The America’s Cup is a trophy awarded to the winner of the America's Cup match races between two yachts. One yacht, known as the defender, represents the yacht club that currently holds the America's Cup and the second yacht, known as the challenger, represents the yacht club that is challenging for the cup. The America's Cup is the oldest active trophy in international sport.[1]
The trophy was originally awarded in 1851 by the Royal Yacht Squadron for a race around the Isle of Wight, which was won by the schooner America. The trophy was renamed the America's Cup after the boat and was donated to the New York Yacht Club (NYYC) under the terms of the Deed of Gift, which made the cup available for perpetual international competition.
Any yacht club that meets the requirements specified in the Deed of Gift has the right to challenge the yacht club that holds the Cup. If the challenging club wins the match, it gains stewardship of the cup.
The history and prestige associated with the America's Cup attracts not only the world's top sailors and yacht designers but also the involvement of wealthy entrepreneurs and sponsors. It is a test not only of sailing skill and boat and sail design, but also of fund-raising and management skills.
The trophy was held by the NYYC from 1857 (when the syndicate that won the Cup donated the trophy to the club) until 1983 when the Cup was won by the Royal Perth Yacht Club, represented by the yacht Australia II, ending the longest winning streak in the history of sport.[2]
From the third defense of the Cup in 1876 through the twentieth defense in 1967, there was always only one potential challenger. In 1970, for the first time, there were multiple potential challengers, so the NYYC agreed that the challengers run a challenger selection series with the winner becoming the challenger for that year and competing against the defender in the America's Cup match. Since 1983, Louis Vuitton has sponsored the Louis Vuitton Cup as a prize for the winner of the challenger selection series.
From the first defense in 1870, matches were raced between yachts 65–90 ft (20–27 m) on the waterline owned by wealthy sportsmen. This culminated with the J-Class regattas of the 1930s. After World War II and almost twenty years without a challenge, the NYYC made changes to the Deed of Gift to allow smaller, less expensive 12-metre class yachts to compete; this class was used until it was replaced in 1990 by the International America’s Cup Class.
The 2010 America's Cup was raced in 90 ft (27 m) multihull yachts in a best-of-three "deed-of-gift" match in Valencia, Spain in February 2010. Challenger BMW Oracle Racing beat defender Alinghi 2–0 and won the Cup for the Golden Gate Yacht Club.
The 2013 America's Cup will be held in San Francisco, California.
The Yacht 'America' Winning the International Race, by
Fitz Henry Lane, 1851
The Cup itself is an ornate sterling silver[nb 1] bottomless ewer, one of several off-the-shelf trophies crafted in 1848 by Garrard & Co.[3] Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey bought one and donated it for the Royal Yacht Squadron's 1851 Annual Regatta around the Isle of Wight.
It was originally known as the "R.Y.S. £100 Cup", standing for a cup of a hundred GB Pounds or "sovereigns" in value. The Cup was subsequently mistakenly engraved[4] as the "100 Guinea Cup" by the America syndicate, but was also referred to as the "Queen's Cup" and the "America's Cup" (a guinea is an obsolete monetary unit of one pound and one shilling, now £1.05). Today, the trophy is officially known as the "America's Cup" and is affectionately called the "Auld Mug" by the sailing community. It is inscribed with names of the yachts that competed for it,[4] [nb 2] and has been modified twice by adding matching bases to accommodate more names.
[edit] 1851 America wins the Cup
In 1851 Commodore John Cox Stevens, a charter member of the fledgling New York Yacht Club (NYYC), formed a six-person syndicate to build a yacht with intention of taking her to England and making some money competing in yachting regattas and match races. The syndicate contracted with pilot-boat designer George Steers for a 101 ft (30.78 m) schooner, which was christened America and launched on 3 May 1851.
On 22 August 1851, America raced against 15 yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron in the Club's annual 53-nautical-mile (98 km) regatta around the Isle of Wight. America won, finishing 8 minutes ahead of the closest rival. Apocryphally, Queen Victoria, who was watching at the finish line, asked who was second, the famous answer being: "Ah, Your Majesty, there is no second."[6]
The surviving members of the America syndicate donated the Cup via the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup to the NYYC on 8 July 1857, specifying that it be held in trust as a perpetual challenge trophy to promote friendly competition among nations.
No challenge to race for the Cup was issued until British railroad tycoon James Lloyd Ashbury's topsail schooner Cambria (188 tons, 1868 design) beat the Yankee schooner Sappho (274.4 tons, 1867 design) in the Solent in 1868.[7] This success encouraged the Royal Thames Yacht Club in believing that the Cup could be brought back home, and officially placed the first challenge in 1870. Ashbury entered Cambria in the NYYC Queen's Cup race in New York City on 8 August against a fleet of seventeen schooners, with time allowed based on their tonnage. The Cambria only placed eighth, behind the aging America (178.6 tons, 1851) in fourth place and Franklin Osgood's Magic (92.2 tons, 1857)[8] in the fleet's lead.[9]
Trying again, Ashbury offered a best-of-seven match race challenge for October 1871, which the NYYC accepted provided a defending yacht could be chosen on the morning of each race. Ashbury's new yacht Livonia (264 tons) was beaten twice in a row by Osgood's new centreboard schooner Columbia (220 tons), which withdrew in the third race after dismasting. The yacht Sappho then stepped in as defender to win the fourth and fifth races, thereby successfully defending the Cup.[10]
The next challenge came from the Royal Canadian Yacht Club and was the first to be disputed between two yachts only. The schooner Madeleine (148.2 tons, 1868), a previous defender from the 1870 fleet race, easily defeated the challenger Countess of Dufferin (221 tons, 1876 design by Alexander Cuthbert). Cuthbert filed the second Canadian challenge, bankrolling, designing and sailing the first sloop challenge for the America's Cup in 1881. The small 65 ft (19.81 m) Canadian challenger Atalanta (84 tons, 1881), representing the Bay of Quinte Yacht Club, suffered from lack of funds, unfinished build and incompetent land transport from Lake Ontario. In contrast, the NYYC cautiously prepared its first selection trials. The iron sloop Mischief (79 tons, 1879 design by Archibald Cary Smith) was chosen from four sloop candidates, and successfully defended the cup.
