For the Department of Energy facility, see Savannah River Site

Savannah River
Tugaloo River
River
Savannah River at Augusta (Augusta Canal running alongside)
Country	United States
States	South Carolina, Georgia
Tributaries
- left	Seneca River
- right	Tugaloo River
Cities	Savannah, Augusta
Source	Lake Hartwell
- elevation	655 ft (200 m) [1]
- coordinates	34°26′37″N 82°51′22″W / 34.44361°N 82.85611°W / 34.44361; -82.85611 [2]
Mouth	Atlantic Ocean
- location	Tybee Roads
- elevation	0 ft (0 m) [1]
- coordinates	32°2′16″N 80°51′0″W / 32.03778°N 80.85°W / 32.03778; -80.85 [2]
Length	301 mi (484 km)
Basin	9,850 sq mi (25,511 km2) [3]
Discharge	for near Clyo, GA
- average	11,720 cu ft/s (332 m3/s) [3]
Map of the Savannah River watershed

A cargo ship navigates the narrow Savannah River channel at Savannah

Savannah River at Riverwalk Augusta

The Savannah River is a major river in the southeastern United States, forming most of the border between the states of South Carolina and Georgia. Two tributaries of the Savannah, the Tugaloo River and the Chattooga River, form the northernmost part of the border. The Savannah River drainage basin extends into the southeastern side of the Appalachian Mountains just inside North Carolina, bounded by the Eastern Continental Divide. The river is around 301 miles (484 km) long.^[4] It is formed by the confluence of the Tugaloo River and the Seneca River. Today this confluence is submerged beneath Lake Hartwell. The Tallulah Gorge is located on the Tallulah River, a tributary of the Tugaloo River that forms the northwest branch of the Savannah River.

Two major cities are located along the Savannah River: Savannah, Georgia, and Augusta, Georgia. They were nuclei of early English settlements during the Colonial period of American history.

Through the building of several locks and dams, and upstream reservoirs like Lake Hartwell, also, the Savannah River was once navigable by freight barges between Augusta, Georgia (on the Fall Line) and the Atlantic Ocean; maintenance of this channel for commercial shipping ended in 1979, and the one lock below Augusta has been deactivated.^[5]

The Savannah River is tidal at Savannah. Downstream from there, the river broadens into an estuary before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. The area where the river's estuary meets the ocean is known as "Tybee Roads". The Intracoastal Waterway flows through a section of the Savannah River near the city of Savannah.

Name[link]

The name "Savannah" comes from a group of Shawnee who migrated to region in the 1680s, destroyed the Westo and occupied the former Westo lands at the Savannah River's head of navigation on the fall line, near present day Augusta.^[6] These Shawnee were called by several variant names such as Shawano, Savano, Savana, and Savannah.^[7] The origin and meaning of the name savana for these Shawnee is uncertain. One theory is that the name was derived from the English term "savanna", a kind of tropical grassland, which was borrowed by the English from Spanish sabana and used in the colonial southeast. The Spanish word was in turn borrowed from the Taino word zabana.^[8] Other theories interpret the name Savannah to come from Algonquian terms meaning "southerner" or perhaps "salt".^[9][10]

History[link]

The Savannah River was influential in the economic development of Georgia, and two major cities were founded on the river in the 18th century. Savannah was established in 1733 as a seaport on the Atlantic Ocean, and Augusta is positioned where the river meets the fall line. The two large cities on the Savannah served as Georgia's first two state capitals. In the nineteenth century, the sandy river bottom changed frequently, and that was the cause of numerous steamboat accidents. Navigation improvements such as the New Savannah Bluff Lock and Dam constructed in 1937 were intended to facilitate commercial shipping as far as Augusta. The Savannah River became significant in the 1950s when development commenced on the Savannah River Plant for making nuclear-weapons materials.

