- published: 18 Apr 2013
- views: 392716
- author: IndigoFilmProduzioni
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Send this Playlist by SMS
LA GRANDE BELLEZZA trailer ufficiale
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
un film di Paolo Sorrentino con Toni Servillo, Carlo Verdone, Sabrina Ferilli dal 21 maggio al cinema.
http://wn.com/LA_GRANDE_BELLEZZA_trailer_ufficiale
un film di Paolo Sorrentino con Toni Servillo, Carlo Verdone, Sabrina Ferilli dal 21 maggio al cinema.
ZZ Top - La Grange
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 20 Aug 2013
La Grange by ZZ Top with lyrics! Please comment and rate! LYRICS: Rumour spreadin' a-'round in that Texas town 'bout that shack outside La Grange and you kno...
http://wn.com/ZZ_Top_La_Grange
La Grange by ZZ Top with lyrics! Please comment and rate! LYRICS: Rumour spreadin' a-'round in that Texas town 'bout that shack outside La Grange and you kno...
- published: 18 Jan 2010
- views: 16164624
- author: SW2395
Laura Gibson - La Grande (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
A traveler encounters the ethereal inhabitants of a vaporous historic hotel. Filmed on location and inspired by Laura Gibson's own stay at the historic Hot L...
http://wn.com/Laura_Gibson_La_Grande_Official_Video
A traveler encounters the ethereal inhabitants of a vaporous historic hotel. Filmed on location and inspired by Laura Gibson's own stay at the historic Hot L...
- published: 26 Jan 2012
- views: 78847
- author: LauraGibsonMusic
La Grande Sophie - Ne M'Oublie Pas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
Music video by La Grande Sophie performing Ne M'Oublie Pas. (C) 2012 Polydor (France)
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Sophie_Ne_M'Oublie_Pas
Music video by La Grande Sophie performing Ne M'Oublie Pas. (C) 2012 Polydor (France)
- published: 27 Feb 2012
- views: 372202
- author: LaGrandeSophieVEVO
Corazon embustero / La grande de madrid
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:09
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/Corazon_embustero_La_grande_de_madrid
La Grande Boucle Bande Annonce (Clovis Cornillac)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
La Grande Boucle Bande Annonce au cinéma le 12 juin 2013. Rejoignez-nous sur Facebook http://FB.com/Filmsactu Plus de comédies ici : http://www.youtube.com/w...
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Boucle_Bande_Annonce_Clovis_Cornillac
La Grande Boucle Bande Annonce au cinéma le 12 juin 2013. Rejoignez-nous sur Facebook http://FB.com/Filmsactu Plus de comédies ici : http://www.youtube.com/w...
- published: 26 Apr 2013
- views: 30793
- author: Filmsactu
ZZ Top - La Grange live ver.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/ZZ_Top_La_Grange_live_ver
LA GRANDE BELLEZZA, teaser, regia di Paolo Sorrentino
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
http://www.rbcasting.com Teaser del film "La grande bellezza", regia di Paolo Sorrentino. Tra gli interpreti: Toni Servillo, Carlo Verdone, Sabrina Ferilli, ...
http://wn.com/LA_GRANDE_BELLEZZA,_teaser,_regia_di_Paolo_Sorrentino
http://www.rbcasting.com Teaser del film "La grande bellezza", regia di Paolo Sorrentino. Tra gli interpreti: Toni Servillo, Carlo Verdone, Sabrina Ferilli, ...
- published: 09 Apr 2013
- views: 52895
- author: RBcasting
La Grande Bellezza - Bande annonce
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
Bande annonce de "La Grande Bellezza", un film de Paolo Sorrentino avec Toni Servillo et Luis Tosar. Sélection officielle Festival de Cannes 2013 Sortie le 2...
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Bellezza_Bande_annonce
Bande annonce de "La Grande Bellezza", un film de Paolo Sorrentino avec Toni Servillo et Luis Tosar. Sélection officielle Festival de Cannes 2013 Sortie le 2...
- published: 29 Apr 2013
- views: 106228
- author: pathe
"La Grande Bellezza"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 15 Aug 2013
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Bellezza
RENE AUBRY. "La Grande Cascade"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
Official site: http://reneaubry.fr/ René Aubry Septet : Concert au Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord le 19 avril 2010. "La Grande Cascade" de l'Album "Plaisirs d'A...
http://wn.com/RENE_AUBRY_La_Grande_Cascade
Official site: http://reneaubry.fr/ René Aubry Septet : Concert au Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord le 19 avril 2010. "La Grande Cascade" de l'Album "Plaisirs d'A...
- published: 06 Oct 2010
- views: 85040
- author: Aubry René
La Grande Bellezza Trailer Ufficiale
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
Trailer ufficiale di La Grande bellezza, di Paolo Sorrentino con protagonisti Carlo Verdone, Sabrina Ferilli, Carlo Buccirosso, Iaia Forte, Pamela Villoresi ...
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Bellezza_Trailer_Ufficiale
Trailer ufficiale di La Grande bellezza, di Paolo Sorrentino con protagonisti Carlo Verdone, Sabrina Ferilli, Carlo Buccirosso, Iaia Forte, Pamela Villoresi ...
- published: 18 Apr 2013
- views: 76421
- author: FilmIsNow2
LA GRANDE BELLEZZA - scena tagliata "maestro cinema"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
dal film di Paolo Sorrentino in concorso a Cannes una scena tagliata con Toni Servillo e Giulio Brogi.
http://wn.com/LA_GRANDE_BELLEZZA_scena_tagliata_maestro_cinema
dal film di Paolo Sorrentino in concorso a Cannes una scena tagliata con Toni Servillo e Giulio Brogi.
- published: 02 May 2013
- views: 48087
- author: IndigoFilmProduzioni
La Grande De Madrid - Corazón Embustero （（•））
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:09
- Updated: 12 Aug 2013
LaStacion:http://www.youtube.com/LaStacionMusic.
http://wn.com/La_Grande_De_Madrid_Corazón_Embustero_（（•））
LaStacion:http://www.youtube.com/LaStacionMusic.
- published: 25 Jun 2011
- views: 154402
- author: LaStacionLatina
La Grande Bellezza di Roma dietro le quinte
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Updated: 05 Aug 2013
backstage del film di Paolo Sorrentino.
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Bellezza_di_Roma_dietro_le_quinte
backstage del film di Paolo Sorrentino.
- published: 28 May 2013
- views: 5287
- author: IndigoFilmProduzioni
La Grande Bellezza - Extrait 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
Extrait de "La Grande Bellezza", un film de Paolo Sorrentino avec Toni Servillo et Luis Tosar. Sélection officielle Festival de Cannes 2013 Sortie le 22 mai ...
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Bellezza_Extrait_1
Extrait de "La Grande Bellezza", un film de Paolo Sorrentino avec Toni Servillo et Luis Tosar. Sélection officielle Festival de Cannes 2013 Sortie le 22 mai ...
- published: 18 May 2013
- views: 27975
- author: pathe
Paolo Sorrentino - La grande bellezza e il rischio di essere sinceri
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Updated: 11 Aug 2013
A soli 43 anni Paolo Sorrentino è già considerato uno dei maestri contemporanei del cinema italiano. Ha lavorato con star internazionali e attori bravissimi ...
http://wn.com/Paolo_Sorrentino_La_grande_bellezza_e_il_rischio_di_essere_sinceri
A soli 43 anni Paolo Sorrentino è già considerato uno dei maestri contemporanei del cinema italiano. Ha lavorato con star internazionali e attori bravissimi ...
- published: 29 May 2013
- views: 10318
- author: televisionet
Offenbach - La grande-duchesse de Gérolstein - Acte 1 (ST fr-eng-esp-it-de)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:31
- Updated: 13 Aug 2013
Opéra-bouffe en 3 actes (1867) - Livret de Meilhac et Halévy - Direction musicale : Marc Minkowski - Orchestre et chœurs des Musiciens du Louvre - Mise en sc...
http://wn.com/Offenbach_La_grande-duchesse_de_Gérolstein_Acte_1_ST_fr-eng-esp-it-de
Opéra-bouffe en 3 actes (1867) - Livret de Meilhac et Halévy - Direction musicale : Marc Minkowski - Orchestre et chœurs des Musiciens du Louvre - Mise en sc...
- published: 16 Sep 2012
- views: 18697
- author: JF52opera
Les.Arnaques.de.la.grande.distribution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:00
- Updated: 12 Aug 2013
Les.Arnaques.de.la.grande.distribution.
http://wn.com/LesArnaquesdelagrandedistribution
"La Grande Bellezza" de Paolo Sorrentino
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 25 Jul 2013
http://cannes2013.arte.tv/artejournal La bonne société, tout étincelante en apparence et si creuse en réalité, tel est le thème de "La Grande Bellezza", film...
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Bellezza_de_Paolo_Sorrentino
http://cannes2013.arte.tv/artejournal La bonne société, tout étincelante en apparence et si creuse en réalité, tel est le thème de "La Grande Bellezza", film...
- published: 22 May 2013
- views: 11335
- author: ARTE
La Grande Sophie - Du courage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Updated: 26 Jul 2013
La Grande Sophie - Du courage.
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Sophie_Du_courage
La grande bouffe / La gran comilona (1973 - Completa subtitulos español)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 124:34
- Updated: 14 Aug 2013
TÍTULO ORIGINAL La grande bouffe AÑO 1973 DURACIÓN Trailers/Vídeos 125 min. PAÍS Sección visual DIRECTOR Marco Ferreri GUIÓN Rafael Azcona MÚSICA Philippe Sa...
http://wn.com/La_grande_bouffe_La_gran_comilona_1973_Completa_subtitulos_español
TÍTULO ORIGINAL La grande bouffe AÑO 1973 DURACIÓN Trailers/Vídeos 125 min. PAÍS Sección visual DIRECTOR Marco Ferreri GUIÓN Rafael Azcona MÚSICA Philippe Sa...
- published: 20 Dec 2012
- views: 51874
- author: Gabriel Gentili
La Grande Guerra - Scena finale
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 08 Aug 2013
Il romano Oreste Jacovacci ed il milanese Giovanni Busacca uniti dalla mancanza di qualsiasi ideale e dalla volontà di evitare ogni pericolo ed uscire indenn...
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Guerra_Scena_finale
Il romano Oreste Jacovacci ed il milanese Giovanni Busacca uniti dalla mancanza di qualsiasi ideale e dalla volontà di evitare ogni pericolo ed uscire indenn...
- published: 07 Dec 2009
- views: 139831
- author: Leemortouch2
Send this Playlist by SMS
Interviews with WW1 veterans.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:23
- Updated: 03 Aug 2013
A short movie of WW1 film footage with modern audio interviews with people who were there.
http://wn.com/Interviews_with_WW1_veterans
A short movie of WW1 film footage with modern audio interviews with people who were there.
- published: 29 Jan 2008
- views: 51127
- author: TrenchRum
World War Z Set Interview: Daniella Kertesz, "Segen"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
On the story On her character, "Segen" On Brad Pitt's character, "Gerry Lane" On Gerry Lane's arrival in Israel On Israel's reaction to the epidemic On direc...
http://wn.com/World_War_Z_Set_Interview_Daniella_Kertesz,_Segen
On the story On her character, "Segen" On Brad Pitt's character, "Gerry Lane" On Gerry Lane's arrival in Israel On Israel's reaction to the epidemic On direc...
- published: 21 Jun 2013
- views: 17275
- author: ChicagoSciFi
Brad Pitt interview on The Project - World War Z (2013)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:30
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
Brad Pitt interview on The Project, promoting his film 'World War Z'. Broadcast date: 11 June 2013. Produced by Roving Enterprises (Australia) Keywords: Prod...
http://wn.com/Brad_Pitt_interview_on_The_Project_World_War_Z_2013
Brad Pitt interview on The Project, promoting his film 'World War Z'. Broadcast date: 11 June 2013. Produced by Roving Enterprises (Australia) Keywords: Prod...
- published: 11 Jun 2013
- views: 11517
- author: RoveOnlineClips
World War Z Premiere - Brad Pitt interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
Brad pitt interview.
http://wn.com/World_War_Z_Premiere_Brad_Pitt_interview
World War Z Marc Forster Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 03 Jul 2013
Have FlickDirect help you get ready for the apocalypse with our World War Z interview with Director, Marc Forster.
http://wn.com/World_War_Z_Marc_Forster_Interview
Have FlickDirect help you get ready for the apocalypse with our World War Z interview with Director, Marc Forster.
- published: 20 Jun 2013
- views: 491
- author: flickdirectinc
Remembering D-Day: Interview with US World War II Veteran on the Landing in Normandy, June 6, 1944
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:29
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
June 6 marks the anniversary of D-Day. Mr. Sergio Moirano, a United States veteran of World War II living in Belgium, talks about his experience before and d...
http://wn.com/Remembering_D-Day_Interview_with_US_World_War_II_Veteran_on_the_Landing_in_Normandy,_June_6,_1944
June 6 marks the anniversary of D-Day. Mr. Sergio Moirano, a United States veteran of World War II living in Belgium, talks about his experience before and d...
- published: 02 Jun 2010
- views: 25410
- author: usembassybrussels
Interviews with World War II Veterans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:52
- Updated: 12 Aug 2013
Highlights taken from nearly 10 hours of conversations with World War II veterans living in Blount County, TN. These interviews were conducted by Ian Murphy ...
http://wn.com/Interviews_with_World_War_II_Veterans
Highlights taken from nearly 10 hours of conversations with World War II veterans living in Blount County, TN. These interviews were conducted by Ian Murphy ...
- published: 14 Nov 2008
- views: 29691
- author: Mitch Moore
Peter Capaldi Interview - W.H.O. Doctor in World War Z & Maleficent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 18 Aug 2013
Peter Capaldi, the new 12th Doctor in Doctor Who, chats about playing W.H.O. Doctor in World War Z and his role in Maleficent. More Doctor Who interviews htt...
http://wn.com/Peter_Capaldi_Interview_WHO_Doctor_in_World_War_Z_Maleficent
Peter Capaldi, the new 12th Doctor in Doctor Who, chats about playing W.H.O. Doctor in World War Z and his role in Maleficent. More Doctor Who interviews htt...
- published: 11 Dec 2012
- views: 12641
- author: flicksandthecity
Muse Interview At The Premier Of World War Z
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 17 Aug 2013
Disclaimer: I don not own Muse, or any of the rights to World War Z and its content. Matt Bellamy and Dominic Howard of Muse talk about the tracks chosen for...
http://wn.com/Muse_Interview_At_The_Premier_Of_World_War_Z
Disclaimer: I don not own Muse, or any of the rights to World War Z and its content. Matt Bellamy and Dominic Howard of Muse talk about the tracks chosen for...
- published: 02 Jun 2013
- views: 4075
- author: themusemadbex
Fana Mokoena World War Z Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 27 Jun 2013
SUBSCRIBE to CELEBUZZ! : http://celeb.bz/TnVefW Celebuzz interviews Fana Mokoena on the red carpet for the world premiere of Brad Pitt's World War Z. 16 Film...
http://wn.com/Fana_Mokoena_World_War_Z_Interview
SUBSCRIBE to CELEBUZZ! : http://celeb.bz/TnVefW Celebuzz interviews Fana Mokoena on the red carpet for the world premiere of Brad Pitt's World War Z. 16 Film...
- published: 27 Jun 2013
- views: 160
- author: celebuzz
Damon Lindelof & Drew Goddard World War Z Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:41
- Updated: 01 Aug 2013
SUBSCRIBE to CELEBUZZ! : http://celeb.bz/TnVefW Celebuzz interviews Damon Lindelof & Drew Goddard on the red carpet of the world premiere of Brad Pitt's Worl...
http://wn.com/Damon_Lindelof_Drew_Goddard_World_War_Z_Interview
SUBSCRIBE to CELEBUZZ! : http://celeb.bz/TnVefW Celebuzz interviews Damon Lindelof & Drew Goddard on the red carpet of the world premiere of Brad Pitt's Worl...
- published: 27 Jun 2013
- views: 113
- author: CELEBUZZ
Muse's Dominic Howard and Matthew Bellamy Interview at World War Z Premiere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 08 Jul 2013
Upscale Font Interview with artists Dominic Howard and Matthew Bellamy from Muse during the premiere for World War Z.
http://wn.com/Muse's_Dominic_Howard_and_Matthew_Bellamy_Interview_at_World_War_Z_Premiere
Upscale Font Interview with artists Dominic Howard and Matthew Bellamy from Muse during the premiere for World War Z.
- published: 02 Jun 2013
- views: 1282
- author: HoneyBeeeeez
Interview with World War I Veteran, Carl G. Smith... (Part 1 of 7)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:40
- Updated: 16 Aug 2013
This interview is from 1985 close to Memorial Day. WWI Veteran, who was 95 years old at the time, Carl G. Smith has since passed on. This video was produced ...
http://wn.com/Interview_with_World_War_I_Veteran,_Carl_G_Smith_Part_1_of_7
This interview is from 1985 close to Memorial Day. WWI Veteran, who was 95 years old at the time, Carl G. Smith has since passed on. This video was produced ...
- published: 19 Jul 2011
- views: 2220
- author: richimusprime
World War Z: Director Marc Forster Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 05 Jul 2013
For more movie news, stories and videos visit: http://www.screenslam.com Join us on Facebook! https://www.facebook.com/pages/Screenslam/ Follow us on Twitter...
http://wn.com/World_War_Z_Director_Marc_Forster_Interview
For more movie news, stories and videos visit: http://www.screenslam.com Join us on Facebook! https://www.facebook.com/pages/Screenslam/ Follow us on Twitter...