In response to the incompetent Canadian challenges, the Deed of Gift was amended in 1881 to require that challenges be accepted only from yacht clubs on the sea and that challenger yachts must sail to the venue on their own hull. Furthermore, Archibald Cary Smith and the NYYC committee devised a new rating rule that would govern the next races. They included sail area and waterline length into the handicap, with penalties on waterlines longer than 85 ft (25.91 m). Irish yacht designer John Beavor-Webb launched the challengers Genesta (1884) and Galatea (1885), which would define the British "plank-on-edge" design of a heavy, deep and narrow-keel hull, making for very stiff yachts ideal for the British breeze.[11] The boats came to New York in 1885 and 1886 respectively, but neither would best the sloops Puritan or Mayflower, whose success in selection trials against many other candidates proved Boston designer Edward Burgess was the master of the "compromise sloop"[12] (lightweight, wide and shallow hull with centerboard). This design paradigm proved ideal for the light Yankee airs.[13]
In 1887, Edward Burgess repeated his success with the Volunteer against Scottish yacht designer George Lennox Watson's challenger Thistle, which was built in secret. Even when the Thistle was dry-docked in New York before the races, her hull was draped to protect the secret of her lines, which borrowed from American design. Both Volunteer and Thistle were completely unfurnished below decks to save weight.[14]
In 1887, the NYYC adopted the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club's rating rule, in which Bristol, RI naval architect Nathanael Herreshoff found loopholes that he would use to make dramatic improvements in yacht design and to shape the America's Cup's largest and most extreme contenders. Both Herreshoff and Watson proceeded to merge Yankee sloop design and British cutter design to make very deep S-shape fin-keeled hulls. Using steel, tobin bronze, aluminium, and even nickel for novel construction, they significantly lengthened bow and stern overhangs, further extending the sailing waterline as their boats heeled over, thus increasing their speed.
The next America's Cup challenge was initially limited to 70 ft (21.34 m) waterline in 1889, but the mutual-agreement clauses of a new 1887 Deed of Gift caused the Royal Yacht Squadron to withdraw the Earl of Dunraven's promising Watson-designed challenger Valkyrie while she was crossing the Atlantic. Dunraven challenged again in 1893, pleading for a return to the longer 85 ft (26 m) limit. In a cup-crazed Britain, its four largest cutters ever were being built, including Watson's Valkyrie II for Dunraven's challenge. Meanwhile, the NYYC's wealthiest members ordered two cup candidates from Herreshoff, and two more from Boston yacht designers. Charles Oliver Iselin, who was running the syndicate behind one of the Herreshoff designs called Vigilant, gave the naval architect leave to design the yacht entirely as he willed. Herreshoff helmed the Vigilant himself and beat all his rivals in selection trials, and defended the Cup successfully from the Valkyrie II.[15]
Urged to challenge again in yet larger boat sizes, Dunraven challenged again in 1895 with a 90 ft (27.43 m) waterline limit. The Watson-designed challenger Valkyrie III received many innovations: She would be wider than the defender, and featured the first steel mast.[16] The NYYC ordered another defender from Herreshoff, which he had built in a closed-off hangar and launched at night so as to conceal her construction: The Defender used an aluminium topside riveted to steel frames and manganese bronze below waters. This saved 17 tons of displacement, but later subjected the boat to extreme electrolysis after the Cup races. Valkyrie III lost the first race, was deemed disqualified in the second race following a collision with Defender before the start line despite finishing first, and in turn withdrew from the contest. The unraveling of the races left Dunraven in a bitter disagreement with all parties over fairness of the Cup Committee concerning claims. After he asserted that he had been cheated, his honorary membership of the NYYC was revoked.[17]
The climate was estranged until Scottish businessman Sir Thomas Lipton became the financial backer for the Royal Ulster Yacht Club's 1899 challenge. William Fife was chosen to design the challenging yacht because of past success in American waters.[18] The yachts increased yet again in size, and this time Herreshoff fitted a telescopic steel mast to his defender Columbia, but his largest contribution was to recruit Scottish-American skipper Charlie Barr. The latter had helmed Fife designs[19] in Yankee waters before, and he had shown perfect coordination with his hand-picked Scandinavian crew. Barr successfully helmed Columbia to victory, and Lipton's noted fair play provided unprecedented popular appeal to the sport and to his tea brand.
Although upset with the Shamrock, Lipton challenged again in 1901, turning this time to George Lennox Watson for a "cup-lifter": Shamrock II, Watson's fourth and final challenger, was the first cup contender to be thoroughly tank-tested. To defend the Cup, businessman Thomas W. Lawson funded for Boston designer Bowdoin B. Crowninshield a daring project: his yacht Independence was capable of unrivaled performance because of her extremely long sailing waterline, but she was largely overpowered and unbalanced and suffered from structural issues. Furthermore, Lawson's failure to commit to the NYYC's terms for defending the Cup defaulted the Independenceʼs elimination. Herreshoff had again received a commission from the NYYC, but had failed to secure Charlie Barr to skipper his new yacht Constitution. Instead, the Columbiaʼs syndicate kept Barr's crew and tried another defense. Unexpectedly, Barr led the Columbiaʼs crew to win the selection trials, and to successfully defend the cup again.
