University College London
Coat of Arms of University College London
Motto	Cuncti adsint meritaeque expectent praemia palmae (Latin)
Motto in English	Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward
Established	1826
Type	Public
Endowment	£72.7 million (as of 31 July 2011)[1]
Chancellor	HRH The Princess Royal (University of London)
Provost	Prof. Malcolm Grant
Admin. staff	9,783 (2011 average)[1]
Students	23,250[2]
Undergraduates	12,789
Postgraduates	10,463
Location	London, United Kingdom
Colours
Affiliations	List Association of Commonwealth Universities European University Association G5 Golden Triangle League of European Research Universities Russell Group University of London Universities UK
Website	ucl.ac.uk
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University College London (UCL) is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, and the oldest and largest constituent college of the federal University of London.^[3] Founded in 1826, UCL was the first university institution to be founded in London and the first in England to be established on an entirely secular basis, to admit students regardless of their religion and to admit women on equal terms with men.^[4] UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London in 1836.

UCL is organised into 10 constituent faculties, within which there are over 100 departments, institutes and research centres. UCL's main campus is located in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals located elsewhere in central London. There is a UCL campus in Doha, Qatar specialised in archaeology, conservation and museum studies, and the UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in Adelaide, Australia. UCL is a major centre for biomedical research; it is part of three of the 11 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England and is a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe.^[5] For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and the most-cited in Europe).^[6] UCL had a total income of £802 million in 2010/11, of which £283 million was from research grants and contracts.^[1]

UCL has around 4,000 academic and research staff and 650 professors, the highest number of any British university.^[7] There are currently 46 Fellows of the Royal Society, 55 Fellows of the British Academy, 10 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 99 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences amongst UCL academic and research staff.^[8] There are 26 Nobel Prize winners and three Fields Medalists amongst UCL’s alumni and current and former staff, the most recent being Sir Charles K. Kao, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009. UCL is ranked 20th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) in the 2011 Academic Ranking of World Universities,^[9] 7th in the world (and 4th in Europe) in the 2011 QS World University Rankings^[10] and 17th in the world (and 5th in Europe) in the 2011 Times Higher Education World University Rankings.^[11]

UCL is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, the G5, the League of European Research Universities, the Russell Group, UNICA and Universities UK.^[12] It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities.^[13]

History[link]

The London University as drawn by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd and published in 1827/28 (now the UCL Main Building)

William Ramsay is regarded as a "father of noble gases".

19th century[link]

UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name "London University" as a secular alternative to the religious universities of Oxford and Cambridge.^[14][15] Although the philosopher Jeremy Bentham is commonly seen as the father of UCL, he personally took no part in its creation. Bentham's radical ideas on education and society were the inspiration to the institution's founders however, particularly the Scotsmen James Mill (1773–1836) and Henry Brougham (1778–1868).^[16] In 1827 the Chair of Political Economy at London University was created, establishing the first Department of Economics in England. In 1828 the university became the first in England to offer English as a degree subject and the teaching of Classics and medicine began.

In 1830 London University founded the London University School, which was to later become University College School. In 1833 the university appointed Captain Alexander Maconochie, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in the UK. In 1834 University College Hospital opened as a teaching hospital for the university medical school. In 1836, London University became formally known as "University College, London" (the comma between the words College and London was commonly used until recently), when, under a Royal Charter, it worked with the recently established King's College, London, to create the federal University of London. The Slade School of Fine Art was founded in 1871 as the result of a bequest from Felix Slade. In 1878 UCL became the first British university to admit women on equal terms to men. In 1898 William Ramsay discovered the elements krypton, neon and xenon whilst professor of chemistry at UCL.

20th century[link]

Sir Gregory Foster became UCL’s first Provost in 1906, a post that he held for the next 23 years. In the same year the Cruciform Building was opened as the new home for University College Hospital. In 1907 the University of London was formally reconstituted with a new Royal charter, and a number of new institutions joined the federation. As part of this reorganisation each of the constituent institutions, including UCL, lost their legal independence, and henceforth all offered degrees awarded by the University of London. UCL sustained considerable bomb damage during the Second World War, including to the Great Hall and the Carey Foster Physics Laboratory. The first UCL student magazine, Pi Magazine, was published for the first time on 21 February 1946. The Institute of Jewish Studies relocated to UCL in 1959. The Mullard Space Science Laboratory was established in 1966. In 1973 UCL became the first international link to the ARPANET, the precursor of the internet, sending the world's first e-mail in the same year.

