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- Zareh Baronian
- Émile Nelligan
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 1941 - Harry Nilsson
- 1941 - Nilsson
1941
- Harry Nilsson
Well in 1941 a happy father had a son
And by 1944 the father walked right out the door
And in '45 the mom and son were still alive
But who could tell in '46 if the two were to survive
Well the years were passing quickly
But not fast enough for him
So he close his eyes through '55
And he opened them up again
When he looked around he saw a clown
And the clown seemed very gay
And he set that night to join that circus clown and run away
{Scat solo}
Well he followed every railroad track
An every highway sign
And he had a girl in each new town
And the towns he left behind
And the open road
Was the only road he knew
But the color of his dreams
Slowly turning into blue
The he met a girl the kind of girl
He wanted all his life
She was soft and kind and good to him
So he took her for a wife
And they got a house not far from town
And in a little while
The girl had seen the doctor
And she came home with a smile
Now in 1961 a happy father had a son
And by 1964 the father walked right out the door
And in '65 the mom and son were still around
But what will happen to the boy
Well, in 1941 a happy father had a son
And by 1944, father walks right out the door
And in '45 the mom and son were still alive
But who could tell in '46 if the two were to survive
Well, the years were passing quickly but not fast enough for him
So he close his eyes through '55 then he opened them up again
When he looked around he saw a clown and the clown seemed very gay
And he set that night to join that circus clown and run away
Well, he followed every railroad track and every highway sign
And he had a girl in each new town and the towns he left behind
And the open road was the only road he knew
But the color of his dreams were slowly turning into blue
The he met a girl, the kind of girl he wanted all his life
She was soft and kind and good to him so he took her for his wife
And they got a house not far from town and in a little while
The girl had seen the doctor and she came home with a smile
Now in 1961 a happy father had a son
And by 1964 the father walks right out the door
And in '65 the mom and son were still around
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Киев. 1941
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:19
- Updated: 12 May 2013
После поражения в приграничном сражении в июне 1941 года советские части укрепились на линии Сталина. Бои с танковыми дивизиями Клейста. Попытки ворваться в ...
http://wn.com/Киев_1941
После поражения в приграничном сражении в июне 1941 года советские части укрепились на линии Сталина. Бои с танковыми дивизиями Клейста. Попытки ворваться в ...
1941 (2/11) Movie CLIP - The Indomitable Capt. Kelso (1979) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 14 May 2013
1941 Movie Clip - watch all clips http://j.mp/yc2vu4 click to subscribe http://j.mp/sNDUs5 Capt. TM & © Universal (2012) Cast: Elisha Cook Jr., Lucille Benso...
http://wn.com/1941_2_11_Movie_CLIP_The_Indomitable_Capt_Kelso_1979_HD
1941 Movie Clip - watch all clips http://j.mp/yc2vu4 click to subscribe http://j.mp/sNDUs5 Capt. TM & © Universal (2012) Cast: Elisha Cook Jr., Lucille Benso...
- published: 16 Jun 2011
- author: movieclips
HMS Barham Explodes and Sinks, 1941 [Full Resolution]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 17 May 2013
HMS Barham Explodes and Sinks, 1941 [Full Resolution]. Dramatic Newsreel footage captured the sinking of the Queen Elizabeth Battleship. A salvo of torpedoes...
http://wn.com/HMS_Barham_Explodes_and_Sinks,_1941_Full_Resolution_
HMS Barham Explodes and Sinks, 1941 [Full Resolution]. Dramatic Newsreel footage captured the sinking of the Queen Elizabeth Battleship. A salvo of torpedoes...
- published: 27 Jul 2011
- author: britishpathe
1941 theatrical teaser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Spielberg's fourth film, labeled a flop only because it wasn't as successful as Jaws or Close Encounters. It's still pretty good (way better than A.I.). It c...
http://wn.com/1941_theatrical_teaser
Spielberg's fourth film, labeled a flop only because it wasn't as successful as Jaws or Close Encounters. It's still pretty good (way better than A.I.). It c...
- published: 12 Jul 2006
- author: Lee Presson
1941 Brest-Litovsk
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 13 May 2013
Die Deutsche Wochenschau No. 565. July 2, 1941. The battle for the citadel of Brest-Litovsk. The strongly fortified Soviet fortress lay directly on the borde...
http://wn.com/1941_Brest-Litovsk
Die Deutsche Wochenschau No. 565. July 2, 1941. The battle for the citadel of Brest-Litovsk. The strongly fortified Soviet fortress lay directly on the borde...
- published: 09 Dec 2008
- author: skoblinI
Оборона Трубчевска. 1941 год. www.voenvideo.ru
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:38
- Updated: 15 May 2013
Оборона Трубчевска. 1941 год. http://www.voenvideo.ru/ Фильм рассказывает о событиях 20 августа - 22 октября 1941 г. у Трубчевска, его обороне войсками Брянс...
http://wn.com/Оборона_Трубчевска_1941_год_wwwvoenvideoru
Оборона Трубчевска. 1941 год. http://www.voenvideo.ru/ Фильм рассказывает о событиях 20 августа - 22 октября 1941 г. у Трубчевска, его обороне войсками Брянс...
- published: 16 Nov 2011
- author: voenvideo
1941 Music Video (John Williams)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Updated: 04 May 2013
'1941' is a comedy directed by Steven Spielberg in 1979. It's commonly regarded as one of his worst films. However has earned a kind of cult status after run...
http://wn.com/1941_Music_Video_John_Williams
'1941' is a comedy directed by Steven Spielberg in 1979. It's commonly regarded as one of his worst films. However has earned a kind of cult status after run...
- published: 28 Nov 2009
- views: 44861
- author: SteVin89
Tea Making Tips (1941)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Welcome to the world of a national obsession and a place where people say 'orf' instead of 'off'. Tea connoisseurs will benefit from the six golden tips for ...
http://wn.com/Tea_Making_Tips_1941
Welcome to the world of a national obsession and a place where people say 'orf' instead of 'off'. Tea connoisseurs will benefit from the six golden tips for ...
- published: 15 Sep 2008
- author: BFIfilms
Кто проспал начало войны 1941 года?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:57
- Updated: 13 May 2013
Документальный фильм о начале войны с фашистской Германий. Раскрывает причину неудач РККА в первые месяцы начала войны.
http://wn.com/Кто_проспал_начало_войны_1941_года?
Документальный фильм о начале войны с фашистской Германий. Раскрывает причину неудач РККА в первые месяцы начала войны.
- published: 11 Apr 2012
- author: Сергей Филатов
1941 Pearl Harbor Attack Aftermath (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 15 May 2013
http://romanoarchives.altervista.org/ http://digilander.libero.it/romanoarchives/ 1941. Recently surfaced footage of the aftermath of the Japanese attack on ...
http://wn.com/1941_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_Aftermath_HD
http://romanoarchives.altervista.org/ http://digilander.libero.it/romanoarchives/ 1941. Recently surfaced footage of the aftermath of the Japanese attack on ...
- published: 15 May 2011
- author: UnknownWW2InColor
Первые четыре часа (22 июня 1941)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:03
- Updated: 12 May 2013
Впервые о событиях первого дня войны рассказывается непосредственно на местах основных боевых действий. В фильме много новой, неизвестной зрителю информации....
http://wn.com/Первые_четыре_часа_22_июня_1941
Впервые о событиях первого дня войны рассказывается непосредственно на местах основных боевых действий. В фильме много новой, неизвестной зрителю информации....
- published: 10 Mar 2012
- views: 36724
- author: ShurikShev
Киев 1941-2012 Тени войны
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 12 May 2013
Kiev 1941-2012 Shadows of the War.
http://wn.com/Киев_1941-2012_Тени_войны
Боевые награды Советского Союза - 1941-1991
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 37:18
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
Боевые награды Советского Союза Фильм расскажет обо всех наградах Советского Союза, а также раскроет неизвестные ранее страницы истории, связанные с орденами...
http://wn.com/Боевые_награды_Советского_Союза_1941-1991
Боевые награды Советского Союза Фильм расскажет обо всех наградах Советского Союза, а также раскроет неизвестные ранее страницы истории, связанные с орденами...
- published: 16 May 2011
- author: Ethan Zwirner
Die Deutsche Wochenschau Nr. 573, Aug-1941
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:05
- Updated: 11 May 2013
http://wn.com/Die_Deutsche_Wochenschau_Nr_573,_Aug-1941
John Belushi in 1941
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 02 May 2013
John Belushi as Capt. Wild Bill Kelso in Steven Spielberg film.
http://wn.com/John_Belushi_in_1941
John Belushi as Capt. Wild Bill Kelso in Steven Spielberg film.
- published: 26 Sep 2009
- views: 88586
- author: septichar
Горячее лето 1941 года
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 71:27
- Updated: 12 May 2013
Ранним утром 22 июня 1941 года Германия, при поддержке своих союзников — Италии, Венгрии, Румынии, Финляндии и Словакии, внезапно и без предупреждения напала...
http://wn.com/Горячее_лето_1941_года
Ранним утром 22 июня 1941 года Германия, при поддержке своих союзников — Италии, Венгрии, Румынии, Финляндии и Словакии, внезапно и без предупреждения напала...
- published: 30 Jul 2012
- views: 11000
- author: Sov sekretno
![Stalin speech - November 7, 1941[English subtitles]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130518031327im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/8IGbjPqFFvA/default.jpg "Stalin speech - November 7, 1941[English subtitles]")
Stalin speech - November 7, 1941[English subtitles]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:48
- Updated: 17 May 2013
Comrade Stalin show your bravery and call the Soviet people for the fight in Second World War! His famous speech, in 1941, when the German Army was only a do...
http://wn.com/Stalin_speech_November_7,_1941_English_subtitles_
Comrade Stalin show your bravery and call the Soviet people for the fight in Second World War! His famous speech, in 1941, when the German Army was only a do...
- published: 08 Jun 2008
- views: 641052
- author: lazarodesouzagomes
Lindy Hop - Hellzapoppin (1941)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 16 May 2013
A Midsummer Night's Swing Musical Director Guy Barker and guests from Jazz at Lincoln Center 17 June 2010 / 21:00 Stoke Newington Town Hall More info at http...
http://wn.com/Lindy_Hop_Hellzapoppin_1941
A Midsummer Night's Swing Musical Director Guy Barker and guests from Jazz at Lincoln Center 17 June 2010 / 21:00 Stoke Newington Town Hall More info at http...
- published: 04 May 2010
- author: BarbicanLondon
１９４１(1979) - March
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 14 Apr 2013
stereo(URL last "&fmt;=18")□ Music：John Williams ジョン・ウィリアムス 【director】 Steven Spielberg スティーヴン・スピルバーグ 【cast】 Dan Aykroyd ダン・エイクロイド （Sergent Tree） Ned Beatty ...
http://wn.com/１９４１1979_March
stereo(URL last "&fmt;=18")□ Music：John Williams ジョン・ウィリアムス 【director】 Steven Spielberg スティーヴン・スピルバーグ 【cast】 Dan Aykroyd ダン・エイクロイド （Sergent Tree） Ned Beatty ...
- published: 17 May 2008
- views: 60226
- author: ostmusicmix
Фильм 1 й «22 июня 1941»
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:41
- Updated: 14 May 2013
«Великая Отечественная» (англ. The Unknown War) — документальный сериал советско--британо-американского производства, вышедший на киноэкраны в 1978 году, объ...
http://wn.com/Фильм_1_й_«22_июня_1941»
«Великая Отечественная» (англ. The Unknown War) — документальный сериал советско--британо-американского производства, вышедший на киноэкраны в 1978 году, объ...
- published: 12 Sep 2011
- author: Georg3th
Glenn Miller Christmas Time 1941
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:12
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Glenn Miller Sunset Serenade Christmas Time First Song Here We Go Again. Original Air Date Was 12/27/1941. This is from Glenn's Saturday afternoon [5-6pm(et)...
http://wn.com/Glenn_Miller_Christmas_Time_1941
Glenn Miller Sunset Serenade Christmas Time First Song Here We Go Again. Original Air Date Was 12/27/1941. This is from Glenn's Saturday afternoon [5-6pm(et)...
- published: 29 Mar 2012
- views: 4154
- author: OTR HALLOWEENHOLIDAZE
COUNT BASIE Swingin' the Blues, 1941 HOT big band swing jazz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 14 May 2013
COUNT BASIE Excerpts from the oddly titled "Dance of the Gremlins" (thanks to mfb25890 & mbdavis10025 for the song I.D.), and "Swingin' the Blues", c. 1941. ...
http://wn.com/COUNT_BASIE_Swingin'_the_Blues,_1941_HOT_big_band_swing_jazz
COUNT BASIE Excerpts from the oddly titled "Dance of the Gremlins" (thanks to mfb25890 & mbdavis10025 for the song I.D.), and "Swingin' the Blues", c. 1941. ...
- published: 15 Oct 2008
- author: that1940sguy
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. There appears to be a curse stalking second term presidents, specifically starting with Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon and continuing through to President Barack Obama. President Obama's malevolent shadow, namely Benghazigate, IRSgate and the more recent APgate, have almost utterly enveloped him and his administration ... President Obama's second term is also unraveling....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: AP / Mike Fuentes
16 May 2013
"A massive emergency response" is underway in North Texas, where tornadoes blew through Wednesday night, The Dallas Morning News says. A twister that hit Granbury, about 35 miles southwest of Fort Worth, left at least six people dead, more than 100 injured and even more homeless, The Associated Press adds ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
photo: AP / Abdukareem Haruna
15 May 2013
Admitting that Islamist extremists now control some of his nation’s villages and towns, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency on Tuesday across Nigeria’s troubled northeast, promising to send more troops to fight what he said is now an open rebellion. Mr ... Get Free E-mail Alerts on These Topics. Nigeria Jonathan, Goodluck Disasters and Emergencies Muslims and Islam ... . Inside NYTimes.com. Books » ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Aleppo Media Center AMC
17 May 2013
If there’s one thing you can say about Bashar al-Assad, it’s that he has staying power. For more than two years, the Syrian president has defied predictions that his downfall is imminent. His regime has certainly suffered many setbacks during the brutal civil war that shows no signs of ending, but it's clear right now that Assad and his followers have been gaining momentum ... “The regime right now is strong ... (Lens Young Homsi/AP) ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS2 Tony D. Curtis
15 May 2013
A drone the size of a fighter jet has taken off from the deck of an US aircraft carrier for the first time in a test flight that could eventually open the way for the US to launch unmanned aircraft from almost anywhere in the world. The X-47B is the first drone designed to take off and land on a carrier, meaning the US military would not need permission from other countries to use their bases ... 643 Source.. AP ... Infographic....(size: 8.4Kb)
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Penn Live
18 May 2013
06/14/2010 Sean Simmers, The Patriot-News. 1 ... 2. Chuck Hamilton (187), 1973-79. 3 ... Ralph “Cooney” Weiland (126), 1941-45 ... ....(size: 0.7Kb)
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Wall Street Journal
18 May 2013
Enlarge Image. Close ... 'Color photography is vulgar,' the great chronicler of Depression poverty Walker Evans pronounced in 1969 ... Bussard and Lisa Hostetler ... In Jack Delano's shot from the 1941 Vermont State Fair (above), planes of orange paint and blue sky exaggerate the contrast in depth between the flat side of the wagon and the dreamy view it frames of the carnival beyond ... Vulgar, maybe, but true to life. —The Editors ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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MLB
18 May 2013
The latest BTS leader has picked Miguel Cabrera 16 times and Prince Fielder six times. (Getty). Baseball players are a superstitious bunch. When the going is good, they tend to avoid anything that might mess with that mojo ... Nobody has ever matched Joe DiMaggio's magic number of 56 from 1941, but an average of about three per season reach 40, with the record of 49 set in 2007 ... He has picked seven other players once or twice ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
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noodls
18 May 2013
(Source. MLB - Major League Baseball). Baseball players are a superstitious bunch. When the going is good, they tend to avoid anything that might mess with that mojo ... Nobody has ever matched Joe DiMaggio's magic number of 56 from 1941, but an average of about three per season reach 40, with the record of 49 set in 2007 ... So far, bb4500 is keeping quiet -- and that could be smart, if you are the superstitious type ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 2.8Kb)
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noodls
18 May 2013
(Source. MLB - Major League Baseball). Baseball players are a superstitious bunch. When the going is good, they tend to avoid anything that might mess with that mojo ... Nobody has ever matched Joe DiMaggio's magic number of 56 from 1941, but an average of about three per season reach 40, with the record of 49 set in 2007 ... So far, bb4500 is keeping quiet -- and that could be smart, if you are the superstitious type ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 2.9Kb)
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London Evening Standard
17 May 2013
The émigré German Jew, who arrived in New York in 1941 aged 44 with just one suitcase, went on to become one of the most influential photographers of the 20th century ... “I grew up surrounded by some of my grandfather’s iconic images,” says Remy ... Today, outside the photography world, his name is little known, and I wanted to understand why ... Blumenfeld Studio. New York, 1941-1960 runs from May 23 to September 1 at Somerset House, WC2 ....(size: 3.0Kb)
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noodls
17 May 2013
(Source. The United States Army) ... It clearly describes the varied critical and dangerous duties of a Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) agent during World War II. "I enlisted on 13 March 1941 for duty with the Corps of Intelligence Police at Ft. Shafter, T.H., together with… Richard M. Sakakida ... On 22 April 1941, I commenced my duty with the CIP unit, G-2, Headquarters, Philippine Department, Ft ... On reporting for duty to the A.C ... (noodl....(size: 4.8Kb)
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Newsday
17 May 2013
Jackson Center advances the ideals of Jackson, who served on the Supreme Court from 1941 to 1954 after getting his start ......(size: 0.6Kb)
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Detroit Free Press
17 May 2013
Chrysler celebrated the production of the 1 millionth Jeep Wrangler on Friday in Toledo, the city where Jeep was born ... Wranglers roots in Toledo go back to 1941 when the Willys-Overland built the first MB Jeep for the U.S. Army ... Total sales for the all Jeep models exceeded 700,000 in 2012 ....(size: 1.5Kb)
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York Press
17 May 2013
A Second World War Blue Kit Kat. In 1941, the bar got a case of the blues when shortages of milk saw a plain chocolate Kit Kat sold in a blue wrapper – the familiar red wrapper and milk chocolate returned in 1949 ... STEPHEN LEWIS reports ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
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Newsday
17 May 2013
JAMESTOWN, N.Y. - (AP) -- Chief Justice may need a bigger suitcase for his return to Washington following a visit to his native western New York for the 10th anniversary of a center dedicated to the late Justice ... Jackson served on the Supreme Court from 1941 to 1954 after getting his start as a country lawyer in western New York. He took a leave from the bench to oversee the Nuremberg Trials following ... Rep ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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MLB
17 May 2013
Only three seasons in National League history have witnessed a higher league batting average than the .294 mark the Senior Circuit posted in 1929. As part of this historic success, the New York Giants -- with their team batting average of .296 -- were merely slightly above average ... 28, 2006 ... Tony Phillips had 20 in 1993, while Dom DiMaggio had 19 in 1941 and 18 in '49. Fresco Thompson (1929) and Stan Hack (1941) also had 17 ... 1, 2008 ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
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noodls
17 May 2013
(Source. MLB - Major League Baseball). Only three seasons in National League history have witnessed a higher league batting average than the .294 mark the Senior Circuit posted in 1929 ... But from June 11-23 that season, the club's batting prowess was anything but pedestrian ... 28, 2006 ... Tony Phillips had 20 in 1993, while Dom DiMaggio had 19 in 1941 and 18 in '49. Fresco Thompson (1929) and Stan Hack (1941) also had 17 ... 1, 2008 ... (noodl....(size: 6.5Kb)
This article is about the year 1941. For other uses, see 1941 (disambiguation).
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1910s 1920s 1930s – 1940s – 1950s 1960s 1970s |
| Years: | 1938 1939 1940 – 1941 – 1942 1943 1944 |
| 1941 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1941 MCMXLI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2694 |
| Armenian calendar | 1390 ԹՎ ՌՅՂ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6691 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 97–98 |
| Bengali calendar | 1348 |
| Berber calendar | 2891 |
| British Regnal year | 5 Geo. 6 – 6 Geo. 6 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2485 |
| Burmese calendar | 1303 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7449–7450 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚辰年十二月初四日 (4577/4637-12-4) — to —
辛巳年十一月十四日(4578/4638-11-14) |
| Coptic calendar | 1657–1658 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1933–1934 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5701–5702 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1997–1998 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1863–1864 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5042–5043 |
| Holocene calendar | 11941 |
| Iranian calendar | 1319–1320 |
| Islamic calendar | 1359–1360 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 16 (昭和16年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4274 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 30 民國30年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2484 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1941 |
Year 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.
Contents |
Events[link]
Below, events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January[link]
- January 1 – Thailand Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram decrees January 1 as the official start of the Thai solar calendar new year (thus the previous year that began April 1 had only 9 months).
- January 3 – A decree in Germany outlaws the use of Blackletter Gothic typefaces in favour of Antiqua.
- January 4 – The short subject Elmer's Pet Rabbit is released, marking the second appearance of Bugs Bunny, and also the first to have his name on a title card.
- January 5 – WWII: At the Battle of Bardia in Libya, Australian and British troops defeat Italian forces, the first battle of the war in which an Australian Army formation takes part.
- January 6 – The keel of the USS Missouri is laid at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn.
- January 10 – Lend-Lease is introduced into the U.S. Congress.
- January 11 – The light cruiser HMS Southampton (83) is sunk off Malta.
- January 13 – All persons born in Puerto Rico since this day are declared U.S. citizens by birth, through U.S. federal law 8 U.S.C. § 1402.
- January 14 – WWII: Commerce raiding hilfskreuzer Pinguin captures the Norwegian whaling fleet near Bouvet Island, effectively ending Southern Ocean whaling for the duration of the war.[1]
- January 15 – John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry describe the workings of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer in print.
- January 19 – WWII: British troops attack Italian-held Eritrea.
- January 20 – Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes swears in U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt for his third term.
- January 22 – WWII: Battle of Tobruk: Australian and British forces capture Tobruk from the Italians.
- January 22 – In Sweden, Victor Hasselblad had the Victor Hasselblad AB Camera Company registered.
- January 23 – Aviator Charles Lindbergh testifies before the U.S. Congress and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.
- January 27 – WWII – Attack on Pearl Harbor: Joseph C. Grew, the U.S. ambassador to Japan, reports to Washington a rumor overheard at a diplomatic reception concerning a planned surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
- January 30 – WWII – Australians capture Derna, Libya from the Italians.
February[link]
- February 3 – WWII: The Nazis forcibly restore Pierre Laval to office in occupied Vichy France.
- February 4 – WWII: The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.
- February 5 – Air Training Corps: The Air Training Corps was formed.