- published: 24 Jun 2013
- views: 452
- author: ScreenSlam
BRAD PITT INTERVIEW: World War Z Premiere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:26
- Updated: 27 Jul 2013
Brad Pitt hit the red carpet for premiere of his new film WORLD WAR Z. Zombie's took over Times Square for the film's debut! Joelle Garguilo is on the Red Ca...
http://wn.com/BRAD_PITT_INTERVIEW_World_War_Z_Premiere
Brad Pitt hit the red carpet for premiere of his new film WORLD WAR Z. Zombie's took over Times Square for the film's debut! Joelle Garguilo is on the Red Ca...
- published: 18 Jun 2013
- views: 1283
- author: Joelle Garguilo
World War Z Set Interview: David Morse, "Ex-CIA Agent"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 13 Aug 2013
MORE WORLD WAR Z VIDEOS FROM CHICAGO SCI-FI http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtrQ077xr7XgzNSR3EcReGofcjWJCzd8v Visit us on the web, Facebook and YouTube...
http://wn.com/World_War_Z_Set_Interview_David_Morse,_Ex-CIA_Agent
MORE WORLD WAR Z VIDEOS FROM CHICAGO SCI-FI http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtrQ077xr7XgzNSR3EcReGofcjWJCzd8v Visit us on the web, Facebook and YouTube...
- published: 21 Jun 2013
- views: 474
- author: ChicagoSciFi
Brad Pitt Interview 2013: Angelina Jolie 'Business As Usual' Following Mastectomy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 19 Aug 2013
"World War Z" actor discusses his new thriller, recent health decision by his partner. For more on this story, click here: http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entert...
http://wn.com/Brad_Pitt_Interview_2013_Angelina_Jolie_'Business_As_Usual'_Following_Mastectomy
"World War Z" actor discusses his new thriller, recent health decision by his partner. For more on this story, click here: http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entert...
- published: 17 Jun 2013
- views: 42123
- author: ABCNews
World War Z Exclusive Interviews
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 31 Jul 2013
to see more videos here: http://www.youtube.com/user/BollywoodOnInside for copyright listed in the video. please no haters please like and subscribe in accid...
http://wn.com/World_War_Z_Exclusive_Interviews
to see more videos here: http://www.youtube.com/user/BollywoodOnInside for copyright listed in the video. please no haters please like and subscribe in accid...
- published: 16 Jul 2013
- views: 9
- author: BollywoodOnInside
World War Z: James Badge Dale - "Captain Speke" On Set Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:07
- Updated: 22 Jul 2013
For more movie news, stories and videos visit: http://www.screenslam.com Join us on Facebook! https://www.facebook.com/pages/Screenslam/ Follow us on Twitter...
http://wn.com/World_War_Z_James_Badge_Dale_Captain_Speke_On_Set_Interview
For more movie news, stories and videos visit: http://www.screenslam.com Join us on Facebook! https://www.facebook.com/pages/Screenslam/ Follow us on Twitter...
- published: 24 Jun 2013
- views: 1104
- author: ScreenSlam
Dallas Video Production | World War 2 Pilot Interview: Youngest World War 2 Pilot
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:44
- Updated: 10 Apr 2013
Dallas Video Production http://ChaseMeFilms.com The Sidener family wanted to capture and preserve the story of their beloved sibling, father, and husband Mr....
http://wn.com/Dallas_Video_Production_|_World_War_2_Pilot_Interview_Youngest_World_War_2_Pilot
Dallas Video Production http://ChaseMeFilms.com The Sidener family wanted to capture and preserve the story of their beloved sibling, father, and husband Mr....
- published: 09 Jan 2013
- views: 336
- author: ChaseMeFilms
World War Z: J. Michael Straczynski Interview - Co-Screen Story & Co-Screenplay
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 23 Jul 2013
For more movie news, stories and videos visit: http://www.screenslam.com Join us on Facebook! https://www.facebook.com/pages/Screenslam/ Follow us on Twitter...
http://wn.com/World_War_Z_J_Michael_Straczynski_Interview_Co-Screen_Story_Co-Screenplay
For more movie news, stories and videos visit: http://www.screenslam.com Join us on Facebook! https://www.facebook.com/pages/Screenslam/ Follow us on Twitter...
- published: 24 Jun 2013
- views: 128
- author: ScreenSlam
VMA-John O'Brien1-Bloody Tarawa. World War II veteran interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 15 May 2013
This Marine Corps veteran describes hand to hand fighting on this World War II Pacific battleground. VeteransMemorialArchive.com.
http://wn.com/VMA-John_O'Brien1-Bloody_Tarawa_World_War_II_veteran_interview
This Marine Corps veteran describes hand to hand fighting on this World War II Pacific battleground. VeteransMemorialArchive.com.
- published: 06 Mar 2013
- views: 191
- author: Ted Koszarski
David Andrews World War Z Red Carpet Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 01 Aug 2013
SUBSCRIBE to CELEBUZZ! : http://celeb.bz/TnVefW Celebuzz interviews David Andrews on the red carpet for the world premiere of Brad Pitt's World War Z. 16 Fil...
http://wn.com/David_Andrews_World_War_Z_Red_Carpet_Interview
SUBSCRIBE to CELEBUZZ! : http://celeb.bz/TnVefW Celebuzz interviews David Andrews on the red carpet for the world premiere of Brad Pitt's World War Z. 16 Fil...
- published: 27 Jun 2013
- views: 89
- author: CELEBUZZ
6:23
Interviews with WW1 veterans.
A short movie of WW1 film footage with modern audio interviews with people who were there....
published: 29 Jan 2008
author: TrenchRum
Interviews with WW1 veterans.
A short movie of WW1 film footage with modern audio interviews with people who were there.
- published: 29 Jan 2008
- views: 51127
- author: TrenchRum
3:36
World War Z Set Interview: Daniella Kertesz, "Segen"
On the story On her character, "Segen" On Brad Pitt's character, "Gerry Lane" On Gerry Lan...
published: 21 Jun 2013
author: ChicagoSciFi
World War Z Set Interview: Daniella Kertesz, "Segen"
On the story On her character, "Segen" On Brad Pitt's character, "Gerry Lane" On Gerry Lane's arrival in Israel On Israel's reaction to the epidemic On direc...
- published: 21 Jun 2013
- views: 17275
- author: ChicagoSciFi
13:30
Brad Pitt interview on The Project - World War Z (2013)
Brad Pitt interview on The Project, promoting his film 'World War Z'. Broadcast date: 11 J...
published: 11 Jun 2013
author: RoveOnlineClips
Brad Pitt interview on The Project - World War Z (2013)
Brad Pitt interview on The Project, promoting his film 'World War Z'. Broadcast date: 11 June 2013. Produced by Roving Enterprises (Australia) Keywords: Prod...
- published: 11 Jun 2013
- views: 11517
- author: RoveOnlineClips
4:14
World War Z Marc Forster Interview
Have FlickDirect help you get ready for the apocalypse with our World War Z interview with...
published: 20 Jun 2013
author: flickdirectinc
World War Z Marc Forster Interview
Have FlickDirect help you get ready for the apocalypse with our World War Z interview with Director, Marc Forster.
- published: 20 Jun 2013
- views: 491
- author: flickdirectinc
8:29
Remembering D-Day: Interview with US World War II Veteran on the Landing in Normandy, June 6, 1944
June 6 marks the anniversary of D-Day. Mr. Sergio Moirano, a United States veteran of Worl...
published: 02 Jun 2010
author: usembassybrussels
Remembering D-Day: Interview with US World War II Veteran on the Landing in Normandy, June 6, 1944
June 6 marks the anniversary of D-Day. Mr. Sergio Moirano, a United States veteran of World War II living in Belgium, talks about his experience before and d...
- published: 02 Jun 2010
- views: 25410
- author: usembassybrussels
25:52
Interviews with World War II Veterans
Highlights taken from nearly 10 hours of conversations with World War II veterans living i...
published: 14 Nov 2008
author: Mitch Moore
Interviews with World War II Veterans
Highlights taken from nearly 10 hours of conversations with World War II veterans living in Blount County, TN. These interviews were conducted by Ian Murphy ...
- published: 14 Nov 2008
- views: 29691
- author: Mitch Moore
2:51
Peter Capaldi Interview - W.H.O. Doctor in World War Z & Maleficent
Peter Capaldi, the new 12th Doctor in Doctor Who, chats about playing W.H.O. Doctor in Wor...
published: 11 Dec 2012
author: flicksandthecity
Peter Capaldi Interview - W.H.O. Doctor in World War Z & Maleficent
Peter Capaldi, the new 12th Doctor in Doctor Who, chats about playing W.H.O. Doctor in World War Z and his role in Maleficent. More Doctor Who interviews htt...
- published: 11 Dec 2012
- views: 12641
- author: flicksandthecity
2:31
Muse Interview At The Premier Of World War Z
Disclaimer: I don not own Muse, or any of the rights to World War Z and its content. Matt ...
published: 02 Jun 2013
author: themusemadbex
Muse Interview At The Premier Of World War Z
Disclaimer: I don not own Muse, or any of the rights to World War Z and its content. Matt Bellamy and Dominic Howard of Muse talk about the tracks chosen for...
- published: 02 Jun 2013
- views: 4075
- author: themusemadbex
1:56
Fana Mokoena World War Z Interview
SUBSCRIBE to CELEBUZZ! : http://celeb.bz/TnVefW Celebuzz interviews Fana Mokoena on the re...
published: 27 Jun 2013
author: celebuzz
Fana Mokoena World War Z Interview
SUBSCRIBE to CELEBUZZ! : http://celeb.bz/TnVefW Celebuzz interviews Fana Mokoena on the red carpet for the world premiere of Brad Pitt's World War Z. 16 Film...
- published: 27 Jun 2013
- views: 160
- author: celebuzz
1:41
Damon Lindelof & Drew Goddard World War Z Interview
SUBSCRIBE to CELEBUZZ! : http://celeb.bz/TnVefW Celebuzz interviews Damon Lindelof & Drew ...
published: 27 Jun 2013
author: CELEBUZZ
Damon Lindelof & Drew Goddard World War Z Interview
SUBSCRIBE to CELEBUZZ! : http://celeb.bz/TnVefW Celebuzz interviews Damon Lindelof & Drew Goddard on the red carpet of the world premiere of Brad Pitt's Worl...
- published: 27 Jun 2013
- views: 113
- author: CELEBUZZ
1:19
Muse's Dominic Howard and Matthew Bellamy Interview at World War Z Premiere
Upscale Font Interview with artists Dominic Howard and Matthew Bellamy from Muse during th...
published: 02 Jun 2013
author: HoneyBeeeeez
Muse's Dominic Howard and Matthew Bellamy Interview at World War Z Premiere
Upscale Font Interview with artists Dominic Howard and Matthew Bellamy from Muse during the premiere for World War Z.
- published: 02 Jun 2013
- views: 1282
- author: HoneyBeeeeez
9:40
Interview with World War I Veteran, Carl G. Smith... (Part 1 of 7)
This interview is from 1985 close to Memorial Day. WWI Veteran, who was 95 years old at th...
published: 19 Jul 2011
author: richimusprime
Interview with World War I Veteran, Carl G. Smith... (Part 1 of 7)
This interview is from 1985 close to Memorial Day. WWI Veteran, who was 95 years old at the time, Carl G. Smith has since passed on. This video was produced ...
- published: 19 Jul 2011
- views: 2220
- author: richimusprime
4:53
World War Z: Director Marc Forster Interview
For more movie news, stories and videos visit: http://www.screenslam.com Join us on Facebo...
published: 24 Jun 2013
author: ScreenSlam
World War Z: Director Marc Forster Interview
For more movie news, stories and videos visit: http://www.screenslam.com Join us on Facebook! https://www.facebook.com/pages/Screenslam/ Follow us on Twitter...
- published: 24 Jun 2013
- views: 452
- author: ScreenSlam
Vimeo results:
12:32
Zero
Check out our new film 'The Maker' http://youtu.be/YDXOioU_OKM
Born into a world of numbe...
published: 11 Jun 2011
author: Zealous Creative
Zero
Check out our new film 'The Maker' http://youtu.be/YDXOioU_OKM
Born into a world of numbers, an oppressed zero discovers that through determination, courage, and love, nothing can be truly something.
Zero is a 12'32 stop motion animation written and directed by Christopher Kezelos and produced by Christine Kezelos. For more information, visit www.zeroshortfilm.com or like us on http://www.facebook.com/zeroshortfilm
SUBTITLES:
Zero is available on YouTube with transcripts in over 20 languages: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LOMbySJTKpg&cc;_load_policy=1
About the Director: Christopher Kezelos has recently relocated to Los Angeles from Sydney, Australia and is seeking new Directing opportunities. To get in touch, you can contact him here: zealouscreative.com/contact/
AWARDS & NOMINATIONS:
- 2011 Shorts Film Festival: Best FX
- 2011 Lady Filmmakers Film Festival: Ladies Kick Butt Award
- 2011 Sandfly Film Festival - Best Animation
- 2011 Sandfly Film Festival - Best Australian Short
- 2011 Sandfly Film Festival - Best at Sandfly
- 2010 LA Shorts Fest: Best Animation
- 2010 Rhode Island International Film Festival: First Place - Best Animation
- 2010 ATOM Awards: Best Short Animation
- 2010 Grand OFF - World Independent Film Awards: Best Animation
- 2010 Naples International Film Festival: Best Short Film
- 2010 Bondi Short Film Festival: Best Script
- 2010 Bondi Short Film Festival: Best Design
- 2010 Flickerfest International Film Festival: Best Achievement in Sound
- 2010 Australian Cinematographers Society: Golden Tripod - Experimental & Specialised (National)
- 2010 AFI Awards: Nominated for Best Short Animation
- 2010 Inside Film Awards: Nominated for Best Short Animation
- 2010 APRA Screen Music Awards: Nominated for Best Music in a Short Film
- 2010 Australian Screen Sound Awards: Nominated for Best Sound in a Short Film
- 2009 Australian Cinematographers Society: Gold Award - Experimental & Specialised (NSW/ACT)
OTHER SCREENINGS
- 2010 Palm Springs International ShortFest & Film Market: Official Selection
- 2010 St. Louis International Film Festival: Official Selection
- 2010 Savannah Film Festival: Official Selection
- 2010 Hiroshima International Animation Festival: Official Selection
- 2010 Seoul International Cartoon Animation Festival: Official Selection (SICAF Choice)
(View All: zeroshortfilm.com/category/screenings-awards/)
Watch the behind the scenes video: vimeo.com/8452412
Thanks to 'Short of the Week' for helping bring our film to the attention of online audiences:
www.shortoftheweek.com
vimeo.com/channels/shortoftheweek
facebook.com/shortoftheweek
twitter.com/shortoftheweek
2:15
Paris in Motion (Part I)
Paris in Motion (Part I) - Timelapse and Stopmotion Photography. 3000 pictures in 5 days.
...
published: 20 Jul 2012
author: Mayeul Akpovi
Paris in Motion (Part I)
Paris in Motion (Part I) - Timelapse and Stopmotion Photography. 3000 pictures in 5 days.
"Paris in motion is a serie of stop-motion time-lapse (hyperlapse) videos about the city of Paris (France). Filmed frame by frame with manual camera movements, composed of more than 30.000 photographs it allows you to visit some of the most beautiful monuments and human activities of the French capital in a few minutes."
Please check more informations here: http://www.behance.net/gallery/Paris-In-Motion/4949029
Part II: https://vimeo.com/50467187
Part III: https://vimeo.com/66056982
My Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mayeul.akpovi
Projects or licensing footage: http://mayeul.com/contact/
Don't hesitate to contact me or share my work or buy the music on iTunes (Check credits music).
Music: Angel - Massive Attack (Mezzanine) : http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/mezzanine/id17641181
Massive Attack website: http://massiveattack.com
Gear:
Canon 5D Mark III
Canon 5D Mark II
Canon 24-70mm f2.8 L USM
Sigma 15mm f2.8 EX DG Fisheye
Samyang 14mm f2.8
Tamron70-300mm f4-5,6 Di VC USD
Filters: ND2 to ND400
Check the making-of: http://mayeul.com/making-of-paris-in-motion/
Area: Paris, France
SHOT LIST :
- Les Invalides
- Le pont des Invalides
- Eglise Saint-Eustache
- Place de la Bastille
- Funiculaire de Montmartre
- Basilique du Sacré-Cœur de Montmartre
- Pont de Bir Hakeim
- Trocadéro (Palais de Chaillot, Tour Eiffel)
- La Défense (Esplanade de la Défense)
- Le Louvre (Pyramide du musée du Louvre, L’Arc de Triomphe du Carousel)
- Tour Montparnasse (Paris vu aérienne, Tour Eiffel, etc.)
- Pont des Arts (Vue sur la Seine au couché du soleil)
- Champs de Mars (Feux d’artifices de la Tour Eiffel)
- Les champs Elysées
- L’Arc de Triomphe (Place de l’Etoile)
- Pont de Neuilly (La Défense, Grand Arche de la Défense)
© All rights reserved. July 2012 - Mayeul Akpovi - http://mayeul.com
(This means no re-uploading to YouTube etc please) - Licensing Details: contact@mayeul.com
9:10
FEAR OF FLYING
A bird with a FEAR OF FLYING tries to avoid heading South for the winter. A live-action-an...
published: 21 Jul 2012
author: conorfinnegan
FEAR OF FLYING
A bird with a FEAR OF FLYING tries to avoid heading South for the winter. A live-action-animated short film- NO STOP-MOTION!
www.fearofflyingfilm.com
Making of here: https://vimeo.com/48440802
**PLEASE WATCH FULL SCREEN IN GLORIOUS HIGH DEFINITION W HEADPHONES**
BEST ANIMATION @ Galway Film Fleadh 2012
BEST ANIMATION @ LA Shorts Fest 2012
YOUNG DIRECTORS FORUM AWARD @ Cristal Fest 2012
AUDIENCE AWARD @ Glasgow Short Film Fest 2013
BEST ANIMATION @ Chicago Irish Film Fest
AUDIENCE AWARD @ Animade 2013
BEST ANIMATION @ Fastnet Film Fest
BEST ANIMATION @ Lower East Side Film Fest
AUDIENCE AWARD @ Omaha Film Fest
BEST ANIMATION @ Provincetown International Film Fest
GRAND PRIX @ Baranja Animation Festival, Croatia
CHILDREN'S JURY AWARD @ Encounters 2013
Written and Directed by Conor Finnegan
Produced by Brunella Cocchiglia
Voiced by Mark Doherty, Aoife Duffin & Steven Courtney
DOP: Ivan Mc Cullough
Music & Sound Design: ECHOLAB
Composers: Tobias Norberg, Gavin Little, Mats Valentin
Sound Design: Joe Mc Hugh, Gavin Little
Characters Made by Renate Henschke
Art Director: Joe Fallover
LOVELY PRODUCTION 2012
Made with the support of the Irish Film Board, RTE and the Arts Council.
