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In the fields of information science, communication, and industrial design, there is debate over the meaning of interactivity. In the "contingency view" of interactivity, there are three levels:

1. Noninteractive, when a message is not related to previous messages;
2. Reactive, when a message is related only to one immediately previous message; and
3. Interactive, when a message is related to a number of previous messages and to the relationship between them.^[1]

Human to human communication[link]

Human communication is the basic example of interactive communication which involves two different processes; human to human interactivity and human to computer interactivity. Human-Human interactivity is the communication between people.

On the other hand, human to computer communication is the way that people communicate with new media. According to Rada Roy, the "Human Computer interaction model might consists of 4 main components which consist of HUMAN, COMPUTER, TASK ENVIRONMENT and MACHINE ENVIRONMENT. The two basic flows of information and control are assumed. The communication between people and computers; one must understand something about both and about the tasks which people perform with computers. A general model of human - computer interface emphasizes the flow of information and control at the human computer interface."^[2] Human to Human interactivity consists of many conceptualizations which are based on anthropomorphic definitions. For example, complex systems that detect and react to human behavior are sometimes called interactive. Under this perspective, interaction includes responses to human physical manipulation like movement, body language, and/or changes in mental states.

Human to artifact communication[link]

In the context of communication between a human and an artifact, interactivity refers to the artifact’s interactive behaviour as experienced by the human user. This is different from other aspects of the artifact such as its visual appearance, its internal working, and the meaning of the signs it might mediate. For example, the interactivity of an iPod is not its physical shape and colour (its so-called "design"), its ability to play music, or its storage capacity—it is the behaviour of its user interface as experienced by its user. This includes the way you move your finger on its input wheel, the way this allows you to select a tune in the playlist, and the way you control the volume.

An artifact’s interactivity is best perceived through use. A bystander can imagine how it would be like to use an artifact by watching others use it, but it is only through actual use that its interactivity is fully experienced and "felt". This is due to the kinesthetic nature of the interactive experience. It is similar to the difference between watching someone drive a car and actually driving it. It is only through the driving that you can experience and "feel" how this car differs from others.

New Media academic Vincent Maher defines interactivity as "the relation constituted by a symbolic interface between its referential, objective functionality and the subject."^[3]

Computing science[link]

The term "look and feel" is often used to refer to the specifics of a computer system's user interface. Using this metaphor, the "look" refers to its visual design, while the "feel" refers to its interactivity. Indirectly this can be regarded as an informal definition of interactivity.

A more detailed discussion of how interactivity has been conceptualized in the human-computer interaction literature, and how the phenomenology of the French philosopher Merleau-Ponty can shed light on the user experience, see (Svanaes 2000).

In computer science, interactive refers to software which accepts and responds to input from humans—for example, data or commands. Interactive software includes most popular programs, such as word processors or spreadsheet applications. By comparison, noninteractive programs operate without human contact; examples of these include compilers and batch processing applications. If the response is complex enough it is said that the system is conducting social interaction and some systems try to achieve this through the implementation of social interfaces.

Also, there is the notion of kinds of user interaction, like the Rich UI.

Creating Interactivity[link]

Web page authors can integrate JavaScript coding to create interactive web pages. Sliders, date pickers, drag and dropping are just some of the many enhancements that can be provided.^[4]

Various authoring tools are available for creating various kinds of interactivities. Some of the most common platforms for creating interactivities include Adobe Flash and the recently released Microsoft Silverlight. The most commonly used authoring tools for creating interactivities include Harbinger's Raptivity and Articulate's Engage. eLearning makes use of a concept called an interaction model. Using an interaction model, any person can create interactivities in a very short period of time.

Some of the interaction models presented with authoring tools fall under various categories like games, puzzles, simulation tools, presentation tools, etc., which can be completely customized.