In 1977 a new charter restored UCL's legal independence, although not – at that time – the power to award its own degrees.^[17] In 1986 UCL merged with the Institute of Archaeology. In 1988 UCL merged with the Institute of Laryngology & Otology, the Institute of Orthopaedics, the Institute of Urology & Nephrology and Middlesex Hospital Medical School. In 1994 the University College London Hospitals NHS Trust was established. UCL merged with the College of Speech Sciences and the Institute of Ophthalmology in 1995, the School of Podiatry in 1996 and the Institute of Neurology in 1997. In 1998 UCL merged with the Royal Free Hospital Medical School to create the Royal Free and University College Medical School (renamed the UCL Medical School in October 2008). In 1999 UCL merged with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies and the Eastman Dental Institute.

21st century[link]

Jeremy Bentham's auto-icon is on public display in the cloisters of the UCL Main Building.

The UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, the first university department in the world devoted specifically to reducing crime, was founded in 2001. The London Centre for Nanotechnology was established in 2003 as a joint venture between UCL and Imperial College London.

Proposals were launched in 2002 to merge UCL with Imperial College London to create 'the world's number-one university'.^[18] This provoked strong opposition from UCL teaching staff, UCL students and the AUT union,which criticised 'the indecent haste and lack of consultation'. This led to the abandonment of the proposals and the resignation of the UCL Provost Sir Derek Roberts.^[19]

In 2005 UCL was again granted its own taught and research degree awarding powers and all new UCL students registered from 2007/08 qualified with UCL degrees rather than University of London degrees. The majority of continuing students who were enrolled on taught-degree programmes before the academic year 2007/08 were given the choice of whether to receive a UCL degree or a University of London degree. Also in 2005 a major new 76,000 m² building was opened for University College Hospital on Euston Road, and the UCL Ear Institute was opened on Gray's Inn Road adjacent to the Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital. Another major campus addition was the opening of the award-winning 16 Taviton Street building – purpose-built as the home for the now UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), following the University of London School's merger with UCL.

UCL merged with the Institute of Child Health in 2006, which became the largest division of the newly formed Faculty of Biomedical Sciences. In 2007 the UCL Cancer Institute was opened in the newly constructed Paul O'Gorman Building. In August 2008 UCL formed UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe, with Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.^[20] In 2008 UCL became the first UK university to sign agreements for a campus in Australia, establishing the UCL School of Energy & Resources, Australia in Adelaide.^[21] In 2009, UCL announced that it would join some of the other elite institutions of Higher Education in the United Kingdom, such as Cambridge and LSE by implementing the requirement of an A* at A Level for undergraduates to be admitted to some of its most popular courses.

In 2009, the Yale UCL Collaborative was formed between UCL, Yale and both universities’ affiliated hospitals to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care—a growing field known as translational medicine. Yale's President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL".^[22] The first joint master's degree has been set up, and a joint PhD programme is in the pipeline. "If we do things right, that will be the best biological PhD programme in the world," said Michael Simons, Robert W. Berliner Professor of Medicine at Yale .^[23]. In May 2012, the UCL Graduate School set up with the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences "an exchange scheme for research students. The scheme will enable UCL research students to work with expert supervisors at Yale and Yale students to come to UCL, broadening and deepening their international research experience.”^[24]

As part of the protests against the UK Government's plans to increase student fees, around 200 students occupied the Jeremy Bentham Room and part of the Slade School of Fine Art for over two weeks during November and December 2010.^[25][26] The university successfully obtained a court order to evict the students but stated that it did not intend to enforce the order if possible.^[26] The School of Pharmacy, University of London merged with UCL on 1 January 2012, becoming the UCL School of Pharmacy within the Faculty of Life Sciences.^[27]

Campus[link]

A summertime view from the South-Western corner of the quadrangle towards the UCL main building on Gower Street

UCL is primarily based in the Bloomsbury area of central London. The main campus is located around Gower Street and includes the biology, chemistry, economics, engineering, geography, history, languages, mathematics, philosophy, politics and physics departments, the preclinical facilities of the UCL Medical School, the London Centre for Nanotechnology, the Slade School of Fine Art, the UCL Union, the main UCL Library, the UCL Science Library, the Bloomsbury Theatre and the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. Close by in Bloomsbury are the UCL Cancer Institute, the UCL Ear Institute, the UCL Eastman Dental Institute, the UCL Faculty of the Built Environment (The Bartlett), the UCL Faculty of Laws, the UCL Institute of Archaeology, the UCL Institute of Child Health, the UCL Institute of Neurology, the UCL School of Pharmacy, the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies and University College Hospital.^[28]