Lipton persisted in a third challenge in 1903. With the aim to fend off Lipton's challenges indefinitely, the NYYC garnered a huge budget for a single cup contender, whose design would be commissioned to Herreshoff again. Improving on the Independence and his previous designs, the new defender Reliance remains the largest race sloop ever built. She featured a ballasted rudder, dual-speed winches below decks, and a cork-decked aluminium topside that hid running rigging. The design focus on balance was exemplary, but the extreme yacht also required the skills of an excellent skipper, which defaulted choice options to Charlie Barr. Facing the equally bold challenger Shamrock III, Barr led the Reliance to victory in just three races.[20]
Despite the immense success of the Reliance, she was used only one season, her design and maintenance keeping her from being used for any other purpose than for a cup defense. The extremity of both 1903 cup contenders encouraged Nathanael Herreshoff to make boats more wholesome and durable by devising a new rule. Proposing in the same year the Universal Rule, he added the elements of overall length and displacement into the rating, to the benefit of heavy, voluminous hulls and also divided boats into classes, without handicapping sail area. This went against the American Yacht Clubs' and the British Yacht Racing Association's general desire to promote speed at all costs for cup boats, but the NYYC adopted Herreshoff's proposal. Lipton long pleaded for a smaller size of yachts in the new rule, and the NYYC conceded to seventy-five footers in 1914. Lipton turned to Charles Ernest Nicholson for his fourth challenge, and got a superb design under the inauspicious shape of Shamrock IV, with a flat transom.[21] She was the most powerful yacht that year, and the NYYC turned out three cup candidates to defend the cup: of George Owen's Defiance and William Gardner's Vanitie, it was Herreshoff who designed the wisest of all contenders.[22] His last design for the cup, Resolute, was small, which earned significant time allowance over other yachts. Barr had died, but his crew manned the Resolute, which faced stiff competition from Vanitie, but went on to win the selection trials, before the Cup was suspended as World War I broke out. The Shamrock IV waited in New York City's Erie Basin dry dock until 1920, when she received some adjustments to her build and ballast, just before the races were held. Despite Shamrock IVʼs severe rating, she took the first two races from Resolute, and came closer to winning back the Cup than any challenger before her. The defender Resolute ended the Old World's dreams by winning every subsequent race of the event.[23]
Shamrock IV was never raced again, but the Universal Rule drew significant appeal, especially in the small M-Class. Undoubting that the new rule meant a serious opportunity for the British to challenge the cup, Lipton challenged the America's Cup for the fifth and last time at age 79, in 1929. The J-Class was chosen for the contest, to which were added Lloyds' A1 scantling rules in order to ensure that the yachts would be seaworthy and evenly matched, given the Deed of Gift requirement for yachts to sail to the match on their "own bottom." The waterline length was set between 76 ft (23.16 m) and 88 ft (26.82 m), and there would be no time allowance. Novel rigging technology now permitted the bermuda rig to replace the gaff rig. Nicholson was chosen to design challenger Shamrock V, and despite the Wall Street Crash, four NYYC syndicates responded to the threat and built a cup contender each.[24] The venue was moved to Newport, Rhode Island, where, the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company's new naval architect Starling Burgess used his success in the M-Class and his experience as a wartime plane designer to build the Vanderbilt syndicate's defender Enterprise, the smallest J-Class. Meanwhile, Herreshoff's son, Lewis Francis Herreshoff, designed a radical boat: Whirlwind, despite being the most advanced boat with her double-ended "canoe" build and electronic instruments, maneuvered too clumsily. The old 75-footers Resolute and Vanitie were rebuilt and converted to the J-Class to serve as trial horses. Enterprise's skipper Harold Vanderbilt won the selection trials with great difficulty. When Shamrock V was revealed, she was an outdated wooden boat with a wooden mast and performed poorly to windward. Enterprise was then fitted with the world's first duralumin mast, the most lightweight at 4,000 lb (1,800 kg), and beat her opponent soundly.[25]
Lipton died in 1931, and English aviation industrialist Sir Thomas Sopwith bought Shamrock V with the intent of preparing the next challenge. To Nicholson's skills, he added aeronautical expertise and materials that would intensify the rivalry into a technological race. In 1934, the Royal Yacht Squadron issued a challenge for Sopwith's newly built challenger Endeavour. Being steel-plated, she was less disfavoured than Shamrock V, especially after a minimum mast weight limit was set to 5,500 lb (2,500 kg), as this made American duralumin technology less advantageous for this contest. Endeavour received significant innovations, but Sopwith failed to secure the services of his entire Shamrock V professional crew due to a pay strike. He hired amateurs to complete his team, and while Endeavour was described unanimously as the faster boat in the Cup, taking the first two races, failed tactics and crew inexperience lost her the following four races to Vanderbilt's new defender Rainbow.[26]
To challenge again, Sopwith prepared himself a year early. Nicholson designed and built in 1936 the Endeavour II to the maximum waterline length allowed, and numerous updates to the rig made her even faster than her predecessor. A change in the America's Cup rules now allowed a contending yacht to be declared 30 days before the races, so both Endeavour and Endeavour II were shipped to Newport, where the RYS held selection series before declaring Endeavour II as the challenger. Meanwhile, Harold S. Vanderbilt, taking all syndicate defense costs to himself, commissioned Starling Burgess, yacht broker Drake Sparkman, and ocean yacht designer Olin Stephens to provide designs. They anonymously built six boat models, which were thoroughly tested in water tanks, until model 77-C was selected for its projected performance in light airs. The resulting defender Ranger was even more accomplished than her challenger, and Vanderbilt helmed his last J-Class boat to straight victory.[27][28]
The J-class yachts from the 1930s remained the default for the Cup, but post-war economic realities meant that no one could afford to challenge in this hugely expensive class. As twenty years had passed since the last challenge, the NYYC looked for a cheaper alternative in order to restart interest in the Cup. In 1956 Henry Sears[29] led an effort to replace the J-class yachts with 12-metre class yachts, which are approximately 65 to 75 feet (20 to 23 m) in overall length.
The first post-war challenge was in 1958, again from the British. Briggs Cunningham, the inventor of the cunningham sail control device, as skipper with Sears as navigator led Columbia to victory against Sceptre, which was designed by David Boyd at Alexander Robertson and Sons Ltd (Yachtbuilders), for a Royal Yacht Squadron Syndicate, chaired by Hugh Goodson.