During the American Civil War Lincoln had proclaimed a blockade around the Confederate states, forcing suppliers to use specific ports along the coast best suited for this purpose. The harbor at Savannah became one of the busiest ports for blockade runners bringing in supplies for the Confederacy. ^[11]

Historical and variant names of the Savannah River, as listed by the USGS, include May River, Westobou River (for the Westo tribe), Kosalu River, Isundiga River and Girande River, among others.^[2]

Between 1946 and 1985, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built three major dams on the Savannah for hydroelectricity, flood control and navigation. The J. Strom Thurmond Dam (1954), the Hartwell Dam (1962) and the Richard B. Russell Dam (1985) and their reservoirs combine in order to form over 120 miles (190 km) of lakes.^[12]

The Westobou River was the former name of the Savannah River that was derived from the Westo (also known as Westoe) native American Indians. The Westo were thought to have originally came from the northeast as result of the Iroquiocs tribe that had forced many native American groups out of the northeast through advanced weapons acquired through trade. This migration in the late landed the Westo Indians in the present area of Augusta, Georgia in what was likely to be the 1660s.

The Westobou River was large part of the life of the Westo, it supplied food sources and trade routes. The Westo were strong enough to hold off the Spanish, and this was greatly needed by the Carolina Colony. When Carolinians desired to expand its trade to Charleston, they viewed the Westo tribe as an obstacle. In order to remove the tribe, they sent a group called the Goose Creek Men to arm the Savanna (also known as the Savannah) Indians, a Shawnee tribe, who defeated the Westo in the Westo War of 1680 giving the Westo a time period of about 20 years in the area of Augusta, Georgia. As of today, the name of the river remains named after the Savanna Indians, and is called the Savannah River.

Donnie Thompson researched and named a small subdivision "Westobou Crossing" which is located in North Augusta, South Carolina. The area of the subdivision is located marks the first natural bridge that crosses the Savannah River, thus promoting trade and allowing travel. Many native artifacts were found in the area and now belong to private collections.

Natural history[link]

The Savannah River flows through a variety of climates and ecosystems throughout its course. It is considered an alluvial river, draining a 10,577-square-mile (27,390 km²) drainage basin and carrying large amounts of sediment to the ocean. At its headwaters in the Blue Ridge Mountains, the climate is quite temperate. The river's tributaries receive a small amount of snow-melt runoff in the winter. The majority of the river's flow through the Piedmont region is dominated by large reservoirs. Below the Fall Line, the river slows, and is surrounded by large blackwater bald cypress swamps. Numerous oxbow lakes mark the locations of old river channels, which have been moved by earthquakes and silting. Another prominent feature is the numerous large bluffs that line the river in some locations, most notably Yamacraw Bluff, the location selected to build the city of Savannah. The river becomes a large estuary at the coast, where fresh- and saltwater mix. River dredging operations to maintain the Port of Savannah have caused the estuary zone to move further upstream than its historical home. This is causing the transition of rare freshwater marshland into saltwater spartina marsh.

The river supports a large variety of native and introduced aquatic species:

• Upper Section - Yellow perch, Brook trout, Brown trout, Rainbow trout, Smallmouth bass, Largemouth bass, Crappie, Striped Bass, Hybrid Striped bass, White bass, Bluegill, North American River Otter, American Mink, North American Beaver, catfish

• Middle Section - Largemouth bass, Crappie, Striped bass, Spotted bass, Bluegill, Redbreast sunfish, catfish, American eel, North American River Otter, American Mink, North American Beaver, Shortnose sturgeon, Chain pickerel, Bowfin, Longnose gar, snapping turtles, American Alligator, Water Moccasin

• Lower Section, estuary - Largemouth bass, Crappie, Striped bass, Spotted bass, Bluegill, Redbreast sunfish, catfish, American eel, North American River Otter, American Mink, North American Beaver, Shortnose sturgeon, Atlantic sturgeon, Chain pickerel, Bowfin, Longnose gar, snapping turtles, American Alligator, snakes, Red drum, flounder, Spotted seatrout, Bull shark, Tarpon, Common Bottlenose Dolphin, West Indian Manatee, Diamondback terrapin