Elsewhere in central London are the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology (based in Clerkenwell), the Windeyer Institute (based in Fitzrovia), the UCL Institute of Orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Science (based in Stanmore), The Royal Free Hospital and the Whittington Hospital campuses of the UCL Medical School, and a number of other teaching hospitals. The Department of Space and Climate Physics (Mullard Space Science Laboratory) is based in Holmbury St Mary, Surrey and the UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in Adelaide, Australia.^[29] Since September 2010 UCL has been running a University Preparatory Certificate course in maths and physics at Nazarbayev University in Astana, Kazakhstan.^[30]

A number of important institutions are based near to the main campus, including the British Library, the British Medical Association, the British Museum, Cancer Research UK, the Institute for Fiscal Studies, the Medical Research Council, RADA, the Royal Academy of Art, the Royal Institution and the Wellcome Trust. Many University of London schools and institutes are also close by, including Birkbeck, University of London, the Institute of Education, London Business School, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Veterinary College, the School of Advanced Study, the School of Oriental and African Studies and the Senate House Library. The nearest London Underground station is Euston Square, with Goodge Street, Russell Square and Warren Street all nearby. The mainline railway stations at Euston, King's Cross and St Pancras are all within walking distance.

Notable buildings[link]

Notable UCL buildings include:

• the UCL Main Building, including the Octagon, Quad, Cloisters and the Wilkins building designed by William Wilkins;
• the Cruciform Building, Gower Street (a red, cross-shaped building previously home to University College Hospital); and
• the Rockefeller Building, University Street, home to the original University College Hospital Medical School and named after the American oil magnate John Davison Rockefeller after support from the Rockefeller foundation in the 1920s.

Filming at UCL[link]

Due to its position within London and the historical nature of its buildings, including most notably the UCL Main Building and quad, UCL has been used as a location for a number of film and television productions, including Doctor in the House (1954), Gladiator (2000), The Mummy Returns (2001), The Dark Knight (2008) and Inception (2010).^[31]

Organisation and administration[link]

Drayton House, which houses the UCL Department of Economics

Although UCL is a constituent college of the federal University of London, in most ways it is comparable with free-standing, self-governing and independently funded universities, and it awards its own degrees.^[32]

The current Provost and President of UCL is Professor Malcolm Grant.^[33]

Faculties and departments[link]

The Kathleen Lonsdale Building, home to a number of UCL science departments

UCL’s research and teaching is organised within a network of faculties and academic departments. Faculties and academic departments are formally established by the UCL Council, the governing body of UCL, on the advice of the Academic Board, which is UCL’s senior academic authority.

UCL is currently organised into the following 10 constituent faculties:^[34]

• UCL Faculty of Arts and Humanities
• UCL Faculty of Brain Sciences
• UCL Faculty of the Built Environment (The Bartlett)
• UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences
• UCL Faculty of Laws
• UCL Faculty of Life Sciences
• UCL Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
• UCL Faculty of Medical Sciences (incorporating the UCL Medical School)
• UCL Faculty of Population Health Sciences
• UCL Faculty of Social and Historical Sciences

The UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies operates as an academic unit outside of the faculty structure.

In order to facilitate greater interdisciplinary interaction in research and teaching UCL has also established three strategic faculty groupings:

• UCL School of Life and Medical Sciences (comprising the Faculties of Brain Sciences, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences and Population Health Sciences)
• UCL School of the Built Environment, Engineering and Mathematical and Physical Sciences (comprising the UCL Faculty of the Built Environment, UCL Faculty of Engineering Sciences and UCL Faculty of Mathematical & Physical Sciences)
• UCL Faculty of Arts & Humanities, UCL Faculty of Laws, UCL Faculty of Social & Historical Sciences and the UCL School of Slavonic & East European Studies.

Finances[link]

In the financial year ended 31 July 2011, UCL had a total income (including share of joint ventures) of £801.6 million (2009/10 – £762.4 million) and total expenditure of £777.4 million (2009/10 – £732.4 million).^[1] Key sources of income included £283.4 million from research grants and contracts (2009/10 – £275.1 million), £203.3 million from Funding Council grants (2009/10 – £201.0 million), £172.2 million from academic fees and support grants (2009/10 – £150.5 million) and £5.2 million from endowment and investment income (2009/10 – £5.0 million).^[1] During the 2010/11 financial year UCL had a capital expenditure of £93 million (2009/10 – £37 million).^[1]

At year end UCL had endowments of £72.7 million (2009/10 – £67.9 million) and total net assets of £706.7 million (2009/10 – £640.3 million).^[1]

Secularism[link]

From its foundation the College was deliberately secular; the initial justification of this secularity was that students of different denominations (specifically Catholics and Protestants) could study alongside each other without conflict. Even today UCL retains its strict secular position, and unlike most other UK universities has no specific religious prayer rooms. However there has been a Christian chaplaincy since 2005, there is no restriction on religious groups among students, and a 'quiet contemplation room' allows prayer for staff and students of all faiths.