The first Australian challenge was in 1962, when Gretel lost to the NYYC's Weatherly. A second Boyd/Robertson challenger, Sovereign, lost to the Olin Stephens–designed Constellation in 1964. In 1967, another Australian challenger, Dame Pattie, lost to the innovative Olin Stephens design Intrepid (which won again in 1970, to become the second yacht, after Columbia, to defend the Cup twice).
For the 1970 America's Cup, interest in challenging was so high that the NYYC allowed the Challenger of Record (the original yacht club presenting the challenge accepted for the match) to organize a regatta among multiple challengers with the winner being substituted as challenger and going on to the Cup match. This innovation has been used ever since, except for the default Deed of Gift matches in 1988 and 2010.
Alan Bond, a flamboyant and controversial Australian businessman, made three unsuccessful challenges between 1974 and 1980. In 1974 the Cup was successfully defended by Courageous, which successfully defended again in 1977, at which time she was skippered by Ted Turner. In 1980 the Cup was defended by Freedom.
[edit] 1983 Australia II wins the Cup
Bond returned in 1983 for a successful fourth challenge, complete with a symbolic golden wrench which he claimed would be used to unbolt the cup from its plinth, so that he could take it back to Australia. In 1983 there were seven challengers for the cup competing for the inaugural Louis Vuitton Cup, the winner of which would go on to the America's Cup match against the NYYC's yacht selected in their trials. Bond's yacht, Australia II, designed by Ben Lexcen, skippered by John Bertrand, and representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club, easily won the Louis Vuitton challenger series, and Dennis Conner in Liberty was selected for the Cup defense.
Sporting the now famous Boxing Kangaroo flag and the controversial Winged keel designed by Ben Lexcen, the hull of Australia II was kept under wraps between races and was subject to attempts by the NYYC to disqualify her. In the Cup races, the Australians got off to a bad start with equipment failures and false starts giving the defenders a head start. But it wasn't to be a repeat of the last 132 years with the Australians coming back to win the 1983 America's Cup 4–3 in a best-of-seven format. This was the first time the NYYC had lost the cup in 132 years and 26 challenges. Alan Bond joked that the cup would be renamed "The Australia's Cup".
For the first time since its inception the America's Cup was defended outside of the US off the coast of Fremantle, Western Australia making it a truly international race. This was a new era for the cup which was now starting to see many other international challengers.
Representing the San Diego Yacht Club, Conner returned to win the 1987 America's Cup. His yacht Stars & Stripes 87 earned the right to challenge by winning the 1987 Louis Vuitton Cup against an unprecedented field of 13 challenger syndicates. In the America's Cup regatta he faced defender Iain Murray sailing Kookaburra III, who had defeated Alan Bond's Australia IV in the defender selection trials. Stars & Stripes 87 defeated Kookaburra III four races to nil.
Technology was now playing an increasing role in yacht design. The 1983 winner, Australia II, had sported the revolutionary winged keel, and the New Zealand boat that Conner had beaten in the Louis Vuitton Cup final in Fremantle was the first 12-metre class to have a hull of fiberglass, rather than aluminum or wood.
The 12-metre class rules stipulated that the hull had to be the same thickness throughout and could not be made lighter in the bow and stern. The other challengers demanded that core samples be taken from the plastic hull to show its thickness. At one press conference Dennis Conner asked, "Why would you build a plastic yacht ... unless you wanted to cheat?" Despite attempts to defuse the situation, the "cheating comment" added to the controversy surrounding the Louis Vuitton challenge races. Chris Dickson, skipper of the Plastic Fantastic, took the controversy in stride and with humor, and Conner has subsequently stated his regret over his comment.[30] New Zealand syndicate head Sir Michael Fay's comment was that core samples would be taken "over my dead body". Eventually some small holes were drilled to test the hull, and ultrasonic testing was done to rule out air pockets in the construction. The boat was found to be within class rules, and the issue was set aside. Fay ceremoniously lay down in front of the measurer before the samples were taken.
In 1987, soon after Conner had won back the Cup with Stars and Stripes but before the San Diego Yacht Club had publicly issued terms for the next regatta, a New Zealand syndicate, again led by merchant banker Sir Michael Fay, lodged a surprise Deed-of-Gift challenge. Fay challenged with a gigantic yacht named New Zealand (KZ1) or the Big Boat, which with a 90-foot (27 m) waterline, was the largest single-masted yacht possible under the original rules of the cup trust deed. This was an unwelcome challenge to the San Diego Yacht Club, who wanted to continue to run Cup regattas using 12-metre yachts.[31] A legal battle ensued over the challenge, with Justice Carmen Ciparik of the New York State Supreme (trial) Court (which administers the Deed of Gift) ruling that Fay's challenge on behalf of Mercury Bay Boating Club (MBBC) was valid. The court ordered SDYC to accept it and negotiate mutually agreeable terms for a match, or to race under the default provisions of the Deed, or to forfeit the Cup to MBBC.
Forced to race, and lacking time for preparation, Conner and SDYC looked for a way to prevail. They recognized that a catamaran was not expressly prohibited under the rules. Multihulls, due to a lower wetted surface area and vastly lower mass, are inherently faster than equal-displacement monohulls. Conner, however, left nothing to chance and commissioned a cutting-edge design with a wing sail, named—as his 12-metre yachts had been—Stars and Stripes.
The two yachts raced under the simple terms of the Deed in September, 1988. New Zealand predictably lost by a huge margin. Fay then took SDYC back to court, arguing that the race had been unfair, certainly not the "friendly competition between nations", envisaged in the Deed of Gift. Ciparik agreed and awarded New Zealand the Cup. However, Ciparik's decision was overturned on appeal and SDYC's win was reinstated. Fay then appealed to New York's highest court and lost. Thus SDYC successfully defended the Cup in what observers described as the most controversial Cup match to that point.[32] (The 2010 America's Cup was a direct descendant of the 1988 Cup, as it featured two gigantic multi-hull yachts and generated even more legal activity and controversy.)
