Oka River

Wednesday, 02 January 2013

Fishing on the Oka river Russia October 2012

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Aktay River
Coordinates: 54°59′53″N 49°46′05″E / 54.998°N 49.768°E / 54.998; 49.768
The Aktay (Russian: Актай) or Aqtay (Tatar Cyrillic: Актай, Latin: Aqtay) is a river in Tatarstan, Russian Federation, a left-bank tributary of the Volga River, falling into the Kuybyshev Reservoir near Izmeri. Its length is 89 km and its drainage basin is 1,016 km².
Major tributaries are Chelninka, Salmanka, Romodanka. The maximal mineralization 500-700 mg/l. Average sediment in mouth per year is 71 mm. Drainage is regulated. In the upper stream use to dry. Bazarnye Mataki stays on the river.

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Aleksin
Aleksin (Russian: Але́ксин) is a town and the administrative center of Aleksinsky District of Tula Oblast, Russia, located 71 kilometers (44 mi) northwest of Tula. Population: 61,738 (2010 Census preliminary results); 68,156 (2002 Census); 74,274 (1989 Census).
The town was founded in 1236 and first mentioned in 1348 in the Nikon Chronicle. The town was sacked by Khan Akhmat in 1472 during his invasion of Muscovy. Because of its situation on the Oka River it was, for a while, an important inland port. Aleksin was granted town status in 1777. The town expanded in the 1930s with the construction of a chemical plant

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Anish River
Coordinates: 55°47′53″N 47°45′11″E / 55.798°N 47.753°E / 55.798; 47.753
The Anish (Russian: Аниш, Chuvash: Энĕш, Енĕш, Enêş) is a river in Tsivilsky and Kozlovsky Districts of the Republic of Chuvashia, Russia, a right-bank tributary of the Volga River. Its length is 60.7 kilometers (37.7 mi) and its drainage basin is 904 square kilometers (349 sq mi). It falls to the Kuybyshev Reservoir, Volga, near Kozlovka.

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Belyov
Coordinates: 53°48′N 36°08′E / 53.8°N 36.133°E / 53.8; 36.133
Belyov (Russian: Белёв) is a town and the administrative center of Belyovsky District of Tula Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Oka River. Population: 13,918 (2010 Census preliminary results); 16,083 (2002 Census); 18,345 (1989 Census); 17,000 (1967).
As many other Upper Oka towns, Belyov was first mentioned in a chronicle in 1147. After disintegration of the Chernigov Principality in the wake of the Mongol invasion of Russia, Belyov became a seat of local princely dynasty. The princes of Belyov fluctuated between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Muscovy, until they moved to the latter state. The town contains one of the oldest churches in Tula Oblast.

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Bolshoy Irgiz River
The Bolshoy Irgiz (Russian: Большой Ирги́з, literally Great Irgiz) or Irgiz (Ирги́з) is a river in Samara and Saratov Oblast, Russia, the left tributary of the Volga River, south of the Samara River. It is 675 km long and the area of its drainage basin is 24,000 km². It headwaters are at the Obshchy Syrt adjoining the Ural River basin. It flows west and joins the Volga south of Samara. Irgiz's meandering riverbed passes the steppes. The river has snow feeding. The town of Pugachyov is located along the Irgiz. The river flows to the Volgograd Reservoir of the Volga downstream Balakovo, near Volsk.

Coordinates: 51°59′07″N 47°31′01″E / 51.98528°N 47.51694°E / 51.98528; 47.51694

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Cheboksary Reservoir
Cheboksary Reservoir (Russian: Чебоксарское водохранилище, Chuvash: Шупашкар шыв усравĕ) is an artificial lake in the central part of the Volga River and formed by the Cheboksary Dam in Novocheboksarsk.
A surface area of Cheboksary Reservoir is 2190 km², max width is 16 km, max depth is 35 m.
The largest cities on the Reservoir are Nizhny Novgorod, Cheboksary and Kozmodemyansk.

Coordinates: 56°18′00″N 46°42′53″E / 56.3°N 46.71472°E / 56.3; 46.71472

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Chekalin
Coordinates: 54°06′N 36°15′E / 54.1°N 36.25°E / 54.1; 36.25
Chekalin (Russian: Чека́лин), formerly known as Likhvin (Лихвин) is a town in Suvorovsky District of Tula Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Oka River. Population: 994 (2010 Census preliminary results); 1,151 (2002 Census); 1,319 (1989 Census). It is the least populous inhabited locality in Russia with the town status.
In 1944, Likhvin was renamed Chekalin in honor of a Soviet partisan Alexander Chekalin.

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Ilet River
Ilet (Mari: Элнет, Elnet, Russian: Илеть, Ilet, Tatar Cyrillic: Илләт, Latin: İllät) is a river in Mari El, Russia. Major tributaries are Ashit, Yushut, Voncha and Petyalka. Minimum mineralization is 1000-1400 mg/l. Tourism and rafting are popular.

Coordinates: 55°52′13″N 48°21′22″E / 55.87028°N 48.35611°E / 55.87028; 48.35611

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Kaluga
Kaluga (Russian: Калу́га; IPA: [kɐˈlugə]) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast,Russia, located on the Oka River 150 kilometers (93 mi) southwest of Moscow. Population: 325,185 (2010 Census preliminary results); 334,751 (2002 Census); 311,319 (1989 Census).
Kaluga was founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It was first mentioned by its present name in 1371.^{[citation needed]} In the Middle Ages, Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky. The ancestral home of these princes is located southwest from the modern city.
Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as Starokaluzhskoye Shosse), partly the A101 road). This road was the favored escape route from the Moscow trap for Napoleon in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia.

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Kaluga Oblast
Kaluga Oblast (Russian: Калу́жская о́бласть, Kaluzhskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Kaluga. Population: 1,010,930 (2010 Census).
Kaluga Oblast is located in the central part of the East European Plain. The Smolensk Highland (height—279 meters) lays in the western and north-western part of the oblast, while the Central Russian Highland - in the eastern part. The territory of the oblast is covered by hills, and in some parts by flat plains interspersed by numerous river valleys, hollows, and ravines.
From the north to the south, the territory of the oblast extends for more than 220 km from 53° 30' to 55° 30' N, and from west to the east – by 220 km. The territory of the oblast is 29,900 km².
Kaluga Oblast borders with Bryansk, Smolensk, Moscow, Tula, and Oryol Oblasts.
There are 2,045 rivers with a total length of 11,853 km, of which 256 have a length of more than 10 km each, with a total length of 7,638 km (including the Oka and the Desna), and 1,763 rivers and streams with a length of less than 10 km each, with a total length of 4,215 km. There are also 17 water reservoirs with a water storage capacity of 79 mln m³ (Lyudinovskoe — 30 mln m³, Kirovskoe-Verkhnee — 7.8 mln m³, Brynskoe — 14 mln m³, Yachenskoe — 5 mln m³, Milyatinskoe — 7.6 mln m³, Slobodskoe — 3.7 mln m³). Out of 473 ponds of common use, there are 213 ponds with a water storage capacity of up to 50,000 m3 equipped with basic discharge facilities. The main rivers are: the Oka, the Ugra, the Zhizdra, and the Bolva (all those rivers' names are of Lithuanian language origin).

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Kama River
Kama (Russian: река́ Ка́ма, IPA: [ˈkamə]; Tatar Cyrillic: Чулман, Latin: Çulman; Udmurt: Кам) is a major river in Russia, the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge; in fact, it is larger than the Volga before junction.
It starts in Udmurtia, near Kuliga, flowing north-west on 125 miles, turn north-east near Loyno for another 125 miles, then turns south and west in Perm Krai, flowing again through Udmurtia and then through Tatarstan, where it meets the Volga.
Among the Turkic peoples, Kama was known as Chulman, and was considered the origin of the Volga.
The overall length is 1,805 km (1,122 mi). The largest tributaries to the Kama are Kosa, Vishera, Sylva, Chusovaya, Belaya, Ik, Izh, Zay, Vyatka and Myosha Rivers. The cities situated on the banks of the Kama are Solikamsk, Berezniki, Perm, Sarapul, and Naberezhnye Chelny. It is located to the west of the Ural Mountains and is a fairly well used trade route.
Before the advent of the railroads, the Kama was connected by important portages with the basins of the Northern Dvina and the Pechora. In the early 19th century, Northern Ekaterininsky Canal connected the upper Kama with the Vychegda River (a tributary of the Northern Dvina), but was mostly abandoned after just a few years due to low use.