Pollution[link]

The Savannah River has the fourth-highest toxic discharge in the country, according to a 2009 report by Environment America.^[13]

Notable tributaries[link]

• Black Creek
• Brier Creek
• Broad River
• Chattooga River
• Ebenezer Creek
• Knoxboro Creek
• Little River (Columbia County, Georgia)
• Little River (McCormick County, South Carolina)
• McBean Creek
• Rocky River
• Seneca River
• Stevens Creek
• Tugaloo River

Crossings[link]

This is a list of crossings of the Savannah River.

Dams[link]

• Hartwell Dam
• Richard B. Russell Dam
• J. Strom Thurmond Dam (Clarks Hill Dam)
• Stevens Creek Dam
• Augusta City Dam
• New Savannah Bluff Lock and Dam

See also[link]

• List of Georgia rivers
• List of South Carolina rivers

References[link]

• Stokes, Thomas, L, The Savannah (Rivers of America Series), Rinehart, 1951

• Wise, Stephen R. (1991). Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War.
  Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 403.  Url

Notes[link]

Ron Nelson is a composer of both classical and popular music and a retired music academic.

Biography[link]

A native of Joliet, Illinois, Ron Nelson was born December 14, 1929. He studied composition at the Eastman School of Music at the University of Rochester earning a bachelor's degree in 1952, a master's degree in 1953, and a doctorate in composition in 1957. His teachers at Eastman included Louis Mennini, Bernard Rogers and Howard Hanson. In 1954-1955 he studied with Tony Aubin in France at the Ecole Normale de Musique and at the Paris Conservatory under a Fulbright Grant. In 1956, Dr. Nelson joined the faculty of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, where he served as chairman of the music department from 1963 to 1973, retiring as Professor Emeritus, in 1993.

In 1991, Dr. Nelson was awarded the Acuff Chair of Excellence in the Creative Arts, the first musician to hold the chair. His Passacaglia (Homage on B-A-C-H) was the first piece to win all three major wind band composition prizes during one period — the National Band Association Prize, the American Bandmasters Association Ostwald Award, and the Sudler International Prize. He was awarded the Medal of Honor by the John Philip Sousa Foundation in 1994. In 2006, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oklahoma City University.

Nelson has received numerous commissions, including those from the National Symphony Orchestra, the Rochester Philharmonic, the USAF Band and Chorus, Musashino Wind Ensemble, Aspen Music Festival and numerous colleges and universities. He has also received grants and awards from The Rockefeller Foundation, the Howard Foundation, ASCAP, and several from the National Endowment for the Arts.

His compositions for orchestra, chorus and wind band are widely performed and recorded.

Conductor Leonard Slatkin may have described Ron Nelson best: "Nelson is the quintessential American composer. He has the ability to move between conservative and newer styles with ease. The fact that he's a little hard to categorize is what makes him interesting." (Los Angeles Daily News, February 19, 1996)

Ron Nelson currently resides with his wife Michele in Scottsdale, Arizona.

Selected works[link]

Orchestral Works[link]

• 1955 Savannah River Holiday
• 1960 This Is The Orchestra
• 1960 Jubilee
• 1961 Toccata for Orchestra
• 1969 Trilogy: JFK-MLK-RFK
• 1969 Rocky Point Holiday
• 1976 Five Pieces after Paintings by Andrew Wyeth
• 1996 Panels (Epiphanies 11)
• 1997 Resonances 11

Works for Wind Ensemble[link]

