war, the candies were exclusively sold to the military.^[6]

1950s and 1960s[link]

In 1950, a black "M" was imprinted on the candies. It was changed to white in 1954.^[6]

In the early 1950s, the Midwest Research Institute in Kansas City, Missouri, working for M&M's, perfected a process whereby 3,300 pounds (1,500 kg) of chocolate centers could be coated every hour.^[8] Peanut M&M's were introduced in 1954, but first appeared only in the color tan. In 1960, Peanut M&M's added the yellow, red, and green colors.

1970s and 1980s[link]

Red candies were eliminated in 1976^[9] due to health concerns over the dye amaranth (FD&C Red #2), which was a suspected carcinogen, and were replaced with orange-colored candies. This was done despite the fact that M&M's did not contain the dye; the action was purely to satisfy worried consumers. Red candies were reintroduced later, but they also kept the orange colored M&M's. They currently contain Allura Red AC (FD&C Red #40, E129). In Europe, Allura Red AC is not recommended for consumption by children. It is banned in Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, and Norway.^[10] Instead, Cochineal (E120) is used in the red shells.

In 1980, M&M's were introduced internationally to Australia, Canada, Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia and the United Kingdom.^[11]

Although they were marketed and then withdrawn in the 1960s, in 1988, almond-centered M&M's hit stores again in limited release, with appearances only during Christmas and Easter times; they became a standard part of the product line in 1992.

Also in 1986, M&M's launched HOLIDAYS Chocolate Candies for Easter and Christmas, with the Easter candies having bunny, chick, and egg symbols on pastel-colored shells, and the Christmas candies having pine tree and candle symbols on red and green shells. By 1993, the holiday symbols were replaced with the trademark "M".

1990s[link]

In 1990, Mars Snackfood US signed up to be a sponsor for NASCAR. Drivers for the M&M car through the years have included Ernie Irvan, Ken Schrader, Eliott Sadler, Ricky Rudd, David Gilliland, Kyle Busch and Michael McDowell.

In 1991, Peanut Butter M&M's were released. Similar to Hershey product Reese's Pieces, introduced in 1978, these candies have peanut butter inside the chocolate center and the same color scheme as the other brands.

In 1995, Mars ran a promotion in which consumers were invited to vote on which of blue, pink, or purple would replace the tan M&M's. Blue was the winner, replacing tan in early 1995. Consumers could vote by calling 1-800-FUN-COLOR. (The introduction of blue M&M's to Australia in 1997 was controversially promoted by the Carlton Football Club of the Australian Football League [AFL] who, for one game, swapped their trademark dark blue guernseys for pale blue guernseys — their first change since the early 20th century.^[12])

Concurrent with the Blue M&M campaign, M&M's introduced computer animated "spokescandies" in their television commercials. These include the team of the cynical and sardonic Red (originally voiced by Jon Lovitz, thereafter Billy West^[13]) who is the mascot for milk chocolate M&M's, and the happy and gullible Yellow (originally John Goodman, thereafter J.K. Simmons), who is the mascot for peanut M&M's. Other mascots include the "cool one", Blue (Phil Hartman, thereafter Robb Pruitt) who is the mascot for almond M&M's; the seductive Green (Cree Summer) (Green used to be the only female M&M's mascot), who is the mascot for peanut butter M&M's; and the slightly neurotic Orange / "Crispy" (Eric Kirchberger) for crispy and pretzel M&M's. A female, business-like Brown spokescandy was introduced during the 2012 Super Bowl, voiced by Vanessa Williams. There's also a non-M&M spokescandy for the pretzel M&M's named Pretzel Guy. He is a pretzel who is with Orange in most Pretzels M&M's commercial, helping him out.

In 1996, Mars introduced "M&M's Minis",these candies were smaller candies usually sold in plastic tubes instead of bags.^[14]

In 1998, M&M's were styled as "The Official Candy of the New Millennium," since MM is the Roman numeral for 2000. A year later, Crispy M&M's were released. They were slightly larger than the milk chocolate variety and featured a crispy wafer center. They were discontinued in the United States in 2005. They are still available in Europe, Australia, and Southeast Asia.