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Kashira
Kashira (Russian: Каши́ра) is a town and the administrative center of Kashirsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River 115 kilometers (71 mi) south of Moscow. Population: 41,880 (2010 Census preliminary results); 40,898 (2002 Census); 44,110 (1989 Census).
Kashira was first mentioned in 1356 as a village of Koshira (Кошира) named after the Koshira River (today's Kashirka River). However, 1619 is considered Kashira's foundation year, when the town was transferred from the left bank of the Oka to the right bank some 5 km upstream and rebuilt (it was badly damaged by the Crimean Tatars in 1592 and 1596).
The town was once home to exiled Kazan khan Ghabdellatif. The coat of arms of Kashira contains the image of Zilant, a heraldic symbol of Kazan.
Town status since 1777.

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Kasimov
Kasimov (Russian: Касимов; Tatar Cyrillic: Касыйм, Latin: Qasím; historically Xankirmän,Gorodets Meshchyorsky, Novy Nizovoy) is a town in Ryazan Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Oka River. Population: 33,494 (2010 Census preliminary results); 35,816 (2002 Census); 37,521 (1989 Census); 17,000 (1910); of which about 2,000 speak Tatar language.^{[citation needed]}
The first population of this area was a Finnic tribe called the Meshchyora, later assimilated by Russians and Tatars. The town was founded in 1152 by the Vladimir-Suzdal ruler Yury Dolgoruky as Grodets, then Gorodets Meschyorsky (Городец Мещёрский).^{[citation needed]} It was included in the Mishar Yort division of the Golden Horde, but then was sold to Muscovy.
In 1376, the town was destroyed by the Mongol invaders, but was soon rebuilt as Novy Nizovoy (Новый Низовой). After the Battle of Suzdal in 1445 (in which Great Duke Vasili II was taken prisoner), the Meschyora lands were given to Olug Moxammat, Khan of Kazan Khanate as a ransom for the sovereign's life.

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Kazanka River
Kazanka or Qazansu (Russian: Каза́нка; Tatar Cyrillic: Казансу, Latin: Qazansu) is a river in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, a left tributary of the Volga. Kazanka begins near the village of Bimeri in Arsk District and flows into the Samara Reservoir in Kazan, near the Kazan Kremlin. Another towns on the Kazanka are Arsk and historical Iske Kazan. The river is 142 km long. The main tributaries are Iya, Kismes, Shimyakovka and Sula. Historically, the Bulak river was flowing into Kazanka, until it was separated by a dam in 1957. The maximum river discharge is 299 m³/s, the minimal mineralization is 400–1000 mg/l. In Tatarstan, Kazanka has a status of a natural monument.
During construction of the Samara Reservoir, a lower part of the Kazanka valley was flooded. A part of the riverbed was separated from the reservoir by dams, was created a new riverbed. In 2008 a project was proposed to fill in a cove in the wide section of the estuary for a business district.
Kazanka divides Kazan onto two equal parts. Over Kazanka are six bridges within the city, a most notable of them is a Millennium Bridge.

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Kerzhenets River
Kerzhenets River (Russian: Керженец) is a river in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in Russia. It is a left tributary of the Volga, joining the Volga near Lyskovo, about 70 km east of Nizhny Novgorod.
After the schism (Raskol) of the 1660s within the Russian Orthodox Church, the densely forested shores of the Kerzhenets became the refuge for many Old Believers. Their settlements, called Kerzhenets sketes (Russian: Керженские скиты), remained numerous into the 19th century, and the people themselves were known as the Kerzhaks (Кержаки).
According to an Old Believer legend, the oldest of the sketes, the Olenevsky Skete (Russian: Оленевский скит, i.e. "The Skete of the Deer"), had supposedly been founded in the 15th century by some of Venerable Macarius's monks to commemorate their leader's Miracle of the Moose that took place at that site, and later joined the Raskol.
The former skete is now the village of Bolshoye Olenevo, located some 24 km south-east from the district capital Semenov.

Coordinates: 56°05′25″N 44°57′51″E / 56.09028°N 44.96417°E / 56.09028; 44.96417

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Klyazma River
Coordinates: 56°10′05″N 42°58′09″E / 56.16806°N 42.96917°E / 56.16806; 42.96917
The Klyazma River (Russian: Клязьма) is a river in the Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo and Vladimir Oblasts in Russia, a left tributary of the Oka River. The length of the river is 686 kilometres. The area of its drainage basin is 42,500 km². The Klyazma River freezes up in November and stays under the ice until mid-April. Its main tributaries are the Ucha, Vorya, Kirzhach, Peksha, Nerl, Uvod, Teza, Lukh, Sudogda, and Suvoroshch. The Klyazma is navigable within 120 km from its estuary and in the area of the Klyazminskoye Reservoir. The cities of Gorokhovets, Mendeleevo, Pavlovsky Posad, Vladimir, Kovrov, Shchyolkovo, Losino-Petrovsky, Noginsk, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Sobinka, and Vyazniki are located on the shores of the Klyazma River.

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Kolomna
Kolomna (Russian: Коло́мна; IPA: [kɐˈlomnə]) is an ancient city of Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated at the confluence of the Moskva and Oka Rivers, 114 kilometers (71 mi) (by rail) southeast of Moscow. Population: 144,642 (2010 Census preliminary results); 150,129 (2002 Census); 161,881 (1989 Census).
It was founded in 1177.^{[citation needed]} Like some other ancient Russian cities, Kolomna has a kremlin, which is a citadel similar to the more famous one in Moscow (it is also built from red brick). Kolomna citadel was a part of the Great Abatis Border. have been preserved and are held in good shape; a museum is located inside.
Kolomna serves as the administrative center of Kolomensky District, although it is not administratively a part of it. Administratively, it is incorporated as Kolomna City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, Kolomna City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Kolomna Urban Okrug.
Kolomna is located on the Ryazan line of the Moscow railroad 116 kilometers (72 mi) from Moscow. In Kolomna there are one railroad terminal named Golutvin (Голутвин) and five railroad stations named Kolomna (Коломна), Shchurovo (Щурово), Bochmanovo (Бочманово), 6 km, and Sychevo (Сычево).

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Maly Irgiz River
The Maly Irgiz (Russian: Малый Ирги́з, literally Little Irgiz) is a river in Saratov Oblast, Russia, the left tributary of the Volga. It is 235 km long, its drainage basin is 3,900 km². The river is fed by snow. Above Seleznikha Maly Irgiz dries up systematically (up to 305 day per year without drainage). Between November and April Maly Irgiz is frozen.

Coordinates: 52°11′53″N 48°30′32″E / 52.19806°N 48.50889°E / 52.19806; 48.50889

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Moksha River
Moksha (Russian: Мо́кша) is a river in central Russia, a right tributary of the Oka River. It is 656 kilometres in length.

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Moscow
Moscow ( /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.

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Moscow Canal
The Moscow Canal (Russian: Кана́л и́мени Москвы́), named the Moscow-Volga Canal until the year 1947, is a canal that connects the Moskva River with the main transportation artery of European Russia, the Volga River. It is located in Moscow itself and in the Moscow Oblast. The canal connects to the Moskva River 191 kilometers from its estuary in Tushino (an area in the north-west of Moscow), and to the Volga River in the town of Dubna, just upstream of the dam of the Ivankovo Reservoir. Length of the canal is 128 km.
It was constructed from the year 1932 to the year 1937 by Gulag prisoners during the early to mid Stalin era, under the direction of Matvei Berman.
Thanks to the Moscow Canal, Moscow has access to five seas: the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and the Black Sea. This is why Moscow is sometimes called the "port of the five seas" (порт пяти морей). Apart from transportation the canal also provides for about half of Moscow's water consumption, and the shores of its numerous reservoirs are used as recreation zones.