- February 6 – WWII – Fall of Benghazi to the Western Desert Force. Lieutenant-General Erwin Rommel is appointed commander of Afrika Korps.
- February 8 – WWII – The U.S. House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease Act (260–165).
- February 9 – Winston Churchill, in a worldwide broadcast, tells the United States to show its support by sending arms to the British: "Give us the tools, and we will finish the job."
- February 12
- WWII: Erwin Rommel arrives in Tripoli.
- Reserve Constable Albert Alexander, a patient at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, becomes the first person treated with penicillin intravenously, by Howard Florey's team. He reacts positively but there is insufficient supply of the drug to reverse his terminal infection. A successful treatment is achieved during May.[2]
- February 13 – Aircrafts from HMS Formidable (67) attacks Massawa.
- February 14 – WWII – Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura begins his duties as Japanese Ambassador to the United States.
- February 19–February 22 – WWII: Three Nights' Blitz over Swansea, South Wales: Over these 3 nights of intensive bombing, which last a total of 13 hours and 48 minutes, Swansea's town centre is almost completely obliterated by the 896 high explosive bombs employed by the Luftwaffe. A total of 397 casualties and 230 deaths are reported.
- February 19-23 – the Battle of Sittang Bridge British forces retreat to the Sittang River.
- February 22 – HMS Shropshire (73) bombards Barawa, on the coast between Kismayo and Mogadishu.
- February 23 – Glenn T. Seaborg isolates and discovers plutonium.
- February 25 – The British submarine HMS Upright (N89) attacks an Italian covoy sinking the Italian cruiser Armando Diaz.
- February 27 – The New Zealand Division cruiser HMS Leander (1931) sinks Italian armed merchant raider Ramb I off the Maldives.
March[link]
- March 1
- WWII: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact, thus joining the Axis powers.
- W47NV begins operations in Nashville, Tennessee, becoming the first FM radio station.
- Arthur L. Bristol becomes Rear Admiral for the U.S. Navy's Support Force, Atlantic Fleet.
- March 4 – WWII: Operation Claymore - British Commandos carry out a successful raid on the Lofoten Islands off the north coast of Norway.
- March 8 – WWII: The U.S. Senate passes the Lend-Lease Act (60–31).
- March 11 – WWII: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act into law.
- March 15 – Richard C. Hottelet is arrested by the Gestapo on "suspicion of espionage". He is eventually released in July as part of a prisoner exchange.
- March 16 – A group of U.S. warships arrive in Auckland, New Zealand on a goodwill visit. On March 20, they visit Sydney, Australia.
- March 17
- In Washington, D.C., the National Gallery of Art is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- British Minister of Labour Ernest Bevin calls for women to fill vital jobs.
- March 22 – Washington's Grand Coulee Dam begins to generate electricity.
- March 24 – WWII: Rommel launches his first offensive in Cyrenaica.
- March 25 – WWII: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia joins the Axis powers in Vienna.
- March 27 – WWII:
- Battle of Cape Matapan: Off the Peloponnesus coast in the Mediterranean, British naval forces defeat those of Italy, sinking 5 warships. Battle ends on March 29.
- An anti-Axis coup d'état in Yugoslavia forces Prince Paul into exile; 17-year-old King Peter II assumes power.
- Attack on Pearl Harbor: Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa arrives in Honolulu, Hawaii and begins to study the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.
- March 30 – WWII:
- All German, Italian, and Danish ships anchored in United States waters are taken into "protective custody".
- A German Lorenz cipher machine operator sends a 4,000-character message twice, allowing British mathematician Bill Tutte to decipher the machine's coding mechanism.[3]
April[link]
- April 4 – WWII: Axis forces capture Benghazi.
- April 6 – WWII: Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece.
- April 9 – The U.S. acquires full military defense rights in Greenland.
- April 10 – WWII: The U.S. destroyer USS Niblack, while picking up survivors from a sunken Dutch freighter, drops depth charges on a German U-Boat (the first "shot in anger" fired by America against Germany).[citation needed]
- April 12 – WWII: German troops enter Belgrade.
- April 13 – The Soviet Union and Japan sign a neutrality pact.
- April 15 – WWII: Axis forces reach Halfaya Pass on the Libyan-Egyptian frontier.
- April 17 – WWII: The Yugoslav Royal Army capitulates.
- April 18 – WWII: Prime Minister of Greece Alexandros Koryzis commits suicide as German troops approach Athens.
- April 19 – Bertolt Brecht's anti-war play Mother Courage and Her Children (German: Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder) receives its first theatrical production at the Schauspielhaus Zürich.
- April 21 – WWII: Greece capitulates. Commonwealth troops and some elements of the Greek Army withdraw to Crete.
- April 23 – The America First Committee holds its first mass rally in New York City, with Charles Lindbergh as keynote speaker.
- April 25 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, at his regular press conference, criticizes Charles Lindbergh by comparing him to the Copperheads of the Civil War period. In response, Lindbergh resigns his commission in the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve on April 28.
- April 27 – WWII: German troops enter Athens.
May[link]
- May 1
- The breakfast cereal Cheerios is introduced as CheeriOats by General Mills.
- Orson Welles' film Citizen Kane premieres in New York City.
- The first Defense Bonds and Defense Savings Stamps go on sale in the United States, to help fund the greatly increased production of military equipment.
- May 2 – Anglo-Iraqi War: British combat operations against the rebel government of Rashid Ali in the Kingdom of Iraq begin.[4]
- May 5 – WWII: Emperor Haile Selassie enters Addis Ababa, which had been liberated from Italian forces; this date has been since commemorated as Liberation Day in Ethiopia.
- May 6 – At California's March Field, entertainer Bob Hope performs his first USO Show.
- May 8 – WWII: The German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin is sunk by HMS Cornwall (56) in the Indian Ocean.
- May 9 – WWII: The German submarine U-110 is captured by the British Royal Navy. On board is the latest Enigma cryptography machine, which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.
- May 10
- WWII: The British House of Commons is damaged by the Luftwaffe in an air raid.
- Rudolf Hess parachutes into Scotland, claiming to be on a peace mission.
- May 12 – Konrad Zuse presents the Z3, the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computer, in Berlin.
- May 15
- The first British jet aircraft, the Gloster E.28/39, is flown.
- Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak begins as the New York Yankee center fielder goes one for four against Chicago White Sox Pitcher Eddie Smith.
- May 19 – The Viet Minh is formed in Vietnam to overthrow the French Army in the nation.
- May 20 – WWII: The Battle of Crete begins as Germany launches an airborne invasion of Crete.
- May 21 – A U-boat sinks SS Robin Moor.
- May 24 – WWII: In the North Atlantic, the German battleship Bismarck sinks battlecruiser HMS Hood, killing all but 3 crewmen from a total of 1,418 aboard the pride of the Royal Navy.
- May 24 – The British submarine HMS Upholder (P37) torpedoes and sinks the Italian ocean liner SS Conte Rosso.
- May 26 – WWII: In the North Atlantic, Fairey Swordfish aircraft from the carrier HMS Ark Royal cripple the steering of Bismarck in an aerial torpedo attack.
- May 27
- WWII: President Roosevelt proclaims an "unlimited national emergency."
- WWII:Bismarck is sunk in the North Atlantic, killing 2,300.
- The Swiss Socialist Federation is banned.[5]
- May 30 – WWII: Manolis Glezos and Apostolos Santas tear down the Nazi swastika on the Acropolis in Athens, and replace it with the Greek flag
- May 31 – Anglo-Iraqi War: British troops complete the re-occupation of the Kingdom of Iraq, returning Prince 'Abd al-Ilah to power as regent for Faisal II.
June[link]
- June 5
- Four thousand Chongqing residents are asphyxiated in a bomb shelter during the Bombing of Chongqing.
- A Serbian ammunition depot explodes at Smederevo on the outskirts of Belgrade, Serbia, killing 2,500, and injuring over 4,500.
- June 8 – WWII: British and Free French forces invade Syria.
- June 13 – TASS, the official Soviet news agency, denies reports of tension between Germany and the Soviet Union.
- June 14
- June 16 – All German and Italian consulates in the United States are ordered closed and their staffs to leave the country by July 10.
- June 16 – WWII: Royal Navy planes sink the Vichy French ship Chevalier Paul
- June 20
- United States Army Air Corps becomes the Army Air Forces.
- Walt Disney's live-action animated feature, The Reluctant Dragon, is released.
- June 22
- WWII: Italy and Romania declare war on the Soviet Union.
- WWII: Germany invades the Soviet Union under Operation Barbarossa.
- WWII: Winston Churchill promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet Union in a worldwide broadcast: "Any man or state who fights against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe."
- WWII: The First Sisak Partisan Brigade, the first anti-fascist armed unit in occupied Europe, is founded by partisans near Sisak, Croatia.
- June 23 – WWII: Hungary and Slovakia declare war on the Soviet Union.
- June 24 – Founding of RIA Novosti.
- June 25 – WWII: Finland attacks the Soviet Union to seek the opportunity of revenge in the Continuation War.
- June 28 – WWII: Albania declares war on the Soviet Union.
July[link]
- July – The British Army's Special Air Service is formed.
- July 2 – WWII: Empire of Japan calls up 1 million men for military service.
- July 3 – WWII: Joseph Stalin, in his first address since the German invasion, calls upon the Soviet people to carry out a "scorched earth" policy of resistance to the bitter end.
- July 4 – The Mass murder of Polish scientists and writers is committed by German troops in the captured Polish city of Lwów.
- July 5 – WWII: German troops reach the Dnieper River.
- July 5–July 31: War is fought between Peru and Ecuador.
- July 7
- July 13 – WWII: Montenegro starts the second popular uprising in Europe against the Axis Powers, the first being the so-called February strike against deportation of Jews in Amsterdam and surroundings on February 25, 1941.
- July 14 – WWII: Vichy France signs armistice terms, ending all fighting in Syria and Lebanon.
- July 17 – Joe DiMaggio's 56 game hitting streak ends.
- July 19
- WWII: A BBC broadcast by "Colonel Britton" calls on the people of occupied Europe to resist the Nazis under the slogan "V for Victory".
- The first episode The Midnight Snack in which Tom and Jerry are officially named, more than a year after their first production Puss Gets the Boot
- July 23 – WWII Italian planes damege the destroyer HMS Fearless (H67) which has to be sunk by the British.
- July 25 – The Postal Code system is introduced in Germany.
- July 26
- WWII: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indo-China, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States.
- WWII: General Douglas MacArthur is named commander of all U.S. forces in the Philippines; the Philippines Army is ordered nationalized by President Roosevelt.
- July 31 – WWII – Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann Göring orders S.S. General Reinhard Heydrich to "submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question."
August[link]
- August – Political Warfare Executive is formed in the United Kingdom.
- August 1 – The first Jeep is produced.[citation needed]
- August 6 – Six-year-old Elaine Esposito goes to an appendix operation in Florida and lapses into a coma. She dies in 1978, still in a coma.
- August 7 – The British destroyer HMS Severn (N57)sinks the Italien Marconi class submarine.
- August 9 – Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet at Argentia, Newfoundland and Labrador. The Atlantic Charter is created as a result.
- August 16 – The HMS Mercury, Royal Navy Signals School and Combined Signals School open at Leydene, near Petersfield, Hampshire, England.
- August 18 – Adolf Hitler orders a temporary halt to Nazi Germany's systematic euthanasia of the mentally ill and handicapped due to protests. However, graduates of the T-4 Euthanasia Program are then transferred to concentration camps, where they continue in their trade.
- August 22 – WWII – France: The German Occupation Authority announces that anyone found either working for or aiding the Free French will be sentenced to death.
- August 24 – WWII: A Luftwaffe bomb hits an Estonian steamer with 3,500 Soviet-mobilized Estonian men on board, killing 598 of them.
- August 25 – WWII: Operation Countenance begins with United Kingdom and Soviet forces invading Iran.
- August 27 – WWII – Pierre Laval is shot in an assassination attempt at Versailles, France.
- August 28 – WWII: The Soviets announce the destruction of the massive Dnieper River dam at Zaporozhye, to prevent its capture by the Germans.
- August 31 – The Great Gildersleeve debuts on NBC Radio.
September[link]
- September 6 – Holocaust: The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word "Jew" inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied areas.
- September 8 – WWII – The Siege of Leningrad begins: German forces begin a siege against the Soviet Union's second-largest city, Leningrad. Stalin orders the Volga Germans deported to Siberia.
- September 11 – WWII: Charles Lindbergh, at an America First Committee rally in Des Moines, Iowa, accuses "the British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt administration" of leading the United States toward war. Widespread condemnation of Lindbergh follows.
- September 12 – WWII: The first snowfall is reported on the Russian front.
- September 14 – The State of Vermont declares war on Germany.
- September 15 – The Estonian Self-Administration, headed by Hjalmar Mäe, is appointed by the German military administration.
- September 16 – Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran is forced to resign in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, under pressure from the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union.
- September 22 The town of Reshetylivka in the Soviet Union is occupied by German forces.
- September 27 – The first Liberty Ship, the SS Patrick Henry, is launched at Baltimore, Maryland.
- September 29 – WWII: The Moscow Conference begins; U.S. representative Averill Harriman and British representative Lord Beaverbrook meet with Soviet foreign minister Molotov to arrange urgent assistance for Russia.
- September 29–September 30 – Holocaust: Babi Yar massacre – German troops, assisted by Ukrainian police and local collaborators, killed 33,771 Jews of Kiev, Ukraine.
October[link]
- October 1
- Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Konzentrationslager Lublin (commonly known as "Majdanek") opens in occupied Poland on the outskirts of the town Lublin. Between October 1941 and July 1944 at least 200,000 people were killed in the camp.
- New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy becomes the Royal New Zealand Navy
- October 2 – WWII: Operation Typhoon begins as Germany launches an all-out offensive against Moscow.
- October 7 – John Curtin becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Australia.
- October 8 – WWII: In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.
- October 11–October 12 – Fire destroys a Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. plant in Fall River, Massachusetts, consuming 15,850 tons of rubber and causing a setback to the United States war effort.[6]Apollonia,
- October 15 – the sumbmarine HMS Torbay (N79) bombards the Libyan port of Apollonia.
- Mid-October – First production P-38E Lightning fighter produced by Lockheed.
- October 16 – WWII: The Soviet Union government moves to Kuibyshev (modern Samara), but Joseph Stalin remains in Moscow.
- October 17 – WWII: The destroyer USS Kearny is torpedoed and damaged near Iceland, killing 11 sailors (the first American military casualties of the war).
- October 18 – General Hideki Tojo becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan.
- October 21 – WWII: The Germans rampage in Yugoslavia, killing thousands of civilians.
- October 23 – Walt Disney's animated film Dumbo is released.
- October 24 – Franz von Werra disappears during a flight over the North Sea.
- October 30 – WWII: Franklin Delano Roosevelt approves US$1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.
- October 31
- Last day of carving on Mount Rushmore.
- WWII: The destroyer USS Reuben James is torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors.
November[link]
- November 6 – WWII: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin addresses the Soviet Union for only the second time during his three-decade rule (the first time was earlier that year on July 2). He states that even though 350,000 troops have been killed in German attacks so far, that the Germans have lost 4.5 million soldiers (a gross exaggeration) and that Soviet victory is near.
- November 7 – WWII: The Soviet hospital Ship Armenia is sunk by German planes while evacuating refugees, wounded military and the staff of several Crimean hospitals. It is estimated that over 5,000 people die in the sinking.
- November 10 – In a speech at the Mansion House in London, Winston Churchill promises, "should the United States become involved in war with Japan, the British declaration will follow within the hour."
- November 12 – WWII: As Battle of Moscow begins, temperatures around Moscow drop to -12 °C, and the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city.
- November 14 – WWII: The aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal sinks after being torpedoed by U-81.
- November 17 – WWII – Attack on Pearl Harbor: Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables to Washington a warning that Japan may strike suddenly and unexpectedly.
- November 18 – WWII: Operation Crusader in North Africa begins
- November 19 – WWII: Both commerce raiding hilfskreuzer Kormoran and Australian cruiser HMAS Sydney sink following a battle off the coast of Western Australia. There are no survivors from the 645 Australian sailors aboard Sydney.[7]
- November 21 – The radio program King Biscuit Time is broadcast for the first time (it later becomes the longest running daily radio broadcast in history and the most famous live blues radio program).
- November 22 – WWII: HMS Devonshire sinks commerce raiding hilfskreuzer Atlantis, ending the longest warship cruise of the war. (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair)[8]
- November 26 – WWII – Attack on Pearl Harbor: A fleet of 6 aircraft carriers commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo leaves Hitokapu Bay for Pearl Harbor under strict radio silence
- November 27
- A group of young men stop traffic on U.S. Highway 99 south of Yreka, California, handing out fliers proclaiming the establishment of the State of Jefferson.
- WWII: Germans reach their closest approach to Moscow. They are subsequently frozen by cold weather and attacks by the Soviets.
December[link]
_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg)
- December 1 – WWII:
- Fiorello La Guardia, Mayor of New York City and Director of the Office of Civilian Defense, signs Administrative Order 9, creating the Civil Air Patrol under the authority of the United States Army Air Force.
- A state of emergency is declared in Malaya and the Straits Settlements.
- December 2 – WWII – Attack on Pearl Harbor: The code message "Climb Mount Niitaka" is transmitted to the Japanese task force, indicating that negotiations have broken down and that the attack is to be carried out according to plan.
- December 4 – The State of Jefferson is declared in Yreka, California, with judge John Childs as a governor.
- December 6 – WWII:
- Soviet counterattacks begin against German troops encircling Moscow. The Wehrmacht is subsequently pushed back over 200 miles.
- The United Kingdom declares war on Finland.
- December 6 – WWII: HMS Perseus (N36)is sunk by a mine.
- December 7 (December 8, Japan standard time) – WWII:
- Attack on Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy launches a surprise attack on the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor, thus drawing the United States into World War II. The attack is announced on radio stations in the US at about 2:26 p.m. EST (19.26 GMT).
- The Empire of Japan launches invasions in Hong Kong, Malaya, Manila, Singapore and the Philippines.
- Canada declares war on Japan.
- Tobruk's garrison is relieved.
- December 8
- WWII: The United States, United Kingdom, China and The Netherlands officially declare war on the Empire of Japan.
- President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Infamy" Address to a Joint Session of Congress at 12:30 p.m. EST (17.30 GMT) and transmitted live over all four major national networks attracts the largest audience ever for an American radio broadcast, over 81% of homes.[9]
- Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Chelmno opens in occupied Poland near a small village called Chełmno nad Nerem. Between December 1941-April 1943 and June 1944-January 1945 at least 153,000 people are killed in the camp.
- December 10 – WWII: The British battleship HMS Prince of Wales and battlecruiser HMS Repulse are sunk by Japanese aircraft in the South China Sea north of Singapore.
- December 11 – WWII: Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The U.S. responds in kind.
- December 12 – WWII:
- Hungary and Romania declare war on the United States.
- British India declares war on the Empire of Japan.
- The United States seizes the French ship SS Normandie.
- The Kimura Detachment of the Japanese Imperial forces is occupied in Legaspi, Albay in Eastern Philippines.
- December 13 – Sweden's low temperature record of -53°C is set in a village within the Vilhelmina Municipality.
- December 19 – WWII: Hitler becomes Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the German Army.
- December 23 – WWII: A second Japanese landing attempt on Wake Island is successful, and the American garrison surrenders after a full night and morning of fighting.
- December 24 – WWII:
- British forces capture Benghazi.
- Dutch submarine HNLMS K XVI is the first Allied ship to sink a Japanese warship, sinking the destroyer Sagiri near Sarawak; K XVI is herself torpedoed the following day by Japanese submarine I 66.
- December 25 – WWII: The British and Canadians are defeated by the Japanese at Hong Kong.
- December 26 – WWII: Winston Churchill becomes the first British Prime Minister to address a joint session of the U.S. Congress.
- December 27 – WWII: British Commandos raid the Norwegian port of Vaagso, causing Hitler to reinforce the garrison and defenses, drawing vital troops away from other areas.
Date unknown[link]
- The Valley of Geysers is discovered in Russia.
- The Indochina Communist party, led by Ho Chi Minh, combines with the Nationalist party to form the Viet Minh.