In 1990, an M&M's exhibit at New York's Erie County Fair, promoting the company's nutrition awareness campaign, became the precursor to Cow Parade, the whimsical phenomenon where municipalities and museums display decorated cattle at convenient traffic intersections. The M&M's display was a life size fiberglass cow covered with 66,000 M&M candies; each adhered by hand with the "m" logo on each candy facing outward. Candy the Cow was the first-ever decorated bovine, and earned M&M Mars $1 million in free publicity. The chocolate marvel, created by designer Michael Adams, was reported on by Newsweek magazine ("udderly amazing") as well as the New York Post, UPI and WABC-TV. Candy then appeared as a live "guest" on Live with Regis, where Regis Philbin "interviewed" her and affirmed the nutritional value of milk chocolate.^[15]

2000s-Present[link]

In 2000, "Plain" M&M's (a name introduced in 1954 when Peanut M&M's were introduced) were renamed "Milk Chocolate" M&M's, and pictures of the candy pieces were added to the traditional brown and white packaging.^[16][17] The new millennium brought about new M&M's video games as well. "M&M's: The Lost Formulas" was released on September 28, 2000^[18], and "M&M's: Mini Madness" was also released on December 14, 2000. ^[19]

In July 2001, Dulce de Leche M&M's were introduced in five markets with large Hispanic populations: Los Angeles, CA, San Diego, CA, Miami, FL, Mcallen-Brownsville, TX, and San Antonio, TX.^[20] The flavor never became popular with the Hispanic community, who preferred existing M&M's flavors, and it was discontinued in most areas by early 2003.^[21] The flavor was widely panned for containing 36 grams of fat per serving.^[22]

In 2002, Mars solicited votes in their first ever "M&M's Global Color Vote" to add a new color from three choices: aqua (turquoise), pink, and purple. This time, purple won and was featured for a limited time.^[7] To help the colors get votes, Ken Schrader and his MB2 Motorsports team, who was sponsored by M&M's at the time, ran four paint schemes during the 2002 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season representing the promotion (one for aqua, one for pink, one for purple, and another one with all three colors on the car.)

Since 2004 M&M's have been available online in 17 colors, with personalized phrases on each candy on the opposite side from the "m".^[23] Released around Christmas, these custom-printed M&M's were originally intended for holiday greetings, but are now available all year round.

In April 2005 M&M's ran the "mPire" promotion to tie in with the Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith movie release. M&M's were offered in dark chocolate varieties (Regular and Peanut) for the first time after a string of Addams Family M&M's commercials.

In May 2004, M&M's ran a Shrek 2 promotion to tie in with the movie's release. M&M's were offered "ogre-sized" (65% larger) in swamp/ogre colors. They were sold at many stores displayed in huge cardboard cutout ogre displays.

In the summer of 2005, Mars added "Mega M&M's" to the lineup.^[24] These candies, at 55% larger than the traditional M&M's, were a little smaller than the ogre-sized version. They were available in milk chocolate and peanut varieties. The colors for Mega M&M's were changed to less-bright colors – teal (replacing green), beige (orange), maroon (red), gold (yellow), blue-gray (blue), and brown to appeal to a more adult consumer.

Outside of the M&M store in Times Square, New York City.

In July 2006, Dark Chocolate M&M's reappeared in a purple package, followed in 2007 by Dark Chocolate Peanut M&M's. Also in 2006, the company piloted White Chocolate M&M's as a tie-in with their Pirates of the Caribbean promotion. The company also offered eight new flavors of M&M's via online sales, as well as at M&M's World locations: "All That Razz"; "Eat, Drink, & Be Cherry"; "A Day at the Peach"; "Orange-U-Glad"; "Mint Condition"; "AlmonDeeLicious"; "Nut What You Think" and "Cookie Minster". Mars also released a "Crispy Mint" variety in Australia that year.^{[citation needed]}

An M&M's sponsored NASCAR stock car

Also in 2006, M&M's became the official chocolate of NASCAR.

In 2007, M&M's introduced a limited-edition raspberry flavor called "M&M's Razzberry Chocolate Candies."^{[citation needed]}

Also in 2007, M&M's produced a 50-foot, smiling Lady Liberty M&M statue to kick off a campaign encouraging Americans to create their own M&M characters at mms.com. The website allows for people to log in and create their own character from scratch. They choose everything from the color and shape to hair and accessories.

For the 2008 Valentine's Day season Mars introduced all-green bags of M&M's. This was due to common urban folklore that says green M&M's are an aphrodisiac.^[25] They were brought back for 2009 alongside the "Ms. Green Heats Up Valentine's Day" contest.