5:50
3x3
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1654725/
WINNER OF 15 AWARDS WORLDWIDE
Grande prémio ZON (po...
published: 25 Sep 2009
author: Nuno Rocha
3x3
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1654725/
WINNER OF 15 AWARDS WORLDWIDE
Grande prémio ZON (portugal)
Cinema Jove Festival Internacional de Cine, spain
Festival Internacional de Cine de Huesca, Espanha, spain
Warsaw Film Festival, Polónia
Festival Internacional de Cinema do Algarve, Portugal
Odense International Film Festival, Dinamarca
Curtas Vila do Conde Festival Internacional de Cinema
Festival du Court Métrage de Bruxelles, Bélgica
Circuito Off Venice International Short Film Festival, Italy
Sapporo International Short Film Festival, japan
Naoussa International Film Festival, Greece
-3rd Best Short Film
-People's choice Award
Festival Internacional de Cinema de Humor, Portugal
-Menção Honrosa Curta Metragem de Ficção
Festival Iberico de Badajoz
- Young audience award
- Faial Filmes Fest Festival de Curtas das Ilhas, Portugal
Prémio RTP2 - Onda Curta
Golden Butterfly Prize for Best Direction at the
24th International Festival of Films for Children
& Young Adults
Open-Air Filmfest Weiterstadt, Germany
FIKE Festival Inter. de Curtas Metragens de Évora
Interfilm, Internationales Kurzfilmfestival Berlin
Shnit International Short Film Festival, Suiça
Bolzano Short Film Festival, Itália
Unlimited - International Short Film Festival Cologne
Festival International Cinéma Méditerranéen Montpellier
Festival International du Film d'Amiens, França
Cinema Corto in Bra International Short Film Festival
La Boca del Lobo Festival Internacional de Cortometrajes, Spain
Mediterranean Short Film Festival of Tangier, Marrocos
Faial Filmes Fest Festival de Curtas das Ilhas, Portugal
-Prémio RTP2 - Onda Curta
Ovarvídeo - Festival de Vídeo de Ovar, Portugal
El Mes + Corto - Muestra Audiovisual Luso-Extremeña, Espanha
"27+One" Film Festival, Rússia
Youtube results:
2:26
BRAD PITT INTERVIEW: World War Z Premiere
Brad Pitt hit the red carpet for premiere of his new film WORLD WAR Z. Zombie's took over ...
published: 18 Jun 2013
author: Joelle Garguilo
BRAD PITT INTERVIEW: World War Z Premiere
Brad Pitt hit the red carpet for premiere of his new film WORLD WAR Z. Zombie's took over Times Square for the film's debut! Joelle Garguilo is on the Red Ca...
- published: 18 Jun 2013
- views: 1283
- author: Joelle Garguilo
2:18
World War Z Set Interview: David Morse, "Ex-CIA Agent"
MORE WORLD WAR Z VIDEOS FROM CHICAGO SCI-FI http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtrQ077x...
published: 21 Jun 2013
author: ChicagoSciFi
World War Z Set Interview: David Morse, "Ex-CIA Agent"
MORE WORLD WAR Z VIDEOS FROM CHICAGO SCI-FI http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtrQ077xr7XgzNSR3EcReGofcjWJCzd8v Visit us on the web, Facebook and YouTube...
- published: 21 Jun 2013
- views: 474
- author: ChicagoSciFi
5:11
Brad Pitt Interview 2013: Angelina Jolie 'Business As Usual' Following Mastectomy
"World War Z" actor discusses his new thriller, recent health decision by his partner. For...
published: 17 Jun 2013
author: ABCNews
Brad Pitt Interview 2013: Angelina Jolie 'Business As Usual' Following Mastectomy
"World War Z" actor discusses his new thriller, recent health decision by his partner. For more on this story, click here: http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entert...
- published: 17 Jun 2013
- views: 42123
- author: ABCNews
2:19
World War Z Exclusive Interviews
to see more videos here: http://www.youtube.com/user/BollywoodOnInside for copyright liste...
published: 16 Jul 2013
author: BollywoodOnInside
World War Z Exclusive Interviews
to see more videos here: http://www.youtube.com/user/BollywoodOnInside for copyright listed in the video. please no haters please like and subscribe in accid...
- published: 16 Jul 2013
- views: 9
- author: BollywoodOnInside
photo: AP / Arshad Butt
26 Sep 2013
Abdul Sattar Associated Press Comments. Quetta, Pakistan Hungry survivors dug through rubble to find food and thousands slept under the open sky or in makeshift shelters for a second night as the death toll from Pakistans massive earthquake rose to 348 on Thursday. Rescuers battled to reach remote areas of the impoverished region in the wake of Tuesdays magnitude 7.7 quake in southwestern Baluchistan province ... Im broken, he said....(size: 7.9Kb)
photo: UN / Rick Bajornas
25 Sep 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling ... President Barack Obama. Unlike the U.S., not only has Iran consistently offered direct talks and provided numerous opportunities for diplomacy over its nuclear enrichment program, but on numerous occasions it has reiterated a more ethical and sane nuclear doctrine. During a NBC News interview, President Rouhani again declared ... has failed to learn beginning with its revised MAD Doctrines....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
26 Sep 2013
NAIROBI/MOGADISHU. US, British and Israeli agencies are helping Kenya investigate an attack claimed by Somali Islamist militants on a Nairobi shopping mall that killed at least 72 people and destroyed part of the complex, officials said on Wednesday ... He declared three days of mourning ... The militants stormed the mall, known for its Western shops selling iPads and Nike shoes, in a hail of gunfire and grenades at lunchtime on Saturday ... ....(size: 8.4Kb)
photo: AP / Peter Dejong
26 Sep 2013
September 26, 2013 -- Updated 1108 GMT (1908 HKT). Former Liberian President Charles Taylor waits at the Special Court for Sierra Leone in The Hague on Thursday. (CNN) -- An international court in the Netherlands ruled Thursday to uphold the 50-year sentence handed down last year to Liberia's former president, Charles Taylor, after he was convicted of aiding war crimes in neighboring Sierra Leone ... READ. Charles Taylor ... Role in atrocities....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Mehr News Agency, Majid Asgaripour
26 Sep 2013
Iran's new government has said it wants to speed up talks with world powers to resolve a decade-long dispute over its nuclear program. It said it hopes for a deal in three to six months. Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif is set to hold talks on the nuclear issue today with US Secretary of State John Kerry in a rare encounter between top American and Iranian officials ... "a jump-start to the negotiations ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
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The Examiner
27 Sep 2013
Social media is being used to make a positive real-life impact in the latest evolution of the LA Galaxy’s partnership with SoCal Honda, “Pass it Forward.”. “Pass it Forward” is a Facebook app on the LA ......(size: 1.0Kb)
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noodls
27 Sep 2013
· The BLVD Farmers' Market and coinciding Sierra Toyota Concert series will not take place on Thursday, September 26 due to the Streets of Lancaster Grand Prix preparations ... · Lane closures and limited or closed left turns on Avenue K between 5th Street East and 15th Street East due to LA County water main construction. ....(size: 4.6Kb)
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The Washington Post
27 Sep 2013
Nearly 260 Los Angeles area hotels are participating, including the Hotel Erwin Venice Beach (mid-October rates from $232 a night, with taxes), Hotel Palomar Westwood ($298) and the Standard, Downtown LA ($266). Institutions featured in the LA Museum Season package include the Battleship Iowa ($36 value for two), the Los Angeles County Museum of Art ($30), the Grammy Museum at L.A....(size: 4.5Kb)
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The Examiner
27 Sep 2013
Today, LA KISS co-owners Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley, Doc McGhee and Brett Bouchy announced they have hired sports and entertainment veteran Schuyler Hoversten as team President. Prior to joining the LA KISS, Hoversten oversaw the business development for the Los Angeles Dodgers for four years and was tasked with increasing the team's revenue streams ... said Paul Stanley, Co-owner of LA KISS....(size: 2.4Kb)
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LA Galaxy Academy U-18’s start season with two big wins against Seattle and Portland (Los Angeles Galaxy)
noodls27 Sep 2013
25, 2013) - The LA Galaxy Academy U-18's trip to the Pacific Northwest this past weekend can only be classified as a success ... However, Chavez restored LA's two goal advantage in the 38th minute to make the score 3-1 going into the break ... The LA Galaxy Academy U-16's also opened the 2013-14 U.S ... LA GALAXY U-14's READY FOR BIG GAME AFTER BYE WEEK. After having a bye week, the LA Galaxy Academy U-14's are back in action this weekend....(size: 8.8Kb)
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Miami Heat Star Chris Bosh Gives First-Ever Interview in Spanish to Univision’s “Despierta América” (Univision Communications Inc)
noodls27 Sep 2013
El jugador estrella de la NBA se declara fan del show matutino de Univision y lo elige para su debut ... MIAMI - 26 DE SEPTIEMBRE, 2013 - El famoso ala-pívot de los Miami Heat, Chris Bosh, se anotó una buena cantidad de puntos con el público hispano de Estados Unidos esta mañana durante su visita a "Despierta América", el exitoso programa matutino en vivo de la Cadena Univision....(size: 7.3Kb)
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First half barrage helps the LA Galaxy overwhelm Cartaginés and lock down Champions League quarterfinals berth (Los Angeles Galaxy)
noodls27 Sep 2013
SSAN JOSE, Costa Rica - It was mission accomplished for the LA Galaxy in Costa Rica ... Two of LA's youngest led the way as Jack McBean and Chandler Hoffman tallied early with veteran midfielder Laurent Courtois rounding out the scoring ... "It was a few spurts of just good attacking soccer," said LA's captain on the night Pablo Mastroeni ... Adam Serrano is the LA Galaxy Insider....(size: 3.8Kb)
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Detroit Free Press
27 Sep 2013
All games 7 p.m. unless notedCatholic League. Ann Arbor Richard at Macomb Lutheran North. Bloomfield Hills Cranbook at Riverview Richard. Detroit Loyola at Pontiac Notre Dame Prep. Royal Oak Shrine at Allen Park Cabrini. U-D Jesuit at Dearborn Divine Child. Warren De La Salle at Orchard Lake St. Marys. Waterford Our Lady at Madison Heights Bishop FoleyCharter Schools ... unless noted). Central at Cass Tech ... Osborn at Denby ... Howell at Grand Blanc....(size: 4.7Kb)
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noodls
27 Sep 2013
To Grand Central. ... -Limited diesel train service from Stamford operating directly to Harlem-125th Street and Grand Central Terminal. -Limited local train service every 20-30 minutes from Stamford through Rye Stations; connecting with express bus service to White Plains Station for Harlem Line train service to Grand Central . From Harrison to Grand Central Terminal service will be provided as follows. ... From Grand Central.....(size: 2.9Kb)
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Grand Junction Sentinel
27 Sep 2013
Bertram, 91, Grand Junction, died Sept ... Survivors include two daughters, Jan Drazek of Grand Junction and Kathryn Hege of Dallas; four grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren ... 12th St., Grand Junction 81506. ■ Charles William Betten, 83, Grand Junction, died Sept ... Box 4040, Grand Junction 81502 ... LaPriel Carstens, 82, Grand Junction, died Sept ... 12th St., Grand Junction 81506. ■ Bradley Pat Cox, 64, Grand Junction, died Sept....(size: 3.7Kb)
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Canada Newswire
27 Sep 2013
TORONTO, Sept. 26, 2013 /CNW/ - ALL TIMES ARE LOCAL. THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26. QUEBEC DATE. September 18 - September 29 EVENT. MONTREAL INTERNATIONAL BLACK FILM FESTIVAL (MIBFF) - 9TH EDITION OF THE MONTREAL INTERNATIONAL BLACK FILM FESTIVAL CITY ... Hotel Le Crystal Montreal, 1100, rue de la Montagne, Salon Crescent ... DANS LA RUE - GOURMET HOT DOGS TO CELEBRATE 25TH ANNIVERSARY CITY ... GRAND OPENING OF ERICSSON'S NEW R&D CENTRE IN OTTAWA CITY ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)
This article is about the major war of 1914–1918. For other uses, see World War One (disambiguation) and Great War (disambiguation).
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World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers,[5] which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war).[6] These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history.[7][8] More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.[9]
Long-term causes of the war included the imperialistic foreign policies of the great powers of Europe, including the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, the French Republic, and Italy. The assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Yugoslav nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina was the proximate trigger of the war. It resulted in a Habsburg ultimatum against the Kingdom of Serbia.[10][11] Several alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked, so within weeks the major powers were at war; via their colonies, the conflict soon spread around the world.
On 28 July, the conflict opened with the Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia,[12][13] followed by the German invasion of Belgium, Luxembourg and France; and a Russian attack against Germany. After the German march on Paris was brought to a halt, the Western Front settled into a static battle of attrition with a trench line that changed little until 1917. In the East, the Russian army successfully fought against the Austro-Hungarian forces but was forced back from East Prussia and Poland by the German army. Additional fronts opened after the Ottoman Empire joined the war in 1914, Italy and Bulgaria in 1915 and Romania in 1916. The Russian Empire collapsed in March 1917, and Russia left the war after the October Revolution later that year. After a 1918 German offensive along the western front, United States forces entered the trenches and the Allies drove back the German armies in a series of successful offensives. Germany, which had its own trouble with revolutionaries at this point, agreed to a cease-fire on 11 November 1918, later known as Armistice Day. The war had ended in victory for the Allies.
Events on the home fronts were as tumultuous as on the battle fronts, as the participants tried to mobilize their manpower and economic resources to fight a total war. By the end of the war, four major imperial powers — the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires — ceased to exist. The successor states of the former two lost a great amount of territory, while the latter two were dismantled entirely. The map of central Europe was redrawn into several smaller states.[14] The League of Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The European nationalism spawned by the war and the breakup of empires, the repercussions of Germany's defeat and problems with the Treaty of Versailles are agreed to be factors contributing to World War II.[15]
Names[link]
In Canada, Maclean's Magazine in October 1914 said, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."[16] During the Interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War, in English-speaking countries.
After the onset of the Second World War in 1939, the terms World War I or the First World War became standard, with British and Canadian historians favouring the First World War, and Americans World War I. The notion that the "World War" was merely the first in a series was not a new idea at the time, however; it was first introduced in September 1914 by German philosopher Ernst Haeckel, who claimed that "there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."[17] The First World War was the title of a 1920 history by the officer and journalist Charles à Court Repington.
Background[link]
Main article: Causes of World War I
In the 19th century, the major European powers had gone to great lengths to maintain a balance of power throughout Europe, resulting by 1900 in a complex network of political and military alliances throughout the continent.[6] These had started in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria. Then, in October 1873, German Chancellor Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors (German: Dreikaiserbund) between the monarchs of Austria–Hungary, Russia and Germany. This agreement failed because Austria–Hungary and Russia could not agree over Balkan policy, leaving Germany and Austria–Hungary in an alliance formed in 1879, called the Dual Alliance. This was seen as a method of countering Russian influence in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire continued to weaken.[6] In 1882, this alliance was expanded to include Italy in what became the Triple Alliance.[18]
After 1870, European conflict was averted largely through a carefully planned network of treaties between the German Empire and the remainder of Europe orchestrated by Bismarck. He especially worked to hold Russia at Germany's side to avoid a two-front war with France and Russia. When Wilhelm II ascended to the throne as German Emperor (Kaiser), Bismarck's alliances were gradually de-emphasised. For example, the Kaiser refused to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1890. Two years later, the Franco-Russian Alliance was signed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance. In 1904, the United Kingdom sealed an alliance with France, the Entente Cordiale, and in 1907, the United Kingdom and Russia signed the Anglo-Russian Convention. This system of interlocking bilateral agreements formed the Triple Entente.[6]
German industrial and economic power had grown greatly after unification and the foundation of the Empire in 1871. From the mid-1890s on, the government of Wilhelm II used this base to devote significant economic resources to building up the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy), established by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, in rivalry with the British Royal Navy for world naval supremacy.[19] As a result, each nation strove to out-build the other in terms of capital ships. With the launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906, the British Empire expanded on its significant advantage over its German rival.[19] The arms race between Britain and Germany eventually extended to the rest of Europe, with all the major powers devoting their industrial base to producing the equipment and weapons necessary for a pan-European conflict.[20] Between 1908 and 1913, the military spending of the European powers increased by 50 percent.[21]
Austria-Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908–1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which it had occupied since 1878. This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron, the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire.[22] Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in what was known as "the powder keg of Europe".[22]
In 1912 and 1913 the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire. The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire, creating an independent Albanian State while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece. When Bulgaria attacked both Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913, it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33-day Second Balkan War, further destabilising the region.[23]
On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian-Serb student and member of Young Bosnia, assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia.[24] This began a period of diplomatic manoeuvring among Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France, and Britain called the July Crisis. Wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia, Austria-Hungary delivered the July Ultimatum to Serbia, a series of ten demands intentionally made unacceptable, intending to provoke a war with Serbia.[25] When Serbia agreed to only eight of the ten demands, Austria-Hungary declared war on 28 July 1914. Strachan argues, "Whether an equivocal and early response by Serbia would have made any difference to Austria-Hungary's behaviour must be doubtful. Franz Ferdinand was not the sort of personality who commanded popularity, and his demise did not cast the empire into deepest mourning".[26]
The Russian Empire, unwilling to allow Austria–Hungary to eliminate its influence in the Balkans, and in support of its longtime Serb protégés, ordered a partial mobilisation one day later.[18] When the German Empire began to mobilise on 30 July 1914, France, resentful of the German conquest of Alsace-Lorraine during the Franco-Prussian War, ordered French mobilisation on 1 August. Germany declared war on Russia on the same day.[27] The United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, following an "unsatisfactory reply" to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral.[28]
Theatres of conflict[link]
Opening hostilities[link]
Confusion among the Central Powers[link]
The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication. Germany had promised to support Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914, but the replacements had never been tested in exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia.[29] Germany, however, envisioned Austria-Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia, while Germany dealt with France. This confusion forced the Austro-Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts.