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Moscow oblast
Moscow Oblast (Russian: Моско́вская о́бласть, tr. Moskovskaya oblast; IPA: [mɐˈskofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]), or Podmoskovye (Russian: Подмоско́вье; IPA: [pədmɐˈskovʲjə]), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its area, at 45,900 km² (17,700 sq mi), is relatively small compared to other federal subjects, but it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country and, with the population of 7,095,120 (2010 Census), is the second most populous federal subject. There is no official administrative center of Moscow Oblast; its public authorities are located in Moscow and across other locations in the oblast.
The oblast was founded in 1929. It borders Tver Oblast in the northwest, Yaroslavl Oblast in the north, Vladimir Oblast in the northeast and east, Ryazan Oblast in the southeast, Tula Oblast in the south, Kaluga Oblast in the southwest and Smolensk Oblast in the west. In the center stands the federal city of Moscow, which is a separate federal subject in its own right. The oblast is highly industrialized, with its main industrial branches being metallurgy, oil refining, and mechanical engineering, food, energy, and chemical industries.

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Moscow Oblast
Moscow Oblast (Russian: Моско́вская о́бласть, tr. Moskovskaya oblast; IPA: [mɐˈskofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]), or Podmoskovye (Russian: Подмоско́вье; IPA: [pədmɐˈskovʲjə]), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its area, at 45,900 km² (17,700 sq mi), is relatively small compared to other federal subjects, but it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country and, with the population of 7,095,120 (2010 Census), is the second most populous federal subject. There is no official administrative center of Moscow Oblast; its public authorities are located in Moscow and across other locations in the oblast.
The oblast was founded in 1929. It borders Tver Oblast in the northwest, Yaroslavl Oblast in the north, Vladimir Oblast in the northeast and east, Ryazan Oblast in the southeast, Tula Oblast in the south, Kaluga Oblast in the southwest and Smolensk Oblast in the west. In the center stands the federal city of Moscow, which is a separate federal subject in its own right. The oblast is highly industrialized, with its main industrial branches being metallurgy, oil refining, and mechanical engineering, food, energy, and chemical industries.

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Moskva River
Coordinates: 55°05′N 38°50′E / 55.083°N 38.833°E / 55.083; 38.833
The Moskva River (Russian: река Москва, Москва-река, Moskva-reka) is a river that flows through the Moscow and Smolensk Oblasts in Russia, and is a tributary of the Oka River.
Moskva and Moscow are two different renderings of the same Russian word Москва. The city is named after the river. The origin of the name is unknown, although several theories exist. One theory suggests that the source of the name is an ancient Finnic language, in which it means "marshy place, dark waters, gnat". Alternatively, the name may come from the Mordvinian language, meaning "bear-river".^{[citation needed]}. Similar meaning is in Mari language where moská denotes "bear" whereas Mari word ava implies "mother".
The length of the river is 503 km. The area of its drainage basin is 17,600 km². Vertical level drop is 155 metres (long-term average). Maximum depth above Moscow city limits - 3 metres, and up to 6 metres below it . Normally, it freezes in November–December and begins to thaw around late March. In downtown Moscow, the river freezes occasionally; in an unusually warm winter of 2006-2007, ice began setting on January, 25. Absolute water level in downtown Moscow is 120.0 metres above sea level (long-term average of summer lows after World War II), historical maximum was set by the 1908 flood - 127.25 metres above sea level.

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Murom
Murom (Russian: Му́ром; Old Norse: Moramar) is a historic city in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, which sprawls along the left bank of Oka River. Population: 116,078 (2010 Census preliminary results); 126,901 (2002 Census); 124,229 (1989 Census).
In the 9th century CE, the city marked the easternmost settlement of the East Slavs in the land of the Finno-Ugric people called Muromians. The Primary Chronicle mentions it as early as 862.^{[citation needed]} It is thus one of the oldest cities in Russia. Circa 900 CE, it was an important trading post from Volga Bulgaria to the Baltic Sea.
Between 1010 and 1393, it was a capital of a separate principality, whose rulers included Saint Gleb, assassinated in 1015 and canonized in 1071, Saint Prince Konstantin the Blessed, and Saints Peter and Theuronia, subjects of an opera by Rimsky-Korsakov. It was the home town of the most celebrated East Slavic epic hero, Ilya Muromets. The town has a statue which shows Ilya holding the hilt of his sword in the left hand and a cross in the right.

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Navashino
Coordinates: 55°31′45″N 42°12′01″E / 55.5292°N 42.2003°E / 55.5292; 42.2003
Navashino (Russian: Навашино) is a town and the administrative center of Navashinsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Oka River, 158 kilometers (98 mi) southwest of Nizhny Novgorod. Population: 16,413 (2010 Census preliminary results); 17,810 (2002 Census); 18,946 (1989 Census).
It was founded in 1957 by merging two neighboring settlements of Mordovshchikovo (Мордовщиково) and Lipnya (Липня) and named after the nearby railway station of Navashino.
Railway was built in the area in 1912.
A new road bridge over the Oka River was opened in October 2009 near Navashino.
OAO Okskaya Sudoverf (Russian for 'Oka Shipyard') is headquartered in Navashino. The shipbuilding company, originating from a local shipyard founded in 1907, builds boats for Volga and sea navigations. Some of their tankers are to be sold to customers as far afield as Malaysia's Petronas, which plans to use the vessels at its Caspian subsidiary

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Nizhny Novgorod
Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: Нижний Новгород; IPA: [ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət]), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is, with the population of 1,250,615, the fifth largest city in Russia.
From 1932 to 1990, the city was known as Gorky (Горький, IPA: [ˈɡorʲkʲɪj]), after the writer Maxim Gorky who was born there.
The city is an important economic, transport and cultural center of the Russian Federation. It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District.
After the destruction of the Mordvin Inäzor Obram, a hillfort named Obran Osh (Ashli) at the site of future stone Kremlin in 1220, a small Russian wooden hillfort was founded by Grand Duke Yury II in 1221. Located at the confluence of two most important rivers of his principality, the Volga (Mordvin "Rav" or "Rava"), and the Oka, and Obran Osh was renamed Nizhny Novgorod. Its name literally means Lower Newtown, to distinguish it from the older Veliky Novgorod. Its independent existence was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it. The major attempt made by Inäzor Purgaz from Arzamas in January 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yuri II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of Sit River the Mongols occupied the fortress and the remnants of small Nizhny Novgorod settlement which surrendered without any resistance in order to preserve what had been developed since Purgaz's attack nine years earlier. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.

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Oka River
Oka (Russian: Ока́, IPA: [ɐˈka]) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir, and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as to the town of Kaluga. Its length exceeds 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). The Russian capital Moscow sits on one of the Oka's tributaries—the Moskva River.
Max Vasmer connects the name of the river to the Gothic аƕа, Old High German aha, Latin aqua, which all mean either "water" or "river" (cf. Aa River).Oleg Trubachev traces the origin of the name to the Baltic languages: it was the Baltic tribe of Galindians that lived in the western part of the Oka basin prior to the arrival of the Slavs.
Historically, the river gave its name to the Upper Oka Principalities, situated upstream from Tarusa. One of the largest Russian cities, Nizhny Novgorod, was founded to protect the Oka's confluence with the Volga. The Qasim Khanate, a Muslim polity, occupied the middle reaches of the Oka (around the city of Kasimov) in the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Oryol
Oryol or Orel (Russian: Орёл; IPA: [ɐˈrʲɵl]) is a city and the administrative center of Oryol Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River, approximately 360 kilometers (220 mi) south-southwest of Moscow. Population: 317,854 (2010 Census preliminary results); 333,310 (2002 Census); 336,862 (1989 Census). It is served by the Oryol Yuzhny Airport.
While there are no historical records, archaeological evidence proves that a fortress settlement existed between the Oka and Orlik Rivers as early as the 12th century, when the land was a part of the Principality of Chernigov. The name of the fortress is unknown; it may not have been called Oryol at the time. In the 13th century the fortress became a part of the Zvenigorod district of the Karachev Principality. In the early 15th century, the territory was conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The city was soon abandoned by its population, after being sacked either by Lithuanians or the Golden Horde. The territory became a part of the Tsardom of Russia in the 16th century.