- Classic Comics series launched in the United States with a version of The Three Musketeers.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Dardo Cabo, Argentine journalist and activist (d. 1977)
- January 3 – Van Dyke Parks, American composer, producer, and musician
- January 4
- John Bennett Perry, American actor
- Maureen Reagan, American actress (d. 2001)
- January 5
- Hayao Miyazaki, Japanese film maker
- Kevin Keelan, English footballer
- January 7
- Iona Brown, British violinist and conductor (d. 2004)
- Manfred Schellscheidt, German American soccer coach
- John E. Walker, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- January 8 – Graham Chapman, English comedian (d. 1989)
- January 9 – Joan Baez, American singer and activist
- January 11
- Dave Edwards, American musician (d. 2000)
- Jimmy Velvit, American singer/songwriter
- January 12 – Long John Baldry, British singer (d. 2005)
- January 14
- Faye Dunaway, American actress
- Milan Kučan, Slovenian politician and statesman
- David Johnston, retired Australian newsreader
- January 15 – Captain Beefheart, American singer (d. 2010)
- January 18 – David Ruffin, American singer (The Temptations) (d. 1991)
- January 19 – Pat Patterson, Canadian professional wrestler
- January 20 – Allan Young (d. 2009)
- January 21
- Plácido Domingo, Spanish-born tenor
- Richie Havens, American musician
- January 24
- Neil Diamond, American singer and songwriter
- Aaron Neville, American singer
- January 25 – Theo Berger, German criminal
- January 26
- Scott Glenn, American actor
- Henry Jaglom, English film director
- January 27 – Beatrice Tinsley, English astronomer (d. 1981)
- January 30
- Dick Cheney, former Vice President of the United States
- Tineke Lagerberg, Dutch swimmer
- January 31
- Dick Gephardt, American politician
- Jessica Walter, American actress
February[link]
- February 1 – Jerry Spinelli, American children's author
- February 3 – Dory Funk, Jr., American professional wrestler
- February 5
- David Selby, American actor
- Kaspar Villiger, Swiss Federal Councilor
- Stephen J. Cannell, American director and producer (d. 2010)
- February 6 – Howard Phillips, American politician
- February 7 – Peter Foxhall, Australian evangelist
- February 8 – Nick Nolte, American actor
- February 10 – Michael Apted, English film director
- February 12 – Naomi Uemura, Japanese adventurer (d. 1984)
- February 13
- Sigmar Polke, German painter
- David Jeremiah, American televangelist
- February 19 – David Gross, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- February 20 – Buffy Sainte-Marie, American singer
- February 26 – Tony Ray-Jones, British photographer (d. 1972)
- February 27 – Paddy Ashdown, British politician
- February 28 – Suzanne Mubarak, Egyptian first lady
March[link]
- March 1 – Joo Hyun, South Korean actor
- March 4
- Adrian Lyne, English film director
- John Aprea, American actor
- March 5 – Nona Gaprindashvili, Georgian chess player
- March 6 – Willie Stargell, American baseball player (d. 2001)
- March 13 – Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian prominent poet and writer of prose (d. 2008)
- March 14 – Wolfgang Petersen, German film director
- March 15 – Mike Love, American musician (The Beach Boys)
- March 16
- Robert Guéï, military ruler of Côte d'Ivoire (d. 2002)
- Chuck Woolery, American game show host
- March 17 – Paul Kantner, American rock guitarist (Jefferson Airplane)
- March 18 – Wilson Pickett, American singer (d. 2006)
- March 20 – Kenji Kimihara, Japanese long-distance runner
- March 23 – Jim Trelease, American educator and author
- March 26 – Richard Dawkins, British scientist
- March 28 – Jim Turner, American football player
- March 29 – Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr., American astrophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 30 – Wasim Sajjad, President of Pakistan
April[link]
- April 2 – Dr. Demento (Barret Eugene Hansen), American radio disc jockey and novelty music collector
- April 3
- Eric Braeden, German-born American actor
- Philippe Wynne, American musician (d. 1984)
- April 8 – Peggy Lennon, American singer (The Lennon Sisters)
- April 9 – Kay Adams, American country singer
- April 11 – Shirley Stelfox, English actress
- April 12 – Bobby Moore, English football player and World Cup winning captain (d. 1993)
- April 13 – Michael Stuart Brown, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- April 14
- Julie Christie, British actress
- Pete Rose, American baseball player
- April 20 – Ryan O'Neal, American actor
- April 23
- Paavo Lipponen, Prime Minister of Finland
- Ed Stewart, English disc jockey
- April 24 – John Williams, Australian guitarist
- April 27 – Lee Roy Jordan, American football player
- April 28
- Ann-Margret, Swedish-born American actress, singer and dancer
- K. Barry Sharpless, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- Iryna Zhylenko, Ukrainian poet
May[link]
- May 5 – Alexander Ragulin, Russian hockey player (d. 2004)
- May 6 – Ivica Osim, Bosnian football player and manager
- May 11 – Eric Burdon, English singer (The Animals)
- May 13
- Senta Berger, Austrian actress
- Ritchie Valens, American singer (d. 1959)
- May 19
- Bobby Burgess, American dancer and singer
- Nora Ephron, American film, producer, director, and screenwriter
- May 20 – Goh Chok Tong, Prime Minister of Singapore
- May 21 – Bobby Cox, American baseball manager
- May 22 – Menzies Campbell, British politician
- May 24 – Bob Dylan, American poet and musician
- May 26 – John Kaufman, English sculptor
- May 31 – Louis J. Ignarro, American pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
June[link]
- June 1 – Alexander Zakharov, Soviet and Russian deputy scientist and astronomer, IKI
- June 2
- Charlie Watts, English Drummer, (The Rolling Stones)
- Stacy Keach, American actor
- June 4 – Erkin Koray, Turkish musician
- June 5
- Martha Argerich, Argentine pianist
- Spalding Gray, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2004)
- June 6 – Neal Adams, American comic book artist
- June 8
- Robert Bradford, Irish footballer and politician (d. 1981)
- Fuzzy Haskins, American musician (P-Funk)
- June 9 – Jon Lord, organist of Deep Purple, the "Lord of the Hammond organ"
- June 10
- Mickey Jones, American actor and musician
- Valeri Zolotukhin, Soviet/Russian actor
- James A. Paul, American writer and non-profit executive
- June 12 – Marv Albert, American sports announcer
- June 14 – Roy Harper, English guitarist
- June 15 – Harry Nilsson, American musician (d. 1994)
- June 19
- Conchita Carpio-Morales, Filipino Supreme Court jurist
- Vaclav Klaus. President of the Czech Republic
- June 21 – Joe Flaherty, American-Canadian actor and comedian
- June 22
- Ed Bradley, American journalist (60 Minutes) (d. 2006)
- Michael Lerner, American actor
- Terttu Savola, Finnish politician
- June 24
- Bill Reardon, American politician and educator
- Charles Whitman, American mass murderer (d. 1966)
- June 27 – Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish film director (d. 1996)
- June 28 – Joseph Goguen, American computer scientist (d. 2006)
July[link]
- July 1
- Alfred G. Gilman, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- Myron Scholes, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 6 – Harold Leighton Weller, American conductor
- July 7 – Bill Oddie, English comedian and ornithologist
- July 10 – Jackie Lane, English actress
- July 11 – Tommy Vance, English disc jockey (d. 2005)
- July 12
- Benny Parsons, American race car driver (d. 2007)
- John Lahr, "New Yorker" senior drama critic
- July 14
- Maulana Karenga, American author and activist
- Andreas Khol, Austrian politician
- July 16 – Hans Wiegel, Dutch politician
- July 19
- Vikki Carr, American singer
- Neelie Kroes, Dutch politician
- July 27 – Bill Baxley, Alabama politician
- July 28 – Riccardo Muti, Italian conductor
- July 29
- Jennifer Dunn, American politician (d. 2007)
- David Warner, English actor
- July 30 – Paul Anka, Canadian-American singer and songwriter
- July 31 – Amarsinh Chaudhary, Indian politician
August[link]
- August 3 – Martha Stewart, American television and magazine personality
- August 2 – Ede Staal, Dutch singer-songwriter
- August 6 – Lyle Berman, American poker player
- August 8 – George Tiller, American physician (d. 2009)
- August 9 – Shirlee Busbee, American novelist.
- August 12 – Deborah Walley, American actress (The Mothers-in-Law) (d. 2001)
- August 14
- Connie Smith, American singer
- David Crosby, American Musician (The Byrds)
- August 16
- David Dickinson, British antiques expert and television presenter
- Théoneste Bagosora, former Rwandan army officer and alleged planner of the Rwandan Genocide
- August 17 – Ibrahim Babangida, former President of Nigeria
- August 20 – Slobodan Milošević, President of Serbia (d. 2006)
- August 22 – Bill Parcells, American football coach
- August 28 – Joseph Shabalala, South African musician (Ladysmith Black Mambazo)
September[link]
- September 2
- David Bale, South African–born activist (d. 2003)
- Jyrki Otila, Finnish quiz show judge and Member of the European Parliament (d. 2003)
- John Thompson, American basketball coach
- September 3 – Sergei Dovlatov, Russian short-story writer and novelist (d. 1990)
- September 4 – Sushilkumar Shinde, Indian politician
- September 9
- Otis Redding, American musician (d. 1967)
- Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist (d. 2011)
- September 10
- Christopher Hogwood, English conductor and harpsichordist
- Gunpei Yokoi, Japanese computer game producer (d. 1997)
- September 13
- Tadao Ando, Japanese architect
- Ahmet Necdet Sezer, former President of Turkey
- September 14 – Alberto Naranjo, Venezuelan musician
- September 15
- George Saimes, American football player
- Mirosław Hermaszewski, first Polish cosmonaut in space
- September 17 – Bob Matsui, U.S. Congressman from California (d. 2005)
- September 19 – Cass Elliott, American singer (d. 1974)
- September 20 – Dale Chihuly, American glass sculptor
- September 24
- Guy Hovis, American singer
- Linda McCartney, American activist, musician and photographer (d. 1998)
- September 26 – Martine Beswick, British actress and model
- September 27 – Gay Kayler Ashcroft, Australian country music singer
- September 28 – Sam Zell, American billionaire investor and publisher
October[link]
- October 2 – Zareh Baronian, Archimandrite doctor, theologian of the Armenian Church, Bucarest
- October 4
- Elizabeth Eckford, American activist
- Anne Rice, American writer
- Roy Blount, Jr., American writer and comedian
- October 5 – Eduardo Duhalde, President of Argentina
- October 8 – Jesse Jackson, American clergyman and civil rights activist
- October 9 – Trent Lott, former United States Senate Minority Leader and United States Senate Majority Leader
- October 10 – Peter Coyote, American actor
- October 13 – Paul Simon, American singer and composer
- October 16 – Tim McCarver, American baseball commentator
- October 20 – Anneke Wills, British actress
- October 23 – Mel Winkler, American actor
- October 25
- Helen Reddy, Australian singer and actress
- Anne Tyler, American novelist
- October 27 – Gerd Brantenberg, Norwegian feminist author and gay rights activist
- October 28
- John Hallam, Irish actor
- Hank Marvin, British guitarist, singer and songwriter (The Shadows)
- October 30 – Theodor W. Hänsch, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics
- October 31 – Sally Kirkland, American actress
November[link]
- November 1
- Nigel Dempster, British journalist, author, broadcaster and diarist (d. 2007)
- Robert Foxworth, American actor
- November 2 – Bruce Welch, British guitarist, singer and songwriter (The Shadows)
- November 5 – Art Garfunkel, American singer
- November 6 – Doug Sahm, American musician (d. 1999)
- November 17 – Tova Traesnaes, American cosmetician and fifth wife of Ernest Borgnine
- November 18 – David Hemmings, English actor (d. 2003)
- November 21 – Juliet Mills, English actress
- November 23 – Derek Mahon, Irish poet
- November 24 – Pete Best, First Beatles Drummer
- November 25
- Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi, Sufi, author, poet and a growing following consider him to be the Mehdi, Messiah & Kalki Avatar
- Ralph Haben, American politician, former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives
- November 26 – G. Alan Marlatt, American psychologist
- November 27 – Eddie Rabbitt, American country musician (d. 1998)
- November 29 – Bill Freehan, American baseball player
December[link]
- December 6 –Vittorio Mezzogiorno,Italian actor (d. 1994}
- December 9 – Beau Bridges, American actor
- December 10 – Kyu Sakamoto, Japanese singer and actor (d. 1985)
- December 11 – J. Frank Wilson, American singer (J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers) (d. 1991)
- December 13 – John Davidson, American singer and actor
- December 18 – Prince William of Gloucester
- December 19 – Lee Myung Bak, 17th president of South Korea
- December 21 – Lo Hoi Pang, Hong Kong actor
- December 23
- Ron Bushy, American rock musician (Iron Butterfly)
- Tim Hardin, American musician (d. 1980)
- December 24 – John Levene, English actor
- December 30 – Mel Renfro, American football player
- December 31 – Alex Ferguson, English football manager (Manchester United)
Deaths[link]
January–February[link]
- January 4 – Henri Bergson, French philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1859)
- January 5 – Amy Johnson, English aviator (b. 1903)
- January 8 – Lord Robert Baden-Powell, English soldier and founder of the Boy Scouts (b. 1857)
- January 10
- Frank Bridge, English composer (b. 1879)
- Sir John Lavery, Irish artist (b. 1856)
- Joe Penner, American comedian and actor (b. 1904)
- January 13 – James Joyce, Irish writer (b. 1882)
- February 2 – Harris Laning, American admiral (b. 1873)
- February 6 – Banjo Paterson, Australian poet & journalist (b. 1864)
- February 9 – Aaron S. Watkins, American temperance movement leader (b. 1863)
- February 11 – Rudolf Hilferding, German economist and Minister of Finance (b. 1877)
- February 21 – Frederick Banting, Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1891)
- February 24 – Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, German submariner (b. 1886)
- February 27 – William D. Byron, U.S. Congressman (b. 1895)
- February 28 – King Alfonso XIII of Spain (b. 1886)
March–July[link]
- March 5 – Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia, Russian royal (b. 1891)
- March 6 – Gutzon Borglum, American sculptor (Mount Rushmore) (b. 1867)
- March 8 – Sherwood Anderson, American author (b. 1876)
- March 15 – Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian painter (b. 1864)
- March 28
- Virginia Woolf, English writer (b. 1882)
- Kavasji Jamshedji Petigara, Indian police commissioner (b. 1887)
- April 5 – Sir Nigel Gresley, English steam locomotive engineer (Flying Scotsman and Mallard) (b. 1876)
- April 13 – Annie Jump Cannon, American astronomer (b. 1863)
- April 16 – Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, Bt, GCB, GBE, FBA, British civil servant, industrialist, economist, statistician and banker (b.1880)
- April 24 – Karin Boye, Swedish poetess (suicide) (b. 1900)
- April 30 – Edwin S. Porter, American film director (b. 1870)
- May 1 – Jenny Dolly, American singer (b. 1892)
- May 11 – Peggy Shannon, American actress (b. 1910)
- May 12 – Ruth Stonehouse, American actress (b. 1892)
- May 16 – Minnie Vautrin, American missionary and heroine of the Nanjing Massacre (b. 1887)
- May 24 – Lancelot Holland, British admiral (b. 1887)
- May 27 – Günther Lütjens, German admiral (b. 1889)
- May 30 – Prajadhipok, Rama VII, king of Thailand (b. 1893)
- June 1 – Hugh Walpole, British writer (b. 1884)
- June 2 – Lou Gehrig, American baseball player (b. 1903)
- June 4 – Wilhelm II, last Emperor of Germany (b. 1859)
- June 6 – Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-born automobile builder and race car driver (b. 1878)
- June 21 – Elliott Dexter, American actor (b. 1870)
- June 29 – Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish pianist, composer, and third Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1860)
- July 3 – Friedrich Akel, Estonian diplomat and politician (b. 1871)
- July 4 – Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (b. 1881)
- July 10 – Jelly Roll Morton, African-American jazz musician and composer (b. 1890)
- July 11 – Arthur Evans, English archaeologist (b. 1851)
- July 15 – Walter Ruttmann, German director (b. 1887)
- July 20 – Lew Fields, American vaudeville performer (b. 1867)
- July 25 – Allan Forrest, American actor (b. 1885)
- July 26 – Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician (b. 1875)
- July 29 – James Stephenson, British actor (b. 1889)
August–December[link]
- August 7 – Rabindranath Tagore, Indian author, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
- August 13 – James Stuart Blackton, American film producer (b. 1875)
- August 14 – Paul Sabatier, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1854)
- August 30 – Peder Oluf Pedersen, Danish engineer and physicist (b. 1874)
- August 31 – Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet (suicide) (b. 1892)
- September 1 – Karl Parts, Estonia military commander (b. 1886)
- September 12 – Hans Spemann, German embryologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1869)
- September 18 – Fred Karno, British music hall comedian (b. 1866)
- October 5 – Louis Brandeis, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1856)
- October 8
- Gus Kahn, German songwriter (b. 1886)
- Valentine O'Hara, Irish author and authority on Russia and the Baltic States (b. 1875)
- October 9 – Helen Morgan, American singer and actress (b. 1900)
- October 26
- Arkady Gaidar, Russian writer (b. 1904)
- Victor Schertzinger, American composer and director (b. 1888)
- October 29 – Harvey Hendrick, American baseball player (b. 1897)
- November 13
- Daniel J. Callaghan, American admiral and Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1890)
- Norman Scott, American admiral and Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1889)
- November 16 – Miina Härma, Estonian composer (b. 1864)
- November 17 – Ernst Udet, German World War I fighter ace and Nazi Luftwaffe official (b. 1896)
- November 18
- Émile Nelligan, Canadian poet (b. 1879)
- Walther Nernst, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
- Chris Watson, 3rd Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1867)
- November 21 – Henrietta Vinton Davis, American elocutionist, dramatist, impersonator, public speaker (b. 1860)
- November 22 – Werner Moelders, German fighter pilot (b. 1913)
- November 26 – Niels Hansen Jacobsen, Danish sculptor and ceramist (b. 1861)
- November 30 – Esmond Romilly, British socialist (b. 1918)
- December 3 – Christian Sinding, Norwegian composer (b. 1856)
- December 7 – Isaac Campbell Kidd, American admiral (died in the attack on Pearl Harbor) (b. 1884)
- December 9 – Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli, Austrian general and German field marshal (b. 1856)
- December 12 – César Basa, Filipino pilot (b. 1915)
- December 25 – Blanche Bates, stage actress (b. 1873)
- December 30 – El Lissitzky, Russian artist and architect (b. 1890)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – not awarded
- Chemistry – not awarded
- Medicine – not awarded
- Literature – not awarded
- Peace – not awarded
References[link]
- ^ Muggenthaler, August Karl (1977). German Raiders of WWII. Prentice-Hall. pp. 140–143. ISBN 0-13-354027-8.
- ^ Robertson, Patrick (1974). The Shell Book of Firsts. London: Ebury Press. pp. 124–5.
- ^ BBC[dead link]
- ^ Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Flynn R. N., Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J. R. M. ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Naval & Military Press. pp. 182-3. ISBN 1-84574-066-1.
- ^ Lang, Karl (1988). Solidarité, débats, mouvement: cent ans de Parti socialiste suisse, 1888-1988. Lausanne: Editions d'en bas. pp. 270-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=cMBEFai6EQkC&pg=PA268.
- ^ "No Sabotage Found in Firestone Blaze by FBI Men Making Probe." Fall River, Herald News, October 14, 1941, p.1
- ^ Muggenthaler, August Karl (1977). German Raiders of WWII. Prentice-Hall. pp. 186–191. ISBN 0-13-354027-8.
- ^ Muggenthaler, August Karl (1977). German Raiders of WWII. Prentice-Hall. p. 114. ISBN 0-13-354027-8.
- ^ Brown, Robert J. (1998). Manipulating the Ether: the Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties America. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 117–120. ISBN 0-7864-2066-9.
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named John Williams, see John Williams (disambiguation).
| John Williams | |
|---|---|
 Williams at the Avery Fisher Hall in 2007 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | John Towner Williams |
| Born | (1932-02-08) February 8, 1932 (age 80) |
| Origin | Flushing, Queens, New York, United States of America |
| Genres | Film score, Contemporary classical music, Jazz |
| Occupations | Composer, pianist, conductor |
| Years active | 1952–present |
John Towner Williams (born February 8, 1932) is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. In a career spanning almost six decades, he has composed some of the most recognizable film scores in the history of motion pictures, including the Star Wars saga, Jaws, Superman, the Indiana Jones films, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, Jurassic Park, Schindler's List, War Horse, Home Alone and the first three Harry Potter films. He has had a long association with director Steven Spielberg, composing the music for all but two (Duel and The Color Purple) of Spielberg's major feature films.
Other notable works by Williams include theme music for four Olympic Games, NBC Sunday Night Football, the NBC Nightly News, the rededication of the Statue of Liberty, and the television series Lost in Space. Williams has also composed numerous classical concerti, and he served as the principal conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra from 1980 to 1993; he is now the orchestra's conductor laureate.
Williams has won five Academy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, seven BAFTA Awards, and 21 Grammy Awards. With 47 Academy Award nominations, Williams is the second most nominated person, after Walt Disney.[1] John Williams was honored with the prestigious Richard Kirk award at the 1999 BMI Film and TV Awards. The award is given annually to a composer who has made significant contributions to film and television music.[2] Williams was inducted into the Hollywood Bowl Hall of Fame in 2000, and was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2004.
Contents |
Early life and family[link]
John Williams was born on February 8, 1932 on Long Island, New York, the son of Esther (née Towner) and Johnny Williams.[3] His father was a jazz percussionist who played with the Raymond Scott Quintet.
In 1948, the Williams family moved to Los Angeles where John attended North Hollywood High School graduating in 1950. He later attended the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), and studied privately with the Italian composer Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco.[4] In 1952, Williams was drafted into the U.S. Air Force, where he conducted and arranged music for the Air Force Band as part of his assignments.
After his Air Force service ended in 1955, Williams moved to New York City and entered the Juilliard School, where he studied piano with Rosina Lhévinne.[4] During this time, Williams worked as a jazz pianist in New York's many clubs and eventually studios, most notably for composer Henry Mancini. His fellow session musicians included Rolly Bundock on bass, Jack Sperling on drums, and Bob Bain on guitar—the same lineup featured on the Mr. Lucky television series. Williams was known as "Little Johnny Love" Williams during the early 1960s, and he served as music arranger and bandleader for a series of popular music albums with the singer Frankie Laine.
Williams was married to actress Barbara Ruick from 1956 until her death on March 3, 1974. The Williamses had three children: Jennifer (born 1956), Mark (born 1958), and Joseph (born 1960). Williams' younger son (Joseph) is one of the various lead singers the band Toto. John Williams married his second wife, Samantha Winslow, on July 21, 1980.
John Williams is an honorary member of Kappa Kappa Psi, the national fraternity for college band members.
Film and television scoring[link]
While skilled in a variety of 20th century compositional idioms, Williams' most familiar style may be described as a form of neoromanticism,[5] inspired by the same large-scale orchestral music of the late 19th century—especially the compositions of Richard Wagner and its concept of leitmotif—that inspired his film music predecessors.[6]
After his studies at Juilliard, Williams returned to Los Angeles, where he began working as an orchestrator at film studios. Among other composers, Williams worked with Franz Waxman, Bernard Herrmann, and Alfred Newman, and also with his fellow orchestrators Conrad Salinger and Bob Franklyn.[7] Williams was also a studio pianist, performing on film scores by composers such as Jerry Goldsmith, Elmer Bernstein, and Henry Mancini. Williams recorded with Henry Mancini on the film scores of Peter Gunn (1959), Days of Wine and Roses (1962), and Charade (1963). (Williams actually played the well-recognized opening riff to Mancini's Peter Gunn theme.[8][9]) Williams (often credited as "Johnny Williams") also composed the music for various TV programs in the 1960s: The pilot episode of Gilligan's Island,[10] Bachelor Father (1959-1960), the Kraft Suspense Theatre, Lost in Space (1965–68), The Time Tunnel (1966–67), and Land of the Giants (the last three created by the prolific TV producer, Irwin Allen).
Working at Universal Studios, Williams shared music credit on a number of films, the most notable being The Creature from the Black Lagoon in 1954. Williams's first major film composition was for the B movie Daddy-O in 1958, and his first screen credit came two years later in Because They're Young. He soon gained notice in Hollywood for his versatility in composing jazz, piano, and symphonic music. Williams received his first nomination for an Academy Award for his film score for Valley of the Dolls (1967), and then was nominated again for his score for Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969). Williams broke through to win his first Academy Award for his adapted score for the film Fiddler on the Roof (1971). In 1972 he composed the score for the Robert Altman psychological thriller Images (recorded in collaboration with noted percussionist Stomu Yamashta) which earned him another nomination in the category 'Best Music, Original Dramatic Score' at the 1973 Academy Awards. During the early 1970s, Williams' prominence grew thanks to his work for now–film producer Irwin Allen's disaster films, composing the scores for The Poseidon Adventure (1972) and The Towering Inferno (1974). In addition, he scored Universal's Earthquake (1974) for director Mark Robson, completing a "trinity" of scores for the highest grossing "disaster films" of the decade. He also wrote a very memorable score to The Cowboys (1972), a western starring John Wayne and directed by Mark Rydell.