On 9 September 1914, the Septemberprogramm, a possible plan which detailed Germany's specific war aims and the conditions that Germany sought to force on the Allied Powers, was outlined by German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg. It was never officially adopted.
African campaigns[link]
Main article: African theatre of World War I
Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French, and German colonial forces in Africa. On 7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland. On 10 August, German forces in South-West Africa attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war. The German colonial forces in German East Africa, led by Colonel Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, fought a guerrilla warfare campaign during World War I and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe.[30]
Serbian campaign[link]
File:Serbian Artillery WW1.jpg
Serbian troops artillery positions in the Battle of Kolubara.
Main article: Serbian Campaign (World War I)
Austria invaded and fought the Serbian army at the Battle of Cer and Battle of Kolubara beginning on 12 August. Over the next two weeks Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses, which marked the first major Allied victories of the war and dashed Austro-Hungarian hopes of a swift victory. As a result, Austria had to keep sizable forces on the Serbian front, weakening its efforts against Russia.[31] Serbia’s defeat of the Austro-Hungarian invasion of 1914 counts among the major upset victories of the last century.[32]
German forces in Belgium and France[link]
Main article: Western Front (World War I)
At the outbreak of the First World War, the German army (consisting in the West of seven field armies) carried out a modified version of the Schlieffen Plan, designed to quickly attack France through neutral Belgium before turning southwards to encircle the French army on the German border.[10] The plan called for the right flank of the German advance to converge on Paris, and initially the Germans were successful, particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers (14–24 August). By 12 September, the French, with assistance from the British forces, halted the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne (5–12 September). The last days of this battle signified the end of mobile warfare in the west.[10] The French offensive into Germany, launched on 7 August with the Battle of Mulhouse, had limited success.
In the east, only one field army defended East Prussia, and when Russia attacked in this region it diverted German forces intended for the Western Front. Germany defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg (17 August – 2 September), but this diversion aggravated problems of insufficient speed of advance from rail-heads not foreseen by the German General Staff. The Central Powers were denied a quick victory and forced to fight a war on two fronts. The German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and had permanently incapacitated 230,000 more French and British troops than it had lost itself. Despite this, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of early victory.[33]
Asia and the Pacific[link]
Main article: Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I
New Zealand occupied German Samoa (later Western Samoa) on 30 August. On 11 September, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern (later New Britain), which formed part of German New Guinea. Japan seized Germany's Micronesian colonies and, after the Siege of Tsingtao, the German coaling port of Qingdao in the Chinese Shandong peninsula. Within a few months, the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific; only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea remained.[34][35]
Early stages[link]
Trench warfare begins[link]
Main article: Western Front (World War I)
Military tactics before World War I had failed to keep pace with advances in technology. These advances allowed for impressive defence systems, which out-of-date military tactics could not break through for most of the war. Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances. Artillery, vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground extremely difficult.[36] The Germans introduced poison gas; it soon became used by both sides, though it never proved decisive in winning a battle. Its effects were brutal, causing slow and painful death, and poison gas became one of the most-feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.[citation needed] Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties.
In time, however, technology began to produce new offensive weapons, such as the tank.[37] Britain and France were its primary users; the Germans employed captured Allied tanks and small numbers of their own design. After the First Battle of the Marne, both Entente and German forces began a series of outflanking manoeuvres, in the so-called "Race to the Sea". Britain and France soon found themselves facing entrenched German forces from Lorraine to Belgium's coast.[10] Britain and France sought to take the offensive, while Germany defended the occupied territories; consequently, German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy. Anglo-French trenches were only intended to be "temporary" before their forces broke through German defences.[38] Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915 at the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans (violating the Hague Convention) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front. Algerian troops retreated when gassed and a six-kilometre (four-mile) hole opened in the Allied lines that the Germans quickly exploited, taking Kitcheners' Wood. Canadian soldiers closed the breach at the Second Battle of Ypres.[39] At the Third Battle of Ypres, Canadian and ANZAC troops took the village of Passchendaele.
On 1 July 1916, the British Army endured the bloodiest day in its history, suffering 57,470 casualties, including 19,240 dead, on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. Most of the casualties occurred in the first hour of the attack. The entire Somme offensive cost the British Army almost half a million men.[40]
Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years, though protracted German action at Verdun throughout 1916,[41] combined with the bloodletting at the Somme, brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse. Futile attempts at frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French poilu (infantry) and led to widespread mutinies, especially during the Nivelle Offensive.[42]
File:Grand Fleet sails.jpg
The British Grand Fleet making steam for Scapa Flow, 1914
Throughout 1915–17, the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany, because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides. Strategically, while the Germans only mounted a single main offensive at Verdun, the Allies made several attempts to break through German lines. Tactically, German commander Erich Ludendorff's doctrine of "elastic defence" was well suited for trench warfare. This defence had a lightly defended forward position and a more powerful main position farther back beyond artillery range, from which an immediate and powerful counter-offensive could be launched.[43][44]
Ludendorff wrote on the fighting in 1917,
The 25th of August concluded the second phase of the Flanders battle. It had cost us heavily ... The costly August battles in Flanders and at Verdun imposed a heavy strain on the Western troops. In spite of all the concrete protection they seemed more or less powerless under the enormous weight of the enemy's artillery. At some points they no longer displayed the firmness which I, in common with the local commanders, had hoped for. The enemy managed to adapt himself to our method of employing counter attacks ... I myself was being put to a terrible strain. The state of affairs in the West appeared to prevent the execution of our plans elsewhere. Our wastage had been so high as to cause grave misgivings, and had exceeded all expectation.[45]
On the battle of the Menin Road Ridge, Ludendorff wrote,
Another terrific assault was made on our lines on the 20 September ... The enemy's onslaught on the 20th was successful, which proved the superiority of the attack over the defence. Its strength did not consist in the tanks; we found them inconvenient, but put them out of action all the same. The power of the attack lay in the artillery, and in the fact that ours did not do enough damage to the hostile infantry as they were assembling, and above all, at the actual time of the assault.[46]
Around 1.1 to 1.2 million soldiers from the British and Dominion armies were on the Western Front at any one time.[47] A thousand battalions, occupying sectors of the line from the North Sea to the Orne River, operated on a month-long four-stage rotation system, unless an offensive was underway. The front contained over 9,600 kilometres (5,965 mi) of trenches. Each battalion held its sector for about a week before moving back to support lines and then further back to the reserve lines before a week out-of-line, often in the Poperinge or Amiens areas.
In the 1917 Battle of Arras, the only significant British military success was the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps under Sir Arthur Currie and Julian Byng. The assaulting troops could, for the first time, overrun, rapidly reinforce and hold the ridge defending the coal-rich Douai plain.[48][49]
Naval war[link]
Main article: Naval warfare of World War I
At the start of the war, the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping. The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down, though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping. For example, the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden, part of the East-Asia squadron stationed at Tsingtao, seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen, as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. However, most of the German East-Asia squadron—consisting of the armoured cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships—did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships. The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel, but was almost destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping, but at the Battle of Más a Tierra these too were destroyed or interned.[50]
Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval blockade of Germany. The strategy proved effective, cutting off vital military and civilian supplies, although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries.[51] Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean, causing danger to even neutral ships.[52] Since there was limited response to this tactic, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare.[53]
The 1916 Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht, or "Battle of the Skagerrak") developed into the largest naval battle of the war, the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. It took place on 31 May – 1 June 1916, in the North Sea off Jutland. The Kaiserliche Marine's High Seas Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer, squared off against the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet, led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. The engagement was a stand off, as the Germans, outmanoeuvred by the larger British fleet, managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received. Strategically, however, the British asserted their control of the sea, and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war.[54]
German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain.[55] The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival.[55][56] The United States launched a protest, and Germany changed its rules of engagement. After the notorious sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners, while Britain armed its merchant ships, placing them beyond the protection of the "cruiser rules" which demanded warning and placing crews in "a place of safety" (a standard which lifeboats did not meet).[57] Finally, in early 1917 Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, realising the Americans would eventually enter the war.[55][58] Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the U.S. could transport a large army overseas, but could maintain only five long-range U-boats on station, to limited effect.[55]
The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in convoys, escorted by destroyers. This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced, accompanying destroyers might attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success. Convoys slowed the flow of supplies, since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled. The solution to the delays was an extensive program to build new freighters. Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys.[59] The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships, at a cost of 199 submarines.[60]
World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat, with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918, as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol.[61]
Southern theatres[link]
War in the Balkans[link]
Main articles: Balkans Campaign (World War I), Serbian Campaign (World War I), and Macedonian front (World War I)
Faced with Russia, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital, Belgrade. A Serbian counter attack in the battle of Kolubara, however, succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the first ten months of 1915, Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats, however, scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join in attacking Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian provinces of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria-Hungary, invading Serbia as well as fighting Russia and Italy. Montenegro allied itself with Serbia.[63]
Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month, as the Central Powers, now including Bulgaria, sent in 600,000 troops. The Serbian army, fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat, retreated into northern Albania (which they had invaded at the beginning of the war). The Serbs suffered defeat in the Battle of Kosovo. Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6–7 January 1916, but ultimately the Austrians conquered Montenegro, too. The surviving 70,000 Serbian soldiers were evacuated by ship to Greece.[64]
In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at Salonica in Greece, to offer assistance and to pressure the government to declare war against the Central Powers. Unfortunately for the Allies, the pro-German King Constantine I dismissed the pro-Allied government of Eleftherios Venizelos, before the Allied expeditionary force could arrive.[65] The friction between the king of Greece and the Allies continued to accumulate with the National Schism, which effectively divided Greece between regions still loyal to the king and the new provisional government of Venizelos in Salonica. After intensive diplomatic negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Allied and royalist forces (an incident known as Noemvriana) the king of Greece resigned, and his second son Alexander took his place. Venizelos returned to Athens on 29 May 1917 and Greece, now unified, officially joined the war on the side of the Allies. The entire Greek army was mobilized and began to participate in military operations against the Central Powers on the Macedonian front.
After conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria. In 1917 the Serbs launched the Toplica Uprising and liberated for a short time the area between the Kopaonik mountains and the South Morava river. The uprising was crushed by joint efforts of Bulgarian and Austrian forces at the end of March 1917.
The Macedonian Front in the beginning was mostly static. French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 as a result of the costly Monastir Offensive which brought stabilization of the front.
Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough, after most of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops had withdrawn. This breakthrough was significant in defeating Bulgaria and Austro-Hungary, which led to the final victory of WWI. The Bulgarians suffered their only defeat of the war at the Battle of Dobro Pole but days later, they decisively defeated British and Greek forces at the Battle of Doiran, avoiding occupation. After Serbian breakthrough of Bulgarian lines, Bulgaria capitulated on 29 September 1918.[66] Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and a day after the Bulgarian collapse, during a meeting with government officials, insisted on an immediate peace settlement.[67]
The disappearance of the Macedonian front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened for the 670,000-strong army of general Franchet d'Esperey as the Bulgarian surrender deprived the Central Powers of the 278 infantry battalions and 1,500 guns (the equivalent of some 25 to 30 German divisions) that were previously holding the line.[68] The German high command responded by sending only seven infantry and one cavalry division but these forces were far from enough for a front to be reestablished.[68]
Ottoman Empire[link]
Main article: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in the war, the secret Ottoman-German Alliance having been signed in August 1914.[69] It threatened Russia's Caucasian territories and Britain's communications with India via the Suez Canal. The British and French opened overseas fronts with the Gallipoli (1915) and Mesopotamian campaigns. In Gallipoli, the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British, French, and Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs). In Mesopotamia, by contrast, after the disastrous Siege of Kut (1915–16), British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917.
Further to the west, the Suez Canal was successfully defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916; in August a joint German and Ottoman force was defeated at the Battle of Romani by the Anzac Mounted and the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Divisions. Following this victory, a British Empire Egyptian Expeditionary Force advanced across the Sinai Peninsula, pushing Ottoman forces back in the Battle of Magdhaba in December and the Battle of Rafa on the border between the Egyptian Sinai and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917. In March and April at the First and Second Battles of Gaza, German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance, but at the end of October the Sinai and Palestine Campaign resumed, when Allenby's XXth Corps, XXI Corps and Desert Mounted Corps won the Battle of Beersheba. Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the Battle of Mughar Ridge, and early in December Jerusalem was captured following another Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Jerusalem (1917). About this time Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by Djevad Pasha, and a few months later the commander of the Ottoman Army in Palestine, Erich von Falkenhayn, was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders.
A reorganised Egyptian Expeditionary Force, with an additional mounted division under Field Marshal Edmund Allenby, broke Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918. In six weeks, during virtually continuous operations, battles were successfully fought by British infantry and Australian, British, Indian and New Zealand, Light Horse, mounted Yeomanry, Lancers and Mounted Rifle brigades. They campaigned across the Jordan River to Amman in the east and northwards to capture Nablus and Tulkarm in the Judean Hills, and followed the Mediterranean coast into the Jezreel Valley (Esdraelon Plain), where Afula, Jenin and Nazareth were captured, along with Daraa east of the Jordan River on the Hejaz railway. Semakh and Tiberias on the Sea of Gallilee, were captured on the way northwards to Damascus and Aleppo. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October, when two and a half Ottoman armies had been defeated and captured.
Russian armies generally had the best of it in the Caucasus. Enver Pasha, supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously. He was, however, a poor commander.[70] He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops; insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter, he lost 86% of his force at the Battle of Sarikamish.[71]
General Yudenich, the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern Caucasus with a string of victories.[71] In 1917, Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front. Nicholas planned a railway from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories, so that fresh supplies could be brought up for a new offensive in 1917. However, in March 1917 (February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar), the Czar was overthrown in the February Revolution and the Russian Caucasus Army began to fall apart.
Instigated by the Arab bureau of the British Foreign Office, the Arab Revolt started with the help of Britain in June 1916 at the Battle of Mecca, led by Sherif Hussein of Mecca, and ended with the Ottoman surrender of Damascus. Fakhri Pasha, the Ottoman commander of Medina, resisted for more than two and half years during the Siege of Medina.[72]
Along the border of Italian Libya and British Egypt, the Senussi tribe, incited and armed by the Turks, waged a small-scale guerrilla war against Allied troops. The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the Senussi Campaign. Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916.[73]
Italian participation[link]
Main article: Italian Campaign (World War I)
Further information: Battles of the Isonzo
Italy had been allied with the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance. However, the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino, Istria, and Dalmatia. Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France, effectively nullifying its alliance.[74] At the start of hostilities, Italy refused to commit troops, arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive and that Austria–Hungary was an aggressor. The Austro-Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality, offering the French colony of Tunisia in return. The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Southern Tyrol, Julian March and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria-Hungary. This was formalised by the Treaty of London. Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915, Italy joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May. Fifteen months later Italy declared war on Germany.
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Militarily, the Italians had numerical superiority. This advantage, however, was lost, not only because of the difficult terrain in which fighting took place, but also because of the strategies and tactics employed. Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna, a staunch proponent of the frontal assault, had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau, taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna. Cadorna's plan did not take into account the difficulties of the rugged Alpine terrain, or the technological changes that created trench warfare, giving rise to a series of bloody and inconclusive stalemated offensives.
On the Trentino front, the Austro-Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain, which favoured the defender. After an initial strategic retreat, the front remained largely unchanged, while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen engaged Italian Alpini in bitter hand-to-hand combat throughout the summer. The Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in the Altopiano of Asiago, towards Verona and Padua, in the spring of 1916 (Strafexpedition), but made little progress.
Beginning in 1915, the Italians under Cadorna mounted eleven offensives on the Isonzo front along the Isonzo River, northeast of Trieste. All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro-Hungarians, who held the higher ground. In the summer of 1916, the Italians captured the town of Gorizia. After this minor victory, the front remained static for over a year, despite several Italian offensives. In the autumn of 1917, thanks to the improving situation on the Eastern front, the Austro-Hungarian troops received large numbers of reinforcements, including German Stormtroopers and the elite Alpenkorps. The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917, spearheaded by the Germans. They achieved a victory at Caporetto. The Italian Army was routed and retreated more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) to reorganise, stabilising the front at the Piave River. Since in the Battle of Caporetto the Italian Army had heavy losses, the Italian Government called to arms the so-called '99 Boys (Ragazzi del '99): that is, all males who were 18 years old. In 1918, the Austro-Hungarians failed to break through, in a series of battles on the Piave River, and were finally decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October of that year. From 5–6 November 1918, Italian forces were reported to have reached Lissa, Lagosta, Sebenico, and other localities on the Dalmatian coast.[75] By the end of hostilities in November 1918, the Italian military had seized control of the entire portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the London Pact.[76] In 1918, Admiral Enrico Millo declared himself Italy's Governor of Dalmatia.[76] Austria-Hungary surrendered in early November 1918.[77][78]
Romanian participation[link]
Main article: Romania during World War I
Romania had been allied with the Central Powers since 1882. When the war began, however, it declared its neutrality, arguing that because Austria-Hungary had itself declared war on Serbia, Romania was under no obligation to join the war. When the Entente Powers promised Romania large territories of eastern Hungary (Transylvania and Banat) that had a large Romanian population in exchange for Romania's declaring war on the Central Powers, the Romanian government renounced its neutrality, and on 27 August 1916 the Romanian Army launched an attack against Austria-Hungary, with limited Russian support. The Romanian offensive was initially successful, pushing back the Austro-Hungarian troops in Transylvania, but a counterattack by the forces of the Central Powers drove back the Russo-Romanian forces. As a result of the Battle of Bucharest the Central Powers occupied Bucharest on 6 December 1916. Fighting in Moldova continued in 1917, resulting in a costly stalemate for the Central Powers.[79][80] Russian withdrawal from the war in late 1917 as a result of the October Revolution meant that Romania was forced to sign an armistice with the Central Powers on 9 December 1917.