Logo, arms and colours[link]

Whereas most universities primarily use their logo on mundane documents but their coat of arms on official documents such as degree certificates, UCL exclusively uses its logo.^[35] UCL does have a coat of arms however, which depicts a raised bent arm dressed in armour holding a green upturned open wreath.^[36]

The blazon of these arms is:

Purpure, on a wreath of the colours Argent and Blue Celeste, an arm in armour embowed Argent holding an upturned wreath of laurel Vert, beneath which two branches of laurel Or crossed at the nombril and bound with a bowed cord Or, beneath the nombril a motto of Blue Celeste upon which Cuncti adsint meritaeque expectent praemia palmae.^[37]

UCL's traditional sporting and academic colours of purple and light blue are derived from the arms.

Academics[link]

UCL has hundreds of research and teaching partnerships, including around 150 research links and 130 student-exchange partnerships with European universities.^[4] Students from more than 150 countries study at UCL, with non-British students making up almost a third of the student body.^[4]

Faculty and staff[link]

As at October 2009, UCL had 4,078 academic and research staff across its (then) eight faculties:^[38]

The Rockefeller Building on University Street, one of UCL's largest premises

UCL has the highest number of professors of any university in the UK, with 648 established and personal chairs.^[7] There are currently 36 Fellows of the Royal Society, 26 Fellows of the British Academy, 10 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 78 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences amongst UCL academic and research staff.^[39]

Research[link]

16 Taviton Street, home to the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies

UCL has made cross-disciplinary research a priority and orientates its research around four "Grand Challenges".^[40] According to Professor David Price, Pro-Provost for Research: "We believe we have a moral obligation to make a difference to global problems, and to combine the knowledge that our research generates to develop wisdom that can be applied in each of the four Grand Challenges: Global Health, Sustainable Cities, Intercultural Interaction and Human Wellbeing".^[41]

According to a ranking of universities produced by SCImago Research Group, UCL is ranked 12th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in terms of total research output.^[42] According to data released in July 2008 by ISI Web of Knowledge, UCL is the 13th most-cited university in the world (and most-cited in Europe). The analysis covered citations from 1 January 1998 to 30 April 2008, during which 46,166 UCL research papers attracted 803,566 citations (the number of citations generated by academic publications is an important indication of institutional importance and influence). The report covered citations in 21 subject areas and the results revealed some of UCL's key strengths, including:

• Clinical Medicine – 1st outside North America;
• Immunology – 2nd in Europe;
• Neuroscience & Behaviour – 1st outside North America and 2nd in the world;
• Pharmacology & Toxicology – 1st outside North America and 4th in the world;
• Psychiatry/Psychology – 2nd outside North America; and
• Social Sciences, General – 1st outside North America.^[43]

According to a separate analysis by ISI Web of Knowledge, for the period January 2000 to August 2010 UCL was ranked 16th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) for citations per paper in engineering.^[44]

In the Times Higher Education ranking of research council awards 2008-9 UCL is shown to have won the most research awards with 174 awards amounting to £81,365,000. In second place Cambridge won 162 awards amounting to £74,263,000. In third place Oxford won 153 awards amounting to £54,750,000. This is thought to be the first time that a university other than Cambridge or Oxford has headed the table.

There are currently approximately 3,000 PhD students working at UCL.

Medicine[link]

The Cruciform Building on Gower Street, which houses the preclinical facilities of the UCL Medical School; previously the main building of University College Hospital

UCL has offered courses in medicine since 1834 but the current UCL Medical School developed from mergers with the medical schools of the Middlesex Hospital (founded in 1746) and the Royal Free Hospital (founded as the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874).^[45] Clinical medicine is primarily taught at the Royal Free Hospital, University College Hospital and the Whittington Hospital, with other associated teaching hospitals including the Eastman Dental Hospital, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Moorfields Eye Hospital, the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital.