In 1974, Williams was approached by director Steven Spielberg to compose the music for his feature directorial debut, The Sugarland Express. The young director had been impressed with Williams's score for the movie The Reivers (1969), and Spielberg was convinced that Williams could compose the musical sound that he desired for any of his films. They teamed up again a year later for Spielberg's second film, Jaws. Widely considered to be a classic suspense film, its film score's ominous two-note motif has become synonymous with sharks and approaching danger. The score for Jaws earned Williams his second Academy Award, his first one for an original composition.
Shortly thereafter, Williams and Spielberg began a long collaboration for their next feature film together, Close Encounters of the Third Kind (CE3K, 1977). In an unusual step for a Hollywood film, Spielberg and Williams developed their script and musical concepts simultaneously, as in the film these entwine very closely together. During their two-year-long collaboration, they crafted its distinctive five-note figure that functions both in the background music and as the communications signal of the film's extraterrestrials. Williams also used a system of musical hand signals in CE3K that were based on hand signs created by John Curwen and refined by Zoltan Kodaly.
During the same period, Spielberg recommended Williams to his friend and fellow director George Lucas, who needed a composer to score his ambitious space epic, Star Wars (1977). Williams delivered a grand symphonic score in the fashion of Richard Strauss and Golden Age Hollywood composers Max Steiner and Erich Wolfgang Korngold. Its main theme, "Luke's Theme" is among the most widely recognized in motion picture history, and the "Force Theme" and "Princess Leia's Theme" are well-known examples of leitmotif. Both the film and its soundtrack were immensely successful—it remains the highest grossing non-popular music recording of all-time—and Williams won another Academy Award for Best Original Score. In 1980, Williams returned to score The Empire Strikes Back, where he introduced "The Imperial March" as the theme for Darth Vader and the Galactic Empire. The original Star Wars trilogy concluded with the 1983 film Return of the Jedi, for which Williams's score provided most notably the "Emperor's Theme," "Parade of the Ewoks," and "Luke and Leia." Both scores earned Williams Academy Award nominations.
Williams worked with director Richard Donner to score the 1978 film Superman. The score's heroic and romantic themes, particularly the main march, the Superman fanfare and the love theme, known as "Can You Read My Mind," would appear in the four sequel films. For the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, created and directed by Lucas and Spielberg, Williams wrote a rousing main theme known as "The Raiders March" to accompany the film's hero, Indiana Jones. He also composed separate themes to represent the Ark of the Covenant, the character Marion, and the Nazi villains of the story. Additional themes were featured in his scores to the sequel films Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008). Williams composed an emotional and sensitive score to Spielberg's 1982 fantasy film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. The music conveys the film's benign, childlike sense of innocence, particularly with a spirited theme for the freedom of flight, and a soft string-based, harp-featured theme for the friendship between characters E.T. and Elliott. The film's final chase and farewell sequence marks a rare instance in film history in which the on-screen action was re-edited to conform to the composer's musical interpretation. Williams was awarded a fourth Academy Award for this score.
The 1985 film The Color Purple is the only theatrical feature directed by Steven Spielberg for which John Williams did not serve as composer. The film's producer, Quincy Jones, wanted to personally arrange and compose the music for the project. Williams also did not score Twilight Zone: The Movie, but Spielberg had directed only one of the four segments in that film; the lead director and producer of the film, John Landis, selected Jerry Goldsmith as composer. The Williams-Spielberg collaboration resumed with the director's 1987 film Empire of the Sun, and has continued to the present, spanning genres from science fiction thrillers (1993's Jurassic Park), to somber tragedies (1993's Schindler's List, 2005's Munich), to Eastern-tinged melodramas (2005's Memoirs of a Geisha, directed by Rob Marshall). Spielberg has said, "I call it an honorable privilege to regard John Williams as a friend."[11]
In 1999 George Lucas launched the first of a series of prequels to the original Star Wars trilogy. Williams was asked to score all three films, starting with The Phantom Menace. Along with themes from the previous movies, Williams created new themes to be used as leitmotifs in Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005). Most notable of these was "Duel of the Fates," an aggressive choral movement utilizing harsh Sanskrit lyrics that broadened the style of music used in the Star Wars films. Also of note was "Anakin's Theme," which begins as an innocent childlike melody and morphs insidiously into a quote of the sinister "Imperial March" of the prior trilogy. For Episode II, Williams composed "Across the Stars," a love theme for Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker (mirroring the love theme composed for the second film of the previous trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back). The final installment combined many of the themes created for the series' previous movies, including "The Emperor's Theme," "The Imperial March," "Across the Stars," "Duel of the Fates," "The Force Theme," "Rebel Fanfare," "Luke's Theme," and "Princess Leia's Theme," as well as new themes for General Grievous and the film's climax, entitled "Battle of the Heroes." Few composers have scored an entire series of this magnitude: The combined scores of all six Star Wars films add up to more than 14 hours of orchestral music.
In the new millennium, Williams was asked to score the film adaptations of the widely successful book series, Harry Potter. He went on to score the first three installments of the film franchise. As with his Superman theme, the most important theme from Williams's scores for the adaptations of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, dubbed Hedwig's Theme, has been used in the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth films (Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2), scored by Patrick Doyle, Nicholas Hooper and Alexandre Desplat respectively. Like the main themes from Star Wars, Jaws, Superman, and Indiana Jones, fans have come to identify the Harry Potter films with Williams's original compositions. Williams was asked to return to the film franchise to score the final installment, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, but director David Yates stated that "their schedules simply did not align" as he would have had to provide Williams with a rough cut of the film sooner than was possible.
In 2006 Superman Returns was completed under the direction of Bryan Singer, best known for directing the first two movies in the X-Men series. Although Singer did not request Williams to compose a score for the intentionally Donner-esque film, he employed the skills of X2 composer John Ottman to incorporate Williams's original Superman theme, as well as those for Lois Lane, Krypton and Smallville. Don Davis performed a similar role for Jurassic Park III, recommended to the producers by Williams himself. (Film scores by Ottman and to a lesser extent Davis are often compared to those of Williams, as both use similar styles of composition.)
In 2008 Williams returned to the Indiana Jones series to score the fourth film—The Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. He received a Grammy nomination for his work on the film. During 2008, he also composed music for two documentaries, Warner at War,[12] and A Timeless Call,[13] the latter of which was directed by Steven Spielberg.
After a three year absence from film scoring, Williams composed the scores for Spielberg's The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn and War Horse in 2011. Both scores received overwhelmingly positive reviews,[14][15][16][17][18][19] with both scores earning Oscar nominations,[20] and the latter being nominated for a Golden Globe.[21] The Oscar nominations are Williams' 46th and 47th, making him the most nominated musician in Academy Awards history (having previously been tied with Alfred Newman's 45 nominations), and the second most nominated overall, following Walt Disney. Williams won an Annie Award for his score for The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn in 2012.
Williams is next scheduled to score Spielberg's 2012 film Lincoln.
Conducting and performing[link]
From 1980 to 1993, Williams succeeded Arthur Fiedler as Principal Conductor of the Boston Pops Orchestra. Williams never met Fiedler in person but spoke with him by telephone. His arrival as the new leader of the Pops in the spring of 1980 allowed him to devote part of the Pops' first PBS broadcast of the season to presenting his new compositions for The Empire Strikes Back, in addition to conducting many Fiedler audience favorites.
Williams almost ended his tenure with the Pops in 1984.[22] Considered a customary practice of opinion, some players hissed while sight-reading a new Williams composition in rehearsal; Williams abruptly left the session and turned in his resignation. He initially cited mounting conflicts with his film composing schedule, but later admitted a perceived lack of discipline in and respect from the Pops' ranks, culminating in this latest instance. After entreaties by the management and personal apologies from the musicians, Williams withdrew his resignation and continued as principal conductor for nine more years.[23] In 1995 he was succeeded by Keith Lockhart, the former associate conductor of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra and Cincinnati Pops Orchestra.
Williams is now the Laureate Conductor of the Pops, thus maintaining his affiliation with its parent, the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO). Williams leads the Pops on several occasions each year, particularly during their Holiday Pops season and typically for a week of concerts in May. He conducts an annual Film Night at both Boston Symphony Hall and Tanglewood, where he frequently enlists the Tanglewood Festival Chorus, official chorus of the BSO....
Williams has written many concert pieces, including a symphony; a Concerto for Horn written for Dale Clevenger, principal hornist of the Chicago Symphony; a Concerto for Clarinet written for Michele Zukovsky (Principal Clarinetist of the Los Angeles Philharmonic) in 1991;[24] a sinfonietta for wind ensemble; a cello concerto premiered by Yo-Yo Ma and the Boston Symphony Orchestra at Tanglewood in 1994; concertos for the flute and violin recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra; and a trumpet concerto, which was premiered by the Cleveland Orchestra and their principal trumpet Michael Sachs in September 1996. His bassoon concerto, "The Five Sacred Trees", which was premiered by the New York Philharmonic and principal bassoon player Judith LeClair in 1995, was recorded for Sony Classical by Williams with LeClair and the London Symphony Orchestra. He is also an accomplished pianist, as can be heard in various scores in which he provides solos, as well as a handful of European classical music recordings.
Williams was the subject of an hour-long documentary for the BBC in 1980, and was featured in a story for ABC's newsmagazine 20/20 in 1983.[25]
In 1985, Williams was commissioned by NBC to compose a television news music package for various network news spots. The package, which Williams named "The Mission", consists of four movements, two of which are still used heavily by NBC today for The Today Show, NBC Nightly News, and Meet the Press. Williams also composed the "Liberty Fanfare" for the rededication of the Statue of Liberty, "We're Lookin' Good!" for the Special Olympics in celebration of the 1987 International Summer Games, and themes for the 1984, 1988, 1996, and 2002 Olympic games. His most recent concert work, "Seven for Luck", for soprano and orchestra, is a seven-piece song cycle based on the texts of former U.S. Poet Laureate Rita Dove. "Seven for Luck" was given its world premiere by the Boston Symphony under Williams with soprano Cynthia Haymon.
Williams makes annual appearances with the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, and took part as conductor and composer in the orchestra's opening gala concerts for the Walt Disney Concert Hall in 2003.
In 2004, Williams both served as the Grand Marshall for the Rose Parade, and directed the Star Spangled Banner at the beginning of the Rose Bowl.
In April 2005, Williams and the Boston Pops performed "The Force Theme" from Star Wars at opening day in Fenway Park as the Boston Red Sox, having won their first World Series championship since 1918, received their championship rings. For Game 1 of the 2007 World Series, Williams conducted a brass-and-drum ensemble through a new dissonant arrangement of the "Star Spangled Banner."[25]
In April 2004, February 2006, and September 2007, he conducted the New York Philharmonic at Avery Fisher Hall in New York City. The initial program was intended to be a one-time special event, and featured Williams's medley of Oscar-winning film scores first performed at the previous year's Academy Awards.[26] Its unprecedented popularity led to two concerts in 2006: fundraising gala events featuring personal recollections by film directors Martin Scorsese and Steven Spielberg.[27] Continuing demand fueled three more concerts in 2007, which all sold out. These featured a tribute to the musicals of film director Stanley Donen, and had the distinction of serving as the opening event of the New York Philharmonic season.[28] After a four-season absence, Williams conducted the Philharmonic once again in October 2011.[29]
Awards[link]
John Williams has won five Academy Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards. He has also been nominated for 22 Golden Globes, winning four, and 59 Grammys, winning 20. With 47 Oscar nominations, Williams currently holds the record for the most Oscar nominations for a living person,[30][31] and is the second most nominated person in the history of the Academy Awards behind only Walt Disney's 59. Forty-two of Williams' Oscar nominations are for Best Original Score and five are for Best Original Song. He won four Oscars for Best Original Score and one for Best Adapted Score (Fiddler on the Roof).
Williams has received three Emmy Awards and five nominations, seven BAFTAs, twenty Grammy Awards, and has been inducted into the American Classical Music Hall of Fame and the Hollywood Bowl Hall of Fame. In 2004 he received a Kennedy Center Honor. He won a Classical Brit award in 2005 for his soundtrack work of the previous year.
Notably, Williams has won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition for his scores for Star Wars, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Superman, The Empire Strikes Back, E.T. The Extraterrestrial, Angela's Ashes (1999), Munich (2005), and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. The competition includes not only composers of film scores, but also composers of instrumental music of any genre, including composers of classical fare such as symphonies and chamber music.
In 2003, the International Olympic Committee accorded Mr. Williams its highest individual honor, the Olympic Order.[32]
In 2009, Williams received the National Medal of Arts in the White House in Washington for his achievements in symphonic music for motion pictures, and "as a pre-eminent composer and conductor [whose] scores have defined and inspired modern movie-going for decades."[33]
John Williams was made an honorary brother of Kappa Kappa Psi at Boston University in the late 80's. [34]
AFI[link]
Williams's richly thematic and highly popular 1977 score to Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope was selected in 2005 by the American Film Institute as the greatest American movie score of all time. His scores for Jaws and E.T. also appeared on the list, at No. 6 and No. 14, respectively.[35] He is the only composer to have three scores on the list. Williams' scores for the following films were nominated for the list:
- A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
- Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
- The Cowboys (1972)
- Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001)
- Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
- Schindler's List (1993)
- Superman (1978)
- The Witches of Eastwick (1987)
List of awards[link]
Discography[link]
Main article: John Williams discography
Charting hits (U.S., Billboard)[link]
- 1975 - "Theme From Jaws", #32
- 1977 - "Star Wars Theme - Main Title", #10
- 1978 - "Theme From Close Encounters Of The Third Kind", #13
- 1979 - "Theme From Superman", #81
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Official Academy Awards Database at www.oscars.org (accessed September 29, 2007)
- ^ "BMI Film/Awards:1999". bmi.com. http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/533563. Retrieved November 4, 2010.
- ^ "John Williams, el compositor de la aventura". Revista Esfinge. http://www.revistaesfinge.com/?p=569. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ a b Sony Classical Williams Biography at www.sonybmgmasterworks.com. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
- ^ "Romanticism". https://www.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/romanticism.html. Retrieved August 25, 2006.
- ^ "Star Wars and Wagner's Ring". http://www.trell.org/wagner/starwars.html. Retrieved August 15, 2010.
- ^ Films & Filming, vol.24, 1977, p.32
- ^ Tribute to John Williams, ca. 1991.
- ^ John Williams Biography at FilmReference.com.
- ^ Marooned credits (unaired pilot, October 16, 1962)
- ^ Spielberg, Steven (1993). "Back cover". Jurassic Park Audio CD (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack CD) (Album notes). MCA. "...and I consider it a privilege to call John my Friend."
- ^ Warner at War (2008) (TV) - Full cast and crew
- ^ A Timeless Call (2008) - Full cast and crew
- ^ "The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn (John Williams)". Filmtracks. http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/tintin.html. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "War Horse (John Williams)". Filmtracks. 2011-11-21. http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/war_horse.html. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn (John Williams) « MovieCues". Moviecues.com. 2011-11-01. http://www.moviecues.com/tintin/. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "War Horse (John Williams) « MovieCues". Moviecues.com. 2011-12-04. http://www.moviecues.com/war-horse/. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "The Adventures Of Tintin: The Secret Of The Unicorn – John Williams « Movie Music Uk". Moviemusicuk.us. 2011-10-23. http://moviemusicuk.us/2011/10/23/the-adventures-of-tintin-the-secret-of-the-unicorn-john-williams/. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn soundtrack review | John Williams". movie-wave.net. http://www.movie-wave.net/?p=1883. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "Winners for the 84th Academy Awards | Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences". Oscars.org. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/84/nominees.html. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ Thursday, December 15, 2011 (2011-12-15). "The 69th Annual Golden Globe Awards NOMINATIONS | OFFICIAL WEBSITE of the HFPA and the GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS". Goldenglobes.org. http://www.goldenglobes.org/blog/2011/12/the-69th-annual-golden-globe-awards-nominations/. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ Holland, Bernard (June 14, 1984). "Boston Pops Conductor Resigns Abruptly". New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F10E11FE3B5F0C778DDDAF0894DC484D81. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
- ^ Clendinen, Dudley (May 1, 1985). "At 100, the Boston Still Packs Them In". New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F20F10F93D5F0C728CDDAC0894DD484D81. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
- ^ "Concerto for Clarinet". MyTempo.com. 1991. http://www.mytempo.com/williams.htm. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
- ^ a b "John Williams: Videos" from the John Williams Fan Network, June 2, 2007.
- ^ "John Williams: the Art of the Score". Nyphil.org. 2004-02-10. http://nyphil.org/meet/archive/index.cfm?page=eventDetail&eventNum=399&seasonNum=3. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
- ^ "John Williams conducts the New York Philharmonic". Nyphil.org. 2007-09-14. http://nyphil.org/meet/archive/index.cfm?page=eventDetail&eventNum=1361&seasonNum=7. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
- ^ "John Williams". New York Philharmonic. http://nyphil.org/attend/broadcasts/index.cfm?page=broadcastDetail&broadcastKey=149. Retrieved January 6, 2008.
- ^ "John Williams: a Night at the Movies". Nyphil.org. 2009-08-23. http://nyphil.org/attend/season/index.cfm?page=eventDetail&eventNum=2328&seasonNum=11. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
- ^ "Williams, John biography". http://www.8notes.com/biographies/john_williams.asp. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
- ^ "John Williams Film Music Box Biography Discography News". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927011739/http://www.filmmusicbox.com/boutique_us/page_actus_page.cfm?code_lg=lg_us&num_actus=3. Retrieved May 6, 2006.
- ^ "IOC awards the Olympic Order to John Williams". IOC. May 1, 2003. http://www.olympic.org/news?articleid=56284. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Remarks by the President at Presentation of the National Humanities Medal and the National Medal of the Arts | The White House". February 25, 2010. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-presentation-national-humanities-medal-and-national-medal-arts. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ "Kappa Kappa Psi Theta Beta at Boston University". http://bubands.com/kky/alumni/roster.php#honorary.
- ^ "AFI 100 Years of Film Scores". Web.archive.org. 2007-10-22. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20071022042809/http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/scores.aspx. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
Further reading[link]
- Moormann, Peter (2010) (in German). Spielberg-Variationen: die Filmmusik von John Williams. Baden-Baden: Nomos, Edition Reinhard Fischer. p. 797. ISBN 978-3-8329-5355-3.
- Aschieri, Roberto (1999) (in Spanish). Over The Moon: La Mứsica de John Williams Para El Cine. Santigo, Chile: Función Privada, sponsored by Universidad Diego Portales. p. 400. ISBN 978-4-89799-246-4.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: John Williams |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Williams |
- John Williams at the Internet Movie Database
- John Williams Fan Network
- Music by John Williams
- The John Towner Touch (1957) (First solo album)
- The John Williams Web Pages
- Hollywood Bowl's Hall of Fame
- John Williams Music Network
- John Williams discography at MusicBrainz
- John Williams at Soundtrackguide.net
- John Williams on SoundtrackNet
- John Williams Discography at SoundtrackCollector.com
- The John Williams Collection
- John Williams Sheet Music and Scores
- Timelines John Williams (Article Part 1 of 6)
- Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6
- Critical review of Williams's career by Anthony Tommasini at New York Times (2005)
- John Williams Fan Site (Chinese language)
- John Williams on Pandora
| Preceded by Arthur Fiedler |
Conductor, Boston Pops Orchestra 1980–1993 |
Succeeded by Keith Lockhart |
| Preceded by |
Laureate Conductor, Boston Pops Orchestra 1993–present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Williams, John |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American composer |
| Date of birth | February 8, 1932 |
| Place of birth | Long Island, New York |
| Date of death | F |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/John_Williams
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) |
| John Belushi | |
|---|---|
| File:John Belushi.jpg Belushi in Animal House, 1978 |
|
| Born | John Adam Belushi (1949-01-24)January 24, 1949 Wheaton, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | March 5, 1982(1982-03-05) (aged 33) West Hollywood, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Accidental overdose |
| Residence | West Hollywood |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | comedian, musician, actor |
| Years active | 1973–1982 |
| Influenced | Chris Farley, Artie Lange |
| Home town | Chicago, Illinois |
| Spouse | Judy Belushi (1976–1982) |
| Parents | Adam Belushi Agnes Belushi |
| Relatives | James Belushi |
John Adam Belushi (
/bəˈluːʃi/; January 24, 1949 – March 5, 1982) was an American comedian, actor, and musician, best known as one of the original cast members of the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live and starring alongside Dan Aykroyd in the comedy film The Blues Brothers. He was the older brother of James "Jim" Belushi.
Contents |
Early life[link]
John Belushi was born in Chicago. He was the son of Agnes (née Samaras), who was of Albanian descent, and Adam Belushi (1918–1996), an Albanian immigrant and restaurant operator who left his native village, Qytezë, in 1934 at the age of sixteen. John was raised in a Chicago suburb, along with his three siblings: younger brothers Billy and Jim and his sister, Marian.[1][2][3][4] The family's name at the time of immigration was Bellios, or Belliors.[4] Belushi was raised in the Albanian Orthodox church and grew up outside Chicago in Wheaton. He attended Wheaton Central High School, where he met his future wife, Judy Jacklin.
Career[link]
Belushi's first big break as a comedian occurred in 1971, when he joined The Second City comedy troupe in Chicago. He was cast in National Lampoon's Lemmings, a parody of Woodstock, which played Off-Broadway in 1972 and showcased future Saturday Night Live (SNL) performers Chevy Chase and Christopher Guest.
In 1973, Belushi and Jacklin moved together to New York. From 1973 to 1975, National Lampoon Inc. aired The National Lampoon Radio Hour, a half-hour comedy program syndicated across the country on approximately 600 stations. Belushi was a regular player on the show. Other players included future SNL regulars Gilda Radner, Bill Murray, Brian Doyle-Murray and Chevy Chase. Jacklin became an associate producer for the show, and she and Belushi were married on December 31, 1976. A number of comic segments first performed on The Radio Hour were transformed into SNL sketches in the show's early seasons.
1975–1979[link]
Belushi achieved national fame for his work on Saturday Night Live, which he joined as an original cast member in 1975. Between seasons of the show, he made one of his best-known movies, Animal House.
When interviewed for retrospectives on John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd told stories of John often finishing SNL rehearsals, shows or film shoots and John being exhausted, simply walking unannounced into nearby homes of friends or strangers, scrounging around for food and often falling asleep, unable to be located for the following day's work.[5] This was the impetus for the SNL horror-spoof sketch "The Thing That Wouldn't Leave",[6] in which Belushi torments a couple (played by Jane Curtin and Bill Murray) in their home looking for snacks, newspapers and magazines to read, and taking control of their television. During the opening of the SNL episode that aired on December 17, 1977, Belushi, while in character as himself, quipped, "I plan to be dead by the time I'm 30."[7] SNL also featured a short film by writer Tom Schiller called "Don't Look Back In Anger",[8] where Belushi, playing himself as an old man and the last-surviving SNL cast member, visits the graves of his now-former cast members.