In 2008, two new limited-edition varieties of the candy were introduced – "Wildly Cherry" M&M's, and, as a marketing tie-in with the film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, "Mint Crisp" M&M's.^{[citation needed]}

M&M's also introduced another new product called "M&M's Premiums" in 2008. They come in five flavors – chocolate almond, mint chocolate, mocha, raspberry almond and triple chocolate (milk, dark, and white chocolate), which are sold in small upright cartons with a plastic bag inside. M&M's Premiums do not have a candy shell, but are coated with carnauba wax and color. Dark Chocolate was added in 2009, replacing Mocha.^{[citation needed]}

During summer of 2008, My M&M's launched 'Faces,' which allows consumers to print the faces of loved ones on M&M's chocolate candies at mymms.com.^{[citation needed]}

In February 2009, M&M's launched the "M&M’s Colour Break-Up" promotion in Australia where M&M's were sold in separate packs (one for each color): the packs included a code to win prizes.^[26]

In Summer 2009, M&M's launched a limited-edition "Strawberried Peanut Butter" variant to tie in with the release of Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. In addition, M&M's launched a limited edition "Coconut M&M's," which became a permanent item in 2010.

In July 2009, a study showed that a dye similar to that in blue M&M's showed benefits in helping paralyzed rats to walk again.^[27]

In early 2010, M&M's Bare All were released as part of a competition in Australia and New Zealand.^[28] M&M's Bare All winning packs were ordinary M&M's, but without shells (and hence had no colours). An official website, http://m-msbareall.com.au/, was launched, along with television advertisements.^[29] In April 2010, M&M's launched a new pretzel variety.^[30]

In October 2011, Mars released M & M's White Chocolate Candy Corn exclusively in the United States for Halloween. They come in three colors: White, Bright Yellow, and Bright Orange.

In November 2011, Mars released M & M's Cinnamon Milk Chocolate for Christmas.

About the time pretzel M&M's came out, the M&M's wrapper designs in the U.S. were redone, from the old design, used from 2004-early 2010.

On January 30 2012, M&M's unveiled a new additional spokescandy, Ms. Brown (voice of Vanessa Williams^[31]), featured in a Super Bowl XLVI advertisement. The Red M&M mistakes her as being without her shell coating because of her brown color. He later complains about her to the Yellow M&M but when he notices she's listening, pretends someone else was saying it and he was defending her.

2012 M&M's release two new Dark Chocolate flavors, Raspberry and Mint. Also in 2012, M&M's released a White Chocolate flavor for the Easter season.

From May 30 2012 onwards, M&M's will be launched in Macau. Its Macanese launch language is Portguese.

Color changes in chocolate M&M's[link]

The following is a summary of the changes to the colors of the flagship (milk chocolate) flavor of M&M's, the only filling manufactured since the beginning of the brand. From 1941 until 1987, each package contained M&M's in five different colors; when red M&M's were reintroduced in 1987, they were added as a sixth color instead of replacing any of the existing colors.

 id:brown   value:rgb(0.5, 0.25, 0)
 id:tan     value:rgb(0.82, 0.7, 0.55)

 at:1945 color:black layer:back
 at:1955 color:black layer:back
 at:1965 color:black layer:back
 at:1975 color:black layer:back
 at:1985 color:black layer:back
 at:1995 color:black layer:back
 at:2005 color:black layer:back

 bar:mmbrown  text:"Brown"
 bar:mmyellow text:"Yellow"
 bar:mmgreen  text:"Green"
 bar:mmred1   text:"Red"
 bar:mmviolet text:"Violet"
 bar:mmtan    text:"Tan"
 bar:mmorange text:"Orange"
 bar:mmblue   text:"Blue"

 width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
 bar:mmbrown  from:1941 till:end color:brown
 bar:mmyellow from:1941 till:end color:yellow
 bar:mmgreen  from:1941 till:end color:green
 bar:mmviolet from:1941 till:1969 color:lightpurple
 bar:mmred1   from:1941 till:1976 color:red
 bar:mmred1   from:1987 till:end color:red
 bar:mmtan    from:1949 till:1995 color:tan
 bar:mmorange from:1976 till:end color:orange
 bar:mmblue   from:1995 till:end color:blue

M&M's World on the Las Vegas Strip.

Related brands[link]

Related candy brands from Mars include Minstrels, Revels, Skittles, and Treets; similar products from other companies include Smarties, Pebbles and several products from The Hershey Company: Hershey's Drops, Reese's Pieces, Hershey's Dark Chocolate Pieces, York Pieces, Almond Joy Pieces and the long-discontinued Hershey-ets. Similar candies are used as an ingredient in some brands of trail mix.

M&M's World specialty shops have been established in some locations. Several M&Ms-themed video games have been created.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: M&M's

• Official website
• The History of M&M's Chocolates from us.mms.com

United States portal

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2011)

Sylver Logan Sharp has been lead vocalist with Nile Rodgers and Chic since the early 1990s and continues to tour with them in 2006.