UCL is a major centre for biomedical research. It is a member of three of the 11 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England – the UCLH/UCL Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, the Moorfields Eye Hospital/UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Biomedical Research Centre and the Great Ormond Street Hospital/UCL Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre.^[46] It is also a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe with a turnover of approximately £2 billion.^[5] UCL has joined with the Medical Research Council, Cancer Research UK and the Wellcome Trust to establish the Francis Crick Institute, a new £600 million medical research centre to be based next to St Pancras railway station and planned to open in 2015.^[47] It will be one of the world’s largest medical research centres, housing 1,250 scientists.^[48]

Foundation programmes[link]

UCL runs intensive one-year foundation courses that lead to a variety of degree programmes at UCL and other top UK universities. Called the UCL University Preparatory Certificate (UPC), the courses are targeted at international students of high academic potential whose education systems in their own countries usually do not offer qualifications suitable for direct admission.

There are two pathways. One in science and engineering called the UPCSE; and one in the humanities called UPCH.^[49]

Admissions[link]

Admission to UCL is highly selective; many of UCL's courses require three A grades at A Level, or a grade equivalent of 6,6,6 on higher level subjects on the International Baccalaureate Program.

Due to a very high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, UCL,^[50] along with institutions such as Imperial College London and the University of Cambridge^[51] was one of the first universities in the UK to make use of the A* grade at A-Level (introduced in 2010) for admissions, particularly for very oversubscribed courses such as Economics, Mathematics,Theoretical Physics, Medicine, History, Psychology, and European Social and Political Studies.

Rankings[link]

In the 2011 Academic Ranking of World Universities, UCL is ranked 20th in the world (and 3rd in Europe).^[9] In the subject tables it is ranked 10th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Clinical Medicine & Pharmacy,^[58] 17th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Life & Agricultural Sciences,^[59] 51st to 75th in the world for Natural Sciences and Mathematics^[60] and 52nd to 75th in the world for Social Sciences.^[61]

In the 2011 QS World University Rankings, UCL is ranked 7th in the world (and 4th in Europe).^[10] In the subject tables it is ranked 20th in the world (and 5th in Europe) for Arts and Humanities,^[62] 47th in the world (and 12th in Europe) for Engineering & Technology,^[63] 17th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Life Sciences and Medicine,^[64] 39th in the world (and 11th in Europe) for Natural Sciences^[65] and 27th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Social Sciences & Management.^[66]

In the 2011-2012 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, UCL is ranked 17th in the world (and 5th in Europe).^[11] In the subject tables it is ranked 8th in the world (and 3rd in Europe) for Arts and Humanities,^[67] 7th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Clinical, Pre-Clinical and Health,^[68] 27th in the world (and 8th in Europe) for Engineering and Technology,^[69] 11th in the world (and 4th in Europe) for Life Sciences,^[70] 38th in the world (and 11th in Europe) for Physical Sciences^[71] and 8th in the world (and 2nd in Europe) for Social Sciences.^[72] In the 2012 Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings, UCL is ranked 21st in the world (and 4th in Europe).^[73]

UCL is consistently one of the top multi-faculty universities in UK university rankings. UCL is ranked first in the UK for its staff/student ratio in The Times Good University Guide, The Sunday Times University Guide and The Guardian University Guide.^[4] In the 2013 Guardian University Guide subject tables, UCL is ranked first in six subject areas (out of a total of 46): Archaeology and Forensics, Architecture, Art and Design, Civil Engineering, English, and Psychology.^[74]

UCL is ranked 20th in the world in the 2011 300 Best World Universities human competitiveness ranking produced by Human Resources & Labor Review.^[75] In a ranking of universities' international reputations produced by The Guardian in 2009, UCL placed 3rd in the UK (behind Oxford and Cambridge).^[76] In 2011, UCL was ranked 12th in the world (and 3rd in the Europe) in a survey of business leaders at top companies carried out by The New York Times.^[77]

Libraries[link]