• 1958 Mayflower Overture
• 1969 Rocky Point Holiday
• 1973 Savannah River Holiday
• 1982 Fanfare for a Celebration
• 1982 Medieval Suite
• 1983 Pebble Beach Sojourn for organ, brass and percussion
• 1984 Aspen Jubilee
• 1985 Danza Capriccio for solo alto saxophone and wind ensemble
• 1988 Te Deum Laudamus for chorus SATB and wind ensemble
• 1989 Morning Alleluias
• 1989 Fanfare For The Hour of Sunrise
• 1990 Resonances 1
• 1991 Lauds (Praise High Day)
• 1992 To The Airborne
• 1992 Passacaglia (Homage on B-A-C-H)
• 1994 Epiphanies - Fanfares and Chorales
• 1994 Chaconne (In Memoriam...)
• 1994 Sonoran Desert Holiday
• 1995 Epiphanies (Fanfares and Chorales)
• 1995 Nightsong (Homage Howard Hanson)
• 1995 Fanfare For The Kennedy Center
• 1995 Courtly Airs and Dances
• 1999 Fanfare for the new Millennium for symphonic band and two antiphonal brass choirs
• 2006 Pastorale: Autumn Rune

Stage works[link]

• 1954 Dance in Ruins Ballet
• 1955-1956 The Birthday of the Infanta Opera for Chamber Orchestra
• 1981 Hamaguchi Opera for Chamber Ensemble

Chamber music[link]

• 1982 Kristen's Song for Violin, Flute, and Organ
• 1983 And the Moon Rose Golden for Cello and Piano

Choral Music[link]

• 1958 Three Mountain Ballads for women's chorus or SATB
• 1958 Choral Fanfare for Easter for mixed chorus and narrator
• 1960 Fanfare for a Festival for mixed chorus, brass and timpani
• 1961 Behold Man for men's chorus
• 1963 Triumphal Te Deum for double chorus, brass, organ, and percussion
• 1964 Oratorio: What is Man? in three movements, for narrator, soprano solo and baritone solo, mixed chorus, and orchestra
• 1969 Alleluia, July 20, 1969 for mixed chorus
• 1972 Prayer of Emperor of China on the Altar of Heaven, December 21, 1539 for mixed chorus and ensemble
• 1977 Four Pieces After The Seasons for mixed chorus

• 1981 Mass of Saint LaSalle for mixed chorus, organ, mallet instruments, pianos, and percussion
• 1982 Three Nocturnal Pieces for mixed chorus, solo viola, piano and percussion
• 1983 Three Settings of the Moon for women's chorus (SA), piano, marimba, and glockenspiel
• 1989 Three Pieces After Tennyson for mixed chorus or TTBB
• 2002 Proclaim this Day for Music for mixed chorus, brass, and percussion
• 2005 Let Us Find A Meadow

References[link]

• "Ron Nelson". Hall of Composers. United States Marine Band. http://www.marineband.usmc.mil/learning_tools/hall_of_composers/nelson.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-16. 

• "Ron Nelson: composer and conductor". http://ronnelson.info/. Retrieved 2007-11-16. 

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Marine Corps document "Hall of Composers: Ron Nelson" (retrieved on 2005-12-01).

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2010)

Mike Malloy
Malloy speaks in Seattle in 2008.
Born	Michael Dennis Malloy (1942-07-01) July 1, 1942 (age 69) Toledo, Ohio
Occupation	Radio personality
Spouse	Kathy Bay (1997–present)
Children	Five grown children, one daughter born in 2004
Website
Mike Malloy's web site

Michael Dennis Malloy (born July 1, 1942) is an American radio broadcaster from Atlanta, Georgia. Previously his show has been carried by WSB (AM) Atlanta, WLS (AM) Chicago, the I.E. America Radio Network, the Air America Radio network, Nova M Radio and the On Second Thought network. He is now self-syndicated. Politically, he describes himself as "a traditional Liberal Democrat doing his part to return the Democratic Party to its Liberal roots."^[1]

Early life and career[link]