In the wake of the 1988 challenge, the International America's Cup Class (IACC) was introduced, replacing the 12-metre class that had been used since 1958.
In 1992, USA-23 of the America³ team, skippered by billionaire Bill Koch and sailing legend Harry “Buddy” Melges, defeated the Italian challenger Il Moro ITA-25, owned by billionaire Raul Gardini's Il Moro di Venezia, 4–1.
In 1995, the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron syndicate Team New Zealand, skippered by Russell Coutts, first won the challenger series in NZL 32, dubbed "Black Magic" because of her black hull and uncanny speed. Black Magic then easily defeated Dennis Connor's Stars & Stripes team, 5–0, to win the cup for New Zealand. Although team Young America's cup candidate yacht USA-36 was defeated in defender trials by Stars & Stripes' USA-34, the San Diego Yacht Club elected to defend the cup with USA-36 crewed by Stars & Stripes. The run-up to the 1995 Cup was notable for the televised sinking of oneAustralia during the fourth round robin of the Louis Vuitton challenger selection series, with all hands escaping uninjured. The 1995 challenger selection series also had the first mostly female (with one man) crew sailing the yacht USA-43, nicknamed "Mighty Mary".
In March 1997, a person entered the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron's clubroom and damaged the America's Cup with a sledgehammer. The attacker, a Indigenous Maori named Penehamine Pere Netana-Patuawa (Benjamin Nathan) who belonged to the Tino Rangatriatanga Liberation Organisation, showed clearly through his evidence in court that the attack was politically motivated; however, he was still convicted and sent to prison for 2yrs 10mths, reduced to 1yr on appeal. The damage was so severe that it was feared that the cup was irreparable. London's Garrards silversmiths, who had manufactured the cup in 1848, painstakingly restored the trophy to its original condition over three months, free of charge. In 2003, an extra 20 cm was added to the cup's base to accommodate the names of future winners.
At Auckland in 1999–2000, Team New Zealand, led by Sir Peter Blake, and again skippered by Russell Coutts, defeated the Italian Prada Challenge from the Yacht Club Punta Ala. The Italians had previously beaten the AmericaOne syndicate from the St Francis Yacht Club in the Louis Vuitton Cup final. This was the first America's Cup to be contested without an American challenger or defender.
In 2003, several strong challengers vied for the right to sail for the cup in Auckland during the challenger selection series. Notably, a number of original members of Team New Zealand, including previous helmsman Coutts, were key members of the Swiss challenge Alinghi sponsored by pharmaceutical billionaire Ernesto Bertarelli and representing the Société Nautique de Genève (SNG). Alinghi beat all her rivals in the Louis Vuitton Cup with surprising ease and in turn won the America's Cup 5–0, helped by multiple gear failures on Team New Zealand's yacht.
SNG staged its 2007 defense of the cup in Valencia, Spain, the first time since the original 1851 Isle of Wight race that the America's Cup has been held in Europe, or in a country different from that of the defender. Eleven challenging yacht clubs from 9 countries submitted formal entries. The challenger selection series, the Louis Vuitton Cup 2007, ran from 16 April to 6 June 2007. Emirates Team New Zealand won the challenger series finale 5–0 against Italians Luna Rossa and met Alinghi between 23 June and 3 July 2007. SNG successfully defended the America's Cup with a margin of 5–2. The racing was much closer than the final score suggests, including a 1-second winning margin by Alinghi in the seventh and final race.
Successful challenger
USA-17, 2010
After Société Nautique de Genève successfully defended the trophy in the 32nd America's Cup, they accepted a challenge from Club Náutico Español de Vela (CNEV) a Spanish yacht club formed expressly for the purpose of challenging for the cup and keeping the regatta in Valencia. When SNG and CNEV published their protocol for the 33rd America's Cup challenge, there was widespread consternation over its terms, with some teams and yacht clubs calling it the worst protocol in the history of the event.[33] Golden Gate Yacht Club (GGYC) filed its own challenge for the Cup and also filed a court case asking that CNEV be removed as being unqualified under the Deed of Gift, and that GGYC be named the challenger, being the first club to file a conforming challenge.[34]
There followed a long and acrimonious legal battle,[35] with the New York Court of Appeals finally deciding on 2 April 2009 that CNEV did not qualify as valid challenger, and that the GGYC was thus the rightful challenger.[36]
Since the two parties were unable to agree otherwise, the match took place as a one-on-one Deed of Gift match [nb 3] with no other clubs or teams participating.