The main reading room of UCL's Main Library

The UCL library system comprises 16 libraries located across several sites within the main UCL campus and across Bloomsbury, linked together by a central networking catalogue and request system called eUCLid.^[78][79] The libraries contain a total of over 1.5 million books.^[80] The largest library is the UCL Main Library, which is located in the UCL Main Building and contains collections relating to the arts and humanities, economics, history, law and public policy.^[78] The second largest library is the UCL Science Library, which is located in the DMS Watson Building on Malet Place and contains collections relating to anthropology, engineering, geography, life sciences, management and the mathematical and physical sciences.^[78] Other libraries include the UCL Bartlett Library (architecture and town planning), the Cruciform Library (general clinical and medical sciences), the UCL Eastman Dental Institute Library (oral health sciences), the UCL Institute of Archaeology Library (archaeology and egyptology), the UCL Institute of Neurology Rockefeller Medical Library (neurosurgery and neuroscience), the Joint Moorfields Eye Hospital & the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology Library (biomedicine, medicine, nursing, ophthalmology and visual science), the UCL Language & Speech Science Library (audiology, communication disorders, linguistics & phonetics, special education, speech & language therapy and voice) and the UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies Library (the economics, geography, history, languages, literature and politics of Eastern Europe).^[78]

UCL staff and students have full access to the main libraries of the University of London—the Senate House Library and the libraries of the Institutes of the School of Advanced Study—which are located close to the main UCL campus in Bloomsbury.^[81] These libraries contain over 3.7 million books and focus on the arts, humanities and social sciences.^[80] The British Library, which contains around 14 million books, is also located close to the main UCL campus.

Since 2004 UCL Library Services has been collecting the scholarly work of UCL researchers to make it freely available on the internet via an open access repository known as UCL Eprints.^[82][83] The intention is that material curated by UCL Eprints will remain accessible indefinitely.^[82]

Museums and collections[link]

UCL's Special Collections contains UCL's collection of historical or culturally significant works. It is one of the foremost university collections of manuscripts, archives and rare books in the UK.^[84] It includes collections of medieval manuscripts and early printed books, as well as significant holdings of 18th-century works, and highly important 19th- and 20th-century collections of personal papers, archival material, and literature, covering a vast range of subject areas. Archives include the Latin American archives, the Jewish collections and the George Orwell Archive.^[85] Collections are often displayed in a series of glass cabinets in the Cloisters of the UCL Main Building.^[86]

The most significant works are housed in the Strong Rooms. The special collection includes first editions of Isaac Newton's Principia, Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and James Joyce's Ulysses . The earliest book in the collection is The crafte to lyve well and to dye well, printed in 1505.^[87]

The Flaxman Gallery

UCL is responsible for several museums^[88] and collections in a wide range of fields across the arts and sciences:

• Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology: one of the leading collections of Egyptian and Sudanese archaeology in the world. Open to the public on a regular basis.^[89]
• Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy: a diverse Natural History collection covering the whole of the animal kingdom. Includes rare dodo and quagga skeletons. A teaching and research collection, it is named after Robert Edmund Grant, UCL's first professor of comparative anatomy and zoology from 1828, now mainly noted for having tutored the undergraduate Charles Robert Darwin at the University of Edinburgh in the 1826–1827 session. Open at limited fixed times and by appointment.^[90]
• Geology Collections: founded around 1855. Primarily a teaching resource and may be visited by appointment.^[91]
• Art Collections: these date from 1847 when a collection of sculpture models and drawings of the Neo-classical artist John Flaxman was presented to UCL. There are over 10,000 pieces dating from the 15th century onwards including drawings by Turner, etchings by Rembrandt, and works by many leading 20th century British artists. The works on paper are displayed in the Strang Print Room, which has limited regular opening times. The other works may be viewed by appointment.^[92]
• Institute of Archaeology Collections: Items include prehistoric ceramics and stone artefacts from many parts of the world, the Petrie collection of Palestinian artefacts, and Classical Greek and Roman ceramics. Visits by appointment only.^[93]
• Ethnography Collections: This collection exemplifying Material Culture, holds an enormous variety of objects, textiles and artefacts from all over the world. Visits by appointment only.^[94]
• Galton Collection: The scientific instruments, papers and personal memorabilia of Sir Francis Galton. Housed in the department of biology. Visits by appointment only.^[95]
• Science Collections: Diverse collections primarily accumulated in the course of UCL's own work, including the operating table on which the first anaesthetic was administered. Items may be a viewed by appointment.^[96]
• The Flaxman Gallery: a series of plaster casts of full-size details of sculptures by the Neo-classical sculptor John Flaxman, is located inside the Main Library under the central dome of the UCL Main Building.^[97]

Student life[link]

UCL Union[link]

The main UCL Union building situated on Gordon Street

Founded in 1893, the UCL Union has a credible claim to be the oldest students' union in England.^[17] UCL Union operates both as the representative voice for UCL students, and as a provider of a wide range of services. It is democratically controlled through General Meetings and referendums, and is run by elected student officers. The Union has provided a prominent platform for political campaigning of all kinds in recent years. It also supports a range of services, including numerous clubs and societies, sports facilities, an advice service, and a number of bars, cafes and shops.^[98]