See also[link]

• Haptic (disambiguation)
• Happening
• Human factors
• Interaction
• Interactive art
• Interactive media
• Interaction design
• Sonic interaction design
• Interaction Model
• Virtual reality

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Liu, Yuping and L. J. Shrum (2002), "What is Interactivity and is it Always Such a Good Thing? Implications of Definition, Person, and Situation for the Influence of Interactivity on Advertising Effectiveness," Journal of Advertising, 31 (4), p. 53-64. Available at Yupingliu.com
• Manovich, L. 2006. Image Future, Manovich.net
• Rafaeli, S. (1988). Interactivity: From new media to communication. In R. P. Hawkins, J. M. Wiemann, & S. Pingree (Eds.), Sage Annual Review of Communication Research: Advancing Communication Science: Merging Mass and Interpersonal Processes, 16, 110-134. Beverly Hills: Sage. Haifa.ac.il.
• Svanaes, D. (2000). Understanding Interactivity: Steps to a Phenomenology of Human-Computer Interaction. NTNU, Trondheim, Norway. PhD, NTNU.no
• Frank Popper, Art—Action and Participation, New York University Press, 1975

External links[link]

• An open online course on interactivity in teaching and learning

Chad, Matt & Rob
Birth name	Matt Bettinelli-Olpin Tyler Gillett Justin Martinez Rob Polonsky Chad Villella
Nationality	American
Years active	2007-present
Genres	Comedy Adventure Horror
Website	Chad, Matt & Rob Website

Chad, Matt & Rob is a group of filmmakers based in Los Angeles. The group has created numerous shorts that often blend comedy with horror, adventure and fantasy. They coined the term "Interactive Adventure"^[1] to describe their 2008 film The Time Machine: An Interactive Adventure; the project was the first interactive movie on YouTube.^[2] The group is consistently among YouTube's Top 100 Most Viewed Comedians and has been featured in the Wall Street Journal ^[3] and on G4's "Attack of the Show." ^[4]

According to the LA Times, Rob Polonsky is no longer with the group and they are now known as Radio Silence.^[5] The group is currently working on the upcoming feature film V/H/S ^[6] which will premiere at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival.^[7]

Members[link]

The group formed in early 2007.^[4] The members write everything together and use their friends to fill out the cast,^[8] including Tyler Tuione, Chester Tam and Kal Penn.

• Chad Villella is originally from Punxsutawney, PA and a graduate of Mercyhurst College, where he was active in the Research and Intelligence Analysis Program and an original member of the Center for Information Research Analysis And Training (CIRAT).

• Tyler Gillett is originally from Flagstaff, AZ and is the cinematographer and co-director.^[9]

• Matt Bettinelli-Olpin is originally from Oakland, CA and is a founding member of the punk band Link 80. A graduate of the University of California, Santa Cruz, he appeared in many early The Lonely Island shorts and directed Alkaline Trio's first video.

• Justin Martinez is originally from Tucson, AZ and a graduate of the University of Arizona. He is the camera operator and visual effects artist.^[9]

• Rob Polonsky is originally from Buffalo Grove, IL. He is a graduate of Columbia College Chicago and The Second City Conservatory. He is launching YouTube's first Late Night Talk Show in April 2012 with a big emphasis on collaborating with and showcasing talent.

Many of their early projects were filmed by Jonah Goldstein who currently runs the "Chattin' w/ Joni" blog on the Lonely Island website.^[4]

Interactive Adventures[link]

Chad, Matt & Rob coined the term "Interactive Adventure"^[1] to describe their 2008 film The Time Machine: An Interactive Adventure; the project was the first interactive movie of its kind.^[2]

As of March 2012, Chad, Matt & Rob have produced five Interactive Adventures:

• The Time Machine (November 11, 2008) is the first narrative Choose Your Own Adventure-style film on the internet.^[10] When deciding on a title for the finished film, they coined the term "Interactive Adventure".^[1] The series contains nine segments and follows the boys as they travel through the centuries in a time machine disguised as a trash can, all while running from government agents seeking to get the time machine back. At the end of each segment, the viewer is able to choose which video to go to next using YouTube's "annotation" feature. The series received over 1,000,000 views during its first week, was featured on Entertainment Weekly's The Must List ^[11] and won the Best Multimedia Fiction Award at the 2009 Cinéma Tout Ecran International Film Festival in Geneva.^[12]

• The Murder (March 14, 2009) is the group's second Interactive Adventure. In The Murder, Chad, Matt & Rob witness a murder while they are filming a short and must decide how to proceed. The narrative expands on the single-story thread used for "The Time Machine" and allows the viewer to follow three unique story-lines. In all, the project contains over 30 separate segments.^[13]