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Oryol Oblast
Oryol Oblast (Russian: Орло́вская о́бласть, Orlovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Oryol. Population: 786,935 (2010 Census).
It is located in the southwestern part of the Central Federal District, in the Mid-Russian Highlands. Kaluga and Tula Oblasts border it in the north, Bryansk Oblast is located to the west, Kursk Oblast—to the south, and Lipetsk Oblast is to the east. From north to south, it extends for more than 150 kilometers (93 mi), and from west to east—for over 200 kilometers (120 mi). In terms of area, at 24,700 square kilometers (9,500 sq mi) it is one of the smallest federal subjects.
The climate is temperate. The average January temperature is −8 °C (18 °F) and the average July temperature is +18 °C (64 °F). Rainfall averages 490 to 590 mm, and snow cover averages 126 days.
There are 4,800 square kilometers (1,900 sq mi) of black earth soils (chernozems) in the oblast, which amounts to three-quarters of the world chernozem reserves.

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Protva River
Protva River (Russian: Протва) is a river in Moscow and Kaluga Oblasts in Russia, left tributary of the Oka. The length of the river is 282 km. The area of its basin is 4,620 km². The Protva freezes up in early December and stays icebound until early April. Its main tributary is the Luzha River. The towns of Vereya, Borovsk, Protvino and Obninsk are located on the shores of the Protva River.
Coordinates: 54°51′36″N 37°09′45″E / 54.86°N 37.1625°E / 54.86; 37.1625

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Protvino
Protvino (Russian: Протвино́) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located about 100 kilometers (62 mi) south of Moscow and 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) west of Serpukhov, on the left bank of the Protva River. Population: 37,308 (2010 Census preliminary results); 36,175 (2002 Census); 34,520 (1989 Census).
Construction of an urban-type settlement intended to house a large high energy physics research laboratory started in 1958, and the Rosatom Institute for High Energy Physics was opened here in 1965. The institute is known for the 70 GeV proton accelerator which was the largest in the world at the time it was launched in 1967, and other physics research. Town status was granted in 1989.^{[citation needed]} The UNK Collider was the last big planned particle accelerator.
Among the discoveries made at IHEP are that of antihelium and the Serpukhov cross-section effect.
Administratively, it is incorporated as Protvino Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, Protvino Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Protvino Urban Okrug.

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Pushchino
Pushchino (Russian: Пу́щино; IPA: [ˈpuɕːɪnə]) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated 120 kilometers (75 mi) south of Moscow, on the right side of the Oka River opposite the Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve. It is informally called Pushchino-on-Oka.^{[citation needed]} Population: 20,263 (2010 Census preliminary results); 19,964 (2002 Census); 19,479 (1989 Census).
Pushchino existed since the 16th century as a family estate after the land was awarded to the Pushchin family around the year 1500.^{[citation needed]} The area was selected in 1956 as a site for a scientific research center for the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was granted town status in 1966.^{[citation needed]}
Administratively, it is incorporated as Pushchino Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, Pushchino Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Pushchino Urban Okrug.
It is an academic research center focusing on microbiology, molecular biology and biophysics.Research institutes comprising the scientific center include:

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Russia
Russia ⁱ/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.

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Rutka River
The Rutka (Mari: Рӹде, Rÿde; Russian: Рутка) is a river in Kirov Oblast and Mari El, Russia. It is 153 km long. The Rutka origins in Kirov Oblast, passes the Mari Depression and flows to the Cheboksary Reservoir. The Rutka frezes up in November and stays under ice until April. The river is navigable.

Coordinates: 56°25′39″N 46°36′25″E / 56.4275°N 46.60694°E / 56.4275; 46.60694

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Ryazan
Ryazan (Russian: Ряза́нь; IPA: [rʲɪˈzanʲ]) is a city and the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. It is located on the Oka River 196 kilometers (122 mi) southeast of Moscow. Population: 525,062 (2010 Census preliminary results); 521,560 (2002 Census); 514,638 (1989 Census).
It is argued that the Ryazan kremlin was founded in 800, by Slavic settlers,^{[citation needed]} as a part of their drive into territory previously populated by Finnic peoples.^{[citation needed]} Initially it was built of wood, gradually replaced by masonry. The oldest preserved part of the kremlin dates back to the 12th century.
However, the first written mention of the city, under the name of Pereslavl, dates to 1095. At that time the city was part of the independent Principality of Ryazan, which had existed since 1078 and which was centered on the old city of Ryazan. The first ruler of Ryazan was supposedly Yaroslav Sviatoslavich, Prince of Ryazan and Murom (cities of Kievan Rus').
The lands of Ryazan, situated on the border of forest and steppe, suffered numerous invasions from the south as well as from the north, carried out by a variety of military forces including Cumans, but particularly the Principality was in a conflict with Vladimir-Suzdal. By the end of the 12th century, the capital of Duchy was burnt several times by the armies of Suzdal. Ryazan was the first Russian city to be sacked by the Mongol horde of Batu Khan. On December 21, 1237, it was thoroughly devastated and never fully recovered. As result of the sack, the seat of the principality was moved about 55 kilometers (34 mi) to the town of Pereslavl-Ryazansky, which subsequently took the name of the destroyed capital. The site of the old capital now carries the name of Staraya Ryazan (Old Ryazan), close to Spassk-Ryazansky.

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Ryazan Oblast
Ryazan Oblast (Russian: Ряза́нская о́бласть, Ryazanskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Ryazan, which is the oblast's largest city. Population: 1,154,114 (2010 Census).
Ryazan Oblast borders Vladimir Oblast (N), Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (NE), the Republic of Mordovia (E), Penza Oblast (SE), Tambov Oblast (S), Lipetsk Oblast (SW), Tula Oblast (W), and Moscow Oblast (NW). Ryazan Oblastis located in the central part of the Russian Plain between the Central Russian and Volga uplands. The terrain is flat, with a highest point of no more 300 m above sea level. Soils are podzolic and boggy on the left bank of the Oka, changing southward to more fertile podzolic and leached black earths (Chernozyom).
As early as 1096, Ryazan had the status of a country, but the name of its capital appears only in the Nikonov chronicle. The first Olgovsky Uspensky Monastery, one of the oldest in Russia, was built in Ryazan land in the 12th century. A new round of history began in 1198, when the Murom-Ryazan principality left the jurisdiction of the Chernigov bishopric (eparchy) and became an independent eparchy with its seat in Ryazan.

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Samara River
The Samara (Russian: Сама́ра) is a river in Russia, left tributary of Volga. The city of Samara is located at the confluence of Volga and Samara. It rises southwest of the southern end of the Ural Mountains close to the middle Ural River near the town of Orenburg. It then flows west or west northwest to meet the hairpin bend of the Volga at the town of Samara. It was the traditional southern boundary of the Bashkir country. On the south side was the Nogai Horde, who were replaced by the Kalmyks around 1630. From 1735-1740 the Orenburg Line of forts ran along the Samara.
The asteroid 26922 Samara was named in honour of the river and city on 1 June 2007.†

Coordinates: 53°10′01″N 50°03′43″E / 53.16694°N 50.06194°E / 53.16694; 50.06194

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Selizharovka River
Selizharovka (Russian: Селижа́ровка) is a river in Tver Oblast, Russia, a left tributary of the Volga River. It is one of the uppermost substantial tributaries of the Volga. A settlement of Selizharovo is located at its mouth.

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Serpukhov
Serpukhov (Russian: Се́рпухов; IPA: [ˈsʲerpʊxəf]) is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Oka and the Nara Rivers, 99 kilometers (62 mi) south from Moscow on the Moscow—Simferopol highway. The Moscow—Tula railway passes through Serpukhov. Population: 126,496 (2010 Census preliminary results); 131,097 (2002 Census); 143,618 (1989 Census).
Serpukhov was established in 1339 to protect the southern approaches to Moscow.^{[citation needed]} Two years later it was made a seat of the powerful princedom ruled by a cousin and close associate of Dmitry Donskoy, Vladimir of Serpukhov. Town status was granted to it in 1374.^{[citation needed]} The princedom continued until 1456, when the last prince escaped to Lithuania. The town frequently fell prey to the hordes of Toqtamysh, Crimean Tatars, and other steppe conquerors. It was necessary to protect it with a stone citadel, or kremlin, which was completed by 1556 as part of the Great Abatis Belt.
Administratively, it is incorporated as Serpukhov City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Municipally, Serpukhov City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Serpukhov Urban Okrug.