There are currently over 150 clubs and societies under the umbrella of the UCL Union, including:^[99]

• University College London Boat Club (both Men's and Women's clubs);
• Pi Media^[100] (responsible for Pi Magazine and Pi Newspaper, UCL's official student publications);
• UCL Union Conservative Society, the oldest student Conservative association in England;
• UCL Cross Country and Athletics Club;
• UCL Union Debating Society, UCL's oldest and the third oldest student society in the UK;
• University College London Dramatic Society;
• UCL Rugby Club (both Men's and Women's as well as Medical School clubs);
• The Cheese Grater (a student magazine containing a mix of news investigations and humorous items); and
• UCL Union Jewish Society.

Notable UCL Union-supported campaigns have included:

• UCLU Free Education Campaign (a campaign for the return of free and non-marketised higher education);
• The London Living wage Campaign (a campaign for a basic minimum wage for all UCL staff);
• Disarm UCL (a campaign which successfully persuaded UCL to not invest in defence companies); and
• Save UCL (this name has been used by two campaigns: one in 2006 which opposed a merger between UCL and Imperial College London in 2006, and a more recent one against education cuts).

Student housing[link]

All single first-year undergraduate students entering UCL for the first time and requiring accommodation are generally guaranteed a place. Graduate students may apply for accommodation but places are limited. The majority of second and third-year undergraduate students and graduate students find their own accommodation in the private sector.

Ramsay Hall, Maple Street (student housing)

UCL's student housing includes:

• Arthur Tattersall House (115–131 Gower Street)
• Astor College (99 Charlotte Street)
• Campbell House East and West (Taviton Street)
• Ifor Evans & Max Rayne Student Residences (109 Camden Road)
• Frances Gardner House and Langton Close (Gray's Inn Road)
• John Tovell House (89 & 93–7 Gower Street)
• John Dodgson House (Bidborough Street)
• Prankerd House (195 North Gower Street)
• Ramsay Hall and Ian Baker House Student Residences (Maple Street)
• Schafer House Student Residence (Drummond Street)
• James Lighthill House (Pentonville Road)
• Goldsmid House (Gillingham Street)

There is limited UCL accommodation available for married students and those with children at Bernard Johnson House, Hawkridge, Neil Sharp House and the University of London's Lilian Penson Hall.^[101]

UCL students are eligible to apply for places in the University of London intercollegiate halls of residence.^[102] The halls are:

• Canterbury Hall, Commonwealth Hall, College Hall, Connaught Hall, Hughes Parry Hall and International Hall near Russell Square in Bloomsbury
• Lillian Penson Hall (postgraduates only) in Paddington
• Nutford House in Marble Arch

Some students are also selected to live in International Students House, London.

Rivalry with King's College London[link]

UCL has a long-running, mostly friendly, rivalry with King's College London (King's), which has historically been known as "Rags".^[103] UCL is often referred to by students from King's as the "Godless Scum of Gower Street", in reference to a comment made at the founding of King's, which was based on Christian principles. UCL students refer to King's as "Strand Polytechnic" in a similar attitude.

The King's' mascot, Reggie the Lion, went missing in the 1990s and was recovered after being found dumped in a field. It was restored at the cost of around £15,000 and then placed on display in the students' union.^[104] It is in a glass case and filled with concrete to prevent theft, particularly by UCL students who once castrated it. In turn, King's' students are also believed to have once stolen Phineas, a UCL mascot.^[105] It is often claimed that King's' students played football with the embalmed head of Jeremy Bentham. Although the head was indeed stolen, the football story is a myth or legend which is unsupported by official UCL documentation about Bentham available next to his display case (his Auto Icon) in the UCL cloisters. The head is now kept in the UCL vaults.^[106]

Notable people[link]

26 Nobel prizes have been awarded to UCL academics and students (fourteen of which were in Physiology & Medicine) as well as three Fields Medals.^[107][108]

Notable alumni[link]

Alexander Graham Bell, whose inventions included the first practical telephone.

Co-discoverer of DNA structure, Francis Crick, attended University College

UCL alumni include the "Father of the Nation" of both India and Kenya, the inventor of the telephone, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA, and all of the members of the band Coldplay.

Artists include Sir William Coldstream (realist painter), Antony Gormley (sculptor), Augustus John (painter, draughtsman and etcher), Gerry Judah (artist and designer), Ben Nicholson (abstract painter) and Sir Eduardo Paolozzi (sculptor and artist).