Belushi left Saturday Night Live in 1979 to pursue a film career. Belushi made four more movies; three of them, 1941, Neighbors, and most notably The Blues Brothers were made with fellow SNL alumnus Dan Aykroyd.
Other movie projects[link]
Dan Aykroyd wrote the roles of Dr. Peter Venkman in Ghostbusters and Emmett Fitz-Hume in Spies Like Us with Belushi in mind. The roles were eventually played by Belushi's former SNL castmates Bill Murray and Chevy Chase, respectively.
Released in September 1981, the romantic comedy Continental Divide starred Belushi as Chicago home town hero writer Ernie Souchack, who gets put on assignment researching a scientist studying birds of prey in the remote Rocky Mountains.
At the time of his death, Belushi was pursuing several movie projects, including Noble Rot, an adaptation of a script by former Mary Tyler Moore Show writer and producer Jay Sandrich entitled Sweet Deception.
Belushi recruited the band Fear and brought them to Cherokee Studios to record songs for the soundtrack of Neighbors, a film he and Aykroyd were starring in. Cherokee Studios was a regular haunt for the original Blues Brothers back in the early days of the band. John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd became fixtures at the recording studio, while fellow Blues Brother and guitar player Steve Cropper called Cherokee his producing home. "John was a crazy guy, but a heavy drinker. At times, he would drink an entire fifth of Jack Daniel's in less than five minutes," Aykroyd commented. Whenever they needed a bass player, they were joined by another Blues Brother, Donald "Duck" Dunn. During this time, Cropper along with producing partner and Cherokee owner Bruce Robb, worked on a number of music projects with the two comedian/musicians, the band Fear and later Aykroyd's movie Dragnet. "What can I say? John was excessively talented, and I guess you could say he sort of lived life 'excessively.' I think what happened to John had a sobering effect on a lot of people, me included," said music producer Bruce Robb.
Death[link]
On March 5, 1982, Bill Wallace found Belushi dead in his room, Bungalow #3 at the Chateau Marmont on Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood, California.[9] The cause of death was a speedball; the combined injection of cocaine and heroin. On the night of his death, he was visited separately by friends Robin Williams[10] and Robert De Niro,[11] each of whom left the premises, leaving Belushi in the company of assorted others, including Catherine Evelyn Smith. His death was investigated by forensic pathologist Dr. Ryan Norris among others, and while the findings were disputed, it was officially ruled a drug-related accident.
Two months later, Smith admitted in an interview with the National Enquirer that she had been with Belushi the night of his death and had given him the fatal speedball shot. After the appearance of the article "I Killed Belushi" in the Enquirer edition of June 29, 1982, the case was reopened. Smith was extradited from Toronto, arrested and charged with first-degree murder. A plea bargain reduced the charge to involuntary manslaughter, and she served 15 months in prison.[12]
Shortly before Belushi's death, he appeared in a cameo for the comedy series Police Squad! At the suggestion of the show's producer, Robert K. Weiss, Belushi was filmed, face down in a swimming pool, dead. The footage was part of a running gag wherein the episode's "special guest star" would not survive past the opening credits without meeting some gruesome end. The scene was cut after his death and the footage is believed to have been lost.
Belushi and his friend Dan Aykroyd were slated to present the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 54th Academy Awards, an event held less than four weeks after his death.
Belushi was slated to appear on the well-known Canadian comedy show SCTV, which was by then being syndicated to the United States, but according to Dave Thomas, one of whose best-known characters on SCTV was Doug McKenzie in the "Great White North" sketches, they were "planning him into their set, when suddenly, they received a phone call that Belushi had died in his hotel room. We stopped our work and just stared at each other, not being able to believe what had happened. John Candy began to cry, for Belushi as a friend, but also because it, to him, signaled the end of that era of comedy TV, now that one of their greats was dead." The segments he was to be in were scrapped, and the show continued without him. An earlier SCTV sketch had starred Tony Rosato as Belushi.
Belushi's wife arranged for a traditional Orthodox Christian funeral which was conducted by an Albanian Orthodox priest[13] and he is interred at Abel's Hill Cemetery in Chilmark on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. His tombstone, a New England classic slate design, complete with skull and crossbones, reads, "I may be gone but Rock and Roll lives on."[14] He also is remembered on the Belushi family stone marking his mother's grave at Elmwood Cemetery in River Grove, Illinois. This stone says, "He Gave Us Laughter."[15]
The manner in which Belushi died has spawned a term in popular culture. For example, in the CSI episode titled "Way to Go (Part 2)" (season 6, episode 141), CSI Catherine Willows (Marg Helgenberger) investigates the death of a Civil War aficionado, whose body was found in a hotel room, and who seemed to have been drugged. Forensic evidence leads Willows to ask a call girl if she had "Belushied" the victim.
Tributes[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
John Belushi's life is detailed in the 1985 biography Wired: The Short Life and Fast Times of John Belushi by Bob Woodward. Many friends and relatives of Belushi, including his wife Judy, Dan Aykroyd and James Belushi, agreed to be interviewed at length for the book, but later felt the final product was exploitative and not representative of the John Belushi they knew. The book was later adapted into a feature film in which Belushi was played by Michael Chiklis. Belushi's friends and family boycotted the film, the publicity from which helped cause the movie to be a box-office flop.
The Grateful Dead performed the song "West L.A. Fadeaway" beginning in late 1982. The song, penned by long time lyricist Robert Hunter and sung by Jerry Garcia, contains fairly explicit references to Belushi's death, especially the line "Looking for a chateau, 21 rooms but one will do.[16]
Belushi was portrayed by actors Eric Siegel in Gilda Radner: It's Always Something, Tyler Labine in Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Mork & Mindy (which also features his friendship with Robin Williams), and Michael Chiklis in Wired.
His widow later remarried and is now Judith Belushi Pisano. Her biography (with co-biographer Tanner Colby) of John, Belushi: A Biography is a collection of first-person interviews and photographs, and was published in 2005.
On April 1, 2004, 22 years after his death, Belushi was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, after a ten-year lobbying effort by James Belushi and Judith Belushi Pisano. Among those present at the ceremony were Dan Aykroyd, Chevy Chase, Ted Danson, Mary Steenburgen, and Tom Arnold.
In 2006, Biography Channel aired the "John Belushi" episode of Final 24, a documentary following Belushi in the last 24 hours leading to his death. In 2010, Biography aired a full biography documentation of the life of "John Belushi".
The 1987 song "Efilnikufesin (N.F.L)", by the American thrash metal band Anthrax was dedicated to John Belushi.
Several characters in Neil Gaiman's short story "The Goldfish Pool and Other Stories" reference Belushi's death with varying (and incorrect) details.
Belushi's gravestone is also discussed in great length in the Tony Kushner play Reverse Transcription.
Belushi's alma mater, the College of DuPage, has established an annual performing arts scholarship in his honor.
Credits[link]
- National Lampoon's Lemmings (1973) (Stage)
- The National Lampoon Radio Hour (1973–1974) (Radio) (also Creative Director)
- The National Lampoon Show (1975) (Stage)
- The Beach Boys: It's OK (1976) (TV)
- Saturday Night Live (1975–1979) (TV)
- Tarzoon: Shame of the Jungle (1975) (voice)
- Goin' South (1978)
- National Lampoon's Animal House (1978)
- The Rutles: All You Need Is Cash (1978) (TV)
- Old Boyfriends (1979)
- 1941 (1979)
- The Blues Brothers (1980)
- Continental Divide (1981)
- Neighbors (1981)
[edit] SNL characters and impersonations
- Recurring characters
- Samurai Futaba
- Captain Ned, one of Miles Cowperthwaite's cronies
- Jacob Papageorge alias 'Joliet' Jake Blues, from the Blues Brothers
- Jeff Widette, from the Widettes
- Kevin (from The Mall sketches)
- Kuldorth (from The Coneheads)
- Larry Farber (one half of the Farber couple [the wife, Bobbi, was played by Gilda Radner])
- Lowell Brock, from the H&L Brock commercials
- Matt Cooper, from the Land Shark sketches
- Pete, from the Olympia Cafe
- Steve Beshekas (who was in real life a good friend of Belushi's since community college)
- Frank Leary, one of St. Mickey's Knights of Columbus
- Celebrity impersonations
- Al Hirt
- Babe Ruth
- Bert Lance
- Cesar Romero
- Dino De Laurentiis
- Ed Ames
- Ed Asner
- Elizabeth Taylor
- Elvis Presley
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
- Fred Silverman
- George Wallace
- Grigori Rasputin
- Henry Kissinger
- Hermann Göring
- Jack Kerouac
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Jerry Mathers (as The Beaver from Leave It To Beaver)
- Jimmy Hoffa
- Joe Cocker
- John Lennon
- Julia Child
- Leonid Brezhnev
- Ludwig van Beethoven
- Marlon Brando
- Menachim Begin
- Richard Daley
- Robert Blake
- Roy Orbison
- Sam Peckinpah
- Sanjay Gandhi
- Steve Rubell
- Sun Myung Moon
- Tip O'Neill
- Truman Capote
- Vasiliy Alekseyev
- William Shatner
- Woody Hayes
- Yasser Arafat
References[link]
- ^ Belushi's SNL Bio from NBC.com
- ^ John Belushi Biography (1949–1982) from filmreference.com
- ^ Books Of The Times; Close-Up Of John Belushi from the New York Times
- ^ a b They Were Belushis (or Blues Brothers) from genealogywise.com
- ^ Judith Belushi Pisano/Tanner Colby (2005). Belushi (p. 188).
- ^ "SNL Archives | Episode 3.15 (#61)". Snl.jt.org. 1978-03-25. http://snl.jt.org/ep.php?i=197803250. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ http://www.amazon.com/dp/B001ACU0IY
- ^ "SNL Archives | Episode 3.13 (#59)". Snl.jt.org. 1978-03-11. http://snl.jt.org/ep.php?i=197803110. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ McFadden, Robert D. (March 6, 1982). "John Belushi, Manic Comic of TV and Films Dies.". New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40611FD3E5F0C758CDDAA0894DA484D81. Retrieved September 25, 2007. "John Belushi, the manic, rotund comedian whose outrageous antics and spastic impersonations on the Saturday Night Live television show propelled him to stardom in 1970s, was found dead yesterday in a rented bungalow in Hollywood, where he had launched a film career in recent years. The 33-year-old actor ..."
- ^ Robin Williams. Television biography from the Biography Channel, July 7, 2006.
- ^ "John Belushi Dies at the Chateau Marmont" from franksreelreviews.com
- ^ "Figure in John Belushi Case Freed From California Prison". New York Times. 1988-03-17. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/17/us/figure-in-john-belushi-case-freed-from-california-prison.html. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ [1] "Cape Cod History — 1982: John Belushi buried on the Vineyard", Retrieved 2011-07-20
- ^ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=77
- ^ Judith Belushi Pisano (2007). Belushi
- ^ "The Annotated "West L.A. Fadeaway"". Artsites.ucsc.edu. http://artsites.ucsc.edu/GDead/agdl/wla.html. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
External links[link]
 |
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (January 2010) |
- John Belushi at the Internet Movie Database
- John Belushi at AllRovi
- John Belushi at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
- John Belushi at Find a Grave Grave
- John Belushi at Find a Grave Family marker
- Interview (MP3) with biographer Tanner Colby and Judith Belushi Pisano on the public radio program The Sound of Young America regarding their book, Belushi. Includes clips from Belushi's work on The National Lampoon Radio Hour.
- Belushi: A Biography, official website for the book
- John Belushi Cult Turns 25 from The Conservative Voice
- Blues Brothers
- Top SNL performer from Maxim
- Noble Rot the "lost" screenplay of Novello and Belushi, from Subterranean Cinema
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Belushi, John |
| Alternative names | Belushi, John Adam |
| Short description | American actor, comedian |
| Date of birth | January 24, 1949 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | March 5, 1982 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
http://wn.com/John_Belushi
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Belushi
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the jazz musician. For other uses, see Glenn Miller (disambiguation).
| Glenn Miller | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Alton Glenn Miller |
| Born | (1904-03-01)March 1, 1904 Clarinda, Iowa, United States |
| Died | Missing in action over the English Channel, December 15, 1944(1944-12-15) (aged 40) |
| Genres | Swing music, Big band |
| Occupations | Bandleader, Musician, Arranger, Composer |
| Instruments | Trombone |
| Years active | 1923–1944 |
| Associated acts | Glenn Miller Orchestra |
Alton Glenn Miller (March 1, 1904 – missing in action[1] December 15, 1944) was an American jazz musician (trombone), arranger, composer, and bandleader in the swing era. He was one of the best-selling recording artists from 1939 to 1943, leading one of the best known Big Bands. Miller's notable recordings include "In the Mood", "Moonlight Serenade", "Pennsylvania 6-5000", "Chattanooga Choo Choo", "A String of Pearls", "At Last", "(I've Got a Gal In) Kalamazoo", "American Patrol", "Tuxedo Junction", and "Little Brown Jug".[2] While he was traveling to entertain U.S. troops in France during World War II, Glenn Miller disappeared in bad weather over the English Channel. The Glenn Miller Orchestra was re-formed after the war and continues to record and perform to this day.
Contents
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Early life and career[link]
Miller was born on a farm in Clarinda, Iowa, to Lewis Elmer Miller and Mattie Lou (née Cavender).[3] He went to grade school in North Platte in western Nebraska. In 1915, Miller's family moved to Grant City, Missouri. Around this time, Miller had finally made enough money from milking cows to buy his first trombone and played in the town orchestra. In 1918, the Miller family moved again, this time to Fort Morgan, Colorado, where Miller went to high school. During his senior year, Miller became very interested in a new style of music called "dance band music." He was so taken with it that he formed his own band with some classmates. By the time Miller graduated from high school in 1921, he had decided he wanted to become a professional musician.[3]
In 1923, Miller entered the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he joined Sigma Nu Fraternity,[4] but spent most of his time away from school, attending auditions and playing any gigs he could get, most notably with Boyd Senter's band in Denver. He dropped out of school after failing three out of five classes one semester, and decided to concentrate on making a career as a professional musician. He later studied the Schillinger technique with Joseph Schillinger, under whose tutelage he composed what became his signature theme, "Moonlight Serenade".[5] In 1926, Miller toured with several groups, eventually landing a good spot in Ben Pollack's group in Los Angeles. During his stint with Pollack, Miller wrote several musical arrangements of his own. He also co-wrote his first composition, "Room 1411", written with Benny Goodman and released as a Brunswick 78, 4013, credited to Bennie Goodman's Boys.[6] In 1928, when the band arrived in New York City, he sent for and married his college sweetheart, Helen Burger. He was a member of Red Nichols's orchestra in 1930, and because of Nichols, Miller played in the pit bands of two Broadway shows, Strike Up the Band and Girl Crazy (where his bandmates included big band leaders Benny Goodman and Gene Krupa).
During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Miller managed to earn a living working as a freelance trombonist in several bands. On a March 21, 1928 Victor session Miller played alongside Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman, and Joe Venuti in the All-Star Orchestra, directed by Nat Shilkret.[7][8][9] On November 14, 1929,[10] an original vocalist named Red McKenzie hired Glenn to play on two records that are now considered to be jazz classics:[11][12] "Hello, Lola" and "If I Could Be With You One Hour Tonight". Beside Glenn were clarinetist Pee Wee Russell, guitarist Eddie Condon, drummer Gene Krupa and Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone.[13]
In the early-to-mid-1930s, Miller also worked as a trombonist and arranger in The Dorsey Brothers, first when they were a Brunswick studio group (under their own name and providing accompaniment for many of The Boswell Sisters sessions), and finally when they formed an ill-fated co-led touring and recording orchestra.[14] Miller composed the song "Annie's Cousin Fanny"[15][16] and "Dese Dem Dose"[14][17] for the Dorsey Brothers Band in 1934 and 1935. In 1935, he assembled an American orchestra for British bandleader Ray Noble,[14] developing the arrangement of lead clarinet over four saxophones that eventually became the sonic keynote of his own big band. Members of the Noble band included future bandleaders Claude Thornhill, Bud Freeman and Charlie Spivak.
Glenn Miller made his first movie appearance in the 1935 Paramount Pictures release The Big Broadcast of 1936 as a member of the Ray Noble Orchestra performing "Why Stars Come Out at Night".[18] The Big Broadcast of 1936 starred Bing Crosby, George Burns, Gracie Allen, Ethel Merman, Jack Oakie, and Bill "Bojangles" Robinson and also featured other performances by Dorothy Dandridge and the Nicholas Brothers, who would appear with Miller again in two movies for Twentieth Century Fox in 1941 and 1942.
Glenn Miller compiled several musical arrangements and formed his first band in 1937. The band failed to distinguish itself from the many others of the era, and broke up after playing its last show at the Ritz Ballroom in Bridgeport, Connecticut on January 2, 1938.[19] Benny Goodman said in 1976, "In late 1937, before his band became popular, we were both playing in Dallas. Glenn was pretty dejected and came to see me. He asked, 'What do you do? How do you make it?' I said, 'I don't know, Glenn. You just stay with it.'"[20]
Success from 1938 to 1942[link]
File:Millposter1.jpg
1939 Baltimore Hippodrome Ballroom concert poster.
Discouraged, Miller returned to New York. He realized that he needed to develop a unique sound, and decided to make the clarinet play a melodic line with a tenor saxophone holding the same note, while three other saxophones harmonized within a single octave. George T. Simon discovered a saxophonist named Wilbur Schwartz for Glenn Miller. Miller hired Schwartz, but instead had him play the lead clarinet. According to Simon, "Willie's tone and way of playing provided a fullness and richness so distinctive that none of the later Miller imitators could ever accurately reproduce the Miller sound."[21] With this new sound combination, Glenn Miller found a way to differentiate his band's style from the many bands that existed in the late thirties. Miller talked about his style in the May, 1939 issue of Metronome magazine. "You'll notice today some bands use the same trick on every introduction; others repeat the same musical phrase as a modulation into a vocal ... We're fortunate in that our style doesn't limit us to stereotyped intros, modulations, first choruses, endings or even trick rhythms. The fifth sax, playing clarinet most of the time, lets you know whose band you're listening to. And that's about all there is to it."[22]
Bluebird Records and Glen Island Casino[link]
In September 1938, the Miller band began making recordings for the RCA Victor, Bluebird Records subsidiary.[23] Cy Shribman, a prominent East Coast businessman, began financing the band, providing a much needed infusion of cash.[24] In the spring of 1939, the band's fortunes improved with a date at the Meadowbrook Ballroom in Cedar Grove, New Jersey, and more dramatically at the Glen Island Casino in New Rochelle, New York. The Glen Island date according to author Gunther Schuller attracted "a record breaking opening night crowd of 1800..."[25] With the Glen Island date, the band began a huge rise in popularity.[26] In 1939, TIME magazine noted: "Of the twelve to 24 discs in each of today's 300,000 U.S. jukeboxes, from two to six are usually Glenn Miller's."[27] There were record-breaking recordings such as "Tuxedo Junction" which sold 115,000 copies in the first week.[28] Miller's huge success in 1939 culminated with his band appearing at Carnegie Hall on October 6, with Paul Whiteman, Benny Goodman, and Fred Waring also the main attractions.[29]
From 1939 to 1942, Miller's band was featured three times a week during a quarter-hour broadcast for Chesterfield cigarettes on CBS,[30] first with the Andrews Sisters and then on its own.[31] On February 10, 1942, RCA Victor presented Miller with the first gold record for "Chattanooga Choo-Choo".[32] "Chattanooga Choo Choo" was performed by the Miller orchestra with his singers Gordon "Tex" Beneke, Paula Kelly and the vocal group, the Modernaires.[33] Other singers with this orchestra included Marion Hutton,[34] Skip Nelson,[35] Ray Eberle[36] and to a smaller extent, Kay Starr,[37] Ernie Caceres,[38] Dorothy Claire[39] and Jack Lathrop.[40] Pat Friday ghost sang with the Miller band in their two films, Sun Valley Serenade and Orchestra Wives with Lynn Bari lip synching.[41]
File:Goldchat1.jpg
First gold record award for "Chattanooga Choo Choo" is presented to Glenn Miller by W. Wallace Early of RCA Victor with announcer Paul Douglas on far left, February, 1942.