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Sheksna River
Coordinates: 60°04′N 38°00′E / 60.067°N 38°E / 60.067; 38
The Sheksna (Russian: Шексна́) is a river in Belozersky, Kirillovsky, Sheksninsky, and Cherepovetsky Districts of Vologda Oblast in Russia. It is a left tributary of the Volga River. It is 139 kilometres (86 mi) long, and the area of its basin 19,000 square kilometres (7,300 sq mi). The principal tributaries of the Sheksna are the Sizma (left) and the Kovzha (right).
According to the Max Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary, the origin of the name of the river is unclear, but it may originate from Finno-Ugric languages. The urban-type settlement of Sheksna and Sheksninsky District are named after the river.
The source of the Sheksna is in the southeastern end of Lake Beloye. The river flows south and subsequently turns east. It joins the northern part of the Rybinsk Reservoir of the Volga near the city of Cherepovets. Cherepovets, as well as the urban-type settlement of Sheksna, are located on the Sheksna.
Most of the present course of the river was accommodated as the Sheksna Reservoir, with the dam constructed in Sheksna. Previously, the length of the Sheksna was some 400 kilometers (250 mi), and the mouth of the river was located in the city of Rybinsk, Yaroslavl Oblast. The part of the river between Cherepovets and Rybinsk disappeared when the Rybinsk Reservoir was constructed between 1935 and 1947. Currently, the only natural stretch of the course of the Sheksna is located between the urban-type settlement of Sheksna and the city of Cherepovets.

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Sok River
Sok (Russian: Сок) is a river in Samara and Orenburg Oblasts, Russia, a left tributary of the Volga River. It flows southwest to meet the Samara Bend of the Volga near Sokolyi Mountains, north of the city of Samara. The major tributary is Kondurcha River.

Coordinates: 53°24′33″N 50°07′56″E / 53.40917°N 50.13222°E / 53.40917; 50.13222

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Suda River
Coordinates: 59°07′14″N 37°43′48″E / 59.12056°N 37.73°E / 59.12056; 37.73
The Suda (Russian: Суда) is a river in Babayevsky, Kaduysky, and Cherepovetsky Districts of Vologda Oblast in Russia. It flows into the Rybinsk Reservoir of the Volga River. It is 184 kilometres (114 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 13,500 square kilometres (5,200 sq mi) and an average discharge of 134 cubic metres per second (4,700 cu ft/s). Its main tributaries are the Shogda, the Andoga, the Kolp, the Voron and the Petukh rivers.
The source of the Suda is the confluence of the Koloshma and the Nozhema Rivers in the northwest of Babayevsky District of Vologda Oblast, close to the border with Leningrad Oblast. The river flows in the general direction southeast. Almost the whole valley of the Suda is populated. The selo of Borisovo-Sudskoye, located in the upper course of the river, is named after the Suda. Between 1927 and 1959 it was an administrative center of Borisovo-Sudsky District of Leningrad Oblast and of Vologda Oblast. In the lower course, between the mouths of the Kolp (left) and the Andoga (right) the Suda runs close to the urban-type settlement of Kaduy, the center of Kaduysky District, located on the left bank. The mouth of the Suda is located in the settlement of Suda, and the lower course is essentially a bay of the Rybinsk Reservoir.

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Sumka River

The Sumka (Russian: Сумка) is a river in Zelenodolsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, a left-bank tributary of the Volga River. Its length is 37 kilometers (23 mi) and its drainage basin is 250 square kilometers (97 sq mi). It origins near Gremyachy Klyuch and falls to the Kuybyshev Reservoir, Volga, forming the western border of Vasilyevo, Tatarstan.
The river valley comes through the Raifa section of the Volga-Kama Reserve. There the Sumka passes several major lakes, the biggest being Raifa lake. The maximal mineralization 200 mg/l. The maximal water discharge is 30 m³/s. The river use to dry up in summer.

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Sura River
Sura (Russian: Сура́, Chuvash: Сăр) is a river in Russia, a right tributary of the Volga River. It flows through Penza Oblast, Mordovia, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Chuvashia and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Its length is 841 km, it is navigable for 394 km from the mouth.
The city of Penza, and smaller towns Alatyr, Shumerlya, Yadrin lie along the Sura. At the confluence with the Volga there is a settlement of Vasilsursk.
The principal confluents of the Sura are Penza River, Pyana River and Alatyr River.

Coordinates: 56°07′21.33″N 45°58′16.54″E / 56.1225917°N 45.9712611°E / 56.1225917; 45.9712611

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Sviyaga River
The Sviyaga (Russian: Свияга, Tatar Cyrillic: Зөя, Latin: Zöyä, Chuvash: Сĕве) is a river in the Ulyanovsk Oblast and Tatarstan, a right tributary of the Volga River. It has a length of 375 km. The area of the basin is 16,700 km². The Sviyaga River flows into the Sviyaga Cove of the Kuybyshev Reservoir, west of Kazan. It freezes up in November-December and stays under the ice until April-May. Major tributaries are Arya, Bula, Karla, Kubnya, and Tosha rivers.
The city of Ulyanovsk is located on the Sviyaga River. In Ulyanovsk, Sviyaga flows only a few miles away from the Volga, but their confluence is about 200 km north from Ulyanovsk.
The castle of Sviyazhsk dates back to 1551 is situated at the island in Sviyaga Cove of the Kuybyshev Reservoir.

Coordinates: 55°43′52″N 48°36′57″E / 55.73111°N 48.61583°E / 55.73111; 48.61583

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Tarusa
Coordinates: 54°43′N 37°11′E / 54.717°N 37.183°E / 54.717; 37.183
Tarusa (Russian: Тару́са) is a town and the administrative center of Tarussky District of Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Oka River, 36 kilometers (22 mi) south of Serpukhov, 76 kilometers (47 mi) northeast of Kaluga, and about 140 kilometers (87 mi) south of Moscow. Population: 9,656 (2010 Census preliminary results); 9,893 (2002 Census); 8,795 (1989 Census).
The town of Tarusa is known to have existed since 1246, when it was the capital of one of the Upper Principalities - the Principality of Tarusa (Russian: Тару́сское княжество). The first ruler of the Principality of Tarusa was Grand Duke Jury Mikhailovich, the son of Grand Duke Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov. Later, the local rulers moved their seats to Meshchovsk and Boryatino, and Tarusa was subjugated by Muscovy in the late 14th century. Tarusa has been used as a stronghold at the southern approaches to Moscow in the 15th-17th centuries. The Soviet authority in Tarusa was established on December 27, 1917. The town’s churches were closed, and a monument to Stalin was erected on the central square. During the Second world war, the German troops approached Tarusa and took it on their way to Moscow. The town was occupied by the Germans between October 24 and December 19, 1941. After that, the town was retaken by the Red Army which heroically crossed the Oka river in winter under the frantic German fire and successfully attacked the German strongholds on the higher bank of Oka.

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Tereshka River
The Bolshaya Tereshka (Russian: Большая Терешка) or simply Tereshka is a river in Ulyanovsk and Saratov Oblasts of Russian Federation, the right tributary of the Volga River. Tereshka is 213 km long, its watershed area is 9,710 km². It origins at the Privolzhskaya Hills and falls to the Volgograd Reservoir. Tereshka use to be frozen in from November–December till March–April.

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Tsivil River
Coordinates: 56°0′N 47°35′E / 56°N 47.583°E / 56; 47.583
The Great Tsivil (Russian: Большо́й Циви́ль, Bolshoy Tsivil' ; Chuvash: Мăн Çавал, Măn Şaval) or simply Tsivil in its lower course (also spelled Civil) is a river in Chuvashia, Russian Federation, a right tributary of the Volga River. Tsivil is 173 km (107 mi) long, its watershed area is 4,658 km² (1,798 sq mi). Near Tsivilsk the Little Tsivil joins the Great Tsivil, forming Tsivil river, which flows into the Volga near Novocheboksarsk. Other major tributaries are Unga and Kunagar Rivers. Tsivil yearly runoff volume is 640,000,000 m³ (520,000 acre·ft).

