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A delegate is a person who speaks or acts on behalf of an organization (e.g., a government, a charity, an NGO, or a trade union) at a meeting or conference between organizations of the same level (e.g., trade talks or an environmental summit between governments; an arbitration over an industrial dispute; or a meeting of student unions from individual colleges at a national student union conference). Generally, but not always, delegates differ from representatives because they receive and carry out instructions from the group that sends them, and, unlike representatives, are not expected to act independently.^{[citation needed]}

Politics[link]

United States of America[link]

Delegate is the title of a person elected to the United States House of Representatives to serve the interests of an organized United States territory, at present only overseas or the District of Columbia, but historically in most cases in a portion of North America as precursor to one or more of the present states of the union. Delegates have powers similar to that of Representatives, including the right to vote in committee, but have no right to take part in the floor votes in which the full house actually decides whether the proposal is carried. See: Delegate (United States Congress).

A similar mandate is held in a few cases under the style Resident commissioner.

• Delegate is also the title given to individuals elected to the lower houses of the bicameral legislative bodies of the states of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia (see House of Delegates).

• Members of other parliamentary assemblies, such as the Continental Congress or the New York State Constitutional Convention.

• Members of a body charged with writing or revising a foundational or other basic governmental document (such as members of a constitutional convention are usually referred to as "delegates".

Presidential conventions[link]

Democratic Party[link]

The Democratic Party of the United States uses pledged delegates and superdelegates. A candidate for the Democratic nominee must win a majority of combined delegate votes at the Democratic National Convention.

Pledged delegates are elected or chosen at the state or local level, with the understanding that they will support a particular candidate at the convention. Pledged delegates are however not actually bound to vote for that candidate, thus the candidates are allowed to periodically review the list of delegates and eliminate any of those they feel would not be supportive. Currently there are 3,253 pledged delegates.

Of the 4,047 total Democratic delegates, 794 are superdelegates, which are usually Democratic members of Congress, governors, former Presidents, and other party leaders. They are not required to indicate preference for a candidate.

The Democratic Party uses a proportional representation to determine how many delegates each candidate is awarded in each state. For example, a candidate who wins 40% of a state's vote in the primary election will win 40% of that state's delegates; however, a candidate must win at least 15% of the primary vote in order to receive any delegates. There is no process to win superdelegates, since they can vote for whomever they please. A candidate needs to win a simple majority of total delegates to earn the Democratic nomination.^[1]

Republican Party[link]

The Republican Party of the United States utilizes a similar system with slightly different terminology, employing pledged and unpledged delegates. Of the total 2,380 Republican delegates (2,286 in 2012), 1,719 are pledged delegates, who as with the Democratic Party, are elected at the state or local level. To become the Republican Party nominee, the candidate must win a simple majority of 1,191 of the 2,380 total delegates at the Republican National Convention.

A majority of the unpledged delegates are elected much like the pledged delegates, and are likely to be committed to a specific candidate. Many of the other unpledged delegates automatically claim the delegate status either by virtue of their position as a party chair or national party committee person. This group is known as unpledged RNC member delegates.

The process by which delegates are awarded to a candidate will vary from state to state. Many states use a winner-take-all system, where popular vote determines the winning candidate for that state, however, beginning in 2012 many states now use proportional representation. While the Republican National Committee does not require a 15% minimum threshold, individual state parties may impart such a threshold.

The unpledged RNC member delegates are free to vote for any candidate and are not bound by the electoral votes of their state. The majority of the unpledged delegates (those who are elected or chosen) are technically free to vote for any candidate; however they are likely to be committed to one specifically.^[1]

Religion[link]

Look up delegate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Apostolic delegate, one appointed by the Pope

References[link]

In psychology-related slang, control freak is a derogatory term for a person who attempts to dictate how everything around them is done. The phrase was first used in the late 1960s^[1] — an era when great stress was laid on the principle of 'doing one's own thing' and letting others do the same.^[2]

Vulnerability[link]

Control freaks are often perfectionists^[3] defending themselves against their own inner vulnerabilities, in the belief that, if not in total control, they risk exposing themselves once more to childhood angst.^[4] Such figures manipulate and pressurise others to change, so as to avoid having to change themselves;^[5] use power over others to escape an inner emptiness.^[6] When a control freak's pattern is broken, “the Controller is left with a terrible feeling of powerlessness … But feeling their pain and fear brings them back to themselves”.^[7]

Control freaks have been linked to codependents, in the sense that the latters' fear of abandonment leads to attempts to control those they are dependent on.^[8] Recovery for them entails recognising that being a control freak helped paradoxically preserve codependency itself.^[9]

In terms of personality-type theory, control freaks are very much the Type A personality, driven by the need to dominate and control.^[10] An obsessive need to control others is also associated with antisocial personality disorder.^[11]

In management[link]

In the corporate world, control freaks tend to publicly admonish their inferiors, especially during meetings.^[12] More positively, the term can also refer to someone with a limited number of things that they want done a specific way; professor of clinical psychology Les Parrott wrote that “Control Freaks are people who care more than you do about something and won't stop at being pushy to get their way”.^[13] There may be a fine line between being a detail-oriented manager, who likes to have things done 'right', and being a (destructive) control freak.^[14] Control freaks are usually a cause of micromanagement.