Motion pictures[link]
Miller and his band appear in two Twentieth Century Fox films. In 1941's Sun Valley Serenade they are major members of the cast, which also features comedian Milton Berle.[42] The Miller band returned to Hollywood to film 1942's Orchestra Wives,[43] featuring Jackie Gleason playing a part as the group's bassist, Ben Beck. Miller had an ailment that made laughter extremely painful. Since Jackie Gleason was a comedian, Miller had a difficult time watching Gleason more than once, because Miller would start laughing.[44] Harry Morgan appears as Cully Anderson, the unrequited love interest of Ann Rutherford's character, Connie Ward.[45][46][47] Miller was contracted to do a third movie for Fox, Blind Date, but as he entered the U.S. Army, this never panned out.[48]
Critical reaction[link]
In 2004, Miller orchestra bassist Herman "Trigger" Alpert explained the band's success: "Miller had America's music pulse ... He knew what would please the listeners."[49] Although Miller had massive popularity, many jazz critics of the time had misgivings. They believed that the band's endless rehearsals and according to critic Amy Lee in Metronome magazine, "letter-perfect playing", diminished any feeling from performances.[50] They also felt that Miller's brand of swing shifted popular music away from the "hot jazz" bands of Benny Goodman and Count Basie toward commercial novelty instrumentals and vocal numbers.[51] For years, even after Miller died, the Miller estate maintained an unfriendly stance toward critics that derided the band during Miller's lifetime.[52] Miller was often criticized for being too commercial. His answer to the criticism was, "I don't want a jazz band".[53][54] Many modern jazz critics still harbor similar antipathy toward Miller.[55][56] Jazz critics Gunther Schuller[57] (1991) and Gary Giddins[58] (2004) have separately defended the Miller orchestra for whatever deficiencies earlier critics have found. In an article written for The New Yorker in 2004, Gary Giddins says he feels that these early critics erred in denigrating Glenn Miller's music, and that the popular opinion of the time should hold greater sway. The article states: "Miller exuded little warmth on or off the bandstand, but once the band struck up its theme, audiences were done for: throats clutched, eyes softened. Can any other record match 'Moonlight Serenade' for its ability to induce a Pavlovian slaver in so many for so long?"[58] Schuller, notes, "[The Miller sound] was nevertheless very special and able to penetrate our collective awareness that few other sounds have..."[59] He compares it partially to "Japanese Gagaku [and] Hindu music" in its purity.[59] Schuller and Giddins do not take completely uncritical approaches to Miller. Schuller says that Ray Eberle's "lumpy, sexless vocalizing dragged down many an otherwise passable performance."[59] However finally Schuller notes: "How much further [Miller's] musical and financial ambitions might have carried him must forever remain conjectural. That it would have been significant, whatever form(s) it might have taken, is not unlikely."[59]
Reaction from musical peers[link]
Louis Armstrong thought enough of Miller to carry around his recordings transferred to seven-inch tape reels when he went on tour. "[Armstrong] liked musicians who prized melody, and his selections ranged from Glenn Miller to Jelly Roll Morton to Tchaikovsky."[60] Jazz pianist George Shearing's quintet of the 1950s and 1960s was influenced by Miller: "with Shearing's locked hands style piano (influenced by the voicing of Miller's saxophone section) in the middle [of the quintet's harmonies]."[61][62] Frank Sinatra and Mel Tormé held the orchestra in high regard. Tormé credited Miller with giving him helpful advice when he first started his singing and song-writing career in the 1940s. Mel Tormé met Glenn Miller in 1942, the meeting facilitated by Tormé's father and Ben Pollack. Tormé and Miller discussed "That Old Black Magic" which was just emerging as a new song by Johnny Mercer and Harold Arlen. Miller told Tormé to pick up every song by Mercer and study it and to become a voracious reader of anything he could find, because "all good lyric writers are great readers."[63] In an interview with George T. Simon in 1948, Sinatra lamented the inferior quality of music he was recording in the late forties and in comparison with "those great Glenn Miller things"[64] from eight years earlier.[65][66] With the opposite opinion, fellow bandleader Artie Shaw frequently disparaged the band after Miller's death: "All I can say is that Glenn should have lived, and 'Chattanooga Choo Choo' should have died."[67] [68] Clarinetist Buddy DeFranco surprised many people when he led the Glenn Miller Orchestra in the late sixties and early seventies. De Franco was already the veteran of bands like Gene Krupa and Tommy Dorsey in the 1940s. He was also a major exponent of modern jazz in the 1950s.[69] He never sees Miller as leading a swinging jazz band, but DeFranco is extremely fond of certain aspects of the Glenn Miller style. "I found that when I opened with the sound of 'Moonlight Serenade,' I could look around and see men and women weeping as the music carried them back to years gone by."[70][71] De Franco says, "the beauty of Glenn Miller's ballads [...] caused people to dance together."[72]
The Army Air Force Band 1942–1944[link]
In 1942, at the peak of his civilian career, Miller decided to join the war effort. At 38, Miller was too old to be drafted, and first volunteered for the Navy but was told that they did not need his services.[73] Miller then wrote to Army Brigadier General Charles Young. He persuaded the United States Army to accept him so he could, in his own words, "be placed in charge of a modernized Army band."[3] After being accepted into the Army, Glenn’s civilian band played its last concert in Passaic, New Jersey, on September 27, 1942.[3]
At first placed in the United States Army, Glenn Miller was transferred to the Army Air Force.[74] Captain Glenn Miller served initially as assistant special services officer for the Army Air Forces Southeast Training Center at Maxwell Field, Montgomery, Alabama, in December 1942. He played trombone with the Rhythmaires, a 15-piece dance band, in both Montgomery and in service clubs and recreation halls on Maxwell. Miller also appeared on both WAPI (Birmingham, Alabama) and WSFA radio (Montgomery), promoting the activities of civil service women aircraft mechanics employed at Maxwell.[75]
Miller initially formed a large marching band that was to be the core of a network of service orchestras. Miller's attempts at modernizing military music were met with some resistance from tradition-minded career officers. For example, Miller's arrangement of "St. Louis Blues March", combined blues and jazz with the traditional military march.[76] Miller's weekly radio broadcast "I Sustain the Wings", for which he co-wrote the eponymous theme song, moved from New Haven to New York City and was very popular. This led to permission for Miller to form his 50-piece Army Air Force Band and take it to England in the summer of 1944, where he gave 800 performances.[75] While in England, now Major Miller recorded a series of records at HMV- (now EMI-) owned Abbey Road Studios. HMV at this time was the British and sometime European distributor for the American record company that handled and originated Glenn Miller's recordings, RCA Victor.[77] The recordings the AAF band made in 1944 at Abbey Road were propaganda broadcasts for the Office of War Information. Many songs are sung in German by Johnny Desmond and Glenn Miller speaks in German about the war effort.[78] Before Miller's disappearance, his music was used by World War II AFN radio broadcasting for entertainment and morale as well as counter-propaganda to denounce fascist oppression in Europe with even Miller once stating on radio:
"America means freedom and theres no expression of freedom quite so sincere as music".[79][80]-Glenn Miller
Also, the Miller-led AAF Orchestra recorded songs with the American singer Dinah Shore. These were done at the Abbey Road studios and were the last recorded songs made by the band while being led by Miller. They were stored with HMV/EMI for fifty years, never being released until their copyright expired in Europe in 1994.[81] [82] In summarizing Miller's military career, General Jimmy Doolittle said, “next to a letter from home, that organization was the greatest morale builder in the European Theater of Operations.”[83]
Disappearance[link]
Miller spent his last night alive at the Hall in Milton Ernest, on the outskirts of Bedford. On December 15, 1944, Miller was to fly from the United Kingdom to Paris, France, to play for the soldiers there. His plane (a single-engined UC-64 Norseman, USAAF serial 44-70285) departed from RAF Twinwood Farm in Clapham, Bedfordshire and disappeared while flying over the English Channel.[84] No trace of the aircrew, passengers or plane has ever been found. Miller's status is missing in action.
There are three main theories about what happened to Miller's plane, including the suggestion that he might have been hit by Royal Air Force bombs after an abortive raid on Siegen, Germany. One hundred and thirty-eight Lancaster bombers, short on fuel, jettisoned approximately 100,000 incendiaries in a designated area before landing. The logbooks of Royal Air Force navigator Fred Shaw[85] recorded that he saw a small, single-engined monoplane spiraling out of control and crashing into the water. However, a second source, while acknowledging the possibility, cites other RAF crew members flying the same mission who stated that the drop area was in the North Sea. Further research by British scholars also seems to indicate that this is the most likely probability, making Miller's death a "friendly fire" incident.[86][87]
In his 2006 self-published book I Kept My Word: The Personal Promise Between a World War II Army Private and His Captain About What Really Happened to Glenn Miller, Clarence B. Wolfe — a gunner with Battery D, 134th AAA Battalion, in Folkestone, England — claims that his battery shot down Miller's plane.[88] Another book by Lt. Col. Huton Downs,[89] a former member of Dwight D. Eisenhower's personal staff, argues that the U.S. government covered up Miller's death. Downs suggested that Miller had been enlisted by Eisenhower to covertly attempt to convince some German officers to end the war early. The book goes on to suggest that Miller was captured and killed in a Paris brothel, and his death covered up to save the government embarrassment.[90]
When Glenn Miller disappeared, he left behind his wife, the former Helen Burger, originally from Boulder, Colorado, and the two children they adopted in 1943 and 1944, Steven and Jonnie.[91] Helen Miller accepted the Bronze Star medal for Glenn Miller in February 1945.[92]
Civilian band legacy[link]
The Miller estate authorized an official Glenn Miller "ghost band" in 1946. This band was led by Tex Beneke, former lead saxophonist and a singer for the civilian band. It had a make up similar to the Army Air Force Band: it had a large string section.[93] The orchestra's official public début was at the Capitol Theatre on Broadway where it opened for a three week engagement on January 24, 1946.[94] Future television and film composer Henry Mancini was the band's pianist and one of the arrangers.[95] This ghost band played to very large audiences all across the United States, including a few dates at the Hollywood Palladium in 1947, where the original Miller band played in 1941.[96] In a website concerning the history of the Hollywood Palladium, it is noted "[e]ven as the big band era faded, the Tex Beneke and Glenn Miller Orchestra concert at the Palladium resulted in a record-breaking crowd of 6,750 dancers."[97] By 1949, economics dictated that the string section be dropped.[98]
This band recorded for RCA Victor, just as the original Miller band did.[98] Beneke was struggling with how to expand the Miller sound and also how to achieve success under his own name. What began as the "Glenn Miller Orchestra Under the Direction of Tex Beneke" finally became "The Tex Beneke Orchestra". By 1950, Beneke and the Miller estate parted ways.[99] The break was acrimonious[100] and Beneke is not currently listed by the Miller estate as a former leader of the Glenn Miller orchestra.[101]
When Glenn Miller was alive, various bandleaders like Bob Chester imitated his style.[102] By the early 1950s, various bands were again copying the Miller style of clarinet-led reeds and muted trumpets, notably Ralph Flanagan,[103] Jerry Gray,[104] and Ray Anthony.[105] This, coupled with the success of The Glenn Miller Story (1953),[106] led the Miller estate to ask Ray McKinley to lead a new ghost band.[98] This 1956 band is the original version of the current ghost band that still tours the United States today.[107] The official Glenn Miller orchestra for the United States is currently under the direction of Nick Hilscher.[108] The officially sanctioned Glenn Miller Orchestra for the United Kingdom has toured and recorded with great success under the leadership of Ray McVay.[109] The official Glenn Miller Orchestra for Europe has been led by Wil Salden since 1990.[110]
Army Air Force band legacy[link]
In the mid-1940s, after Miller's disappearance, the Miller-led Army Air Force band was decommissioned and sent back to the United States. "The chief of the European theater asked [Warrant Officer Harold Lindsay] Lin [Arinson] to put together another band to take its place, and that's when the 314 was formed." According to singer Tony Bennett who sang with it while in the service, the 314 was the immediate successor to the Glenn Miller led AAF orchestra.[111] The Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band's long term legacy has carried on with the Airmen of Note, a band within the United States Air Force Band. This band was created in 1950 from smaller groups within the Bolling Air Force Base in Washington, D.C. and continues to play jazz music for the Air Force community and the general public.[83]
Posthumous events[link]
Glenn Miller's widow, Helen, died in 1966.[112] Herb Miller, Glenn Miller's brother, led his own band in the United States and England until the late 1980s.[113] Herb's son, John continues the tradition leading a band playing mainly Glenn Miller style music.[114] In 1989, Glenn Miller's daughter Jonnie purchased her father's house where he was born. The Glenn Miller Foundation was created to oversee the subsequent restoration.[115]
In 1953, Universal-International pictures released The Glenn Miller Story, starring James Stewart.[116] In 1953, Glenn Miller was voted into the Down Beat magazine Jazz Hall of Fame in the Readers' Poll. In 1996, the U.S. Postal Service issued a Glenn Miller postage stamp.[117] The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (Grammys), honored Glenn Miller by including three of his recordings in their Hall of Fame: In 1983, "In The Mood", Bluebird B-10416-A, was inducted. The recording of "Moonlight Serenade", Bluebird B-10214-B, was also honored by the Grammys in similar fashion in 1991. "Chattanooga Choo Choo", Bluebird B-11230-B, was inducted in 1996.[118] In 2003, Miller received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.[119]
In the United States and England, there are a few archives that are devoted to Glenn Miller.[120] The University of Colorado, Boulder, has an extensive Glenn Miller Archive, which houses many of Miller's recordings, gold records and other memorabilia, which is open to scholarly research and the general public.[121] This archive, formed by Alan Cass, includes the original manuscript to Miller's theme song, "Moonlight Serenade", among other items of interest.[122] In 2002, the Glenn Miller Museum opened to the public at the former RAF Twinwood Farm, in Clapham, Bedfordshire, England.[123] Miller's surname resides on the 'Wall of Missing' at the Cambridge American Cemetery and Memorial. A monument stone was also placed in Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut next to the campus of Yale University.[124]
Glenn Miller arranging staff and compositions[link]
Miller had a staff of arrangers who wrote originals like "String of Pearls" (written and arranged by Jerry Gray)[125] or took originals like "In The Mood" (writing credit given to Joe Garland)[126] and arranged by Eddie Durham[127]) and "Tuxedo Junction" (written by bandleader Erskine Hawkins)[128] and arranged by Jerry Gray)[129]) and arranged them for the Miller band to either record or broadcast. Glenn Miller's staff of arrangers in his civilian band, that handled the bulk of the work were Jerry Gray (a former arranger for Artie Shaw), Bill Finegan (a former arranger for Tommy Dorsey),[130] Billy May[131] and to a much smaller extent, George Williams,[132] who worked very briefly with the band as well as Andrews Sisters arranger Vic Schoen[133][134] According to Norman Leyden, "[s]everal others [besides Leyden] arranged for Miller in the service, including Jerry Gray, Ralph Wilkinson, Mel Powell, and Steve Steck."[135] In 1943, Glenn Miller wrote Glenn Miller's Method for Orchestral Arranging, published by the Mutual Music Society in New York,[136] a one hundred sixteen page book with illustrations and scores that explains how he wrote his musical arrangements.
Discography[link]
Main article: Glenn Miller discography
Glenn Miller composed individually or in collaboration with others at least fourteen songs that are available on recordings. He added lyrics to an additional tune. These and many other songs were recorded by Miller with his pre-war civilian bands and his Army Air Force band.
Band alumni[link]
Many of the Miller musicians went on to studio and touring careers in Hollywood and New York after World War II. Musicians who went from the Miller bands to important reputations afterwards include:
- George Siravo, 1916–2000[137] was an arranger with Glenn Miller's first band in the late 1930s. Siravo went on to become a staff arranger with Columbia Records in the 1940s, working with Frank Sinatra[138] and Doris Day.[139]
- Billy May, 1916–2004[140] a trumpeter and an arranger for the civilian band,[141][142] became a much-coveted arranger and studio orchestra leader after that band broke up, going on to work with Frank Sinatra,[143] Rosemary Clooney,[144] Anita O'Day,[145] and Bing Crosby,[144] among other singers of the post-war era.
- Cornetist Bobby Hackett,1915–1976[146] solos on "A String of Pearls", with Miller in 1941, for Bluebird records.[147] "[148][149] Hackett went on to work with Jackie Gleason and Dizzy Gillespie.[150]
- Johnny Desmond, 1919–1985[151] a lead vocalist from the Army Air Force Band, became a popular singer in the 1950s, and appeared on Broadway in the 1960s in Funny Girl with Barbra Streisand.[152]
- Kay Starr, b. 1922[153] became a pop, jazz and country singer in the post-war period. In 1939, Marion Hutton, the regular "girl singer", became sick and sixteen year old Kay Starr was flown in to replace her.[154] Kay Starr's two recordings with Glenn Miller were two 1939 sides, "Baby Me" and "Love With a Capital You".[155]
- Artie Malvin, 1922–2006[156] Glenn Miller's AAF Band had a vocal group called "The Crew Chiefs". Artie Malvin was the baritone of the four men. After World War II and Miller's death, Malvin became heavily immersed in the popular music of the forties and fifties, being involved in everything from children's music to the nascent beginnings of rock to jingles for commercials.[156] By the 1970s Artie Malvin was involved with "The Carol Burnett Show"[157] doing special musical material.[158]
- Paul Tanner, b. 1917[159] trombonist for the civilian band, went on to create the electrotheremin and perform on songs such as Good Vibrations by The Beach Boys[160]
Some of the Army Air Force members went on to notable careers in classical music and modern jazz. Three such are:
- Norman Leyden b. 1917[161] an arranger from the Army Air Force Band[162] later became a noted arranger in New York, composing arrangements for Sarah Vaughan,[163][164] among other artists. His long career culminated with his highly regarded work for the Oregon Symphony, now as Laureate Associate Conductor.[165][166]
- Mel Powell, 1923–1998,[167] was the pianist and one of the arrangers in the Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band. Gary Giddins comments on "[Miller's] splendid forty-two-piece Army Air Force Band’s startling performance of 'Mission to Moscow.'”[168] "Mission to Moscow" was arranged by Mel Powell, the former pianist for the Benny Goodman orchestra before he was drafted into the service and subsequently joined the Miller orchestra. "Pearls on Velvet" with the Air Force Band is also one of his compositions.[169] "In 1949, he decided on a radical change of direction, setting aside jazz and enrolling as a pupil of the composer and teacher Paul Hindemith at Yale University."[167] Powell started teaching at the California Institute for the Arts in Los Angeles in 1969.[170]
- Addison Collins, Jr. played French Horn in the service band. He is featured as "Junior" Collins on the Miles Davis Birth of the Cool recordings of 1949–50.[171]
Drummer and biographer:
- George T. Simon 1912–2001. George Simon knew and worked with Glenn Miller from his early sideman days to the days of leading his civilian band and finally, worked with him when he was stateside with the Army Air Force band. Simon was a drummer for some of the Miller bands. He helped his friend Glenn Miller with personnel using the connections that Simon had as editor with the now defunct Metronome magazine.[172] George Simon wrote the liner notes for eleven Miller reissues, among them: Glenn Miller Army Air Force Band, 1955, Glenn Miller On The Air, 1963, and Glenn Miller: A Legendary Performer, 1974.[173] During a long career, he also wrote articles with topics ranging from Miller and Frank Sinatra to Thelonious Monk. In 1974, Simon won a Grammy award for his liner notes for the RCA record: Bing Crosby: A Legendary Performer.[174]
See also[link]
- Death in absentia
- Kalamazoo,Michigan
- List of people who have mysteriously disappeared
- List of swing/big band musicians
- Role of music in World War II
Notes[link]
- ^ The website for Arlington National Cemetery refers to Glenn Miller as "missing in action since Dec. 15, 1944" see "Major Glenn Miller", Arlington National Cemetery by Kathryn Shenkle. Accessed March 2012.
- ^ Glenn Miller had 23 number one records and 72 top ten hits from 1939 to 1943 see "Song artist 6 - Glenn Miller", Tsort, Accessed March 2012, more than Elvis Presley (18 #1s, 38 top 10s) and The Beatles (20 #1s, 33 top 10s) had in their careers. See "The Glenn Miller story", GlennMillerOrchestra.se. See "How many songs did Glenn Miller write?", Wiki.Answers.com. See Overview of Achievements, Elvis Presley Enterprises inc. Accessed 2011-09-09.
- ^ a b c d "Glenn Miller History". Glenn Miller Birthplace Society. http://www.glennmiller.org/history.html. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
- ^ "Famous Sigma Nu's", Oregonstate.edu. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Who Is Joseph Schillinger?", The Schillinger System.
- ^ "Benny Goodman's Boys", Red Hot Jazz.
- ^ Conner, D. Russell, and Warner W. Hicks, BG-Off the Record, Arlington House, New Rochelle, New York, 1969. ISBN 87000-059-4
- ^ Shilkret, Nathaniel, ed. Niel Shell and Barbara Shilkret, Nathaniel Shilkret: Sixty Years in the Music Business, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland, 2005. ISBN 0-8108-5128-8.
- ^ Stockdale, Robert L., Tommy Dorsey on the Side, Studies in Jazz, No. 19, Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey, 1995.
- ^ "Red McKenzie and his Mound City Blowers". Wayne Brandtner contributor. unknown date published. http://www.redhotjazz.com/mound.html. Retrieved March 2012.
- ^ Simon, George T. (1980). Glenn Miller and His Orchestra, p. 42. De Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80129-9.
- ^ Simon (1980) says in Glenn Miller and His Orchestra, on page 42, when he asked Miller years later what recordings he made were his favorites, he specifically singled out the Mound City Blue Blowers sessions.
- ^ Twomey, John. "Who Was Glenn Miller?". Jazzsight.com. http://www.jazzsight.com/jazzsightprofiles.html. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
- ^ a b c Simon (1980), pp. 65–66.
- ^ Simon (1980), p. 9.
- ^ "Annie's Cousin Fanny" was recorded for Decca and Brunswick, a total of three times. The Brunswick release is catalogued Brunswick 6938 and one of the Decca recordings is catalogued Decca 117-A. These recordings are from the summer of 1934. See the website "Dorsey Brothers Orchesta", RedHotJazz.com for more information about dates
- ^ "Dese Dem Dose" was recorded February 6, 1935 and released on the Decca label. For more information and where the preceding sentence was taken from, see "Dorsey Brothers Orchesta", RedHotJazz.com
- ^ The Big Broadcast of 1936 (1935) – Full cast and crew list., Internet Movie Database.
- ^ George Thomas Simon, Glenn Miller and His Orchestra, New York: Crowell, 1974, ISBN 978-0-690-00470-0, p. 105.
- ^ Spink, George. "Music in the Miller Mood". http://www.tuxjunction.net/glennmiller.htm.
- ^ Simon (1980), p. 122.
- ^ Simon, George T. (1971). Simon Says: The Sights and Sounds of the Swing Era. New York: Galahad Books. p. 491. ISBN 0-88365-001-0. http://books.google.com/?id=G354PAAACAAJ&dq=simon+says+the+sights+and+sounds+of+the+swing+era.
- ^ Simon (1980), p. 143.
- ^ Twomey, Jazzsight.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Schuller, Gunther (1991). The swing era: the development of jazz, 1930–1945. New York: Oxford University. p. 667. ISBN 0-19-507140-9. http://books.google.com/?id=Zc4Lh9KC2MIC.
- ^ Simon (1980), p. 170.
- ^ "New King". Time Magazine. November 27, 1939. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,762896,00.html.
- ^ Glennmillerorchestra.com. Glennmillerorchestra.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Simon (1980), p. 91.
- ^ The entire output of Chesterfield-sponsored radio programs Glenn Miller did between 1939 and 1942 were recorded by the Glenn Miller organization on acetate discs.
- ^ Simon (1980), pp. 197, 314.
- ^ Miller, Glenn, A Legendary Performer, RCA, 1939/1991.
- ^ "Band Bio", The Modernaires (October 20, 2000). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Marion Hutton, 67, Vocalist With Glenn Miller Orchestra". The New York Times: p. 1. January 12, 1987. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFDA1338F931A25752C0A961948260. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ Glenn Miller » Biography, Legacy Recordings (copyright 2011). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Ray Eberle", Solid!.
- ^ Kay Starr Biography, Members.tripod.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Ernie Caceres, Landing.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Solid! – Dorothy Claire, Parabrisas.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Liner notes to RCA Vi LPT 6701, also see ''Moonlight Serenade'' by John Flower. (PDF) . Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ King ?, Pete. "Lynn Bari's Ghost Singer Pat Friday". Big Band Buddies. p. 1. http://www.bigbandbuddies.co.uk/Pat-friday.htm.
- ^ Sun Valley Serenade (1941), Internet Movie Database.
- ^ Orchestra Wives (1942), Internet Movie Database.
- ^ Henry, William A. (1993). The Great One: The Life and Times of Jackie Gleason. New York: Pharos. p. 4. ISBN 0-8161-5603-4. http://books.google.com/?id=aqw3AAAACAAJ&dq=THe+Great+One:+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Jackie+Gleason.
- ^ "DVD Savant Review: Orchestra Wives". DvD Talk. October 27, 2005. http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s1787wive.html.