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Tula Oblast
Tula Oblast (Russian: Ту́льская о́бласть, Tulskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) with its present borders formed on September 26, 1937. Its administrative center is the city of Tula. The oblast has an area of 25,700 square kilometers (9,900 sq mi)^{[citation needed]} and a population of 1,553,925 (2010 Census preliminary results). The current governor of the oblast is Vladimir Gruzdev.
People have inhabited Tula area since ancient times, as shown by discoveries of burial mounds (kurgans) and old settlements. These lands were occupied by the Slavic Vyatichi, who cultivated the land, traded, and worked at crafts. This is confirmed by records in property registers, which mention an "ancient settlement" located at the place where the small Tulitsa River flows into the Upa River. In those long-ago times, its inhabitants may also have defended their settlements against raids by Tatars and nomadic tribes, but history is silent on this matter. The first mention of Tula is found in Nikon's chronicle in reference to the campaign of Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich of Chernigov. The chronicle notes that in 1146, the prince, who was heading for Ryazan, passed through a number of other settlements, including Tula, which at the time belonged to the Ryzan principality.

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Tvertsa River
Tvertsa (Russian: Тверца) is a river in the Tver Oblast in Russia, a left tributary of the Volga River. The Starotveretsky Canal (2,9 km in length) is considered Tvertsa's riverhead, which connects the river with the Vishnevolotskoye Reservoir. The latter drains up to 80% of its water from the Tsna River into the Tvertsa. The Tvertsa River freezes up in November - early January and stays under the ice until late March - April.
The towns of Torzhok and Vyshny Volochyok are located on the Tvertsa River. The city of Tver is located at its confluece with the Volga.

Coordinates: 57°33′17″N 34°36′12″E / 57.55472°N 34.60333°E / 57.55472; 34.60333

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Tyosha River
Tyosha (Russian: Тёша) is a river in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in Russia, a right tributary of the Oka River. The length of the river is 311 km. The area of its basin is 7,800 km². The Tyosha freezes up in November - first half of December and stays icebound until the second half of March - first half of April. Its biggest tributary is the Seryozha River. The city of Arzamas is located on the Tyosha River.

Coordinates: 55°38′03″N 42°08′51″E / 55.63417°N 42.1475°E / 55.63417; 42.1475

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Unzha River
Unzha River (Russian: Унжа), a river in the Vologda Oblast and Kostroma Oblast in Russia, a tributary of the Volga River. Its length is 426 km. The area of the basin is 28,900 km². The Unzha River begins at the confluence of the Kema River and the Lundonga River. It flows into the Unzhensky Cove of the Gorkovsky Reservoir. The Unzha River freezes up between October and December and stays under the ice until April-May. Main tributaries: Viga, Neya, Mezha. The towns of Kologriv, Manturovo and Makaryev are located on the Unzha River.

Coordinates: 58°30′N 45°00′E / 58.5°N 45°E / 58.5; 45

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Upa River
Upa (Russian: Упа́) is a river in Tula Oblast, Russia, one of the main tributaries of the Oka River.
The river is 345 km long; the city of Tula is on its banks. The name of the river is of Baltic origin.

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Vazuza River
Vazuza (Russian: Вазу́за) is a river in Smolensk Oblast and Tver Oblast, Russia, a right tributary of the Volga River. Length: 162 km, watershed area: 7120 km². The lower part of the river has been transformed into Vazuza Reservoir. The towns of Sychyovka and Zubtsov are located on the Vazuza (the latter at its confluence with the Volga).

Coordinates: 56°10′05″N 34°35′27″E / 56.1681°N 34.5908°E / 56.1681; 34.5908

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Vetluga River
Vetluga (Russian: Ветлу́га; IPA: [vʲɪtˈlugə], Mari: Вӱтла, Vütla) is a river in the Kirov Oblast, Kostroma Oblast, Mari El Republic and Nizhny Novgorod Oblast of Russia. It is a left tributary of Volga, confluence near Kozmodemyansk. The river is navigable.

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Vladimir Oblast
Vladimir Oblast (Russian: Влади́мирская о́бласть, Vladimirskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located 190 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow. Population: 1,443,693 (2010 Census data).
The 12th-century cathedrals of Vladimir, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Vladimir Oblast borders Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Ryazan, and Nizhny Novgorod Oblasts. The oblast is situated in the center of the East European Plain. The Klyazma and the Oka are the most important rivers of oblast. There are approximately 300 lakes. The oblast is situated in a zone of mixed forests.
Population: 1,443,693 (2010 Census); 1,523,990 (2002 Census); 1,653,938 (1989 Census).
Ethnic composition (2010):

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Yeruslan River
Yeruslan (Russian: Еруслан) is a river Saratov Oblast and Volgograd Oblast, Russia, a left tributary of the Volga River. It is 278 km long, origins at the south-western slope of the Obshchy Syrt and flows to the Yeruslan Cove of the Volgograd Reservoir. Yeruslan has the left inflow Solyonaya Kuba River. Former left tributary Torgun River currently flows to the Yeruslan Cove. The town of Krasny Kut is located alongside the Yeruslan.
At summer Yeruslan dries up and in some places has salty water.

Coordinates: 50°18′20″N 46°23′50″E / 50.3056°N 46.3972°E / 50.3056; 46.3972

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Zhizdra River
Zhizdra River (Russian: Жиздра) is a river in Kaluga Oblast in Russia, Oka's left tributary. The length of the river is 223 km. The area of its basin is 9,170 km². the Zhizdra River freezes up in late November and stays icebound until early April. Its main tributaries are the Resseta, Vytebet, and Serena. The towns of Kozelsk and Zhizdra are located on the shores of the Zhizdra.
Coordinates: 54°14′09″N 36°11′38″E / 54.23583°N 36.19389°E / 54.23583; 36.19389

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Cornelis de Bruijn
Cornelis de Bruijn (also spelled Cornelius de Bruyn; 1652 – 1726/7) was a Dutch artist and traveler. He made two large tours and published illustrated books with his observations of people, buildings, plants and animals.
De Bruijn was born in The Hague.
During his first tour, he visited Rome, where he became a member of the Bentvueghels with the nickname Adonis, which is how he signed the bentbrief of Abraham Genoels II. He travelled in Egypt and climbed to the top of a pyramid where he left his signature. De Bruijn made secretly drawings of Jerusalem, then part of the Ottoman Empire. His drawings of Palmyra are copies. De Bruijn reached Cyprus and stayed among the Dutch merchants in Smyrna and Constantinople. From 1684 he worked in Venice with the painter Johann Carl Loth, returning in 1693 to The Hague, where he sold his souvenirs. In 1698 he published his book with drawings, which was a success and was translated in several languages. Two examples have colored illustrations, the first color prints in history. Among his drawings were the first pictures of the interior of the Great Pyramid and Jerusalem that became known in Europe.

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Galindians
The term Galindians may be applied to two distinct, and now extinct, tribes of the Balts. Most commonly, the term is used to describe the Western Galindians who lived in the southeast part of Prussia. Less commonly, it is used for a tribe that lived in the area of what is today Moscow.
The name "Galinda" is thought to derive from the Baltic word *galas ("the end"), alluding to the fact that they settled for some time further west and further east than any other Baltic tribe.
The Western Galindians (Old Prussian: *Galindis, Latin: Galindae) - at first a West Baltic tribe, and later an Old Prussian clan - lived in Galindia, roughly the area of present-day Masuria but including territory further south in would become the Duchy of Masovia. The region lay adjacent to the territory of the Yotvingians, which is today in Podlaskie Voivodeship.
The name Galind- is probably derived from the hydromym of Gielądzkie Jezioro (53° 52' N 21° 10' E) in the province of Olsztyn, in what was the very center of ancient Galindia. J. Nalepa (1971) suggested the root *gal- was originally a different ablaut grade of the same root found in Lith. "gilus" - deep, and "gelmė" - depth. The original meaning referred to the depth of the lake mentioned, which is one of the deepest in the area.