In January 1918, Romanian forces established control over Bessarabia as the Russian Army abandoned the province. Although a treaty was signed by the Romanian and the Bolshevik Russian government following talks from 5–9 March 1918 on the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia within two months, on 27 March 1918 Romania attached Bessarabia to its territory, formally based on a resolution passed by the local assembly of the territory on the unification with Romania.
Romania officially made peace with the Central Powers by signing the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May 1918. Under that treaty, Romania was obliged to end war with the Central Powers and make small territorial concessions to Austria-Hungary, ceding control of some passes in the Carpathian Mountains, and grant oil concessions to Germany. In exchange, the Central Powers recognised the sovereignty of Romania over Bessarabia. The treaty was renounced in October 1918 by the Alexandru Marghiloman government, and Romania nominally re-entered the war on 10 November 1918. The next day, the Treaty of Bucharest was nullified by the terms of the Armistice of Compiègne.[81][82] Total Romanian deaths from 1914 to 1918, military and civilian, within contemporary borders, were estimated at 748,000.[83]
The role of India[link]
Further information: Third Anglo-Afghan War and Hindu-German Conspiracy
Contrary to British fears of a revolt in India, the outbreak of the war saw an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and good will towards the United Kingdom.[84][85] Indian political leaders from the Indian National Congress and other groups were eager to support the British war effort since they believed that strong support for the war effort would further the cause of Indian Home Rule. The Indian Army in fact outnumbered the British Army at the beginning of the war; about 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the central government and the princely states sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. In all, 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East. Casualties of Indian soldiers totalled 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I.[86] The suffering engendered by the war as well as the failure of the British government to grant self-government to India after the end of hostilities bred disillusionment and fuelled the campaign for full independence that would be led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and others.
Eastern Front[link]
Initial actions[link]
Main article: Eastern Front (World War I)
While the Western Front had reached stalemate, the war continued in East Europe. Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and German East Prussia. Although Russia's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful, it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914.[87][88] Russia's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership was instrumental in the events that unfolded. By the spring of 1915, the Russians had retreated into Galicia, and in May the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland's southern frontiers.[89] On 5 August they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland.
Russian Revolution[link]
Main article: Russian Revolution (1917)
Further information: North Russia Campaign
Despite the success of the June 1916 Brusilov Offensive in eastern Galicia,[90] dissatisfaction with the Russian government's conduct of the war grew. The offensive's success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory. Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily by Romania's entry into the war on 27 August. German forces came to the aid of embattled Austro-Hungarian units in Transylvania, and Bucharest fell to the Central Powers on 6 December. Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia, as the Tsar remained at the front. Empress Alexandra's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite, Rasputin, at the end of 1916.
In March 1917, demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists. This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home. The army became increasingly ineffective.[89]
Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The successful armed uprising by the Bolsheviks of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across the Ukraine unopposed, the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918. The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, the Baltic provinces, parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers.[91] Despite this enormous apparent German success, the manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive and secured relatively little food or other materiel.
With the adoption of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Entente no longer existed. The Allied powers led a small-scale invasion of Russia, partly to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources and, to a lesser extent, to support the "Whites" (as opposed to the "Reds") in the Russian Civil War.[92] Allied troops landed in Arkhangelsk and in Vladivostok.
Central Powers proposal for starting peace negotiations[link]
In December 1916, after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania, the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies. Soon after, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson attempted to intervene as a peacemaker, asking in a note for both sides to state their demands. Lloyd George's War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies. After initial outrage and much deliberation, they took Wilson's note as a separate effort, signalling that the U.S. was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the "submarine outrages". While the Allies debated a response to Wilson's offer, the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of "a direct exchange of views". Learning of the German response, the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January. They sought restoration of damages, the evacuation of occupied territories, reparations for France, Russia and Romania, and a recognition of the principle of nationalities. This included the liberation of Italians, Slavs, Romanians, Czecho-Slovaks, and the creation of a "free and united Poland". On the question of security, the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars, complete with sanctions, as a condition of any peace settlement.[93] The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer, because Germany did not state any specific proposals. To Wilson, the Entente powers stated that they would not start peace negotiations until the Central powers evacuated all occupied Allied territories and provided indemnities for all damage which had been done.[94]
1917–1918[link]
Developments in 1917[link]
Events of 1917 proved decisive in ending the war, although their effects were not fully felt until 1918.
The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany. In response, in February 1917, the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare, with the goal of starving Britain out of the war. German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons. The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict, but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months, before American intervention could make an impact. In reality, tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July. It peaked at 860,000 tons in April. After July, the newly re-introduced convoy system became extremely effective in reducing the U-boat threat. Britain was safe from starvation while German industrial output fell, and the United States troops joined the war in large numbers far earlier than Germany had anticipated.
On 3 May 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, the weary French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused their orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division, and harsh measures were not immediately implemented. Then, mutinies afflicted an additional 54 French divisions and saw 20,000 men desert. The other Allied forces attacked but sustained tremendous casualties.[95] However, appeals to patriotism and duty, as well as mass arrests and trials, encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches, although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action.[96] Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May, replaced by General Philippe Pétain, who suspended bloody large-scale attacks.
The victory of Austria–Hungary and Germany at the Battle of Caporetto led the Allies at the Rapallo Conference to form the Supreme War Council to coordinate planning. Previously, British and French armies had operated under separate commands.
In December, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia. This released large numbers of German troops for use in the west. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war, but they held high hopes for success based on a final quick offensive. Furthermore, the leaders of the Central Powers and the Allies became increasingly fearful of social unrest and revolution in Europe. Thus, both sides urgently sought a decisive victory.[97]
Entry of the United States[link]
Main article: American entry into World War I
Non-intervention[link]
At the outbreak of the war the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention, avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. When a German U-boat sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead, President Woodrow Wilson insisted that "America is too proud to fight" but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. However, he also repeatedly warned that the U.S.A. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law. Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as "piracy".[98] Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 as his supporters emphasized "he kept us out of war".
In January 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, realizing it would mean American entry. The German Foreign Minister, in the Zimmermann Telegram, invited Mexico to join the war as Germany's ally against the United States. In return, the Germans would finance Mexico's war and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.[99] Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public, and Americans saw it as casus belli—a cause for war. Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars, by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe. He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference.[100]
U.S. declaration of war on Germany[link]
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After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmerman telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany,[101] which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917.
First active U.S. participation[link]
The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self-styled "Associated Power". The United States had a small army, but, after the passage of the Selective Service Act, it drafted 2.8 million men,[102] and by summer 1918 was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. In 1917, the U.S. Congress gave U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I, as part of the Jones Act. Germany had miscalculated, believing it would be many more months before American soldiers would arrive and that their arrival could be stopped by U-boats.[103]
The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, destroyers to Queenstown, Ireland, and submarines to help guard convoys. Several regiments of U.S. Marines were also dispatched to France. The British and French wanted U.S. units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies. The U.S. rejected the first proposition and accepted the second. General John J. Pershing, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) commander, refused to break up U.S. units to be used as reinforcements for British Empire and French units. As an exception, he did allow African-American combat regiments to be used in French divisions. The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Sechault.[104] AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults, which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders because of the large loss of life.[105]
Austrian offer of separate peace[link]
In 1917, Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly attempted separate peace negotiations with Clemenceau, with his wife's brother Sixtus in Belgium as an intermediary, without the knowledge of Germany. When the negotiations failed, his attempt was revealed to Germany, resulting in a diplomatic catastrophe.[106][107]
German Spring Offensive of 1918[link]
Main article: Spring Offensive
German General Erich Ludendorff drew up plans (codenamed Operation Michael) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front. The Spring Offensive sought to divide the British and French forces with a series of feints and advances. The German leadership hoped to strike a decisive blow before significant U.S. forces arrived. The operation commenced on 21 March 1918 with an attack on British forces near Amiens. German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres (37 mi).[108]
British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics, also named Hutier tactics, after General Oskar von Hutier. Previously, attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults. However, in the Spring Offensive of 1918, Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points. They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance. More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions. German success relied greatly on the element of surprise.[109]
The front moved to within 120 kilometres (75 mi) of Paris. Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital, causing many Parisians to flee. The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday. Many Germans thought victory was near. After heavy fighting, however, the offensive was halted. Lacking tanks or motorised artillery, the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains. This situation was not helped by the supply lines now being stretched as a result of their advance.[110] The sudden stop was also a result of the four Australian Imperial Force (AIF) divisions that were "rushed" down, thus doing what no other army had done: stopping the German advance in its tracks. During that time the first Australian division was hurriedly sent north again to stop the second German breakthrough.
General Foch pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements. Pershing sought instead to field American units as an independent force. These units were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on 28 March. A Supreme War Council of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference on 5 November 1917.[111] General Foch was appointed as supreme commander of the allied forces. Haig, Petain, and Pershing retained tactical control of their respective armies; Foch assumed a coordinating rather than a directing role, and the British, French, and U.S. commands operated largely independently.[111]
Following Operation Michael, Germany launched Operation Georgette against the northern English Channel ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. The German Army to the south then conducted Operations Blücher and Yorck, pushing broadly towards Paris. Operation Marne was launched on 15 July, attempting to encircle Reims and beginning the Second Battle of the Marne. The resulting counterattack, starting the Hundred Days Offensive, marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war.
By 20 July the Germans were back across the Marne at their Kaiserschlacht starting lines,[112] having achieved nothing. Following this last phase of the war in the West, the German Army never regained the initiative. German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000, including many highly trained storm troopers.
Meanwhile, Germany was falling apart at home. Anti-war marches became frequent and morale in the army fell. Industrial output was 53 percent of 1913 levels.
New states under war zone[link]
Main articles: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Democratic Republic of Armenia, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and Democratic Republic of Georgia
In the late spring of 1918, three new states were formed in the South Caucasus: the Democratic Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which declared their independence from the Russian Empire.[113] Two other minor entities were established, the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic (the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian-British task force in early 1919). With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917–18, the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance, which commenced in the early months of 1918. Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918 but collapsed in May, when the Georgians asked and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance. Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full-fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks.[114]
Allied victory: summer and autumn 1918[link]
Main articles: Hundred Days Offensive and Weimar Republic
The Allied counteroffensive, known as the Hundred Days Offensive, began on 8 August 1918. The Battle of Amiens developed with III Corps British Fourth Army on the left, the French First Army on the right, and the Australian and Canadian Corps spearheading the offensive in the centre through Harbonnières.[115][116] It involved 414 tanks of the Mark IV and Mark V type, and 120,000 men. They advanced 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) into German-held territory in just seven hours. Erich Ludendorff referred to this day as the "Black Day of the German army".[115][117]
The Australian-Canadian spearhead at Amiens, a battle that was the beginning of Germany's downfall,[46] helped pull forward the British armies to the north and the French armies to the south. On the British Fourth Army front at Amiens, after an advance as far as 14 miles (23 km), German resistance stiffened, and the battle there concluded. But the French Third Army lengthened the Amiens front on 10 August, when it was thrown in on the right of the French First Army, and advanced 4 miles (6 km), liberating Lassigny in fighting which lasted until 16 August. South of the French Third Army, General Charles Mangin (The Butcher) drove his French Tenth Army forward at Soissons on 20 August to capture eight thousand prisoners, two hundred guns, and the Aisne heights overlooking and menacing the German position north of the Vesle.[118] Another "Black day", as described by Erich Ludendorff.
Meanwhile General Byng of the British Third Army, reporting that the enemy on his front was thinning in a limited withdrawal, was ordered to attack with 200 tanks towards Bapaume, opening the Battle of Albert, with specific orders "To break the enemy's front, in order to outflank the enemy's present battle front" (opposite the British Fourth Army at Amiens).[46] Allied leaders had now realised that to continue an attack after resistance had hardened was a waste of lives, and it was better to turn a line than to try to roll over it. They began to undertake attacks in quick order to take advantage of successful advances on the flanks, then broke them off when each attack lost its initial impetus.[118]
The British Third Army's 15-mile (24 km) front north of Albert progressed after stalling for a day against the main resistance line to which the enemy had withdrawn.[119] Rawlinson's British Fourth Army was able to push its left flank forward between Albert and the Somme, straightening the line between the advanced positions of the Third Army and the Amiens front, which resulted in recapturing Albert at the same time.[118] On 26 August the British First Army on the left of the Third Army was drawn into the battle, extending it northward to beyond Arras. The Canadian Corps, already back in the vanguard of the First Army, fought its way from Arras eastward 5 miles (8 km) astride the heavily defended Arras-Cambrai area before reaching the outer defences of the Hindenburg Line, breaching them on the 28 and 29 August. Bapaume fell on 29 August to the New Zealand Division of the Third Army, and the Australians, still leading the advance of the Fourth Army, were again able to push forward at Amiens to take Peronne and Mont Saint-Quentin on 31 August. Further south, the French First and Third Armies had slowly fought forward while the Tenth Army, which had by now crossed the Ailette and was east of the Chemin des Dames, neared the Alberich position of the Hindenburg Line.[120] During the last week of August the pressure along a 70-mile (113 km) front against the enemy was heavy and unrelenting. From German accounts, "Each day was spent in bloody fighting against an ever and again on-storming enemy, and nights passed without sleep in retirements to new lines."[118] Even to the north in Flanders the British Second and Fifth Armies during August and September were able to make progress, taking prisoners and positions that had previously been denied them.[120]
On 2 September the Canadian Corps' outflanking of the Hindenburg line, with the breaching of the Wotan Position, made it possible for the Third Army to advance, which sent repercussions all along the Western Front. That same day Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL) had no choice but to issue orders to six armies to withdraw back into the Hindenburg Line in the south, behind the Canal du Nord on the Canadian-First Army's front and back to a line east of the Lys in the north. This ceded without a fight the salient seized the previous April.[121] According to Ludendorff "We had to admit the necessity ...to withdraw the entire front from the Scarpe to the Vesle."[122]
In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning 8 August, over 100,000 German prisoners were taken, 75,000 by the BEF and the rest by the French. As of "The Black Day of the German Army", the German High Command realised the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end. The day after that battle Ludenforff told Colonel Mertz: "We cannot win the war any more, but we must not lose it either." On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser, who refused it, replying, "I see that we must strike a balance. We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance. The war must be ended." On 13 August at Spa, Hindenburg, Ludendorff, the Chancellor, and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily, and on the following day the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable. Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December, and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations, to which the Kaiser responded by instructing Hintz to seek the mediation of the Queen of the Netherlands. Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden: "Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier." On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria, and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation. On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil, and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium. Both peace offers were rejected, and on 24 September OHL informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable.[120]
September saw the Germans continuing to fight strong rear-guard actions and launching numerous counterattacks on lost positions, but only a few succeeded, and then only temporarily. Contested towns, villages, heights, and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September. Further small advances eastward would follow the Third Army's victory at Ivincourt on 12 September, the Fourth Army's at Epheny on 18 September, and the French gain of Essigny-le-Grand a day later. On 24 September a final assault by both the British and French on a 4-mile (6.4 km) front would come within 2 miles (3.2 km) of St. Quentin.[120] With the outposts and preliminary defensive lines of the Siegfried and Alberich Positions eliminated, the Germans were now completely back in the Hindenburg Line. With the Wotan position of that line already breached and the Siegfried position in danger of being turned from the north, the time had now come for an Allied assault on the whole length of the line.
The Allied attack on the Hindenburg Line, begun on 26 September, included U.S. soldiers. The still-green American troops suffered problems coping with supply trains for large units on a difficult landscape.[123] The following week cooperating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge, forcing the Germans off the commanding heights, and closing towards the Belgian frontier.[124] The last Belgian town to be liberated before the armistice was Ghent, which the Germans held as a pivot until the Allies brought up artillery.[125][126] The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear-guard actions.
When Bulgaria signed a separate armistice on 29 September, the Allies gained control of Serbia and Greece. Ludendorff, having been under great stress for months, suffered something similar to a breakdown. It was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defence.[127][128]
Meanwhile, news of Germany's impending military defeat spread throughout the German armed forces. The threat of mutiny was rife. Admiral Reinhard Scheer and Ludendorff decided to launch a last attempt to restore the "valour" of the German Navy. Knowing the government of Prince Maximilian of Baden would veto any such action, Ludendorff decided not to inform him. Nonetheless, word of the impending assault reached sailors at Kiel. Many, refusing to be part of a naval offensive which they believed to be suicidal, rebelled and were arrested. Ludendorff took the blame; the Kaiser dismissed him on 26 October. The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food. Its reserves had been used up, even as U.S. troops kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 per day.[129]
Having suffered over 6 million casualties, Germany moved towards peace. Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge of a new government as Chancellor of Germany to negotiate with the Allies. Telegraphic negotiations with President Wilson began immediately, in the vain hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Instead Wilson demanded the abdication of the Kaiser. There was no resistance when the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann on 9 November declared Germany to be a republic. Imperial Germany was dead; a new Germany had been born: the Weimar Republic.[130]
Armistices and capitulations[link]
The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice, on 29 September 1918 at Saloniki.[132] On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated at Moudros (Armistice of Mudros).[132]
On 24 October, the Italians began a push which rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto. This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, which marked the end of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb. On 29 October, the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice. But the Italians continued advancing, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste. On 3 November Austria–Hungary sent a flag of truce to ask for an Armistice. The terms, arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris, were communicated to the Austrian commander and accepted. The Armistice with Austria was signed in the Villa Giusti, near Padua, on 3 November. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the Habsburg Monarchy.