- ^ Harry/Henry Morgan was also cast in 1953's The Glenn Miller Story as Miller's pianist, Chummy MacGregor. See "The Glenn Miller Story", TCM.com.
- ^ Miller co-wrote with Billy May the instrumental "Boom Shot" for the Orchestra Wives soundtrack. See Moonlight Serenade, p. 428, for catalogue listing by 20th Century Fox and writing credits.
- ^ Variety, September 16, 1942.
- ^ "Glenn Miller: 'A Memorial, 1944–2004'", Big Band Library. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Simon (1980), p. 241.
- ^ For an example, see a mention in Time magazine from November 23, 1942. "U.S. jive epicures consider the jazz played by such famous name bands as Tommy Dorsey's or Glenn Miller's a low, commercial product.", Time, web: "Music: Jive for Epicures", Time.
- ^ Zammarchi, Fabrice (2005). A Life In The Golden Age of Jazz: A Biography of Buddy De Franco. Seattle: Parkside. pp. 232–234. ISBN 0-9617266-6-0. http://books.google.com/?id=TFlmAAAACAAJ.
- ^ Albertson, Chris, Major Glenn Miller and the Army Air Force Band, 1943–1944, Bluebird/RCA, 1987. Liner notes.
- ^ Another reference by Miller's friend George T. Simon, states "[Glenn Miller] resented critics who focused almost entirely on his band's jazz or lack of it. (Leonard Feather was a pet peeve)[...]." see Simon (1971), p. 275.
- ^ As recently as 1997 on a website administered by JazzTimes, Miller is listed as an example of an overrated jazz musician by Doug Ramsey. "Miller was a businessman who discovered a popular formula from which he allowed little departure. A disproportionate ratio of nostalgia to substance keeps his music alive." see http://jazztimes.com/articles/24803-who-s-overrated-who-s-underrated for Ramsey's credentials see http://jazztimes.com/contributors/27-doug-ramsey
- ^ "Stride and Swing: The Enduring Appeal of Fats Waller and Glenn Miller". The New Yorker. 2004. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/05/31/040531crmu_music.
- ^ Among Gunther Schuller's credentials are Professor of Composition at Yale University, Artist in Residence at the University of Wisconsin Madison and former president of the New England Conservatory of Music. He is also the past recipient of the Pulitzer Prize. See Wisc.edu URL: Wisc-schuller.
- ^ a b Gary Giddins is a New York based jazz and film critic who has written for the Village Voice and the New York Sun. He won the National Book Critics Circle Award for Visions of Jazz: The First Century. See "Biography", GaryGiddins.com.
- ^ a b c d Schuller, pp. 662, 670, 677.
- ^ Armstrong, Louis. "Reel to Reel." The Paris Review. Spring 2008: 63.
- ^ Zwerin, Mike. (August 17, 1995) ''George Shearing at 76:Still Holding His Own''. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Keepnews, Peter (February 14, 2011). "George Shearing, ‘Lullaby of Birdland’ Jazz Virtuoso, Dies at 91", The New York Times The article says: "What [Shearing] was aiming for [...] was 'a full block sound, which, if it was scored for saxophones, would sound like the Glenn Miller sound. And coming at the end of the frenetic bebop era, the timing seemed to be right.'"
- ^ Torme, Mel (1988). It Wasn't All Velvet. New York: Penguin. pp. 42–44. ISBN 0-86051-571-0. http://books.google.com/?id=7eeuPQAACAAJ&dq=mel+torme+it+wasn%27t+all+velvet.
- ^ Simon (1971), p. 359.
- ^ Frank Sinatra's recording sessions from the late forties and early fifties use some Miller musicians. Trigger Alpert, a bassist from the civilian band, Zeke Zarchy for the Army Air Force Band and Willie Schwartz, the lead clarinetist from the civilian band back up Frank Sinatra on many recordings. see "Frank Sinatra Discography: The Columbia Years — 1942 - 1946", Steve-Albin.com for Sinatra record sessions for Columbia and Capitol that use these musicians.
- ^ Ernie Caceres, the Miller band's baritone saxophonist also appears on several Frank Sinatra recordings. For one example see [1] October 22, 1947.
- ^ Susman, Gary (2005). "Goodbye: Jazz titan Artie Shaw dies. The clarinet master and top swing-era bandleader was 94". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1013447,00.html.
- ^ For another source which intercuts critiques by Gary Giddins and Artie Shaw about Glenn Miller, see Jazz: A Film By Ken Burns. Episode Five. Dir. Ken Burns. 2000. DVD. Florentine Films, 2000.
- ^ "Buddy DeFranco Biography". CYber SItes Inc. Date published unknown. http://www.buddydefranco.com/bio.html.
- ^ Zammarchi 238
- ^ DeFranco's favorite Miller recordings are "Skylark" and "Indian Summer" see Zammarchi 237
- ^ Zammarchi 237
- ^ Simon (1980), pp. 309–310.
- ^ Simon (1980), p. 324.
- ^ a b They Served Here: Thirty-Three Maxwell Men, "Glenn Miller", pp. 37–38. Benton, Jeffrey C. (1999). Air University Press.
- ^ "War Two: The Stars Wore Stripes", Ftmeade.army.mil. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Donald's Encyclopedia of Popular Music. EMI, expert-level blog by Donald Clarke (writer)
- ^ Hugh Palmer. ''Glenn Miller: The Lost Recordings''. Tarcl.com (April 30, 1944). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Kater, Michael (2003) [1992]. Different Drummers: Jazz in the Culture of Nazi Germany. US: Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-19-516553-1.
- ^ Erenberg, Lewis (1999). Swingin' the Dream: Big Band Jazz and the Rebirth of American Culture. US: University Of Chicago Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-226-21517-4.
- ^ Visit Abbey Road. ''1940s'', Abbeyroad.com (September 16, 1944). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ James H. "Jimmie" Doolittle – Outstanding Man of Aviation. Centennialofflight.gov. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ a b "Legendary bandleader Glenn Miller disappears over the English Channel", History.com.
- ^ Butcher, pp. 203–205.
- ^ "The Mysterious Disappearance of Glenn Miller". BBC. July 20, 2004. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2654822.
- ^ The Glenn Miller Story
- ^ Roth, Howard. "The Glenn Miller Mystery". http://www.mboss.force9.co.uk/twinwood/roth/index.htm.
- ^ "Miller book 'garbage,' expert says", RockyMountainNews.com.
- ^ The Glenn Miller Conspiracy The Secret Story of His Life – and Death.. Creative Book Pub Intl. 2008. ISBN 0-9779131-6-3.
- ^ "The Glenn Miller Conspiracy The Secret Story of His Life – and Death in the Editorial Reviews section". Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc.. http://www.amazon.com/Glenn-Miller-Conspiracy-Never-Before-Told-Story/dp/0977913163/. "While Downs' research has some merit, his breathlessly written suppositions sometimes read like the worst JFK assassination books."
- ^ Simon (1980), pp. 354, 434.
- ^ Simon (1980), p. 433.
- ^ Simon (1980), pp. 437–39.
- ^ Butcher, p. 262.
- ^ Henry Mancini at All About Jazz, Allaboutjazz.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Simon (1980), p. 258.
- ^ "Developer Buying Hollywood Palladium ", Yehoodi.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ a b c Butcher, page 263
- ^ Simon (1980), p. 439.
- ^ George Simon (1980) in Glenn Miller and His Orchestra, p. 439, says it happened in December of 1950.
- ^ "Former Leaders". Glennmillerorchestra.com. http://www.glennmillerorchestra.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=5. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ Solid!, Bob Chester biography/filmography, Parabrisas.com (March 20, 1908). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Ralph Flanagan, Bigbandlibrary.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Jerry Gray", Bigbandlibrary.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Solid!, Ray Anthony biography/filmography, Parabrisas.com (January 20, 1922). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ The Glenn Miller Story (1953) at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "Ray McKinley", Drummerworld.
- ^ [2].
- ^ BBC – Devon Theatre – Review – Glenn Miller Orchestra at Plymouth Pavilions, BBC. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Glenn Miller Orchestra :: Portrait Wil Salden, Glenn-miller.de (October 20, 2010). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Bennett, Tony (1998). The Good Life. New York: Pocket Books. p. 312. ISBN 0-671-02469-8. http://books.google.com/?id=BYSYAAAACAAJ&dq=the+good+life+tony+bennett.
- ^ Simon, page 434. [Full citation needed]
- ^ "Big Bands Database Plus", Nfo.net. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Johnmillerorchestra.org.uk, Johnmillerorchestra.org.uk (March 27, 2010). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ retrieved January 4, 2009, "Glennmiller.org" (June 10, 2010). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Ray Eberle, Marion Hutton and Tex Beneke do not appear in or are referred to in this movie. "Perhaps the only faults The Glenn Miller Story can be cited for are the obvious liberties that were taken with the band leader's career and a tendency to become overly sentimental at times.", see [3] Richard Steiner, The Glenn Miller Story.
- ^ "Glenn Miller Biography", Internet Movie Database.]
- ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame". The Recording Academy. 2009. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame.
- ^ "Glenn Miller", Colorado.edu.
- ^ In June 2009, it was announced that the Glenn Miller Birthplace Society in Clarinda, Iowa, was building a 5,600 foot museum to house "memorabilia from [Glenn Miller's] musical career." The museum in Glenn Miller's birthplace has been in the works since 1990, according to the USA Today article.
- ^ "Glenn Miller Archive". University of Colorado. http://music.colorado.edu/departments/amrc/gma/.
- ^ "CU-Boulder's Glenn Miller Archive Receives Major Gift Including Seldom-Heard Music", University of Colorado at Boulder (May 1, 2007). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Glenn Miller''. Twinwoodevents.com (August 30, 2010). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Papazian, Rita (January 31, 1999) ''Glenn Miller's New Haven Connection''. New York Times. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Jerry Gray", Big Band Library. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Song: In The Mood", ShapiroBernstein.com.
- ^ "Eddie Durham", Sony BMG. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Co-Composers", BuddyFeyne.com.
- ^ [4].
- ^ [5], All About Jazz. ''Bill Finegan Arranger for Dorsey, Miller Bands Dies'']. Allaboutjazz.com (June 9, 2008). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Augustand, Melissa (February 2, 2004). "DIED. BILLY MAY, 87". Time magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993262,00.html.
- ^ Obituaries. ''George Williams, Musical Arranger, 71.'']. New York Times (April 21, 1988). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Gottlieb, Jeff (January 8, 2000). "Vic Schoen, Musician and Composer, Dies at 83". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jan/08/local/me-52090.
- ^ Years later he married Miller singer Marion Hutton see [6].
- ^ "Glenn Miller, part two", Big Band Library. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "PBS – JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns: Selected Artist Biography – Glenn Miller". PBS. Date published unknown. http://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_miller_glen.htm.
- ^ "'Space Age Musicmaker George Siravo' George Siravo biography/" retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ For example, see the recording session of November 7, 1946.[7] and October 19, 1947 [8]
- ^ See [9], three songs are listed as collaborations between Day and Siravo, beginning with "It's Magic", recorded in 1947.
- ^ "Billy May biography", Internet Movie Database. retrieved November 17, 2008.
- ^ "Billy May Biography", Swingmusic.net. Swingmusic.net. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Billy May was hired from Charlie Barnet's band by Glenn Miller and joined in 1940. Miller and May had a wary relationship with each other. According to Will Friedwald, by 1942, May was ready to resign from the Miller band. A few reasons were, Miller refused to record half of May's arrangements and May objected to the regimented style of Miller's band. But since Miller was joining the military, he convinced May to stay on until the band broke up. May finally said around 1995, after a life of heavy drinking and going to rehabilitation for alcoholism, that working with Glenn Miller "helped me immensely. I learned a lot from Glenn. He was a good musician and an excellent arranger." see Sinatra! The Song Is You. Will Friedwald, p. 280.
- ^ "Spacepop.com. ''Billy May''", Spaceagepop.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ a b "Fancy Meeting You Here - Bing Crosby". AllMusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/fancy-meeting-you-here-r1409939/credits. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
- ^ "ColePorter". Anitaoday.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Bobby Hackett". IMDB. published unknown. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0352446/.
- ^ "Bobby Hackett", Landing.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Simon 267[Full citation needed]
- ^ Other Miller recordings Hackett appears on include an aircheck of "Vilia", an aircheck of "April in Paris" and the studio recording of "Serenade in Blue". Richard M. Sudhalter in his book Lost Chords feels that Hackett's best work with Miller is in an aircheck version of "Little Brown Jug" from 1942 where he plays off the "muscularity" of Tex Beneke's saxophone solo. Sudhalter sees this version as done in a "slower, more rocking tempo than on the 1939 Bluebird recording". Before, during and after the time Miller hired Hackett, Hackett had a large reputation in the jazz community. George Simon says in the same book, that whenever Hackett soloed with the band,"fellow sidemen 'obviously as excited as the dancers, stopped to listen to Bobby solo'." All aircheck information from Sudhalter, Richard (1999). Lost Chords. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 928. ISBN 0-19-505585-3. http://books.google.com/?id=rqckHQAACAAJ&dq=Lost+Chords.
- ^ "Bobby Hackett", Space Age Music Maker, Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Johnny Desmond at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Wahls, Robert (November 19, 1965). "Johnny Arrives at the Garden". Sunday New York News. http://barbra-archives.com/bjs_library/60s/65_nynews_streisand.html.
- ^ [10].
- ^ The songs Starr sang were in Hutton's key and Starr said she sounded like a "a jazzed up Alfalfa" since they weren't in her range. "'They would ask me, 'is that in your range? and I didn't know so I just said yes because I only knew two kinds of ranges-one of them you cooked on and the other was where the cows were.[...] I just loved music and I thought as long as I start and end with the band I've done my job." Kay Starr to Will Friedwald, A Biographical Guide To The Great Jazz and Pop Singers, 2010, New York, Pantheon Books, p. 443.
- ^ Who is Kay Starr?: A short biography, Members.tripod.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ a b "Artie Malvin", Spaceagepop.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ [11].
- ^ He won an Emmy for the Burnett show parody of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers movies: Hi-Hat.[12] The Burnett show does a tribute to The Glenn Miller Story which opens with Burnett singing "Moonlight Serenade". [undated]
- ^ "Paul Tanner", Spaceagepop.com (October 15, 1917). Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "The Paul Tanner Electrothermin Page". David S. Miller. 1997–2007. http://www.electrotheremin.com/PTE-TPage.html.
- ^ Norman Leyden's Big Band Birthday | OregonLive.com. Blog.oregonlive.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Norman Leyden at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Specifically, in the liner notes for The Divine Sarah Vaughan The Columbia Years 1949–1953 (1988 Columbia C2K 44165) written by Gene Lees the discography refers to "Thinking of You", "Perdido" and "I'll Know" as three Leyden arrangements for Vaughan from 1950. See page 10 of the enclosed booklet.
- ^ "Inspired from Leslie Gourse's biography of Sarah Vaughan", Michaelminn.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "News Release", February 27, 2004. Oregon Symphony. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "Glenn Miller: 'A Dream Band'", Bigbandlibrary.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ a b "Mel Powell: 1923–1998", Jazzhouse.org. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Giddins, Gary. (January 7, 2009) "Stride and Swing", The New Yorker. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ Allmusic at www.allmusic.com
- ^ "Mel Powell", Schirmer.com. Retrieved on July 29, 2011.
- ^ "The Jazz Horn". Harlan Feinstein. 2006. http://feinsteins.net/music/jazzhorn.html.
- ^ "Critics, Journalists and Other Writers: George T. Simon". Chris Popa. 2004. http://www.bigbandlibrary.com/georgetsimon.html.
- ^ see Chris Popa
- ^ see Chris Popa for list of liner notes authored by George Simon.[Full citation needed]
Bibliography[link]
- Bennett, Tony (1998). The Good Life. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-02469-8. http://books.google.com/?id=ucteAAAACAAJ.
- Butcher, Geoffrey (1997). Next to a Letter from Home. North Pomfret, Vt: Trafalgar Square. ISBN 0-7515-1078-5. http://books.google.com/?id=DdJbHAAACAAJ.
- Friedwald, Will (1997). The Song Is You. New York: 0306807424. ISBN 0-306-80742-4. http://books.google.com/?id=T3GW0qNfJ-MC&dq=will+friedwald+the+song+is+you.
- Flower, John (1972). Moonlight Serenade: a bio-discography of the Glenn Miller Civilian Band. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House. ISBN 0-87000-161-2. http://books.google.com/?id=ucteAAAACAAJ.
- Miller, Glenn (1943). Glenn Miller's Method for Orchestral Arranging. New York: Mutual Music Society. ASIN: B0007DMEDQ
- Simon, George Thomas (1980). Glenn Miller and His Orchestra. New York: Da Capo paperback. ISBN 0-306-80129-9. http://books.google.com/?id=DvLC5_RJS0MC.
- Simon, George Thomas (1971). Simon Says. New York: Galahad. ISBN 0-88365-001-0. http://books.google.com/?id=xiwYAQAAIAAJ&q=Simon+Says+The+Sights+and+Sounds&dq=Simon+Says+The+Sights+and+Sounds.
- Schuller, Gunther (1991). Volume 2 of The Swing Era:the Development of Jazz, 1930–1945 /. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507140-9. http://books.google.com/?id=Zc4Lh9KC2MIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=swing+era+the+development+of+jazz#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Sudhalter, Richard (1999). Lost Chords. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514838-X. http://books.google.com/?id=rqckHQAACAAJ&dq=white+chords.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Glenn Miller |
- The Glenn Miller Birthplace Society, organizing the annual Glenn Miller Birthplace Festival in Clarinda, IA
- Website (78rpmrecord.com) listing recordings Glenn Miller made for Brunswick records as a sideman in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
- Glenn's Swing Orchestra (Jazz big band: Tribute to Glenn Miller)
- A World War II Soldier's Insight into the mysterious disappearance of Glenn Miller
- In Search Of... television program, segment on Glenn Miller hosted by Leonard Nimoy.
- George's Spink's article, "Glenn Miller: The Sound of an Era" written for the Chicago Sun-Times in December 1984 on the 40th anniversary of Miller's disappearance .
- Glenn Miller at Find a Grave
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Miller, Glenn |
| Alternative names | Miller, Alton Glenn |
| Short description | Jazz musician |
| Date of birth | (1904-03-01)March 1, 1904 |
| Place of birth | Clarinda, Iowa, U.S |
| Date of death | December 15, 1944(1944-12-15) |
| Place of death | English Channel (assumed) |
http://wn.com/Glenn_Miller
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Count Basie | |
|---|---|
 from the 1955 film Rhythm and Blues Revue |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | William James Basie |
| Born | (1904-08-21)August 21, 1904 Red Bank, New Jersey, United States |
| Died | April 26, 1984(1984-04-26) (aged 79) Hollywood, Florida, United States |
| Genres | Jazz, Swing, big band, piano blues |
| Occupations | Musician, bandleader, composer |
| Instruments | Piano, organ |
| Years active | 1924–1984 |
William "Count" Basie (August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984[1]) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. His mother first taught him piano and he started performing in his teens. Dropping out of school, he learned to operate lights for vaudeville and improvised to accompany silent films at a local theater in his town of Red Bank, New Jersey. By 16, he increasingly played jazz piano at parties, resorts and other venues. In 1924, he went to Harlem, where his performing career expanded; he toured with groups to the major jazz cities of Chicago, St. Louis and Kansas City. In 1929 he joined Bennie Moten's band in Kansas City, and played with them for years, until Moten's death in 1935.
That year Basie formed his own jazz orchestra, and in 1936 took them to Chicago for a long engagement and their first recording. He led the group for almost 50 years, creating innovations like the use of two "split" tenor saxophones, emphasizing the rhythm section, riffing with a big band, using arrangers to broaden their sound, and others. Many notable musicians came to prominence under his direction, including the tenor saxophonists Lester Young and Herschel Evans, the guitarist Freddie Green, trumpeters Buck Clayton and Harry "Sweets" Edison and singers Jimmy Rushing and Joe Williams. Basie's theme songs were "One O'Clock Jump," developed in 1935 in the early days of his band, and "April In Paris".
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life and education[link]
William Basie was born to Harvey Lee and Lillian Basie in Red Bank, New Jersey.[2][3] His father worked as a coachman and caretaker for a wealthy judge. After automobiles replaced horses, his father became a groundskeeper and handyman for several wealthy families in the area.[4] His mother, a piano player who gave Basie his first piano lessons, took in laundry and baked cakes for sale. She paid 25 cents a lesson for piano instruction for him.[5][6]
Not much of a student in school, Basie dreamed of a traveling life, inspired by touring carnivals which came to town. He finished junior high school[7] but spent much of his time at the Palace Theater in Red Bank, where doing occasional chores gained him free admission to performances. He learned to operate the spotlights for the vaudeville shows. One day, when the pianist failed to arrive by show time, Basie took his place. Playing by ear, he quickly learned to improvise music appropriate to the acts and the silent movies.[8]
Though a natural at the piano, Basie preferred drums. Discouraged by the obvious talents of Sonny Greer, who also lived in Red Bank and became Duke Ellington's drummer in 1919, Basie at age 15 switched to piano exclusively.[5] Greer and Basie played together in venues until Greer set out on his professional career. By then, Basie was playing with pick-up groups for dances, resorts, and amateur shows, including Harry Richardson's "Kings of Syncopation".[9] When not playing a gig, he hung out at the local pool hall with other musicians, where he picked up on upcoming play dates and gossip. He got some jobs in Asbury Park at the Jersey Shore, and played at the Hong Kong Inn until a better player took his place.[10]
Early career[link]
Around 1924, Basie went to Harlem, a hotbed of jazz, where he lived down the block from the Alhambra Theater. Early after his arrival, he bumped into Sonny Greer, who was by then the drummer for the Washingtonians, Duke Ellington's early band.[11] Soon, Basie met many of the Harlem musicians who were "making the scene," including Willie "the Lion" Smith and James P. Johnson.