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Max Vasmer
Max Vasmer (February 28, 1886 – November 30, 1962) was a Russian-born German linguist who studied problems of etymology of Indo-European, Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages and worked on history of Slavic, Baltic, Iranian, and Finno-Ugric peoples.
Vasmer was born of German parents in St. Petersburg and graduated from the St. Petersburg University in 1907. Since 1910, he delivered lectures there as a professor. During the Russian Civil War, he worked in the Universities of Saratov and Yuryev (Tartu). In 1921 he settled in Leipzig but later moved to Berlin. In 1938–39, he delivered lectures at Columbia University in New York City. It was there that he started to work on his magnum opus, the Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. He delivered the eulogy for Professor Aleksander Brückner in Berlin Wilmersdorf in 1939 and he took over the chair of Slavistic studies at the Berlin University.
In 1944, Vasmer's house in Berlin was bombed, and most of his materials perished. Nevertheless, Vasmer persevered in his work, which was finally published in four volumes by Heidelberg University in 1950–58 as Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Vasmer died in West Berlin on November 30, 1962.

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Vasily Polenov
Vasily Dmitrievich Polenov (Russian: Васи́лий Дми́триевич Поле́нов; 1 June 1844 – 18 July 1927) was a Russian landscape painter associated with the Peredvizhniki movement of realist artists.
A native of St.Petersburg, Polenov studied under Pavel Chistyakov and in the Imperial Academy of Arts from 1863 to 1871. He was classmate and close friend to Rafail Levitsky, fellow Peredvizhniki artist and famous photographer. Their letters which remain today in Polenov's house museum are an interesting account of the many art exhibitions, movements and artists of their day.
As bachelors, Polenov and Levitsky lived and worked together in "Devich'e Pole" (the name of the street "Maiden's Field"), in an attic of the Olsufevsky House (the home of Rafail Levitsky's future wife Anna Vasilevna Olsufevsky). This house is illustrated by Polenov in his painting “Grandmother's garden” (1878).
Polenov was the pensioner of academy of arts in Italy and France, where he painted a number of pictures in the spirit of Academism on subjects taken from the European history, such as "Droit de Signeur" (1874) Tretyakov gallery; at the same time he worked a lot in the open air.

wn.com/Vasily_Polenov

Oka River Oxbow (2012)

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photo: AP / New York City Police Department

In this image provided by the New York City Police Department, a composite sketch showing the woman believed to have pushed a man to his death in front of a subway train on Thursday, Dec. 27, 2012 is shown.

US woman charged with hate crime in subway death

Taipei Times

30 Dec 2012

A woman who told police she shoved a man to his death off a subway platform because she has hated Muslims since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the US and thought he was one was charged on Saturday with murder as a hate crime, prosecutors said ... Menendez, 31, was awaiting arraignment on the charge on Saturday evening, Queens District Attorney Richard Brown said. She faces 25 years to life in prison if convicted ... On Dec ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)

photo: AP / Felicia Fonseca

File - Ram Herder, 89, is shown on May 22, 2008 in his Sanders, Ariz. home that was provided by the federal government as part of a massive relocation project to move Navajos from land Congress said belonged to the Hopi Tribe.

A New Year's Resolution: An Apology Day?

WorldNews.com

01 Jan 2013

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. For good reason Mark Charles, a member of the Navajo Nation, is deeply offended that buried on page 45 of the 2010 Defense Appropriation Act (after pages on the maintenance and operation of the United States Military) is an "official" apology to Native American People ... political leaders and officials find it extremely difficult in expressing remorse for past mistakes ... Escorted by the U.S....(size: 5.6Kb)

photo: AP / Shaam News Network

In this image taken from video obtained from the Shaam News Network, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, smoke rises from buildings from heavy shelling in Homs, Syria, on Thursday, Dec. 27, 2012.

Syria risks becoming ‘new Somalia’: UN envoy

Zeenews

30 Dec 2012

London. UN-Arab League envoy to Damascus, Lakhdar Brahimi, has said that a diplomatic solution to the conflict in Syria seemed far away, adding that the country risked being slithering into ‘hell’ ... (ANI). For Zee News’s Updates, follow us on Twitter , Facebook, Google+, Pinterest. First Published ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)

photo: AP / John MacDougall

German Chancellor Angela Merkel gestures while posing for photographs after recording her annual New Year's speech at the chancellery in Berlin Sunday, Dec. 30, 2012.

Merkel warns Germans of tough economic times ahead

BBC News

31 Dec 2012

Chancellor Angela Merkel has warned that the German economic climate in 2013 will be "even more difficult". In her new year message, she also cautioned that the eurozone debt crisis was far from over. However, she did say that reforms designed to address the roots of the problem were beginning to bear fruit ... In a taped interview to be broadcast later on Monday, Mrs Merkel urged Germans to be more patient ... Voters 'wary' ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)

photo: AP / Arshad Butt

Security men gather at the site of a suicide bombing in Quetta, Pakistan, Sunday, Dec. 30, 2012.

Car bombing leaves at least 19 dead, 25 injured in Pakistan

The Los Angeles Times

30 Dec 2012

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan – At least 19 people were killed by a car bomb in Pakistan on Sunday, the latest in a pattern of escalating attacks by militants in recent weeks. An explosives-laden car was detonated next to a convoy of three buses carrying Shiite Muslim pilgrims from Pakistan’s western Baluchistan province to Iran. The blast also injured 25 people ... “The other two buses were partially damaged.” ... ALSO. ... 0 ... ... . ... ....(size: 29.9Kb)

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Putin Threat Pushes Regions Debt Costs to Records: Russia Credit

Bloomberg

28 Aug 2012

Volgograd, named after Europe’s longest river, set a record 9.67 percent coupon for the 1 billion rubles of five-year notes it plans to sell Aug. 29 ... Local governments have grown more dependent on federal funding since market turmoil in 2008-2009 forced a retreat from the bond market ... The money will be used to refinance existing debt and help fund infrastructure projects, including a new subway bridge over the Oka river, Avdonin said ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)

The Life and Death of a Great Russian City

Foreign Policy

22 Aug 2012

NIZHNY NOVGOROD, Russia — In the early 1980s, a reporter for Pravda based in the city then known as Gorky learned of a new general plan from the Soviet government for his hometown. The plan was to abolish the entire historical center of the picturesque city, which was founded in the 13th century at the point where the Volga and Oka rivers cross ... COMMENTS (0) SHARE .. Twitter  . Reddit . More... Don't Miss ... By Anna Nemtsova ... 12NEXT....(size: 4.8Kb)

No action but a great deal is happening in Silent Souls by director Aleksey Fedorchenko

The Daily Telegraph Australia

12 May 2012

SILENT SOULS, Icon. Director. Aleksey Fedorchenko. Rating. TBC. Running time. 75 minutes. Verdict. A deceptively serene meditation on the deepest of passions ... His quiet routine is changed by two events ... With no one to look after his birds, Aist brings them on this 1000-kilometre-plus journey to Gorbatov, where they plan to cremate Tanya on the banks of the Oka river. Along the way, Miron "smokes" ...   ... . ....(size: 2.0Kb)

Metro construction in Nizhny Novgorod nearly finished

Pravda RU

20 Mar 2012

The new line will connect the parts of the city beyond the river and the hills of Nizhny Novgorod ... The tracks have been laid ... More than a half of these funds are to be allocated for the construction of transport approaches to the metro bridge across the Oka River. For the time being, the Nizhny Novgorod Metro consists of Avtozavodskaya and Sormovskaya lines and 13 stations located in the industrial part of the city beyond the river ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)

All-season ski resort to be built in Nizhny Novgorod

Pravda RU

07 Mar 2012

The government of Nizhny Novgorod region approved the project of the multifunctional complex called "Blagoveshchensk Sloboda." The project stipulates the construction of the following complexes ... The total square of the plot of land for the project is 10.5 hectares ... The complex will be built on the bank of the Oka River ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)

In Russia, the lost generation of science

The Washington Post

28 Nov 2011

In a rut and out of favor, the labs are barely wheezing here at Pushchino, once one of the brimming engines of Soviet science, a special closed city devoted to prestigious biological research ... Loading... Tweet ... Pushchino, founded in 1966 in a woodsy spot along the Oka River, about 75 miles south of Moscow, was one of several dozen special science cities built across the Soviet Union, owned and governed by the Soviet Academy of Sciences....(size: 3.9Kb)