The match was sailed in gigantic, specialized 90 ft (27 m) multihull yachts in a best-of-three race series in Valencia, Spain from 8 to 14 February 2010. The rigid wing sail of the challenging trimaran USA-17 provided a decisive advantage, and it convincingly won the 2010 America's Cup 2–0 against the defending catamaran Alinghi 5.[37][38][39][40]
The Challenger of Record for the 34th America's Cup was Club Nautico di Roma, whose team Mascalzone Latino had competed in the challenger selection series for the 2007 America's Cup.[41][42] On 12 May 2011, they withdrew from the competition, citing challenges in agreeing with their sponsors on a budget sufficient to fund a competitive team.[43][44] The Challenger of Record is now the Royal Swedish Yacht Club.[45]
In September 2010 GGYC and BMW Oracle Racing announced that the next Cup match would take place in 2013 in a new class of boat, the AC72, a wing-sailed catamaran. Paralleling the "ACTS" of AC32, a new series, the America's Cup World Series would be run in various world venues in 2011, 2012, and 2013 before the challenger selection series, defender selection series, and America's Cup Match in the summer or fall of 2013.[46] The 2013 America's Cup match will be held in San Francisco.[47]
| Rule |
Year |
Venue |
Defending club |
Defender |
Challenging club |
Challenger |
Score |
| Fleet racing |
| 1851 |
Isle of Wight |
 Royal Yacht Squadron |
8 cutters and 7 schooners, runner-up Aurora |
 New York Yacht Club |
John Cox Stevens syndicate, America |
0–1 |
| 1870 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
17 schooners, winner Franklin Osgood's Magic |
Royal Thames Yacht Club |
James Lloyd Ashbury, Cambria |
1–0 |
Schooner
match |
| 1871 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
Franklin Osgood, Columbia (2–1) and
William Proctor Douglas, Sappho (2–0) |
Royal Harwich Yacht Club |
James Lloyd Ashbury, Livonia |
4–1 |
| 1876 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
John Stiles Dickerson, Madeleine |
 Royal Canadian Yacht Club |
Charles Gifford, Countess of Dufferin |
2–0 |
| 65' sloop |
| 1881 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
Joseph Richard Busk, Mischief |
Bay of Quinte Yacht Club |
Alexander Cuthbert, Atalanta |
2–0 |
| NYYC 85' |
| 1885 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
John Malcolm Forbes syndicate, Puritan |
Royal Yacht Squadron |
Sir Richard Sutton, Genesta |
2–0 |
| 1886 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
Charles Jackson Paine, Mayflower |
Royal Northern Yacht Club |
Lt. & Mrs. William Henn, Galatea |
2–0 |
| 1887 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
Charles Jackson Paine, Volunteer |
Royal Clyde Yacht Club |
James Bell syndicate, Thistle |
2–0 |
| SCYC 85' |
| 1893 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
Charles Oliver Iselin syndicate, Vigilant |
Royal Yacht Squadron |
Earl of Dunraven, Valkyrie II |
3–0 |
| SCYC 90' |
| 1895 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
William K. Vanderbilt syndicate, Defender |
Royal Yacht Squadron |
Earl of Dunraven syndicate, Valkyrie III |
3–0 |
| 1899 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate, Columbia |
Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock |
3–0 |
| 1901 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate, Columbia |
Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock II |
3–0 |
| 1903 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
Cornelius Vanderbilt III syndicate, Reliance |
Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock III |
3–0 |
| Universal 75' |
| 1920 |
New York City |
New York Yacht Club |
Henry Walters syndicate, Resolute |
Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock IV |
3–2 |
Universal
J-Class |
| 1930 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate, Enterprise |
Royal Ulster Yacht Club |
Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock V |
4–0 |
| 1934 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate, Rainbow |
Royal Yacht Squadron |
Sir Thomas Sopwith, Endeavour |
4–2 |
| 1937 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
Harold S. Vanderbilt, Ranger |
Royal Yacht Squadron |
Sir Thomas Sopwith, Endeavour II |
4–0 |
| IYRU 12mR |
| 1958 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
Henry Sears, Columbia |
Royal Yacht Squadron |
Hugh Goodson syndicate, Sceptre |
4–0 |
| 1962 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
Mercer, Walsh, Frese syndicate, Weatherly |
 Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron |
Sir Frank Packer, Gretel |
4–1 |
| 1964 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
Eric Ridder syndicate, Constellation |
Royal Thames Yacht Club |
Anthony Boyden, Sovereign |
4–0 |
| 1967 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
William Justice Strawbridge syndicate, Intrepid |
Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron |
Emile Christenson, Dame Pattie |
4–0 |
| 1970 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
William Justice Strawbridge syndicate, Intrepid |
Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron |
Sir Frank Packer, Gretel II |
4–1 |
| 1974 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
Robert Willis McCullough syndicate, Courageous |
Royal Perth Yacht Club |
Alan Bond, Southern Cross |
4–0 |
| 1977 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
Ted Turner, Courageous |
Sun City Yacht Club |
Alan Bond, Australia |
4–0 |
| 1980 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
Freedom syndicate, Freedom |
Royal Perth Yacht Club |
Alan Bond, Australia |
4–1 |
| 1983 |
Newport |
New York Yacht Club |
Freedom syndicate, Liberty |
Royal Perth Yacht Club |
Alan Bond, Australia II |
3–4 |
| 1987 |
Fremantle |
Royal Perth Yacht Club |
Kevin Parry, Kookaburra III |
San Diego Yacht Club |
Sail America, Stars & Stripes 87 |
0–4 |
| DOG match |
| 1988 |
San Diego |
San Diego Yacht Club |
Sail America, Stars & Stripes 88 |
 Mercury Bay Boating Club |
Sir Michael Fay, KZ-1 |
2–0 |
| IACC |
| 1992 |
San Diego |
San Diego Yacht Club |
Bill Koch, America3 |
 Compagnia Della Vela di Venezia |
Raul Gardini, Il Moro di Venezia |
4–1 |
| 1995 |
San Diego |
San Diego Yacht Club |
Sail America, Young America |
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
Team New Zealand, Black Magic |
0–5 |
| 2000 |
Auckland |
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
Team New Zealand, NZL-60 |
Yacht Club Punta Ala |
Luna Rossa, ITA-45 |
5–0 |
| 2003 |
Auckland |
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
Team New Zealand, NZL 82 |
 Société Nautique de Genève |
Alinghi, SUI-64 |
0–5 |
| 2007 |
Valencia |
Société Nautique de Genève |
Alinghi, SUI-100 |
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron |
Team New Zealand, NZL-92 |
5–2 |
| DOG match |
| 2010 |
Valencia |
Société Nautique de Genève |
Alinghi, Alinghi 5 |
Golden Gate Yacht Club |
BMW Oracle Racing, USA-17 |
0–2 |
| AC72 |
| 2013 |
San Francisco |
Golden Gate Yacht Club |
TBD |
 Royal Swedish Yacht Club[nb 4] |
Artemis Racing [nb 4] |
|
New York Yacht Club: 25–1
San Diego Yacht Club: 3–1
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron: 2–2
Royal Perth Yacht Club: 1–3
Société Nautique de Genève: 2–1
Golden Gate Yacht Club: 1–0
Traditionally, commercial airships or blimps built by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, of Akron, Ohio, US have been named after former America’s Cup winning boats. Paul W. Litchfield, an early chairman of Goodyear, envisioned airships as “the aerial yachts of the wealthy” and, in 1928, began the tradition of naming Goodyear blimps after A.C. boats, with blimps named Stars & Stripes, Columbia, Ranger, Rainbow, Enterprise, Resolute, Reliance, Defender, Vigilant, Volunteer, Mayflower, Puritan and America.[48]
- ^ "Many thanks for your enquiry. Unfortunately Wikipedia can never be used as definite origin of actual facts. The trophy is not made of Britannia metal, or Britannia silver. It was manufactured from sterling silver. I hope this assists you." email from Garrards, 3 June 2009[original research?]