In some cases, the control freak sees their constant intervention as beneficial or even necessary; this can be caused by feelings of superiority, believing that others are incapable of handling matters properly, or the fear that things will go wrong if they do not attend to every detail. In other cases, they may simply enjoy the feeling of power it gives them so much that they automatically try to gain control of everything around them

One argument against hierarchies in a research context is that they afford too much scope for nit-picking to the control freak.^[15]

In history[link]

Wellington v. Napoleon[link]

Wellington as military commander was undoubtedly a hands-on micromanager, trusting his subordinates as little as possible, and showing many of the characteristics of the modern day control freak.^[16] In 1811 he wrote that “I am obliged to be everywhere and if absent from any operation, something goes wrong … success can only be attained by attention to the most minute details”.^[17]

By contrast, Napoleon gave his marshals much more tactical freedom.^[18] At the critical meeting of the two generals at the Battle of Waterloo - where Wellington's close supervision contrasted strongly with the effective delegation of operational management by Napoleon to Marshall Ney^[19] - it was at least arguably Wellington's control mania that played the decisive role in the Allied victory, justifying his claim the following day that “I don't think it would have been done if I had not been there”.^[20]

Steve Jobs and closed systems[link]

Steve Jobs was a perfectionist who favoured the closed system of control over all aspects of a product from start to finish - what he termed the integrated over the fragmented approach.^[21] As Steve Wozniak, his long-term collaborator and occasional critic, put it: "Apple gets you into their playpen and keeps you there".^[22] The triumph of the PC over the Mac was a blow for that philosophy, a situation which was then reversed by the serial successes of the iPod, iPhone, and iPad - only for the Android challenge to reopen the debate again.^[23]

See also[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• E.A. Deuble & A. Bradley, It Has A Name!: How To Keep Control Freaks & Other Unhealthy Narcissists From Ruining Your Life (2010)
• Mary L. Berg, The Joy of Being a Control Freak (2011)

Ali Brown

Personal information
Full name	Alistair Duncan Brown
Born	(1970-02-11) 11 February 1970 (age 42) Beckenham, Kent, England
Nickname	Lordy
Height	5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Batting style	Right-handed batsman
Bowling style	Right-arm Off break
Role	Top order batsman
International information
National side	England
ODI debut (cap 135)	23 May 1996 v India
Last ODI	21 June 2001 v Australia
Domestic team information
Years	Team
2009–2011	Nottinghamshire (squad no. 3)
1990–2008	Surrey (squad no. 5)
1996	Test and County Cricket Board XI
Career statistics
Competition	ODIs	FC	LA	T20
Matches	16	247	375	51
Runs scored	354	14957	10833	1170
Batting average	22.12	43.35	31.76	23.40
100s/50s	1/1	44/62	19/49	0/7
Top score	118	295*	268	83
Balls bowled	6	1224	375	2
Wickets	0	5	14	0
Bowling average	–	127.00	40.07	–
5 wickets in innings	0	0	0	0
10 wickets in match	n/a	0	n/a	n/a
Best bowling	–	3/25	3/39	–
Catches/stumpings	6/0	246/1	126/0	34/0
Source: CricketArchive, 6 September 2008

Alistair Duncan Brown (born 11 February 1970), more commonly known as Ali Brown, is an English cricketer who played for Surrey County Cricket Club, before moving to Nottinghamshire for the 2009 season. He is nicknamed "Lordy", in allusion to Ted Dexter (who was known as "Lord Ted") because of his big-hitting, confident batting style. He is a right-hand bat and occasional right-arm off-break bowler, who made 16 One Day International appearances for England between 1996 and 2001, with a best of 118.

Brown has scored over 15,000 runs in first class cricket since his debut in 1992. An equally prolific one day player with over 11,000 runs, he also holds the world-record List-A score – 268. Brown is the only player in the history of List A cricket to make two double centuries.