• The Birthday Party (January 15, 2010) is the group's third Interactive Adventure. In The Birthday Party, the trio must run from a gang, battle zombies in a haunted hospital and save a kidnapped heiress from an urban militia, all while attempting to reach their boss's birthday party alive. The group shot the project around Los Angeles in four days, including the Linda Vista Community Hospital.^[14]

• The Teleporter (November 22, 2010) is the group's fourth Interactive Adventure. The project, in which Chad, Matt & Rob are on the run from an angry UFO that wants its teleporter back, represents the group's first foray into branded content; it was made in conjunction with Unilever to promote a line of AXE shampoo products.^[15] According to a Tubefilter interview, the group was wary of selling out their audience; “We’ve always been really wary on doing any sort of brand integration,” said [Rob] Polonsky. “Viewers are always super sensitive when there’s any sort of product placement involved. The last thing we wanted to do was to insult our audience. So we wrote something that we would want to make." As of March 2011, the film's 10 segments have a combined 1,000,000 views.^[15]

• The Treasure Hunt (January 26, 2011) is the group's fifth Interactive Adventure. The story follows the trio as they battle a menacing treasure hunter searching for a long lost treasure and co-stars Alfonso Arau (known for The Wild Bunch, Three Amigos and as the director of Like Water For Chocolate). A rough cut of the film screened at the 2010 Anaheim International Film Festival^[16] and the finish product premiered at the Prescott Film Festival in February 2011, where audience applause was used to choose which path the narrative would take.^[17] It is currently the last video (or, rather, series of videos) that their YouTube channel has uploaded, as the group has spent the last few months filming their feature length movie.

Notable Productions[link]

• Chad Hates Aliens (also known as Roommate Alien Prank Goes Bad) was the group's first viral video. It features Matt and Rob playing alien pranks, on Chad, but on the third night they try, a real alien crashes into Chad's bedroom. It chases them downstairs into the parking lot, where Chad punches it in the face numerous times before shooting it in the head. As of March 2011, it has been viewed over 20,000,000 times, was featured on Attack of the Show ^[18] and was accepted into the 2008 Comic-Con International Film Festival.

• The Alibuys is their first web series. The story follows three childhood friends who run a business that creates alibis for their clients. They have released the first three episodes.

Filmography[link]

• The Treasure Hunt: An Interactive Adventure - released January 26, 2011. (9 segments & 2 Easter Eggs)
• The Teleporter: An Interactive Adventure - released November 22, 2010. (10 segments total)
• The Teleporter: An Interactive Adventure (Trailer) - released November 12, 2010.
• The Treasure Hunt: An Interactive Adventure (Trailer) - released August 5, 2010.
• Mountain Devil Prank Fails Horribly - released April 22, 2010.
• How To Make An Interactive Adventure - released February 17, 2010.
• The Birthday Party: An Interactive Adventure - released January 15, 2010. (10 segments & 3 Easter Eggs)
• The Birthday Party: Trailer #2 - released December 11, 2009.
• The Birthday Party: Trailer #1 - released December 9, 2009.
• Magic! - released August 20, 2009.
• The Murder: An Interactive Adventure - released March 14, 2009. (26 segments total)
• The Time Machine: An Interactive Adventure - released November 11, 2008. (9 segments total)
• Let's Go Meet Some Animals! - released September 9, 2008.
• The Alibuys: The Cheater - released August 9, 2008.
• The Alibuys: The Kidnapping - released August 1, 2008.
• The Alibuys: Drug Dealers Have Parents, Too - released August 1, 2008.
• "We're The Alibuys!" (public-access television cable TV Commercial) - released July 9, 2008.
• The Alibuys: Trailer #1 - released May 19, 2008.
• No Spoofs For Old Men - released May 9, 2008.
• Happy Birthday - released April 15, 2008.
• Chad Hates Aliens (also known as Roommate Alien Prank Goes Bad) - released February 25, 2008.
• The Danger Zone - released February 18, 2008.
• Prison Break - released January 10, 2008.
• Happy Halloween - released October 23, 2007.
• Cops & Robbers! - released September 22, 2007.
• Smoke Break - released September 3, 2007.
• Television Man - released September 3, 2007.
• I Believe I Can Fly - released July 21, 2007.
• Good Roommates - released July 16, 2007.
• A Terrible Place - released July 2007 (Subsequently removed).^[8]

External links[link]

• Official Chad, Matt & Rob Website
• Chad, Matt & Rob's YouTube Page
• Chad, Matt & Rob's Facebook page

References[link]

Joe Penna (born May 29, 1987 in São Paulo), known online as MysteryGuitarMan, is a Brazilian guitarist, animator, and filmmaker. He currently resides in Los Angeles, California.