Malloy was born in Toledo, Ohio. His mother was a waitress, and his father was a construction cost analyst.^[2] He studied English and political science at North Carolina State University, the University of Toledo, Georgia State University, and Jacksonville University.^[3] In the late 1970s, Malloy relocated to Atlanta and became editor of the alternative weekly newspaper Creative Loafing and actor with the Southern Theater Conspiracy. From 1984 to 1987, he was a news writer with CNN, and he was a writer and producer for CNN International in 2000.^[2][1]

Radio career[link]

Malloy began his radio career in 1985 as an apprentice with Ludlow Porch of WCNN in Atlanta (not related with CNN). From 1986 to 1995, Malloy hosted a late-night show on WSB in Atlanta, until WSB replaced him with the syndicated program of Laura Schlessinger. In 1997, Malloy began to host a show that aired from 10 p.m. to 1 a.m. on the Chicago station WLS. Malloy's WLS program was regularly among the top five late-night programs in Chicago. In 1999 and 2000, Talkers magazine ranked Malloy in its Heavy Hundred listing, and Malloy won an Achievement in Radio award for best overnight radio show in Chicago. Malloy left WLS in March 2000. WLS claims that he voluntarily left with mutual consent, but Chicago Tribune columnist Eric Zorn claimed that an executive at the station called Malloy "mean-spirited" in an e-mail.^[2]

His program was syndicated between October 2000 and February 2004 on I.E. America Radio Network. The Mike Malloy Show was aired during the 9PM-12AM (ET) timeslot from 2004 until August 2006 on Air America Radio. From August to October 2006, Malloy could be heard on the Head On Radio Network. The network rebroadcast Malloy programs from his i.e. America and Air America Radio programs nightly at 10:00 PM. The show was heard on Nova M Radio beginning on 30 October 2006. The show was then briefly heard on the On Second Thought network.

Mike Malloy is now self-syndicating his radio program. He is currently being heard in 13 markets across America including one satellite radio channel each on Sirius and XM Satellite Radio services. Direct listener support is enabled through the sale of podcast subscriptions via his website.

See also[link]

• The Mike Malloy Show

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mike Malloy

• Profile of Malloy by Salon (2003)
• Mike Malloy: Angry Voice In The Wilderness: documentary about Malloy
• "The 14 Points of Fascism," vocal narration by Mike Malloy
• Mike Malloy's opinion pieces at the Huffington Post

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (October 2011)

Thomas Albert Clements (born June 18, 1953) is an American football coach and a former CFL quarterback. He is currently the offensive coordinator of the Green Bay Packers of the NFL.

Playing career[link]

High School[link]

Clements attended Canevin Catholic High School. Clements was a four year letterman in both football and basketball. He was also offered a basketball scholarship at North Carolina, but decided to play football instead. He is the only athlete in Canevin history to have his jersey retired.^{[citation needed]}

College[link]

Clements was the starting quarterback for the Notre Dame football team from 1972 to 1974 and led the team to a national championship in 1973. In the Dec 31, 1973 Sugar Bowl matchup against Alabama, Clements had a 3rd-and-9 Hail Mary completion from his own end zone with 2:00 left to secure a 24-23 victory. In 1974, Clements finished fourth in the voting for the Heisman Trophy and was voted a first-team All-American.^[1]

Professional[link]

After graduation, Clements began a career in the Canadian Football League, quarterbacking the Ottawa Rough Riders for four seasons and winning the league’s Rookie-of-the-Year award in his inaugural campaign. The next season he helped to lead the team to what became the Rough Riders' last Grey Cup victory. After taking a powerful hit, a woozy Clements threw a pass to tight-end Tony Gabriel in the end zone, a catch which became famous in defeating the Saskatchewan Roughriders.^{[citation needed]}

During his time with Ottawa Clements shared the passing duties with Condredge Holloway, from 1975 to 1977 as the quarterback getting the most playing time. In 1978 their stats were comparable, except for Holloway throwing only two interceptions to 12 by Clements.^{[citation needed]}