Mary Dejevsky: Russia Notebook, Part 2

The Independent

22 Nov 2011

They make VW Polos, which are especially adapted for the Russian market (cheaper, simpler and a bit more rugged), VW Tiguans, and two Skoda models, Fabia and Octavia ... “looks ordinary, but has a hot temperament” ... (See below) ... Boris drives us for an hour into the centre of Kaluga, around its periphery, across a big new bridge to mostly new residential developments on the right bank of the Oka river, giving a running commentary ... CORRUPTION....(size: 10.7Kb)

Russian Barbizon: the land of poets and painters on the Oka

Novosti

07 Sep 2011

When you approach Tarusa, a small town 130 kilometers from Moscow, you understand why artists dubbed this land "Russian Barbizon," referring to the French town that gave its name to a famous painting school. Endless fields, picturesque hills and cascades of forests stretching from the high banks of the Oka River to the horizon have inspired many Russian painters and poets, making Tarusa one of their favorite summer destinations ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)

Quake and blossoms: Japan's reminder of mortality

LA Daily News

27 Mar 2011

By JOJI SAKURAI, Associated PressPosted. 03/26/2011 06.00.00 PM PDT. In this April 3, 2010 file photo, a man takes pictures of cherry blossoms along the Oka River in Yokohama, near Tokyo. The cherry trees will blossom soon in Japan ... The fragility of technologically-advanced Japan was exposed in the most terrifying way in the earthquake and tsunami that devastated the northeast ... TOKYO - The cherry trees will soon blossom in Japan ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)

Rezidor announces the Park Inn Volgograd and the Park Inn Nizhny Novgorod in Russia

TravelDailyNews

08 Feb 2011

The hotel will enjoy an excellent location in the centre of Nizhny Novgorod overlooking the Oka River ... Later it was recognized as the nucleus of a trading settlement and developed into an important river port and commercial centre of the 19th century. Thereafter renamed to Stalingrad, the city was established as an industrial hub and trans-shipment centre by rail and river ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)

An Oasis of Culture in a Fiery Russian Summer

The New York Times

20 Aug 2010

In fact, our slice of earth along the Oka River was spared the worst. The heat transformed everything into a kind of Russian Florida ... Those who could, fled ... In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the town and the lush wooded banks of the river were a summer haunt for intellectuals and artists ... an austere wooden tower of a dacha commanding a stunning view of the Oka and its forested banks, with a small amphitheater for performances ... ....(size: 11.1Kb)

Past Errors to Blame for Russia's Peat Fires

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

13 Aug 2010

ELEKTROGORSK, Russia -- For two weeks, soldiers with chain saws felled every tree in sight. Firefighters laid down a pipe to a nearby lake and pumped 100 gallons of water every minute, around the clock, until the surface of what is known as Fire No ... So much water is needed to extinguish peat fires that the Russian government this summer has been laying a 30-mile-long pipeline from the Oka River to a region of peat fires east of Moscow....(size: 6.2Kb)

Past Errors to Blame for Russia’s Peat Fires

Herald Tribune

13 Aug 2010

ELEKTROGORSK, Russia — For two weeks, soldiers with chain saws felled every tree in sight. AC = 1234. --> ... 3 was a muddy expanse of charred stumps. And still the fire burned on ... Andreyev, a soldier who was tending a hose at Fire No. 3 ... At Fire No ... So much water is needed to extinguish peat fires that the Russian government this summer has been laying a 30-mile-long pipeline from the Oka River to a region of peat fires east of Moscow ... ....(size: 12.7Kb)

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This article is about a river in western Russia. For the river in Siberia with the same name, see Oka River (Siberia). For other uses, see Oka.

Oka River
Oka river between Serpukhov and Kashira cities in Moscow region. Its width there is about 200 m (220 yd).
Mouth	Volga River
Basin countries	Russia
Length	1,500 km (932 mi)
Avg. discharge	1,300 cubic metres per second (46,000 cu ft/s)
Basin area	245,000 square kilometres (95,000 sq mi)

Map of the Volga watershed with the Oka highlighted

The confluence of the Oka with the Volga in Nizhny Novgorod.

The Oka riverbank in Nizhny Novgorod.

The Oka River in Moscow Oblast, near Serpukhov.

Oka (Russian: Ока́, IPA: [ɐˈka]) is a river in central Russia, the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir, and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as to the town of Kaluga. Its length exceeds 1,500 kilometres (930 mi). The Russian capital Moscow sits on one of the Oka's tributaries—the Moskva River.

1 Name and history
2 Landmarks
3 Main tributaries
4 Cities and towns on the Oka
5 References
6 External links

Name and history [link]

Max Vasmer connects the name of the river to the Gothic аƕа, Old High German aha, Latin aqua, which all mean either "water" or "river" (cf. Aa River).^[1] Oleg Trubachev traces the origin of the name to the Baltic languages: it was the Baltic tribe of Galindians that lived in the western part of the Oka basin prior to the arrival of the Slavs.

Historically, the river gave its name to the Upper Oka Principalities, situated upstream from Tarusa. One of the largest Russian cities, Nizhny Novgorod, was founded to protect the Oka's confluence with the Volga. The Qasim Khanate, a Muslim polity, occupied the middle reaches of the Oka (around the city of Kasimov) in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Before the construction of the railways in the mid-19th century, and the Moscow Canal in the 1930s, the Oka, along with its tributary Moskva, was an important transportation route connecting Moscow with the Volga River. Due to the Oka's and Moskva's meandering course, the travel was not particularly fast: for example, it took Cornelis de Bruijn around 10 days to sail from Moscow down these two rivers to Nizhny Novgorod in 1703.^[2] Traveling upstream may have been even slower, as the boats had to be pulled by burlaks.^[3]

Landmarks [link]

The banks of the river are dotted with historical and cultural sites, including the medieval monasteries of Murom, the mosques and minarets of Kasimov, the fortified kremlins of Kolomna and Serpukhov, the memorial houses of Vasily Polenov and Sergey Yesenin, the excavated ruins of Old Ryazan, and the Oka Shukhov Tower.

The Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve lies along the left bank of the river opposite the town of Pushchino and is known for its wisent breeding nursery.

^ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary, trans. by Oleg Trubachev, vol. 3, p. 127.
^ Bruin, Cornelis de (1725), Voyage au Levant: c'est-à-dire, dans les principaux endroits de l'Asie Mineure, dans les isles de Chio, Rhodes, Chypre, etc., de même que dans les plus considérables villes d'Egypte, de Syrie, et Terre Sainte., 3, J.-B.-C. Bauche le fils, pp. 233–247, http://books.google.com/books?id=ctUWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA250
^ Bruin 1725, p. 240

External links [link]

Oka at GEOnet Names Server
Media related to Oka River at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Volga River

Tributaries	Selizharovka Vazuza Tvertsa Shosha Dubna Medveditsa Nerl Kashinka Sit' Mologa Suda Sheksna Sogozha Kotorosl Kostroma Nyomda Unzha Uzola Oka Kudma Kerzhenets Sura Vetluga Rutka Tsivil Great Kokshaga Little Kokshaga Anish Ilet Sviyaga Sumka Kazanka Kama Aktay Bezdna Cheremshan Sok Samara Chapayevka Little Irgiz Irgiz Tereshka Yeruslan Akhtuba (distributary)

Reservoirs	Volgo Lake Ivankovo Uglich Rybinsk Gorky Cheboksary Kuybyshev Saratov Volgograd

Hydroelectric stations	Ivankovo Uglich Rybinsk Nizhny Novgorod Cheboksary Zhiguli Saratov Volga

Canals	Moscow Canal Volga–Baltic Waterway Volga–Don Canal

Coordinates: 56°20′N 43°59′E / 56.333°N 43.983°E / 56.333; 43.983

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Contents

Name and history [link]

Landmarks [link]

Main tributaries [link]

Cities and towns on the Oka [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Oka_River

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Oka (affluente del Volga)

http://cs.wn.com/Oka (přítok Volhy)

http://es.wn.com/Río Oká

http://ru.wn.com/Ока

http://nl.wn.com/Oka (Europa)

http://pl.wn.com/Oka (dopływ Wołgi)

http://fr.wn.com/Oka (Volga)

http://de.wn.com/Oka

http://pt.wn.com/Rio Oka