Career[link]

Early career[link]

Brown attended Caterham School in Surrey, where he won the Cricket Society's Wetherall Award for the most promising all rounder in school cricket in 1986, and his early promise led to second XI games for Surrey in 1988. He made his first-class debut in 1992 and was awarded his County Cap in 1994. He shared the Walter Lawrence trophy (with Carl Hooper) in 1998 for scoring the season's fastest first class century in just 72 balls against Northamptonshire at the Oval including 10 fours and 6 sixes.

County cricket[link]

Brown scored 268 against Glamorgan at the Oval in the 4th round of the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy, a world record individual high score in all one-day cricket.^[1] His innings took 160 balls and included 30 fours and 12 sixes. Surrey's final total of 438 - 5 in 50 overs was almost matched by Glamorgan who scored 429 all out and is remembered as the highest scoring one day match in the history of county cricket.^[2] Brown's innings broke Graeme Pollock's 27-year-old record of 222. His partnership of 286 with IanWard was the Surrey record for any wicket in one day cricket until broken by the 294 added by Brown this time with James Benning in 2007 against Gloucestershire in which Brown scored 176 off just 97 balls. The '268 Bar' at the Oval cricket ground is named after Brown's innings.^[3]

Alistair Brown mostly opened for Surrey in one day cricket, as opposed to his usual Championship batting position of number 5. He holds the record for the highest score ever made in the Sunday League, amassing 203 for Surrey v Hampshire at the Woodbridge Road ground in Guildford in 1997 in a 40 overs a side match. He scored his first 100 off 56 balls, made 150 off 84 and 200 from 118 with 19 fours and 11 sixes. Brown scored a match winning innings of 64 from just 41 balls in Surrey's victory over Leicestershire in the final of the inaugural competition Twenty/20 cup at Edgbaston in 2004. He hit 30 sixes in one day cricket in 2006, second only to Cameron White.

He started the 2007 season with a century in just 50 balls against Gloucestershire at the Oval in the Friends Provident competition (50 overs a side), the 7th quickest century in English one day cricket and the 12th fastest of all time. He set a new record partnership of 294, in less than 34 overs, for any wicket in one day cricket for Surrey with James Benning, beating his own record of 289 with IanWard. He passed 150 runs in just 81 balls and scored 176 in 97 balls, with 8 sixes and 20 fours before missing a reverse sweep. The scorer of 19 one day centuries, he is one of the few contemporary English batsmen to have scored 10,000 runs in list A one day cricket.

Up to the start of the 2008 English season Brown had scored 14,705 runs in first-class cricket at an average of 43.50 with 44 centuries and a highest score of 295 not out against Leicestershire at Oakham School in 2000. Ali Brown has taken 2 first class wickets with his off spin, taken 236 catches, mostly at slip, and is responsible for one first class stumping as a substitute wicket-keeper. In 2004, with a century against Lancashire, he completed the feat of scoring a first class century against every other English county.

He played in the Surrey team that won the County Championship in 1999, 2000 and 2002 as well the English domestic one day league in 1996 and 2003 and the Benson and Hedges Cup in 1997 and 2001. He was a member of the side which won the County Championship Division 2 title in 2006 and was rewarded with another contract, being described by coach Alan Butcher as 'a great servant of the club'.^[4] Matthew Reed records that "for sheer entertainment value, there are very, very few to match him in the county game."^[5]

Move to Nottinghamshire[link]

Brown was released by Surrey at the end of the 2008 season.^[6] Surrey executives remarked that "Alistair Brown has been a great servant of Surrey and played a leading role during his successful career with us", and "Brown has been one of the most prodigious run makers for Surrey in recent years... His record in one-day cricket is almost unparalleled and the club owe him a great debt of thanks for all that he has achieved."^[6]

He signed a two year contract with Nottinghamshire covering the 2009 and 2010 seasons.^[7] In 2010 the side won the County Championship, to add to the three Championships he had won with Surrey in 1999, 2000 and 2002. After continuing with Nottinghamshire for the 2011 season, in August he announced his intention to retire as a player at the end of the season.^[8] In November 2011 he returned to Surrey as second team coach.^[9]

England[link]

Although he has played in 16 One Day Internationals, scoring 118 against India in just his 3rd match in 1996 and hitting a 31-ball 50 against South Africa in 1998 - the fastest in the history of the Texaco Trophy - he has never played in a Test match. His 16,898 first class runs at 42.67, and more than 11,000 List A runs, make him one of the most successful English batsmen never to have won a test cap. Lawrence Booth described Brown as one of the best present-day English cricketers not to have played Test cricket.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Player profile: Ali Brown from ESPNcricinfo
• Player profile: Ali Brown from CricketArchive
• Player Profile: Ali Brown from BBC News
• Player Profile: Ali Brown from Surrey CCC