- ^ The book was published as a private limited edition of 3000 copies solely for distribution to yachtsmen and libraries in US and Europe. Lawson, who was a Bostonian, wrote in the Introduction[5] that he was stimulated to write the book because he refused to recognize the right of the New York Yacht Club (NYYC) to compel him to be a member of the NYYC in order "to compete for the honour of defending an American international trophy". The book provides a very detailed description of America's Cup related activity starting with the rationale to build the schooner America and the events of the following 50 years.
- ^ The Deed of Gift language for this eventuality is: "In case the parties cannot mutually agree upon the terms of a match, then three races shall be sailed, and the winner of two of such races shall be entitled to the Cup. All such races shall be on ocean courses, free from headlands, as follows: The first race, twenty nautical miles (37 km) to windward and return; the second race an equilateral triangular race of thirty-nine nautical miles, the first side of which shall be a beat to windward; the third race (if necessary) twenty nautical miles (37 km) to windward and return; and one week day shall intervene between the conclusion of one race and the starting of the next race. These ocean courses shall be practicable in all parts for vessels of twenty-two feet draught of water, and shall be selected by the Club holding the Cup; and these races shall be sailed subject to its rules and sailing regulations so far as the same do not conflict with the provisions of this deed of gift, but without any times allowances whatever. The challenged Club shall not be required to name its representative vessel until at a time agreed upon for the start, but the vessel when named must compete in all the races, and each of such races must be completed within seven hours." See also: Deed of Gift on Wikisource.
- ^ a b Technically this club is currently the Challenger of Record, and may or may not be the actual Challenging Club when the actual America's Cup is sailed. In accordance with the protocol agreed between the Defending Club and the Challenger of Record, there will be a Challenger selection series, and the winner of that series will then become the Challenging Club and will name the team that will sail against the team named by the Defending Club.
- ^ "What is the oldest sporting trophy". quezi.com. 23 February 2010. http://quezi.com/11454. Retrieved 2012-01-01. [unreliable source?]}}
- ^ John Rousmaniere (1983). The America's Cup 1851–1983. Pelham Books. ISBN 978-0-7207-1503-3.
- ^ "A Cup is a Cup, by any other name". americascup.com. 5 December 2005. http://32nd.americascup.com/en/americascup/news_official/detail.php?idContent=5549. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ a b Thomas W. Lawson (1902). "List of Inscriptions on the America's Cup". The Lawson History of the America's Cup. Winfield M. Thompson Press. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-907069-40-9. http://www.archive.org/stream/lawsonhistoryofa00thomrich#page/374. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ Lawson, Thomas W; Thompson, Winfield M (1902). "Introduction". The Lawson History of the America's Cup. Winfield M. Thompson Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-907069-40-9. http://www.archive.org/stream/lawsonhistoryofa00thomrich#page/n21/mode/2up. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ Alfred Fullerton Loomis (August 1958). "Ah, Your Majesty, there is no second". American Heritage 9 (5). http://www.americanheritage.com/content/%E2%80%9Cah-your-majesty-there-no-second%E2%80%9D. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ Jacques Taglang. "Sappho". http://32nd.americascup.com/en/acclopaedia/circlinggalaxy/bateau.php?idContent=4564. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ Jacques Taglang. "Magic". http://32nd.americascup.com/en/acclopaedia/circlinggalaxy/bateau.php?idContent=4566. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
- ^ "The Queen's Cup race" (pdf). New York Times. 9 August 1870. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9D07E2D6103DE53BBC4153DFBE66838B669FDE.
- ^ Hamish G. Ross. "The First Challenge". alinghi.com. http://www.alinghi.com/en/33ac/ac_history/index.php?&idContent=8693. [dead link]
- ^ "Yachting – The plank on edge". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. http://1911encyclopedia.org/Yachting#The_Plank-on-edge. Retrieved 2012-05-04. [unreliable source?]
- ^ William Picard Stephens (1904). "Burgess and the America Cup". American Yachting. The Macmillan Company. http://www.archive.org/stream/americanyachting00steprich#page/165/mode/1up. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Roland Folger Coffin (1885). The America's Cup: How it was Won by the Yacht America in 1851 and Has Been Since Defended. Charles Scribner's Sons Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/americascuphowi00coffgoog. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ A Testimonial to Charles J. Paine and Edward Burgess, from the City of Boston, for their successful defense of the America's Cup. Rockwell and Churchill Press. 1887. http://www.archive.org/stream/testimonialtocha00bost. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Ahmed John Kenealy (November 1893). "The Victory of the Vigilant" (pdf). Outing (la84foundation.org) 23: 161–174. http://la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Outing/Volume_23/outXXIII02/outXXIII02r.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ "Valkyrie's steel mast" (pdf). New York Times. 6 August 1895. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F06E7D7103DE433A25755C0A96E9C94649ED7CF. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ "The Curtain falls on Dunraven" (pdf). Outing (la84foundation.org) 28: 1–2. April 1896. http://la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/Outing/Volume_28/outXXVIII01/outXXVIII01o.pdf. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ "skipper success of the Fife cutter Minerva". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?n=50&srchst=p&query=cutter+minerva. Retrieved 2010-04-23. [clarification needed]
- ^ "Barr's success on the Fife cutter Minerva". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?n=50&srchst=p&query=barr+minerva. Retrieved 2010-04-23. [clarification needed]
- ^ Christopher Pastore (2005). Temple to the Wind: The Story of America's Greatest Naval Architect and His Masterpiece, Reliance. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-557-0.