Basie toured in several acts between 1925 and 1927, including Katie Krippen and Her Kiddies as part of the Hippity Hop show; on the Keith, the Columbia Burlesque, and the Theater Owners Bookers Association (T.O.B.A.) vaudeville circuits; and as a soloist and accompanist to blues singers Katie Krippen and Gonzelle White.[12][13] His touring took him to Kansas City, St. Louis, New Orleans, and Chicago. Throughout his tours, Basie met many great jazz musicians, including Louis Armstrong.[14]
Back in Harlem in 1925, Basie got his first steady job at Leroy's, a place known for its piano players and its "cutting contests." The place catered to "uptown celebrities," and typically the band winged every number without sheet music (using "head arrangements").[15] He met Fats Waller, who was playing organ at the Lincoln Theater accompanying silent movies, and Waller taught him how to play that instrument. (Basie later played organ at the Eblon Theater in Kansas City).[1] As he did with Duke Ellington, Willie "the Lion" Smith helped Basie out during the lean times by arranging gigs at "house-rent parties," introducing him to other top musicians, and teaching him some piano technique.[16]
In 1928 Basie was in Tulsa and heard Walter Page and his Famous Blue Devils, one of the first big bands, which featured Jimmy Rushing on vocals.[17] A few months later, he was invited to join the band, which played mostly in Texas and Oklahoma. It was at this time that he began to be known as "Count" Basie (see Jazz royalty).[18]
Kansas City years[link]
The following year, in 1929 Basie became the pianist with the Bennie Moten band based in Kansas City, inspired by Moten's ambition to raise his band to the level of Duke Ellington's or Fletcher Henderson's.[19] Where the Blue Devils were "snappier" and more "bluesy," the Moten band was classier and more respected, and played in the "Kansas City stomp" style.[20] In addition to playing piano, Basie was co-arranger with Eddie Durham, who notated the music.[21] During a stay in Chicago, Basie recorded with the band. He occasionally played four-hand piano and dual pianos with Moten, who also conducted.[22] The band improved with several personnel changes, including the addition of tenor saxophonist Ben Webster.
When the band voted Moten out, Basie took over for several months, calling the group "Count Basie and his Cherry Blossoms." When his own band folded, he rejoined Moten with a newly re-organized band.[23] When Moten died in 1935 after a surgical procedure, the band unsuccessfully tried to stay together but couldn't make a go of it.
Basie formed a new band that year, which included many Moten alumni, with the important addition of tenor player Lester Young. They played at the Reno Club and sometimes were broadcast on local radio. Late one night with time to fill, the band started improvising. Basie liked the results and named the piece "One O'Clock Jump."[24] According to Basie, "we hit it with the rhythm section and went into the riffs, and the riffs just stuck. We set the thing up front in D-flat, and then we just went on playing in F." It became his signature tune.[25]
John Hammond and first recordings[link]
At the end of 1936, Basie and his band, now billed as "Count Basie and His Barons of Rhythm," moved from Kansas City to Chicago, where they honed their repertoire at a long engagement at the Grand Terrace Ballroom.[26] Right from the start, Basie's band was noted for its rhythm section. Another Basie innovation was the use of two tenor saxophone players; at the time, most bands had just one. When Young complained of Herschel Evans' vibrato, Basie placed them on either side of the alto players, and soon had the tenor players engaged in "duels". Many other bands later adapted the split tenor arrangement.[27]
In that city in October 1936, the band had a recording session which the producer John Hammond later described as "the only perfect, completely perfect recording session I've ever had anything to do with".[28] Hammond had heard Basie's band over short-wave radio and went to Kansas City to check them out.[29] He invited them to record, in performances which were Lester Young's earliest recordings. Those four sides were released under the band name of Jones-Smith Incorporated; the sides were "Shoe Shine Boy", "Evening", "Boogie Woogie", and "Oh, Lady Be Good". Basie had already signed with Decca Records, but did not have his first recording session with them until January 1937.[30]
By then, Basie's sound was characterized by a "jumping" beat and the contrapuntal accents of his own piano. His personnel around 1937 included: Lester Young and Herschel Evans (tenor sax), Freddie Green (guitar), Jo Jones (drums), Walter Page (bass), Earle Warren (alto sax), Buck Clayton and Harry Edison (trumpet), Benny Morton and Dickie Wells (trombone).[31] Lester Young, known as "Prez" by the band, came up with nicknames for all the other band members. He called Basie "Holy Man", "Holy Main", and just plain "Holy".[32]
Basie favored blues, and he would showcase some of the most notable blues singers of the era after he went to New York: Billie Holiday, Jimmy Rushing, Big Joe Turner, Helen Humes, and Joe Williams. He also hired arrangers who knew how to maximize the band's abilities, such as Eddie Durham and Jimmy Mundy.
New York City and the Swing years[link]
When Basie took his orchestra to New York in 1937, they made the Woodside Hotel in Queens their base (they often rehearsed in its basement). Soon, they were booked at the Roseland Ballroom for the Christmas show. Basie recalled a review, which said something like, "We caught the great Count Basie band which is supposed to be so hot he was going to come in here and set the Roseland on fire. Well, the Roseland is still standing".[33] Compared to the reigning band of Fletcher Henderson, Basie's band lacked polish and presentation.[34]
The producer John Hammond continued to advise and encourage the band, and they soon came up with some adjustments, including softer playing, more solos, and more standards. They paced themselves to save their hottest numbers for later in the show, to give the audience a chance to warm up.[35] His first official recordings for Decca followed, under contract to agent MCA, including "Pennies from Heaven" and "Honeysuckle Rose".[36]
Hammond introduced Basie to Billie Holiday, whom he invited to sing with the band. (Holiday didn't record with Basie, as she had her own record contract and preferred working with small combos).[37] The band's first appearance at the Apollo Theater followed, with the vocalists Holiday and Jimmy Rushing getting the most attention.[38] Durham returned to help with arranging and composing, but for the most part, the orchestra worked out its numbers in rehearsal, with Basie guiding the proceedings. There were often no musical notations made. Once the musicians found what they liked, they usually were able to repeat it using their "head arrangements" and collective memory.[39]
Next, Basie played at the Savoy, which was noted more for jitterbugging, while the Roseland was a place for fox-trots and congas.[40] In early 1938, the Savoy was the meeting ground for a "battle of the bands" with Chick Webb's group. Basie had Holiday, and Webb countered with the singer Ella Fitzgerald. As Metronome magazine proclaimed, "Basie's Brilliant Band Conquers Chick's"; the article described the evening:
"Throughout the fight, which never let down in its intensity during the whole fray, Chick took the aggressive, with the Count playing along easily and, on the whole, more musically scientifically. Undismayed by Chick's forceful drum beating, which sent the audience into shouts of encouragement and appreciation and casual beads of perspiration to drop from Chick's brow onto the brass cymbals, the Count maintained an attitude of poise and self-assurance. He constantly parried Chick's thundering haymakers with tantalizing runs and arpeggios which teased more and more force from his adversary".[41]
The publicity over the big band battle, before and after, gave the Basie band a boost and wider recognition. Soon after, Benny Goodman recorded their signature "One O'Clock Jump" with his band.[42]
A few months later, Holiday left for Artie Shaw's band. Hammond introduced Helen Humes, whom Basie hired; she stayed with Basie for four years.[43] When Eddie Durham left for Glenn Miller's orchestra, he was replaced by Dicky Wells. Basie's 14-man band began playing at the Famous Door, a mid-town nightspot with a CBS network feed and air conditioning. Their fame took a huge leap.[44] Adding to their play book, Basie received arrangements from Jimmy Mundy (who had also worked with Benny Goodman and Earl Hines), particularly for "Cherokee", "Easy Does It", and "Super Chief".[45] In 1939, Basie and his band made a major cross-country tour, including their first West Coast dates. A few months later, Basie quit MCA and signed with the William Morris Agency, who got them better fees.[46]
On the West Coast, in 1942 the band did a spot in Reveille With Beverly, a musical film starring Ann Miller, and a "Command Performance" for Armed Forces Radio, with Hollywood stars Clark Gable, Bette Davis, Carmen Miranda, Jerry Colonna, and the singer Dinah Shore.[47] Other minor movie spots followed, including Choo Choo Swing, Crazy House, Top Man, and Hit Parade of 1943.[48] They also started to record with RCA.[49] The war years caused a lot of members turn over, and the band worked many play dates with lower pay. Dance hall bookings were down sharply as swing began to fade, the effects of the musicians' strikes of 1942-44 and 1948 began to be felt, and the public's taste grew for singers.
Marriage and family[link]
Basie had married Catherine Morgan in the late 1930s. In 1942, they moved to Queens.
Post-war and later years[link]
The big band era appeared to have ended after the war, and Basie disbanded the group. For a while, he performed in combos, sometimes stretched to an orchestra. In 1950, he headlined the Universal-International short film "Sugar Chile" Robinson, Billie Holiday, Count Basie and His Sextet. He reformed his group as a 16-piece orchestra in 1952. Basie credits Billy Eckstine, a top male vocalist of the time, for prompting his return to Big Band. He said that Norman Granz got them into the Birdland club and promoted the new band through recordings on the Mercury, Clef, and Verve labels.[50] The jukebox era had begun, and Basie shared the exposure along with early rock'n'roll and rhythm and blues artists. Basie's new band was more of an ensemble group, with fewer solo turns, and relying less on "head" and more on written arrangements.
Basie added touches of bebop "so long as it made sense", and he required that "it all had to have feeling". Basie's band was sharing Birdland with such bebop greats as Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Miles Davis. Behind the occasional bebop solos, he always kept his strict rhythmic pulse, "so it doesn't matter what they do up front; the audience gets the beat".[51] Basie also added flute to some numbers, a novelty at the time that became widely copied.[52] Soon, his band was touring and recording again. The new band included: Paul Campbell, Tommy Turrentine, Johnny Letman, Idrees Sulieman, and Joe Newman (trumpet); Jimmy Wilkins, Benny Powell, Matthew Gee (trombone); Paul Quinichette and Floyd "Candy" Johnson (tenor sax); Marshall Royal and Ernie Wilkins (alto sax); and Charlie Fowlkes (baritone sax).[53] Down Beat magazine reported, "(Basie) has managed to assemble an ensemble that can thrill both the listener who remembers 1938 and the youngster who has never before heard a big band like this."[54]
In 1954, the band made its first European tour. Jazz was especially appreciated in France, The Netherlands, and Germany in the 1950s; these countries were the stomping grounds for many expatriate American jazz stars who were either resurrecting their careers or sitting out the years of racial divide in the United States. Neal Hefti began to provide arrangements, notably "Lil Darlin'". By the mid-1950s, Basie's band had become one of the preeminent backing big bands for some of the most prominent jazz vocalists of the time. They also toured with the "Birdland Stars of 1955", whose lineup included Sarah Vaughan, Erroll Garner, Lester Young, George Shearing, and Stan Getz.[55]
In 1957, Basie released the live album Count Basie at Newport. "April in Paris" (arrangement by Wild Bill Davis) was a best-selling instrumental and the title song for the hit album.[56] The Basie band made two tours in the British Isles and on the second, they put on a command performance for Queen Elizabeth II, along with Judy Garland, Vera Lynn, and Mario Lanza.[57] He was a guest on ABC's The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, a venue also opened to several other black entertainers. In 1959, Basie's band recorded a "greatest hits" double album The Count Basie Story (Frank Foster, arranger) and "Basie and Eckstine, Inc.": album featuring Billy Eckstine, Quincy Jones (as arranger) and the Count Basie Orchestra. It was released by Roulette Records, then later reissued by Capital Records.
Later that year, Basie appeared on a television special with Fred Astaire, featuring a dance solo to "Sweet Georgia Brown", followed in January 1960 by Basie performing at one of the five John F. Kennedy Inaugural Balls.[58] That summer, Basie and Duke Ellington combined forces for the recording First Time! The Count Meets the Duke, each providing four numbers from their play books.[59]
During the balance of the 1960s, the band kept busy with tours, recordings, television appearances, festivals, Las Vegas shows, and travel abroad, including cruises. Some time around 1964, Basie adopted his trademark yachting cap.[60]
Through steady changes in personnel, Basie led the band into the 1970s. Basie made a few more movie appearances, such as the Jerry Lewis film Cinderfella (1960) and the Mel Brooks movie Blazing Saddles (1974), playing his arrangement of "April in Paris".
Basie died of pancreatic cancer in Hollywood, Florida on April 26, 1984 at the age of 79.[1]
Count Basie and his Orchestra[link]
The musicians associated with Count Basie over the years included the following:
- c.1937: Joe Keyes, Buck Clayton, Carl Smith, George Hunt, Dan Minor, Caughey Roberts, Herschel Evans, Lester Young, Jack Washington, Claude Williams, Walter Page, Jo Jones.
- c.1939: Ed Lewis, Buck Clayton, Shad Collins, Harry Edison, Earle Warren, Buddy Tate, Benny Morton, Dicky Wells, Freddie Green.
- 1940: Al Killian, Vic Dickenson.
- 1943: Joe Newman, Snooky Young, Eli Robinson, Robert Scott, Jimmy Powell, Rudy Rutherford, Rodney Richardson.
The singers[link]
Basie hitched his star to some of the most famous vocalists of the 1950s and 1960s, which helped keep the Big Band sound alive and added greatly to his recording catalog. Jimmy Rushing sang with Basie in the late 1930s. Joe Williams toured with the band and was featured on the 1957 album One O'Clock Jump, and 1956's Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings, with "Every Day (I Have the Blues)" becoming a huge hit. With Billy Eckstine on the album Basie-Eckstine Inc., in 1959. Ella Fitzgerald made some memorable recordings with Basie, including the 1963 album Ella and Basie!. With the 'New Testament' Basie band in full swing, and arrangements written by a youthful Quincy Jones, this album proved a swinging respite from her Songbook recordings and constant touring she did during this period. She even toured with the Basie Orchestra in the mid-1970s, and Fitzgerald and Basie also met on the 1979 albums A Classy Pair, Digital III at Montreux, and A Perfect Match, the last two also recorded live at Montreux. In addition to Quincy Jones, Basie was using arrangers such as Benny Carter (Kansas City Suite), Neal Hefti (The Atomic Mr Basie), and Sammy Nestico (Basie-Straight Ahead).
Frank Sinatra recorded for the first time with Basie on 1962's Sinatra-Basie and for a second studio album on 1964's It Might as Well Be Swing, which was arranged by Quincy Jones. Jones also arranged and conducted 1966's live Sinatra at the Sands. In May 1970, Sinatra performed in London's Royal Festival Hall with the Basie orchestra, in a charity benefit for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Sinatra later said of this concert "I have a funny feeling that those two nights could have been my finest hour, really. It went so well; it was so thrilling and exciting".[61]
Basie also recorded with Tony Bennett in the early 1960s — their albums together included the live recording at Las Vegas and Strike Up the Band, a studio album. Basie also toured with Bennett, including a date at Carnegie Hall. Other notable recordings were with Sammy Davis, Jr., Bing Crosby, and Sarah Vaughan. One of Basie's biggest regrets was never recording with Louis Armstrong, though they shared the same bill several times.[62]
Legacy and honors[link]
Count Basie introduced several generations of listeners to the Big Band sound and left an influential catalog. Basie is remembered by many who worked for him as being considerate of musicians and their opinions, modest, relaxed, fun-loving, dryly witty, and always enthusiastic about his music.[63] In his autobiography, he wrote, "I think the band can really swing when it swings easy, when it can just play along like you are cutting butter."[64]
- In Red Bank, New Jersey, the Count Basie Theatre, a property on Main Street redeveloped for live performances, and Count Basie Field were named in his honor.
- Mechanic Street, where he grew up with his family, has the honorary title of Count Basie Way.
- In 2009, Edgecombe Avenue and 160th Street in Washington Heights, Manhattan, were renamed as Paul Robeson Boulevard and Count Basie Place. The corner is the location of 555 Edgecombe Avenue, also known as the Paul Robeson Home, a National Historic Landmark where Count Basie had also lived.
Representation in other media[link]
- Jerry Lewis used "Blues in Hoss' Flat" from Basie's Chairman of the Board album, as the basis for his own "Chairman of the Board" routine in the movie The Errand Boy.
- "Blues in Hoss' Flat," composed by Basie band member Frank Foster, was used by the radio DJ Al "Jazzbeaux" Collins as his theme song in San Francisco and New York.
- In Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992), Brenda Fricker's "Pigeon Lady" character claims to have heard Basie in Carnegie Hall.
- Drummer Neil Peart of the Canadian rock band Rush recorded a version of "One O'Clock Jump" with the Buddy Rich Big Band, and has used it at the end of his drum solos on the 2002 Vapor Trails Tour and Rush's 30th Anniversary Tour.
Discography[link]
The majority of Basie's recordings were made with his big band, see Count Basie Orchestra Discography.
From 1929-1932 Basie was part of Bennie Moten's Kansas City Orchestra:
- Bennie Moten's Kansas City Orchestra (1929-1932): Basie Beginnings (1929-1932, RCA/Bluebird Records)
Basie also made several small group recordings without his band:
- Count Basie Sextet (1954, Clef)
- Count Basie and the Kansas City 7 (1962, Impulse!)
- Basie Swingin' Voices Singin' (1966, EMI)
- Loose Walk (with Roy Eldridge) (1972, Pablo)
- Basie Jam (1973, Pablo)
- The Bosses (with Big Joe Turner) (1973)
- For the First Time (1974, Pablo)
- Satch and Josh (with Oscar Peterson)
- Basie & Zoot (with Zoot Sims) (1975, Pablo)
- For the Second Time (1975, Pablo)
- Basie Jam 2 (1976, Pablo)
- Basie Jam 3 (1976, Pablo)
- Kansas City 5 (1977, Pablo)
- The Gifted Ones (with Dizzy Gillespie) (1977, Pablo)
- Basie Jam: Montreux '77 (live) (1977, Pablo)
- Satch and Josh...Again (with Oscar Peterson) (1977, Pablo)
- Night Rider (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo)
- Count Basie Meets Oscar Peterson – The Timekeepers (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo)
- Yessir, That's My Baby (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo)
- Kansas City 8: Get Together (1979, Pablo)
- Kansas City 7 (1980, Pablo)
- Kansas City 6 (1981, Pablo)
- Mostly Blues...and Some Others (1983, Pablo)
Filmography[link]
- Hit Parade of 1943 (1943) – as himself
- Sugar Chile Robinson, Billie Holiday, Count Basie and His Sextet (1950) – as himself
- Cinderfella (1960) – as himself
- Blazing Saddles (1974) – as himself with his orchestra
Awards[link]
Grammy Awards[link]
| Count Basie Grammy Award history[65] | ||||
| Year | Category | Title | Genre | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1982 | Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Big Band | Warm Breeze | Jazz | Winner |
| 1984 | Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Big Band | 88 Basie Street | Jazz | Winner |
| 1980 | Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Big Band | On The Road | Jazz | Winner |
| 1977 | Best Jazz Performance By A Big Band | Prime Time | Jazz | Winner |
| 1976 | Best Jazz Performance By A Soloist (Instrumental) | Basie And Zoot | Jazz | Winner |
| 1963 | Best Performance By An Orchestra – For Dancing | This Time By Basie! Hits Of The 50's And 60's | Pop | Winner |
| 1960 | Best Performance By A Band For Dancing | Dance With Basie | Pop | Winner |
| 1958 | Best Performance By A Dance Band | Basie | Pop | Winner |
| 1958 | Best Jazz Performance, Group | Basie | Jazz | Winner |
Grammy Hall of Fame[link]
By 2011, four recordings of Count Basie had been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old, and that have "qualitative or historical significance."
| Count Basie Grammy Hall of Fame Awards[66] | ||||
| Year recorded | Title | genre | Label | Year inducted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1939 | Lester Leaps In | Jazz (Single) | Vocalion | 2005 |
| 1955 | Everyday (I Have the Blues) | Jazz (Single) | Clef | 1992 |
| 1955 | April in Paris | Jazz (Single) | Clef | 1985 |
| 1937 | One O'Clock Jump | Jazz (Single) | Decca | 1979 |
Honors and inductions[link]
On May 23, 1985, William "Count" Basie was presented, posthumously, with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ronald Reagan. The award was received by his son, Aaron Woodward.
On September 11, 1996 the U.S. Post Office issued a Count Basie 32 cents postage stamp. Basie is a part of the Big Band Leaders issue, which, is in turn, part of the Legends of American Music series.
In 2009, Basie was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.[67]
| Count Basie award history | ||||
| Year | Category | Result | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | Long Island Music Hall of Fame | Inducted | ||
| 2005 | Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame | Inducted | ||
| 2002 | Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award | Winner | ||
| 1983 | NEA Jazz Masters | Winner | ||
| 1981 | Grammy Trustees Award | Winner | ||
| 1981 | Kennedy Center Honors | Honoree | ||
| late 1970s | Hollywood Walk of Fame | Honoree | at 6508 Hollywood Blvd. | |
| 1970 | Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia | Initiated | Mu Nu Chapter | |
| 1958 | Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame | Inducted | ||
National Recording Registry[link]
In 2005, Count Basie's song "One O'Clock Jump" (1937) was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the Library of Congress National Recording Registry.[68] The board selects songs in an annual basis that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."
References[link]
- ^ a b c Wilson, John S. (27 April 1984). "On This Day: Count Basie, 79, Band Leader And Master of Swing, Dead". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0821.html. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ Basie Centennial Ball
- ^ Basie, Count (1985). Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. Paladin Grafton Books. p. 25. ISBN 0-586-08638-2.
- ^ Count Basie (1985), Good Morning Blues, p. 26
- ^ a b Count Basie, 1985, p. 33
- ^ Count Basie and his Friends, myspace.com
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 29
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 32
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 33–34, plate 3
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 41
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 51
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 55
- ^ Robinson, J. Bradford. Count Basie. in Kernfeld, Barry. ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, 2nd Edition, Vol. 1. London: MacMillan, 2002. p. 155.
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 96
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 68
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 77
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 6
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 20
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 116
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 120
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, plate 10
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 122
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 146
- ^ Dance, 1980, p. 67
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 162
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 171
- ^ Stanley Dance, The World of Count Basie, Da Capo, New York, 1980, ISBN 0-306-80245-7, p. 68
- ^ 1981 interview cited in "The Lester Young Story" (Properbox 16) p14–15
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 165
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 181
- ^ Leonard Feather, The Encyclopedia of Jazz, Bonanza Books, 1960, p.112
- ^ Dance, 1980, p. 104
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 184
- ^ Dance, 1980, p. 107
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 188
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 186
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 200
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 190
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 199
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 202
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 208
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 207
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 211
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 217–218
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 229
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 247
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 260
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 262
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 274
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 289–290
- ^ Dance, 1980, p. 5
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 281, 304
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 293
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 299
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 315
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 318
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 323
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 335, 337
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 339
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 353
- ^ Pignon, Charles (2004). The Sinatra Treasures, Virgin Books, ISBN 1-85227-184-1
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 362
- ^ Dance, 1980, pp. 7–8
- ^ Count Basie, 1985, p. 370
- ^ Grammy Award search engine[dead link]
- ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame Database". Grammy.org. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ The Newark Star Ledger.
- ^ "2005 National Recording Registry choices". Loc.gov. 2011-05-13. http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/nrpb-2005reg.html. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Count Basie |
- Count Basie discography at iMusic.am
- International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation
- Basie biography at swingmusic.net
- BBC Profile of Count Basie
- Downbeat Magazine
- U.S. Postal Service Biography
- Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom – May 23, 1985
- Basie biography and album list
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Basie, Count |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | August 21, 1904 |
| Place of birth | Red Bank, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Date of death | April 26, 1984 |
| Place of death | Hollywood, Florida, U.S. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
