Distal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule
	Kidney nephron ("1st proximal convoluted tubule", "2nd distal convoluted tubule")
	Section of cortex of human kidney.
Latin	tubulus contortus distalis
Gray's	subject #253 1223
Precursor	Metanephric blastema
MeSH	Distal+Kidney+Tubule

The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system.

[edit] Physiology

It is partly responsible for the regulation of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH. It is the primary site for the kidneys' hormone based regulation of calcium (Ca).

On its apical surface (lumen side), cells of the DCT have a thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter and are permeable to Ca, via TRPV5 channel. On the basolateral surface (blood) there is an ATP dependent Na/K antiport pump, a secondary active Na/Ca transporter-- antiport, and an ATP dependent Ca transporter. The basolateral ATP dependent Na/K pump produces the gradient for Na to be absorbed from the apical surface via the Na/Cl synport and for Ca to be reclaimed into the blood by the Na/Ca basolateral antiport.

It regulates pH by absorbing bicarbonate and secreting protons (H⁺) into the filtrate, or by absorbing protons and secreting bicarbonate into the filtrate.

Sodium and potassium levels are controlled by secreting K⁺ and absorbing Na⁺. Sodium absorption by the distal tubule is mediated by the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption. Sodium and chloride (salt) reabsorption is also mediated by a group of kinases called WNK kinases. There are 4 different WNK kinases, WNK1, WNK2, WNK3, and WNK4.

It also participates in calcium regulation by reabsorbing Ca²⁺ in response to parathyroid hormone. ^[1] PTH effect is mediated through phosphorylation of regulatory proteins and enhancing the synthesis of all transporters within the distal convoluted tubule.

Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 is also expressed in the DCT.

[edit] Clinical significance

Thiazide diuretics inhibit Na⁺/Cl^- reabsorption from the DCT by blocking the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter.

By inhibiting the cotransporter, thiazide diuretics increase the gradient potential for Na. This increases the activity of the basolateral Na/Ca antiport and causes the increase in calcium reclamation associated with thiazide diuretics.

[edit] Histology

The DCT is lined with simple cuboidal cells that are shorter than those of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). The lumen appears larger in DCT than the PCT lumen because the PCT has a brush border (microvilli). DCT can be recognized by its numerous mitochondria, basal infoldings and lateral membrane interdigitations with neighboring cells.

The point where DCT contacts afferent arteriole of renal corpuscle is called macula densa. It has tightly packed columnar cells which display reversed polarity and may monitor the osmolarity of blood.

Histologically, cells of the DCT can be differentiated from cells of the proximal convoluted tubule:

Characteristic	PCT	DCT
Apical brush border	Usually present	Not present
Eosinophilicity	More	Less
Cytoplasm	More	Less
Readily discernible nuclei	Less likely	More likely

[edit] Additional images

1 Glomerulus, 2 proximal tubule, 3 distal tubule
Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels of which are injected.
Renal corpuscle
Diagram outlining movement of ions in nephron.