Authors include Edith Clara Batho, Raymond Briggs, Robert Browning, G. K. Chesterton, David Crystal, Stella Gibbons, Clive Sansom, Marie Stopes, Helen MacInnes, and Rabindranath Tagore.

Business people include Lord Digby Jones (Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry (2001–2006)) and Edwin Waterhouse (a founding partner of what is now the professional services firm PwC).

Engineers and scientists include Alexander Graham Bell (inventor of the telephone), Colin Chapman (founder of Lotus Cars), Francis Crick (co-discoverer of the structure of DNA), John Ambrose Fleming (inventor of the vacuum tube), Jaroslav Heyrovský (father of the electroanalytical method), Sir Charles Kuen Kao (winner of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics) and Joseph Lister (pioneer of antiseptic surgery).

Entertainers, musicians, composers and filmmakers include Ricky Gervais (comedian and actor),^[109] Gustav Holst (composer), Chris Martin and all three other members of the band Coldplay, Christopher Nolan (director of films including The Dark Knight saga), Franny Armstrong (director), Tim Rice-Oxley and Richard Hughes of the band Keane and Jonathan Ross (television presenter).

Journalists and commentators include A. A. Gill (columnist), three former editors of The Economist, most notably Walter Bagehot, two editors of The Times Literary Supplement, and Jonathan Dimbleby (television and radio current affairs presenter). Former ITN Home Affairs Correspondent Sarah Cullen also attended UCL.

Lawyers include a Lord Chancellor (Lord Herschell); Chief Justices of England (Lord Woolf), Hong Kong (Sir Yang Ti-liang), India (A. S. Anand), Ghana (Samuel Azu Crabbe) and the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (Rt. Hon. Sir Vincent Floissac); two Masters of the Rolls (Lord Cozens-Hardy and Sir George Jessel); and Attorneys-General of England (Lord Goldsmith and Baroness Scotland), Singapore (Tan Boon Teik and Chao Hick Tin) and Gambia (Hassan Bubacar Jallow).

Politicians include Mahatma Gandhi (leader of the Indian independence movement and "Father of the Nation") and Jomo Kenyatta (first Prime Minister, first President and "Father of the Nation" of Kenya); Chaim Herzog (President of Israel), Itō Hirobumi (first Prime Minister of Japan), Junichiro Koizumi (Prime Minister of Japan), Wu Tingfang (Acting Premier during the early years of the Republic of China) and Sir Stafford Cripps (British Chancellor of the Exchequer 1947–1950).

Sports people include David Gower (former captain of the England cricket team), Patrick Head (co-founder of the Williams Formula One team) and Christine Ohuruogu (Olympic 400 metres gold medalist).

Heads of state, government and international organisations[link]

Mahatma Gandhi

UCL alumnus Jomo Kenyatta (right), considered modern Kenya's founding father

State/Government	Leader	Office
Council of Europe	Terry Davis	Secretary General of the Council of Europe (2004–2009)
India	Mahatma Gandhi	Pre-eminent political and spiritual leader until his death in 1948
Israel	Chaim Herzog	Sixth President (1983–1993)
Japan	Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文)	First and four-time Prime Minister (1885–1888, 1892–1896, 1898, 1900–1901)
Japan	Junichiro Koizumi (小泉純一郎)	Prime Minister (2001–2006)
Kenya	Jomo Kenyatta	First Prime Minister and President (1963–1978)
Mauritius	Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam	First Prime Minister (1968–1982), and Governor-General (1983–1985)
Republic of China	Wu Tingfang (伍廷芳)	One of first Acting Premiers (May 1917)
Trinidad and Tobago	Sir Ellis Clarke	Governor-General (1972–1976), and President (1976–1987)

Notable faculty and staff[link]

Notable former UCL faculty and staff include Jocelyn Bell Burnell (co-discoverer of radio pulsars), A. S. Byatt (writer), Ronald Dworkin (philosopher of law and scholar of constitutional law), Sir A.J. Ayer (philosopher), Lucian Freud (painter), Francis Galton (founder of psychometrics and father of fingerprinting), Andrew Huxley (physiologist and biophysicist), Sir Frank Kermode (literary critic), Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (first President of Czechoslovakia and "Father of the Nation"), John Stuart Mill (philosopher) and George R. Price (population geneticist).

All five of the naturally occurring noble gases were discovered at UCL by Sir William Ramsay, who was a professor of chemistry and after whom Ramsay Hall is named.^[110]

References[link]