Clements continued his career with the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1979, but did not fare well, throwing only two touchdowns to 11 interceptions and being replaced by Danny Sanders. However a trade to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats quickly rejuvenated Clements and he led the CFL in passing yards with 2,803, the last to do so with less than 3,000 yards.^{[citation needed]} In 1980, Clements was briefly on the roster of the NFL’s Kansas City Chiefs, coached by former Montreal Alouette head coach Marv Levy, but was the third string quarterback for a team that stressed the running game. In 1981 Clements returned to the Tiger-Cats and threw for 4,536 yards. He bested his numbers the next season with 4,706 yards. In 1983 Clements was traded from Hamilton to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers for long-time Blue Bomber quarterback Dieter Brock. The next year those two teams, Hamilton and Winnipeg, faced each other in the Grey Cup. Clements led the Bombers to their first Grey Cup victory since 1962. In 1986 he set a new completion percentage record with 67.5, 173 out of 256. Clements finished his playing career with Winnipeg in 1987 and was also named the league's Most Outstanding Player. He finished his CFL career with over 39,000 passing yards, 252 passing touchdowns and a 60.35 completion percentage. In 2005, for the 75th anniversary of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Clements was selected one of the Bombers 20 all-time great players. In addition, in November, 2006, he was voted one of the CFL's Top 50 players (#47) of the league's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN.

Coaching career[link]

In 1992, Clements was hired as quarterbacks coach for Notre Dame, where he served until 1995 under head coach Lou Holtz. After practicing law in 1996, Clements took his first NFL job, working as the quarterback coach for the New Orleans Saints from 1997 to 1999. Clements would hold the same job in 2000 with the Kansas City Chiefs, and between 2001 and 2003 with the Pittsburgh Steelers; under Clements’s tutelage, the Chiefs’ Elvis Grbac (in 2000) and the Steelers’ Kordell Stewart (in 2001) and Tommy Maddox (in 2002) each reached the Pro Bowl.

In 2004 and 2005 Clements served as offensive coordinator for the Buffalo Bills, but was released by the team after a front-office shakeup in which Marv Levy, his coach with the Chiefs in 1980, assumed the position of general manager and ultimately installed Dick Jauron as the team’s new head coach. Upon the hiring of Mike McCarthy to be the head coach of the Packers on January 11, 2006, the Packers parted ways with several assistant coaches, and McCarthy later interviewed NFL Europe head coach Steve Logan and Clements, settling on Clements on January 28, 2006.^[2]

During Clements time as the quarterbacks coach with the Green Bay Packers, he has worked with starting quarterbacks: Brett Favre, Aaron Rodgers, and Matt Flynn. In 2007, Favre statistically had one of his best seasons with the Green Bay Packers, taking them to the NFC Championship game. Clements is also credited for assisting in the development of one of the game's elite quarterbacks in Aaron Rodgers, as the only player in NFL history to throw for 4,000+ yards during his first two years as a starting quarterback in 2008 and 2009, and winning Super Bowl XLV and Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award in Rodgers' third year as a starting quarterback in 2010. In Week 17 of the 2011 season, after the Packers went 14-1, head coach Mike McCarthy chose to deactivate Rodgers to keep him healthy for the playoffs and start backup quarterback, Matt Flynn, on January 1, 2012 at Lambeau Field vs. the Detroit Lions, Flynn's second start in his career. Throughout the game, Clements worked with Flynn on the sidelines, showing him what to look for in the photos from the previous offensive series. Flynn had a record setting performance, throwing for 480 yards and 6 touchdowns, both single game records for the Green Bay Packers.

Personal[link]

While still in the CFL, Clements pursued a Juris Doctor degree, graduating magna cum laude from Notre Dame Law School in 1986. Upon the completion of his playing career, he practiced law in Chicago for five years.

References[link]

{{succession box | title=Green Bay Packers quarterback coaches| before=Darrell Bevell| years=2006 - 2011| after=Ben Mcadoo