- ^ Joseph Brinker (July 1920). "Racing for the America's Cup – When sport becomes a science". Popular Science 97 (1): 17–22. http://books.google.com/?id=LioDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Herbert Lawrence Stone (1919). The America's Cup Races. Thomas Werner Laurie, Ltd. Press. http://www.archive.org/stream/americascupraces00stonuoft. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ "Shamrock IV". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?n=50&year1=1913&year2=1920&&srchst=p&sort=oldest&query=%22Shamrock+IV%22. Retrieved 2010-04-23. [clarification needed]
- ^ John T. Brady (July 1930). "A $5,000,000 yacht race". Popular Mechanics: 970–974. http://books.google.com/?id=q-MDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA970. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Harold Stirling Vanderbilt (1931). Enterprise – The Story of the Defense of the America's Cup in 1930. Charles Scribner's Sons Press. ISBN 978-0-7136-6905-3.
- ^ Starling Burgess (July 1934). "Secrets of a racing yacht". Popular Mechanics 62 (1): 3–5. http://books.google.com/?id=LeADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ "America's Cup winner a marvel in design". Popular Mechanics: 486–487. October 1937. http://books.google.com/?id=u9oDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA486. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Ian Dear (1977). Enterprise to Endeavour – the J-Class yachts. Dodd, Mead and Company. ISBN 978-0-396-07478-6.
- ^ "America's Cup Hall of Fame > Inductees > Henry Sears, 1995 Inductee". http://www.herreshoff.org/achof/henry_sears.html. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Conner, Dennis; Stannard, Bruce (1987). Comeback: My Race for the America's Cup. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-312-00900-3.
- ^ Staff and Wire Reporters (11 December 1987). "Bond Urges Defenders to Open 1988 Challenge to All Comers". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1987-12-11/sports/sp-18954_1_sail-america. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ "Mercury Bay Boating Club v San Diego Yacht Club, Opinion of the Court". State of New York Unified Court System. 26 April 1990. http://courts.state.ny.us/REPORTER/archives/mercury_sandiego.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
- ^ Gladwell, Richard (8 October 2007). "America's Cup document says RNZYS against Protocol". Sail-World NZL. http://www.sail-world.com/nz/index.cfm?nid=38068&rid=6. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
- ^ "GGYC Complaint Against SNG" (pdf). http://www.ggyc.org/Verified_Complaint.PDF. [dead link]
- ^ "Scuttlebutt News: Cory E. Friedman – 33rd America's Cup". Sailingscuttlebutt.com. http://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/news/07/cf/. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ Golden Gate Yacht Club v. Societe Nautique De Geneve, 25 (New York Court of Appeals 2 April 2009).[dead link]
- ^ "First blood to USA – News – 33rd America's Cup". Americascup.com. 25 June 2007. http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/first-blood-to-usa-19-2362. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ "BMW ORACLE Racing". BMW ORACLE Racing. 30 September 2003. http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/articles/00_10_01/0212_3.html?track.refer=/en/news/current/overview.html&track.type=news. Retrieved 2010-02-15. [dead link]
- ^ "USA win 33rd America's Cup Match – News – 33rd America's Cup". Americascup.com. http://33rd.americascup.com/en/actualite/news/usa-win-33rd-america-s-cup-match-19-2827. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ "BMW ORACLE Racing". BMW ORACLE Racing. 30 September 2003. http://bmworacleracing.com/en/news/articles/00_10_01/0214_3.html?track.refer=/en/news/current/overview.html&track.type=news. Retrieved 2010-02-15. [dead link]
- ^ Laven, Kate (14 February 2010). "BMW Oracle's Larry Ellison confirms Mascalzone Latino as Challenger of Record". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/sailing/7239218/BMW-Oracles-Larry-Ellison-confirms-Mascalzone-Latino-as-Challenger-of-Record.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ "Club Nautico di Roma confirmed as America's Cup challenger". 3 News. 16 February 2010. http://www.3news.co.nz/Club-Nautico-di-Roma-confirmed-as-Americas-Cup-challenger-/tabid/415/articleID/141964/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
- ^ "Mascalzone Latino says goodbye to the 34° America's Cup". 12 May 2011. http://www.mascalzonelatino.it/eng/content/mascalzone-latino-says-goodbye-34°-americas-cup. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ "America's Cup: Challenger of Record pulls pin in unprecedented move". 12 May 2011. http://www.sail-world.com/USA/index.cfm?SEID=2&Nid=83410&SRCID=0&ntid=0&tickeruid=0&tickerCID=0. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
- ^ "Swedish yacht club becomes Challenger of Record". New Zealand Herald. 18 May 2011. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10726338&ref=rss. [dead link]
- ^ "Wingsailed 72 ft (22 m) catamaran to transform America's Cup racing". Golden Gate Yacht Club. 15 October 2010. http://www.americascup.com/2010/10/wingsailed-72ft-catamaran-to-transform-americas-cup-racing/. [dead link]
- ^ "San Francisco Wins Right to Host 34th America's Cup". Golden Gate Yacht Club. 31 December 2010. http://www.americascup.com/2010/12/san-francisco-wins-right-to-host-2013-america%E2%80%99s-cup/. Retrieved 2011-01-01. [dead link]
- ^ "Goodyear Announces Winner of Nationwide Contest to Name Newest Blimp". PR Newswire Association LLC. 21 June 2006. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/goodyear-announces-winner-of-nationwide-contest-to-name-newest-blimp-56214337.html. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
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