YouTube[link]

Penna maintains a popular channel on YouTube by the name of MysteryGuitarMan. He usually uploads videos every Thursday.

In January 2011, he was the most subscribed in Brazil.^[4] As of May 2012 his channel has over 2.1 million subscribers, and his videos have been viewed over 315 million times.^[5]

On February 18, 2010, Penna started a second YouTube channel, jp, where he uploads his making-of videos and vlogs. Within 6 hours, it became the third most subscribed channel in Brazil.^[1]

Press[link]

In 2007, Penna received media coverage, including attention from DC Fox News,^[6] after his "The Puzzle" video was featured on the front page of YouTube.

In 2009, Penna was again seen on the front page of YouTube with his "Guitar: Impossible" video, which has been covered by De Wereld Draait Door, the highest-rated primetime show in the Netherlands.^[7] On December 6, 2009, Penna was featured on FM4, an Austrian national radio station.^[8] Shortly after uploaded, his "Guitar:Impossible" video was featured on the MSN.com front page.

Best Buy announced Penna as the $15,000 winner of their Tech-U-Out Video Challenge. He was also a finalist in the "Oreo Global Moments" video competition. Ford selected Penna as a Fiesta Agent for the 2009 Ford Fiesta Movement.^[9] Penna's "Guitar: Impossible" video was also featured by YouTube as one of the best videos of 2009.

In 2010, Penna's "Root Beer Mozart" was featured on CNN's morning show Morning Express with Robin Meade and on Germany's nationally broadcasted Taff show. Penna's collaboration with YouTubers Rhett and Link and Billy Reid for "T-Shirt War" garnered national attention.^[10] Following the success of the original, Penna and the original cast were hired to produce a national television and cinema spot for Coca-Cola and McDonalds.^[11]

Penna was recently highlighted by CNN Money on their Best Jobs series.^[12] On June 24, Penna was selected as one of the top 10 new directors of 2010 at the 20th Cannes Lions Saatchi & Saatchi New Directors' Showcase with "T-Shirt War".^[13] "Guitar: Impossible" was selected for the YouTube Play Shortlist, which is a collaboration between YouTube and the Guggenheim Museum.^[14][15]

References[link]

External links[link]

• MysteryGuitarMan YouTube Home Page
• MysteryGuitarMan's Second Channel
• Joe Penna's Website
• MysteryGuitarMan's Website

Marie Sester is an artist working primarily with digital technologies to create works in a variety of media and formats.

Biography[link]

Born in France, Sester studied to be an architect, earning a Masters Degree from the Ecole d'Architecture in Strasbourg, France.^[1] After traveling through Europe and Africa, she settled in Paris and established an art practice creating mainly drawings and paintings. After receiving a residency in Japan in 1993, her work shifted toward an exploration of public space, creating installations and experimental interactive works.^[2]

In 2000 she moved to the U.S., living first in San Francisco, then Los Angeles. She currently lives in New York City.^[3]

Work[link]

After school, Sester's interests shifted from designing physical structures to the study of ideological frameworks, specifically how culture and politics affect our sense of place. Her work focuses on notions of privacy and identity, particularly how we navigate through contemporary society's systems of surveillance and security. Her work relies on interaction with the audience, creating encounters where it's not clear if one is experiencing something playful or sinister.^[4]

Shows and Recognition[link]

Sester was a Creative Capital grantee in 2002.^[5]

Her work has earned recognition in the art and technology worlds, including an Honorary Mention in Interactive Art from Ars Electronica (2003),^[6] a Webby Award for Net Art (2004)^[7] and a spot on the "50 Coolest Websites" list on Time Magazine Online (2004).^[8]

Recently, her works have been included in the Seoul and Singapore Biennales (2008),^[9] Glow Eindhoven (2009),^[10] SFMOMA (2010–2011)^[11] and EMPAC in Troy, New York (2010–2011).^[12]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Marie Sester
• ACCESS
• Threatbox.us