In 2005, her song "All this time", written by Jonathan Peters, became a huge hit in clubs and dance stations in large cities such as WKTU in New York, KNHC in Seattle or KNGY in San Francisco.

The following year, in 2006, Sharp released a new single entitled Don't Give Up (On You), which was in digital-format only and not released to radio. It is available on iTunes.

In between gigs, she manages and creates designs her own line of custom jewelry - Sylverwear - in Washington, DC.

Celebrity clients include: Chaka Khan, Roberta Flack, Grace Jones, Yolanda Adams, Kirk Franklin, Seal, Elton John, Angie Stone, Linda Dano, Erika Slezak and soap stars of ABC’s One Life to Live and CBS' Guiding Light. ^[1]

Discography[link]

All this time (2005) - #1 Hot Dance Airplay and Hot Dance Music/Club Play

References[link]

1. ^ Sylver Bio

Logan Lerman
Lerman in New York City, February 2010
Born	Logan Wade Lerman (1992-01-19) January 19, 1992 (age 20) Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actor, musician
Years active	2000–present

Logan Wade Lerman (born January 19, 1992) is an American actor, known for playing the title role in the 2010 fantasy-adventure Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief. He appeared in commercials in the mid 1990s, before starring in the series Jack & Bobby (2004–2005) and the movies The Butterfly Effect (2004) and Hoot (2006). Lerman gained further recognition for his roles in the western 3:10 to Yuma, the thriller The Number 23, the comedy Meet Bill, and 2009's Gamer and My One and Only. He played d'Artagnan in 2011's The Three Musketeers, and will star in an adaptation of the novel The Perks of Being a Wallflower.

Background[link]

Lerman was born in Beverly Hills, California. His mother, Lisa (née Goldman), works as his manager, and his father, Larry Lerman, is a businessman and orthotist.^[1][2] He has two siblings, Lindsey and Lucas, both older.^[3][4] Logan and his family are Jewish.^[5][6][7] Most of his relatives work in the medical profession.^[8] His family owns and operates the orthotics and prosthetics company Lerman & Son, which is managed by his paternal grandparents, Mina (Schwartz) and Max Lerman, and had been founded by his great-grandfather, Jacob Lerman, in 1915.^[2][9] Logan's family had left Europe in the 1930s, because of the Nazi regime, and settled in California in the 1940s.^[2][10][11]

Lerman is a self-described "film geek", having stated that he is "shaped by movies",^[12][13] and that he is a "creative person".^[13] He has expressed an interest in being involved in "everything that goes into making a film", including wanting to write, produce, and direct.^[14][15] His favorite directors include Paul Thomas Anderson, Stanley Kubrick, David Fincher, and Peter Bogdanovich,^[15] and he has cited American Beauty, Defending Your Life, and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind as being among his favorite films.^[13] Lerman has described himself as "reserved and quiet", "a homebody",^[16] and "not a big fan of sports".^[17] He graduated from Beverly Hills High School.^[14] In 2010, he applied to study creative writing at New York University, but has postponed his attendance.^[15][18]

Acting career[link]

Early work[link]

Lerman had a passion for movies from a young age, though he started acting "just for fun" and "to do something to get out of school".^[16] He began auditioning for roles in the late 1990s, and first appeared in commercials.^[19][20] He made his film debut in 2000's The Patriot, playing William Martin, one of the children of Mel Gibson's character. The same year, he appeared in another Mel Gibson film, What Women Want, playing Gibson's character as a child. In 2001's Riding in Cars with Boys, he played the son of Drew Barrymore's character. Lerman has stated that while appearing in his earliest roles as a child, he did not have "any conscious awareness of what I was doing or what was going on"^[16] and "didn’t have a good experience".^[4]

In 2003, Lerman played nine year-old Luke Chandler in the CBS made-for-television film A Painted House, based on the early life of author John Grisham and set in Black Oak, Arkansas in the early 1950s. A Painted House was filmed in Lepanto and Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 2002.^[21][22] A review from the Boston Globe described Lerman as a "promising newcomer",^[23] with the Telegraph-Herald commenting on the character having been "quietly and effectively played".^[24] The role won him a Young Artist Award for Best Performance by a Leading Young Actor in a television production.^[25] He next appeared in the 2004 thriller film The Butterfly Effect, portraying a seven year-old version of Ashton Kutcher's character, Evan Treborn.^[26] digitallyOBSESSED's reviewer described Lerman as "definitely a child actor to watch".^[27]