Following the outbreak of the German Revolution of 1918–1919, a republic was proclaimed on 9 November. The Kaiser fled to the Netherlands. On 11 November an armistice with Germany was signed in a railroad carriage at Compiègne. At 11 am on 11 November 1918—"the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month"—a ceasefire came into effect. Opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions. Canadian Private George Lawrence Price was shot by a German sniper at 10:57 and died at 10:58.[133] American Henry Gunther was killed 60 seconds before the armistice came into force while charging astonished German troops who were aware the Armistice was nearly upon them.[134] The last British soldier to die was Pte George Edwin Ellison. The last casualty of the war was a German, Lieutenant Thomas, who, after 11 am, was walking towards the line to inform Americans who had not yet been informed of the Armistice that they would be vacating the buildings behind them.[135] The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British and French forces.
Allied superiority and the stab-in-the-back legend, November 1918[link]
In November 1918 the Allies had ample supplies of men and materiel to invade Germany. Yet at the time of the armistice, no Allied force had crossed the German frontier; the Western Front was still almost 900 mi (1,400 km) from Berlin; and the Kaiser's armies had retreated from the battlefield in good order. These factors enabled Hindenburg and other senior German leaders to spread the story that their armies had not really been defeated. This resulted in the stab-in-the-back legend,[136][137] which attributed Germany's defeat not to its inability to continue fighting (even though up to a million soldiers were suffering from the 1918 flu pandemic and unfit to fight), but to the public's failure to respond to its "patriotic calling" and the supposed intentional sabotage of the war effort, particularly by Jews, Socialists, and Bolsheviks.
A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919. Later treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire were signed. However, the negotiation of the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife (the Turkish War of Independence), and a final peace treaty between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the Republic of Turkey was not signed until 24 July 1923, at Lausanne.
Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned to their home countries; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918. Legally, the formal peace treaties were not complete until the last, the Treaty of Lausanne, was signed. Under its terms, the Allied forces divested Constantinople on 23 August 1923.
Technology[link]
See also: Technology during World War I and Weapons of World War I
The First World War began as a clash of 20th-century technology and 19th-century tactics, with the inevitably large ensuing casualties. By the end of 1917, however, the major armies, now numbering millions of men, had modernised and were making use of telephone, wireless communication,[138] armoured cars, tanks,[139] and aircraft. Infantry formations were reorganised, so that 100-man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuvre; instead, squads of 10 or so men, under the command of a junior NCO, were favoured.
Artillery also underwent a revolution. In 1914, cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets. By 1917, indirect fire with guns (as well as mortars and even machine guns) was commonplace, using new techniques for spotting and ranging, notably aircraft and the often overlooked field telephone. Counter-battery missions became commonplace, also, and sound detection was used to locate enemy batteries.
Germany was far ahead of the Allies in utilising heavy indirect fire. The German Army employed 150 and 210 mm howitzers in 1914, when typical French and British guns were only 75 and 105 mm. The British had a 6 inch (152 mm) howitzer, but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled. Germans also fielded Austrian 305 mm and 420 mm guns, and already by the beginning of the war had inventories of various calibers of Minenwerfer ideally suited for trench warfare.[140]
Much of the combat involved trench warfare, in which hundreds often died for each yard gained. Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during the First World War. Such battles include Ypres, the Marne, Cambrai, the Somme, Verdun, and Gallipoli. The Germans employed the Haber process of nitrogen fixation to provide their forces with a constant supply of gunpowder, despite the British naval blockade.[141] Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties[142] and consumed vast quantities of explosives. The large number of head wounds caused by exploding shells and fragmentation forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel helmet, led by the French, who introduced the Adrian helmet in 1915. It was quickly followed by the Brodie helmet, worn by British Imperial and U.S. troops, and in 1916 by the distinctive German Stahlhelm, a design, with improvements, still in use today.
| "Gas! Gas! Quick, boys!... Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; But someone still was yelling out and stumbling, And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime... Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning."- Wilfred Owen, DULCE ET DECORUM EST, 1917[143] |
The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict. Gases used included chlorine, mustard gas and phosgene. Few war casualties were caused by gas,[144] as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created, such as gas masks. The use of chemical warfare and small-scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the 1907 Hague Conventions, and both proved to be of limited effectiveness,[145] though they captured the public imagination.[146]
The most powerful land-based weapons were railway guns weighing hundreds of tons apiece. These were nicknamed Big Berthas, even though the namesake was not a railway gun. Germany developed the Paris Gun, able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres (62 mi), though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms (210 lb). While the Allies also had railway guns, German models severely out-ranged and out-classed them.
Aviation[link]
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Main article: Aviation in World War I
Fixed-wing aircraft were first used militarily by the Italians in Libya on 23 October 1911 during the Italo-Turkish War for reconnaissance, soon followed by the dropping of grenades and aerial photography the next year. By 1914 their military utility was obvious. They were initially used for reconnaissance and ground attack. To shoot down enemy planes, anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft were developed. Strategic bombers were created, principally by the Germans and British, though the former used Zeppelins as well.[148] Towards the end of the conflict, aircraft carriers were used for the first time, with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in 1918.[149]
Manned observation balloons, floating high above the trenches, were used as stationary reconnaissance platforms, reporting enemy movements and directing artillery. Balloons commonly had a crew of two, equipped with parachutes.,[150] so that if there was an enemy air attack the crew could parachute to safety. (At the time, parachutes were too heavy to be used by pilots of aircraft (with their marginal power output), and smaller versions were not developed until the end of the war; they were also opposed by British leadership, who feared they might promote cowardice.)[151]
Recognised for their value as observation platforms, balloons were important targets of enemy aircraft. To defend them against air attack, they were heavily protected by antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft; to attack them, unusual weapons such as air-to-air rockets were even tried. Thus, the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air-to-air combat between all types of aircraft, and to the trench stalemate, because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected. The Germans conducted air raids on England during 1915 and 1916 with airships, hoping to damage British morale and cause aircraft to be diverted from the front lines, and indeed the resulting panic led to the diversion of several squadrons of fighters from France.[148][151]
Improvements in naval technology during World War I[link]
Germany deployed U-boats (submarines) after the war began. Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic, the Kaiserliche Marine employed them to deprive the British Isles of vital supplies. The deaths of British merchant sailors and the seeming invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of depth charges (1916), hydrophones (passive sonar, 1917), blimps, hunter-killer submarines (HMS R-1, 1917), forward-throwing anti-submarine weapons, and dipping hydrophones (the latter two both abandoned in 1918).[152] To extend their operations, the Germans proposed supply submarines (1916). Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need.
Improvements in ground warfare technology in World War I[link]
Trenches, machine guns, air reconnaissance, barbed wire, and modern artillery with fragmentation shells helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate. The British sought a solution with the creation of the tank and mechanised warfare. The first tanks were used during the Battle of the Somme on 15 September 1916. Mechanical reliability was an issue, but the experiment proved its worth. Within a year, the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds, and they showed their potential during the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917, by breaking the Hindenburg Line, while combined arms teams captured 8000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns. The conflict also saw the introduction of Light automatic weapons and submachine guns, such as the Lewis Gun, the Browning automatic rifle, and the Bergmann MP18.
Flamethrowers and subterranean transport[link]
Another new weapon, the flamethrower, was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces. Although not of high tactical value, the flamethrower was a powerful, demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield. It was a dangerous weapon to wield, as its heavy weight made operators vulnerable targets.
Trench railways evolved to supply the enormous quantities of food, water, and ammunition required to support large numbers of soldiers in areas where conventional transportation systems had been destroyed. Internal combustion engines and improved traction systems for automobiles and trucks/lorries eventually rendered trench railways obsolete.
War crimes[link]
Genocide and ethnic cleansing[link]
Main article: Ottoman casualties of World War I
The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, including mass deportations and executions, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide.[153] The Ottomans saw the entire Armenian population as an enemy[154] that had chosen to side with Russia at the beginning of the war.[155] In early 1915, a number of Armenians joined the Russian forces, and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the Tehcir Law (Law on Deportation). This authorized the deportation of the Armenians from eastern provinces of the Empire to Syria between 1915 and 1917. The exact number of deaths is unknown: while Balakian gives a range of 250,000 to 1.5 million for the deaths of Armenians,[156] the International Association of Genocide Scholars estimates over 1 million.[153] The government of Turkey has consistently rejected charges of genocide, arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting, famine, or disease during the First World War.[157] Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Greeks, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination.[158][159][160]
File:Геноцид армян - 1915 год.jpg
Remains of Armenians burnt alive in the cattle shed in Aly-Zrna, 1915
Russian Empire[link]
Main article: Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire
Approximately 200,000 Germans living in Volhynia and about 600,000 Jews were deported by the Russian authorities.[161][162][163] In 1916, an order was issued to deport around 650,000 Volga Germans to the east as well, but the Russian Revolution prevented this from being carried out.[164] Many pogroms accompanied the Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War, 60,000–200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire.[165][166]
"Rape of Belgium"[link]
Main article: Rape of Belgium
The German invaders treated any resistance—such as sabotaging rail lines—as illegal and immoral, and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation. The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914, usually in near-random large-scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers. The German Army destroyed 15,000-20,000 buildings—most famously the university library at Louvain—and generated a refugee wave of over a million people. Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents.[167] Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories. British propaganda dramatizing the "Rape of Belgium" attracted much attention in the U.S., while Berlin said it was legal and necessary because of the threat of "franc-tireurs" (guerrillas) like those in France in 1870.[168] The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the U.S., where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany.[169] [170]
Soldiers' experiences[link]
Main articles: List of surviving veterans of World War I, World War I casualties, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, and American Battle Monuments Commission
File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg
The First Contingent of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps to the 1 Lincolns, training in Bermuda for the Western Front, winter 1914–1915. One in four survived the war.
The soldiers of the war were initially volunteers, except for those of Italy, but increasingly were conscripted into service. Britain's Imperial War Museum has collected more than 2,500 recordings of soldiers' personal accounts, and selected transcripts, edited by military author Max Arthur, have been published. The Museum believes that historians have not taken full account of this material, and accordingly has made the full archive of recordings available to authors and researchers.[171] Surviving veterans, returning home, often found that they could only discuss their experiences amongst themselves. Grouping together, they formed "veterans' associations" or "Legions".
Prisoners of war[link]
Main article: World War I prisoners of war in Germany
About 8 million men surrendered and were held in POW camps during the war. All nations pledged to follow the Hague Conventions on fair treatment of prisoners of war. POWs' rate of survival was generally much higher than that of their peers at the front.[172] Individual surrenders were uncommon; large units usually surrendered en masse. At the Battle of Tannenberg 92,000 Russians surrendered. When the besieged garrison of Kaunas surrendered in 1915, some 20,000 Russians became prisoners. Over half of Russian losses (as a proportion of those captured, wounded, or killed) were to prisoner status; for Austria-Hungary 32%, for Italy 26%, for France 12%, for Germany 9%; for Britain 7%. Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million (not including Russia, which lost 2.-3.5[clarification needed] million men as prisoners.) From the Central Powers about 3.3 million men became prisoners.[173]
Germany held 2.5 million prisoners; Russia held 2.9 million; while Britain and France held about 720,000. Most were captured just prior to the Armistice. The U.S. held 48,000. The most dangerous moment was the act of surrender, when helpless soldiers were sometimes gunned down.[174][175] Once prisoners reached a camp, conditions were, in general, satisfactory (and much better than in World War II), thanks in part to the efforts of the International Red Cross and inspections by neutral nations. However, conditions were terrible in Russia: starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike; about 15–20% of the prisoners in Russia died. In Germany, food was scarce, but only 5% died.[176][177][178]
The Ottoman Empire often treated POWs poorly.[179] Some 11,800 British Empire soldiers, most of them Indians, became prisoners after the Siege of Kut in Mesopotamia in April 1916; 4,250 died in captivity.[180] Although many were in very bad condition when captured, Ottoman officers forced them to march 1,100 kilometres (684 mi) to Anatolia. A survivor said: "We were driven along like beasts; to drop out was to die."[181] The survivors were then forced to build a railway through the Taurus Mountains.
In Russia, when the prisoners from the Czech Legion of the Austro-Hungarian army were released in 1917, they re-armed themselves and briefly became a military and diplomatic force during the Russian Civil War.
While the Allied prisoners of the Central Powers were quickly sent home at the end of active hostilities, the same treatment was not granted to Central Power prisoners of the Allies and Russia, many of whom served as forced labor, e.g., in France until 1920. They were released only after many approaches by the Red Cross to the Allied Supreme Council.[182] German prisoners were still being held in Russia as late as 1924.[183]
Military attachés and war correspondents[link]
Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war. Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern "embedded" positions within the opposing land and naval forces. These military attachés and other observers prepared voluminous first-hand accounts of the war and analytical papers.
For example, former U.S. Army Captain Granville Fortescue followed the developments of the Gallipoli Campaign from an embedded perspective within the ranks of the Turkish defenders; and his report was passed through Turkish censors before being printed in London and New York.[184] However, this observer's role was abandoned when the U.S. entered the war, as Fortescue immediately re-enlisted, sustaining wounds at Forest of Argonne in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, September 1918.[185]
In-depth observer narratives of the war and more narrowly focused professional journal articles were written soon after the war; and these post-war reports conclusively illustrated the battlefield destructiveness of this conflict. This was not the first time the tactics of entrenched positions for infantry defended with machine guns and artillery became vitally important. The Russo-Japanese War had been closely observed by military attachés, war correspondents and other observers; but, from a 21st century perspective, it is now apparent that a range of tactical lessons were disregarded or not used in the preparations for war in Europe and throughout the Great War.[186]
Support and opposition to the war[link]
Main articles: Opposition to World War I and French Army Mutinies (1917)
Support[link]
In the Balkans, Yugoslav nationalists such as the leader Ante Trumbić in the Balkans strongly supported the war, desiring the freedom of Yugoslavs from Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia.[187] The Yugoslav Committee was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London; Trumbić led the Committee.[187]
In the Middle East, Arab nationalism soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war, with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a pan-Arab state.[188] In 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman-controlled territories of the Middle East in an effort to achieve independence.[188]
Italian nationalism was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was Gabriele d'Annunzio, who promoted Italian irredentism and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war.[189] The Italian Liberal Party under the leadership of Paolo Boselli promoted intervention in the war on the side of the Allies and utilised the Dante Aligheri Society to promote Italian nationalism.[190]
A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914.[191] But European socialists split on national lines, with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for war.[192] Once the war began, Austrian, British, French, German, and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries' intervention in the war.[193]
Italian socialists were divided on whether to support the war or oppose it; some were militant supporters of the war, including Benito Mussolini and Leonida Bissolati.[194] However, the Italian Socialist Party decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed, resulting in a general strike called Red Week.[195] The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members, including Mussolini.[195] Mussolini, a syndicalist who supported the war on grounds of irredentist claims on Italian-populated regions of Austria-Hungary, formed the pro-interventionist Il Popolo d'Italia and the Fasci Riviluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista ("Revolutionary Fasci for International Action") in October 1914 that later developed into the Fasci di Combattimento in 1919, the origin of fascism.[196] Mussolini's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from Ansaldo (an armaments firm) and other companies to create Il Popolo d'Italia to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war.[197]
In April 1918 the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met, including Czechoslovak, Italian, Polish, Transylvanian, and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national self-determination for the peoples residing within Austria-Hungary.[191]
Opposition[link]
The trade union and socialist movements had long voiced their opposition to a war, which they argued would mean only that workers would kill other workers in the interest of capitalism. Once war was declared, however, many socialists and trade unions backed their governments. Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks, the Socialist Party of America, and the Italian Socialist Party, and individuals such as Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, and their followers in Germany. There were also small anti-war groups in Britain and France.
Benedict XV, elected to the papacy less than three months into World War I, made the war and its consequences the main focus of his early pontificate. In stark contrast to his predecessor,[198] five days after his election he spoke of his determination to do what he could to bring peace. His first encyclical, Ad Beatissimi Apostolorum, given 1 November 1914, was concerned with this subject. Seen as being biased in favour of the other and resented for weakening national morale, Benedict XV found his abilities and unique position as a religious emissary of peace ignored by the belligerent powers.
The 1915 Treaty of London between Italy and the Triple Entente included secret provisions whereby the Allies agreed with Italy to ignore papal peace moves towards the Central Powers. Consequently, the publication of Benedict's proposed seven-point Peace Note of August 1917 was roundly ignored by all parties except Austria-Hungary.[199]
In Britain, in 1914, the Public Schools Officers' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings, near Salisbury Plain. Head of the British Army Lord Kitchener was to review the cadets, but the imminence of the war prevented him. General Horace Smith-Dorrien was sent instead. He surprised the two-or-three thousand cadets by declaring (in the words of Donald Christopher Smith, a Bermudian cadet who was present), that war should be avoided at almost any cost, that war would solve nothing, that the whole of Europe and more besides would be reduced to ruin, and that the loss of life would be so large that whole populations would be decimated. In our ignorance I, and many of us, felt almost ashamed of a British General who uttered such depressing and unpatriotic sentiments, but during the next four years, those of us who survived the holocaust—probably not more than one-quarter of us—learned how right the General's prognosis was and how courageous he had been to utter it.[200] Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith-Dorien's career, or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities.
Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain. In the U.S., the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed "disloyal". Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors,[100] and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed unpatriotic.
A number of nationalists opposed intervention, particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to. Irish nationalists staunchly opposed taking part in the intervention of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.[201] The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had begun in 1912, and by 1914 there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland between Irish unionists and republicans.[201] Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence, culminating in the Easter Rising of 1916, with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland in order to stir unrest in the United Kingdom.[201] The UK government placed Ireland under martial law in response to the Easter Rising.[202]
Other opposition came from conscientious objectors – some socialist, some religious – who refused to fight. In Britain 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status.[203] Many suffered years of prison, including solitary confinement and bread and water diets. Even after the war, in Britain many job advertisements were marked "No conscientious objectors need apply".
The Central Asian Revolt started in the summer of 1916, when the Russian Empire government ended its exemption of Muslims from military service.[204]
In 1917, a series of mutinies in the French army led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned.
In Milan in May 1917, Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war, and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation.[205] The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists, who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city. Almost fifty people (including three Italian soldiers) were killed and over 800 people arrested.[205]
The Conscription Crisis of 1917 in Canada erupted when conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden brought in compulsory military service over the objection of French-speaking Quebecers.[206] Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 173,000 wounded.[207]
In 1917, Emperor Charles I of Austria secretly entered into peace negotiations with the Allied powers, with his brother-in-law Sixtus as intermediary, without the knowledge of his ally Germany. He failed, however, because of the resistance of Italy.[208]
In September 1917, Russian soldiers in France began questioning why they were fighting for the French at all and mutinied.[209] In Russia, opposition to the war led to soldiers also establishing their own revolutionary committees, which helped foment the October Revolution of 1917, with the call going up for "bread, land, and peace". The Bolsheviks agreed to a peace treaty with Germany, the peace of Brest-Litovsk, despite its harsh conditions.
In northern Germany, the end of October 1918, saw the beginning of the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost; this initiated the uprising. The sailors' revolt which then ensued in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven and Kiel spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and shortly thereafter to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Conscription[link]
As the war slowly turned into a war of attrition, conscription was implemented in some countries. This issue was particularly explosive in Canada and Australia. In the former it opened a political gap between French-Canadians, who claimed their true loyalty was to Canada and not the British Empire, and members of the Anglophone majority, who saw the war as a duty to both Britain and Canada. Prime Minister Robert Borden pushed through a Military Service Act, provoking the Conscription Crisis of 1917. In Australia, a sustained pro-conscription campaign by Prime Minister Billy Hughes caused a split in the Australian Labor Party, so Hughes formed the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917 to pursue the matter. Nevertheless, the labour movement, the Catholic Church, and Irish nationalist expatriates successfully opposed Hughes' push, which was rejected in two plebiscites.
Conscription put into uniform nearly every physically fit man in Britain, six of ten million eligible. Of these, about 750,000 lost their lives and 1,700,000 were wounded. Most deaths were to young unmarried men; however, 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers.[210]
Aftermath[link]
Main article: Aftermath of World War I
Health and economic effects[link]
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No other war had changed the map of Europe so dramatically. Four empires disappeared: the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian. Four dynasties, together with their ancillary aristocracies, all fell after the war: the Hohenzollerns, the Habsburgs, the Romanovs, and the Ottomans. Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead,[211] not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected.[212]
The war had profound economic consequences. Of the 60 million European soldiers who were mobilised from 1914 to 1918, 8 million were killed, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria–Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%.[213] About 750,000 German civilians died from starvation caused by the British blockade during the war.[214] By the end of the war, famine had killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon.[215] The best estimates of the death toll from the Russian famine of 1921 run from 5 million to 10 million people.[216] By 1922, there were between 4.5 million and 7 million homeless children in Russia as a result of nearly a decade of devastation from World War I, the Russian Civil War, and the subsequent famine of 1920–1922.[217] Numerous anti-Soviet Russians fled the country after the Revolution; by the 1930s the northern Chinese city of Harbin had 100,000 Russians.[218] Thousands more emigrated to France, England, and the United States.
Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. In 1914 alone, louse-borne epidemic typhus killed 200,000 in Serbia.[219] From 1918 to 1922, Russia had about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus.[220] Whereas before World War I Russia had about 3.5 million cases of malaria, its people suffered more than 13 million cases in 1923.[221] In addition, a major influenza epidemic spread around the world. Overall, the 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people.[222][223]
Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the USA to support Germany culminated in the British government's Balfour Declaration of 1917, endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.[224] A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I, including 275,000 in Austria-Hungary and 450,000 in Czarist Russia.[225]
The social disruption and widespread violence of the Revolution of 1917 and the ensuing Russian Civil War sparked more than 2,000 pogroms in the former Russian Empire, mostly in the Ukraine.[226] An estimated 60,000–200,000 civilian Jews were killed in the atrocities.[227]
In the aftermath of World War I, Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal, a war which resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne.[228] According to various sources,[229] several hundred thousand Pontic Greeks died during this period.[230]
Peace treaties and national boundaries[link]
After the war, the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles officially ended the war. Building on Wilson's 14th point, the Treaty of Versailles also brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919.[231][232]
In signing the treaty, Germany acknowledged responsibility for the war, and agreed to pay enormous war reparations and award territory to the victors. The "Guilt Thesis" became a controversial explanation of later events among analysts in Britain and the United States. The Treaty of Versailles caused enormous bitterness in Germany, which nationalist movements, especially the Nazis, exploited with a conspiracy theory they called the Dolchstosslegende (Stab-in-the-back legend). The Weimar Republic lost the former colonial possessions and was saddled with accepting blame for the war, as well as paying punitive reparations for it. Unable to pay them with exports (as a result of territorial losses and postwar recession),[233] Germany did so by borrowing from the United States. Runaway inflation in the 1920s contributed to the economic collapse of the Weimar Republic, and the payment of reparations was suspended in 1931 following the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the beginnings of the Great Depression worldwide.
Austria–Hungary was partitioned into several successor states, including Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, largely but not entirely along ethnic lines. Transylvania was shifted from Hungary to Greater Romania. The details were contained in the Treaty of Saint-Germain and the Treaty of Trianon. As a result of the Treaty of Trianon, 3.3 million Hungarians came under foreign rule. Although the Hungarians made up 54% of the population of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary, only 32% of its territory was left to Hungary. Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.
The Russian Empire, which had withdrawn from the war in 1917 after the October Revolution, lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland were carved from it. Bessarabia was re-attached to Greater Romania, as it had been a Romanian territory for more than a thousand years.[234]
The Ottoman Empire disintegrated, and much of its non-Anatolian territory was awarded to various Allied powers as protectorates. The Turkish core was reorganised as the Republic of Turkey. The Ottoman Empire was to be partitioned by the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920. This treaty was never ratified by the Sultan and was rejected by the Turkish republican movement, leading to the Turkish Independence War and, ultimately, to the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.
Legacy[link]
| ..."Strange, friend," I said, "Here is no cause to mourn."
"None," said the other, "Save the undone years"... |
| — Wilfred Owen, Strange Meeting, 1918[143] |
Main articles: World War I in popular culture and World War I memorials
The first tentative efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of modern warfare began during the initial phases of the war, and this process continued throughout and after the end of hostilities.
Memorials[link]
Memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns. Close to battlefields, those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, the American Battle Monuments Commission, the German War Graves Commission, and Le Souvenir français. Many of these graveyards also have central monuments to the missing or unidentified dead, such as the Menin Gate memorial and the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme.
On 3 May 1915, during the Second Battle of Ypres, Lieutenant Alexis Helmer was killed. At his graveside, his friend John McCrae, M.D., of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, wrote the memorable poem In Flanders Fields as a salute to those who perished in the Great War. Published in Punch on 8 December 1915, it is still recited today, especially on Remembrance Day and Memorial Day.[235][236]
Liberty Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, is a United States memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I. The site for the Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921. On this day, the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people. It was the only time in history these leaders were together in one place. In attendance were Lieutenant General Baron Jacques of Belgium; General Armando Diaz of Italy; Marshal Ferdinand Foch of France; General Pershing of the United States; and Admiral D. R. Beatty of Great Britain. After three years of construction, the Liberty Memorial was completed and President Calvin Coolidge delivered the dedication speech to a crowd of 150,000 people in 1926.
Liberty Memorial is also home to The National World War I Museum, the only museum dedicated solely to World War I in the United States.
Cultural memory[link]
The First World War had a lasting impact on social memory. It was seen by many in Britain as signalling the end of an era of stability stretching back to the Victorian period, and across Europe many regarded it as a watershed.[237] Historian Samuel Hynes explained:
A generation of innocent young men, their heads full of high abstractions like Honour, Glory and England, went off to war to make the world safe for democracy. They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals. Those who survived were shocked, disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences, and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans, but the old men at home who had lied to them. They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war, and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance.[238]
This has become the most common perception of the First World War, perpetuated by the art, cinema, poems, and stories published subsequently. Films such as All Quiet on the Western Front, Paths of Glory and King & Country have perpetuated the idea, while war-time films including Camrades, Flanders Poppies, and Shoulder Arms indicate that the most contemporary views of the war were overall far more positive.[239] Likewise, the art of Paul Nash, John Nash, Christopher Nevison, and Henry Tonks in Britain painted a negative view of the conflict in keeping with the growing perception, while popular war-time artists such as Muirhead Bone painted more serene and pleasant interpretations subsequently rejected as inaccurate.[238] Several historians[who?] have since countered these interpretations:
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These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events. In every respect, the war was much more complicated than they suggest. In recent years, historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of the First World War. It has been pointed out that, although the losses were devastating, their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited. The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line, including comradeship, boredom, and even enjoyment, have been recognised. The war is not now seen as a 'fight about nothing', but as a war of ideals, a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy. It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges, and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918: a great forgotten victory.[239]
Though these historians have discounted as "myths"[238][240] these perceptions of the war, they are nevertheless prevalent across much of society.[citation needed] They have dynamically changed according to contemporary influences, reflecting in the 1950s perceptions of the war as 'aimless' following the contrasting Second World War, and emphasising conflict within the ranks during times of class conflict in the 1960s.[239] The majority of additions to the contrary are often rejected.[239]
Social trauma[link]
The social trauma caused by unprecedented rates of casualties manifested itself in different ways, which have been the subject of subsequent historical debate.[241] Some people[who?] were revolted by nationalism and its results, and began to work towards a more internationalist world, supporting organisations such as the League of Nations. Pacifism became increasingly popular. Others had the opposite reaction, feeling that only strength and military might could be relied upon in a chaotic and inhumane world. Anti-modernist views were an outgrowth of the many changes taking place in society.
File:Cover-of-book-for-WWI-veterans-by-William-Brown-Meloney-born-1878.jpg
Book distributed by the U.S. War Department to veterans in 1919
The experiences of the war led to a collective trauma shared by many from all participating countries. The optimism of la belle époque was destroyed, and those who had fought in the war were referred to as the Lost Generation.[242] For years afterwards, people mourned the dead, the missing, and the many disabled.[243] Many soldiers returned with severe trauma, suffering from shell shock (also called neurasthenia, a condition related to posttraumatic stress disorder).[244] Many more returned home with few after-effects; however, their silence about the war contributed to the conflict's growing mythological status.[241] In the United Kingdom, mass mobilisation, large casualty rates, and the collapse of the Edwardian era made a strong impression on society. Though many participants did not share in the experiences of combat or spend any significant time at the front, or had positive memories of their service, the images of suffering and trauma became the widely shared perception.[241] Such historians as Dan Todman, Paul Fussell, and Samuel Heyns have all published works since the 1990s arguing that these common perceptions of the war are factually incorrect.[241]
Discontent in Germany[link]
The rise of Nazism and fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes. Similarly, the popularity of the Stab-in-the-back legend (German: Dolchstoßlegende) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict. This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common, and the German populace came to see themselves as victims. The Dolchstoßlegende's popular acceptance in Germany played a significant role in the rise of Nazism. A sense of disillusionment and cynicism became pronounced, with nihilism growing. Many believed the war heralded the end of the world as they had known it because of the high fatalities among a generation of men, the dissolution of governments and empires, and the collapse of capitalism and imperialism.
Communist and socialist movements around the world drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a new level of popularity. These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or harshly affected by the war. Out of German discontent with the still controversial Treaty of Versailles, Adolf Hitler was able to gain popularity and power.[245][246] World War II was in part a continuation of the power struggle never fully resolved by the First World War; in fact, it was common for Germans in the 1930s and 1940s to justify acts of international aggression because of perceived injustices imposed by the victors of the First World War.[247][248][249] American historian William Rubinstein wrote that:
"The 'Age of Totalitarianism' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history, headed by the Jewish Holocaust, but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world, other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies, and also the Armenian genocide of 1915. All these slaughters, it is argued here, had a common origin, the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central, eastern and southern Europe as a result of the First World War, without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots".[250]
The establishment of the modern state of Israel and the roots of the continuing Israeli-Palestinian Conflict are partially found in the unstable power dynamics of the Middle East which resulted from World War I.[251] Prior to the end of the war, the Ottoman Empire had maintained a modest level of peace and stability throughout the Middle East.[252] With the fall of the Ottoman government, power vacuums developed and conflicting claims to land and nationhood began to emerge.[253] The political boundaries drawn by the victors of the First World War were quickly imposed, sometimes after only cursory consultation with the local population. In many cases, these continue to be problematic in the 21st-century struggles for national identity.[254][255] While the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was pivotal in contributing to the modern political situation of the Middle East, including the Arab-Israeli conflict,[256][257][258] the end of Ottoman rule also spawned lesser known disputes over water and other natural resources.[259]
Further information: Sykes–Picot Agreement
Views in the United States[link]
U.S. intervention in the war, as well as the Wilson administration itself, became deeply unpopular. This was reflected in the U.S. Senate's rejection of the Versailles Treaty and membership in the League of Nations. In the interwar era, a consensus arose that U.S. intervention had been a mistake, and the Congress passed laws in an attempt to preserve U.S. neutrality in any future conflict. Polls taken in 1937 and the opening months of World War II established that nearly 60% regarded intervention in WWI as a mistake, with only 28% opposing that view. But, in the period between the fall of France and the attack on Pearl Harbor, public opinion changed dramatically and, for the first time, a narrow plurality rejected the idea that the war had been a mistake.[260]
New national identities[link]
Poland reemerged as an independent country, after more than a century. As a "minor Entente nation" and the country with the most casualties per capita,[261][262][263] the Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty became the backbone of the new multinational state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed Yugoslavia). Czechoslovakia, combining the Kingdom of Bohemia with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, became a new nation. Russia became the Soviet Union and lost Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia, which became independent countries. The Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by Turkey and several other countries in the Middle East.
In the British Empire, the war unleashed new forms of nationalism. In Australia and New Zealand the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' "Baptism of Fire". It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the British Crown. Anzac Day, commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, celebrates this defining moment.[264][265]
After the Battle of Vimy Ridge, where the Canadian divisions fought together for the first time as a single corps, Canadians began to refer to theirs as a nation "forged from fire".[266] Having succeeded on the same battleground where the "mother countries" had previously faltered, they were for the first time respected internationally for their own accomplishments. Canada entered the war as a Dominion of the British Empire and remained so, although it emerged with a greater measure of independence.[267][268] When Britain declared war in 1914 the dominions were automatically at war; at the conclusion, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa were individual signatories of the Treaty of Versailles.[269]
Economic effects[link]
One of the most dramatic effects of the war was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain, France, the United States, and the Dominions of the British Empire. In order to harness all the power of their societies, governments created new ministries and powers. New taxes were levied and laws enacted, all designed to bolster the war effort; many have lasted to this day. Similarly, the war strained the abilities of some formerly large and bureaucratised governments, such as in Austria–Hungary and Germany; however, any analysis of the long-term effects were clouded by the defeat of these governments.
Gross domestic product (GDP) increased for three Allies (Britain, Italy, and U.S.), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and in the three main Central Powers. The shrinkage in GDP in Austria, Russia, France, and the Ottoman Empire reached 30 to 40%. In Austria, for example, most pigs were slaughtered, so at war's end there was no meat.
In all nations the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing fifty percent in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the United States, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily on Wall Street. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916, but allowed a great increase in U.S. government lending to the Allies. After 1919, the U.S. demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations, which, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and the loans were never repaid. In 1934, Britain owed the US $4.4 billion[272] of World War I debt.[273]
Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, industry needed to replace the lost labourers sent to war. This aided the struggle for voting rights for women.[274]
In Britain, rationing was finally imposed in early 1918, limited to meat, sugar, and fats (butter and oleo), but not bread. The new system worked smoothly. From 1914 to 1918 trade union membership doubled, from a little over four million to a little over eight million. Work stoppages and strikes became frequent in 1917–1918 as the unions expressed grievances regarding prices, alcohol control, pay disputes, fatigue from overtime and working on Sundays, and inadequate housing.
Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply had become difficult from traditional sources. Geologists such as Albert Ernest Kitson were called upon to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies. Kitson discovered important new deposits of manganese, used in munitions production, in the Gold Coast.[275]
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the so-called "war guilt" clause) declared Germany and its allies responsible for all "loss and damage" suffered by the Allies during the war and provided the basis for reparations. The total reparations demanded was 132 billion gold marks, which was far more than the total German gold or foreign exchange. The economic problems that the payments brought, and German resentment at their imposition, are usually cited as one of the more significant factors that led to the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. After Germany's defeat in World War II, payment of the reparations was not resumed. There was, however, outstanding German debt that the Weimar Republic had used to pay the reparations. Germany finished paying off the reparations in October 2010.[276]
See also[link]
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 |
Book: World War I |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- European Civil War
- List of last surviving World War I veterans by country
- List of people associated with World War I
- List of surviving veterans of World War I
- List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
- Lists of wars
- Lists of World War I topics
- World War I casualties
- World War One – Medal Abbreviations
Media[link]
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Notes[link]
- ^ a b Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 273
- ^ "British Army statistics of the Great War". 1914-1918.net. http://www.1914-1918.net/faq.htm. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ Figures are for the British Empire
- ^ Figures are for Metropolitan France and its colonies
- ^ Willmott 2003, pp. 10–11
- ^ a b c d Willmott 2003, p. 15
- ^ Keegan 1988, p. 8
- ^ Bade & Brown 2003, pp. 167–168
- ^ Willmott 2003, p. 307
- ^ a b c d Taylor 1998, pp. 80–93
- ^ Djokić 2003, p. 24
- ^ Evans 2004, p. 12
- ^ Martel 2003, p. xii ff
- ^ Keegan 1988, p. 7
- ^ Keegan 1988, p. 11
- ^ See "great, adj., adv., and n." in Oxford English Dictionary (Second edition, 1989; online version March 2012)
- ^ Shapiro 2006, p. 329 citing a wire service report in The Indianapolis Star, 20 September 1914
- ^ a b Keegan 1998, p. 52
- ^ a b Willmott 2003, p. 21
- ^ Prior 1999, p. 18
- ^ Fromkin 2004, p. 94
- ^ a b Keegan 1998, pp. 48–49
- ^ Willmott 2003, pp. 2–23
- ^ Willmott 2003, p. 26
- ^ Willmott 2003, p. 27
- ^ Strachan 2003, p. 68
- ^ Willmott 2003, p. 29
- ^ "Daily Mirror Headlines: The Declaration of War, Published 4 August 1914". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/mirror01_01.shtml. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
- ^ Strachan 2003, pp. 292–296, 343–354
- ^ Farwell 1989, p. 353
- ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 172
- ^ John R. Schindler, "Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914," War In History (April 2002) 9#2 pp 159-195 [1]
- ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005, pp. 376–8
- ^ Keegan 1968, pp. 224–232
- ^ Falls 1960, pp. 79–80
- ^ Raudzens 1990, pp. 424
- ^ Raudzens 1990, pp. 421–423
- ^ Goodspeed 1985, p. 199 (footnote)
- ^ Love 1996
- ^ Duffy
- ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 1221
- ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005, p. 854
- ^ Heer 2009, pp. 223–4
- ^ Goodspeed 1985, p. 226
- ^ Ludendorff 1919, p. 480
- ^ a b c Terraine 1963
- ^ Perry 1988, p. 27
- ^ "Vimy Ridge, Canadian National Memorial", Australians on the Western Front 1914–1918 (New South Wales Department of Veteran's Affairs and Board of Studies), 2007, http://www.ww1westernfront.gov.au/vimy-ridge/index.html
- ^ Winegard
- ^ Taylor 2007, pp. 39–47
- ^ Keene 2006, p. 5
- ^ Halpern 1995, p. 293
- ^ Zieger 2001, p. 50
- ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005, pp. 619–24
- ^ a b c d Sheffield, Garry, "The First Battle of the Atlantic", World Wars In Depth (BBC), http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/battle_atlantic_ww1_01.shtml, retrieved 11 November 2009
- ^ Gilbert 2004, p. 306
- ^ von der Porten 1969
- ^ Jones 2001, p. 80
- ^ "Nova Scotia House of Assembly Committee on Veterans' Affairs", Hansard, http://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/hansard//comm/va/va_2006nov09.htm, retrieved 30 October 2007
- ^ Roger Chickering, Stig Förster, Bernd Greiner, German Historical Institute (Washington, D.C.) (2005). "A world at total war: global conflict and the politics of destruction, 1937–1945". Cambridge University Press. p.73. ISBN 0-521-83432-5
- ^ Price
- ^ "The Balkan Wars and World War I". Library of Congress Country Studies.
- ^ Neiberg 2005, pp. 54–55
- ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005, pp. 1075–6
- ^ Neiberg 2005, pp. 108–10
- ^ Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999, p. 120
- ^ Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War, Harvard University Press, 2005, p. 491, ISBN 978-0-674-01880-8, http://books.google.com/?id=vZRmHkdGk44C&pg=PA247, retrieved 3 October 2010
- ^ a b "The Balkan Front of the World War (in Russian)". militera.lib.ru. http://militera.lib.ru/h/korsun_ng4/06.html. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey 2 August 1914, Yale University
- ^ Fromkin 2001, p. 119
- ^ a b Hinterhoff 1984, pp. 499–503
- ^ Sachar, pp. 122–138
- ^ Gilbert 1994
- ^ Page
- ^ Giuseppe Praga, Franco Luxardo. History of Dalmatia. Giardini, 1993. Pp. 281.
- ^ a b Paul O'Brien. Mussolini in the First World War: the Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Berg, 2005. Pp. 17.
- ^ Hickey 2003, pp. 60–65
- ^ Tucker 2005, pp. 585–9
- ^ "The Battle of Marasti (July 1917)". WorldWar2.ro. 22 July 1917. http://www.worldwar2.ro/primulrazboi/?language=en&article=116. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ Cyril Falls, The Great War, p. 285
- ^ Béla, Köpeczi, Erdély története, Akadémiai Kiadó, http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02109/html/571.html
- ^ Béla, Köpeczi, History of Transylvania, Akadémiai Kiadó, ISBN 84-8371-020-X, http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/429.html
- ^ Erlikman, Vadim (2004), Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik, Moscow, ISBN 5-93165-107-1
- ^ Brown 1994, pp. 197–198
- ^ Brown 1994, pp. 201–203
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External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
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| Laura Gibson | |
|---|---|
 Polaroid of Laura Gibson |
|
| Background information | |
| Genres | Folk |
| Occupations | Musician |
| Instruments | vocals, guitar |
| Associated acts | Norfolk & Western |
Laura Gibson is a Portland-area folk singer and songwriter. She was raised in Coquille, Oregon.[1]
She currently records for the independent U.S. label Hush Records.[2] In 2008, she toured the United States as the opening act for Colin Meloy. She also added vocal harmonies to his Colin Meloy Sings Sam Cooke EP.[3] In 2009 she toured the first time in Europe with Micah Rabwin and Sean Ogilvie from Musée Mécanique.
She has worked with many other musicians, including Laura Veirs, Danny Seim, and Rachel Blumberg.[4] Gibson has also collaborated with The Portland Cello Project.
Gibson covered "Edelweiss" from The Sound Of Music for American Laundromat Records charity CD "Sing Me To Sleep - Indie Lullabies".
She is a graduate of Linfield College.
Contents |
Albums[link]
- If You Come to Greet Me (2006, Hush)
- Beasts of Seasons (2009, Hush)
- La Grande (2012, Barsuk)
EPs[link]
- Amends (2004, self)
- Six White Horses: Blues & Traditionals Vol. 1 (2006, Hush)
Compilation Appearances[link]
- "Pilot Me" - Bifrost Arts' Come O Spirit (Sounds Familyre 2009)
References[link]
- ^ "Uncommon Folk: Laura Gibson", Indie Folk Forever, November 15, 2006
- ^ McLain, Lorin (19 October 2007). "Gibson's nostalgic sound mixes jazz, blues". The Daily Courier. http://www.dcourier.com/main.asp?SectionID=74&SubSectionID=395&ArticleID=48722. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
- ^ Maddux, Rachael, "Catching Up With... Colin Meloy", Paste Magazine Online, April 2, 2008 10:20 AM
- ^ Gadette, Jamie (February 24, 2009). "Laura Gibson is beginning to trust her instincts". Venus Zine. http://www.venuszine.com/articles/music/5219/Laura_Gibson_is_beginning_to_trust_her_instincts. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Laura Gibson |
- http://opbmusic.org/performances/39-Laura-Gibson
- Laura Gibson profile from National Public Radio
- Laura Gibson profile from Daytrotter Radio
- Acoustic session in Vienna of "Where Have All Your Good Words Gone" and "Come By Storm" by playgrrround
- Laura Gibson and Ethan Rose - Bridge Carols | Folk Radio UK
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gibson, Laura |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
  |
This article about a United States singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Laura_Gibson
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| La Grande Sophie | |
|---|---|
 La Grande Sophie at Festival des Artefacts, Strasbourg, 24 April 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Sophie Huriaux |
| Also known as | LGS |
| Born | (1969-07-18) July 18, 1969 (age 42) Thionville, France |
| Genres | Pop, rock, chanson |
| Years active | 1997– |
| Labels | AZ / Universal Music (since 2003) Epic / Sony-BMG (2001-2003) Les Compagnons De La Tête De Mort (1997-2001) |
| Website | www.lagrandesophie.com.fr |
Sophie Huriaux better known by her stage name La Grande Sophie (born July 18, 1969 in Thionville, France), is a French singer-songwriter who got her start in the mid-1990s in the Paris alternative scene.[1]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Childhood[link]
Sophie lived the whole of her youth in Port-de-Bouc, near Marseilles, where her parents moved when she was quite young. She had her first musical idea while watching Jacques Demy's film Peau d'Ane on television. She began playing guitar at age 9, then at age 13 started a band "Entrée interdite" with her brother and her neighbor.[2] As well as performing covers of hits, she wrote and composed for this group, where she was the leading vocalist and musician. In June 1983 the first Fêtes de la Musique took place in France. At almost 14 years old, Sophie managed to convince the management of the school to let her group perform.
The beginnings[link]
At first attracted to the visual arts, especially sculpture, she studied at the École des beaux-arts in Marseilles. She continued to write, compose, and play her songs, as well as covers, at sidewalk restaurants in Marseilles. After two years of courses in fine arts she chose to quit her studies to dedicate herself exclusively to music. In 1994, she met Julien Bassouls, the entrepreneur of "Life, Live in the Bar", a group which arranged concerts for young artists, and went up to Paris in 1995.[3] She played in many bars and small venues there, accompanied by guitar and bass drum.
In collaboration with other young artists, including Jean-Jacques Nyssen, Clarika and Philippe Bresson, she participated in writing and staging a musical, La Marée d'Inox, played at the Théâtre Jean Vilar in Suresnes in February 1996.[4]
[edit] Kitchen Miousic and the first album
She created "kitchen miousic", which she defined as considering musical activity as little different from any other daily task. This popular and lifelike approach to writing and performing music was one of her distinctive characteristics. This self-definition also expressed her desire not to be pigeonholed in a specific genre.
Her influences ranged from Jacques Dutronc to Chrissie Hynde of the Pretenders through Polly Jean Harvey and Joe Hisaishi. In 1996 she was invited to the Francofolies festival in La Rochelle. Next year, she released her first self-produced album, La Grande Sophie s'agrandit (La Grande Sophie grows up), on the independent label "Les compagnons de la tête de mort".
The majors[link]
In 2001, accompanied by other musicians, she released her second album, Le Porte-bonheur (Lucky Charm), on a major label. This album sold over 50,000 copies, thanks to the single "Martin".
On May 11, 2004, she released her third album, Et si c’était moi (If it were me), which earned her her first Victoire de la musique in 2005. With the singles "Du courage" and "On savait", the album sales exceeded 130,000, allowing her to appear at the Olympia for the first time in her career. She also recorded a duet with Lee Hazlewood, who she regarded as "one of the most beautiful voices in the world." She also wrote a song, Seventy-Seven, especially for the anniversary of Lee Hazlewood. She also participated in the album On dirait Nino, in honor of the singer Nino Ferrer.
She returned to stores in October 2005 with an album titled La suite… (The sequel…), the tone much more rock, with pushed-forward guitars. The album was accompanied by a long tour through France and Belgium, passing again through the Olympia and ending at the Zénith de Paris in January 2007.
At this point in her career, Sophie paused and questioned herself. She wanted to give herself time to redefine herself in new ways, go back to basics, and refine her style and her arrangements, which she felt were weighed down with layer after layer of guitars. In the summer of 2007, she was invited to the Francofolies in La Rochelle for two concerts:
- July 12, 2007: An event in honor of Barbara, following the publication of her biography[5] by Valérie Lehoux, journalist from Télérama. For the occasion, Sophie covered six titles by Barbara.[6] Sophie also covered "Dis, quand reviendras tu" during her concerts in 2008 and 2009.
- July 14, 2007: On the main stage, she appeared with sixty musicians from concert bands from Lille-Fives and La Rochelle.[7] The initial plan was to use Arno, but following his defection from rehearsals, La Grande Sophie agreed to take up the challenge. Five of his titles and a piece of Barbara were rearranged, with the participation of David Hadjadj.
On February 25, 2008, La Grande Sophie released a digital-only EP, containing acoustic versions of four songs and two previously unreleased tracks ("Un jour de fête" and "Avec un Grand F".) In March 2008 she began a solo acoustic tour, "Toute seule comme une grande", in France, Belgium and Switzerland. In the spirit of her beginnings, she played in small venues with only a guitar, bass drum and pedal. Also, she participated in Autrement dit, an albums of covers of Claude François released March 10, 2008, with the song "Le jouet extraordinaire".
[edit] Des vagues et des ruisseaux
The new, long-matured album Des vagues et des ruisseaux (Waves and streams) was released January 26, 2009. The first single was called "Quelqu'un d'autre", a piece for which a video was also released, a nod to the film Inland Empire by David Lynch. According to the artist, the album was distinguished by its "woodsy" tone, and very consistent throughout. More emphasis was given to her voice. La Grande Sophie arranged the pieces on the album herself, with the participation of Edith Fambuena for three of them.
The tour started immediately with two dates at the Alhambra. Sophie was accompanied by three musicians, in broad outline, a drummer, a bassist, and a keyboardist-trumpeter, and, at times, a cellist. The tour lasted 15 months and had around a hundred appearances in France, Belgium, Switzerland and Canada, including at the Casino de Paris and at the Olympia in November 2009 where she received a gold record, as well as the Francofolies at La Rochelle, Spa and Montreal. (La Grand Sophie also received gold discs earlier for Et si c’était moi and La suite….)
At the end of 2009, the jury of "Les Sonos tonnent", representing Le Nouvel Observateur, L'Express and Télérama designated the song "Quand le mois d'avril" as one of the best of the year (as well as "Ton Héritage" from Benjamin Biolay.)[8] In January 2010, she was awarded the Grand Prix de l'Académie Charles Cros for her album Des vagues et des ruisseaux.[9]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
- 1997 : La Grande Sophie s'agrandit (Les Compagnons de la tête de mort)
- 2001 : Le Porte-bonheur (Epic/Sony Music France)
- 2003 : Et si c’était moi (AZ/Universal)
- 2005 : La suite… (AZ/Universal)
- 2006 : La suite… re-release, including two new pieces, artwork, and a DVD (AZ/Universal)
- 2009 : Des vagues et des ruisseaux
| Year | Album | Ranking | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | France TL[10] | Belgium Wallonia | Switzerland | ||
| 1997 | La Grande Sophie s'agrandit | — | — | — | — |
| 2001 | Le Porte-bonheur | — | — | — | — |
| 2003 | Et si c'était moi | 27 | — | 84 | — |
| 2005 | La suite... | 21 | 9 | 47 | — |
| 2009 | Des vagues et des ruisseaux | 12 | 10 | 21 | — |
| 2012 | La place du fantôme | 9 | 7 | 12 | — |
References[link]
- ^ La Grande Sophie, une grande classique - RFI, 23 février 2009. (French)
- ^ RFI, Bande Passante, broadcast of 16 March 2006
- ^ La grande Sophie, biography, RFI, accessed on line November 30, 2010.
- ^ Un tour du côté d'une petite comédie musicale montée sans tapage par une bande de jeunes talents dans la proche banlieue parisienne. A Suresnes, la marée était en Inox Libération, le 24/2/1996. (French)
- ^ Barbara, Portrait en clair-obscur, Valérie Lehoux, Fayard/Chorus 2007, ISBN 978-2-213-62452-5
- ^ Le Hall de la Chanson
- ^ Dans le Show Business, documentary on FR3 Nord Pas-de-Calais Picardie by Caroline Béhague, broadcast 8/09/2007
- ^ Les Sonos Tonnent #9 : les meilleures chansons de l'année... et les pires, 29/12/2009. (French)
- ^ Grand Prix du disque et du DVD 2009Charles Cros, 62e Palmarès, Académie Charles Cros, 7 January 2010. Accessed on line 2 December 2010.
- ^ Downloads.
External links[link]
- Official site (French)
- Official myspace (French)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sophie, La Grande |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | July 18, 1969 |
| Place of birth | Thionville, France |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Sophie
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande_Sophie
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Clovis Cornillac | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | (1967-08-16) August 16, 1967 (age 44) |
Clovis Cornillac (Lyon, 16 August 1967) is a French theater, television and cinema actor.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Clovis Cornillac was born to actors Myriam Boyer and Roger Cornillac. He started studying theatre at the age of 14.
He had his debut in cinema in 1984 in Robin Davis's Outlaws. He was noticed by Dominique Besnehard, who introduced him to Peter Brook at the Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord. Cornillac was hired in a contemporary play, Le Mahâbharata.
Cornillac is married to actor Caroline Proust. They have twin daughters.
Honours[link]
- Made a Knight of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by Culture minister Jean-Jacques Aillagon in 2004.
- 2005 Prix Jean-Gabin laureate
- 2005 César Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Mensonges et trahisons et plus si affinités...
Career[link]
Theater[link]
- 1984: Une lune pour les déshérités by Alain Françon
- 1990-1991: La dame de chez Maxim's by Alain Françon
- 1997: Edward II by Alain Françon
- 1997: Les Petites Heures by Alain Françon
- 1998: Surfeurs by Xavier Durringer
Filmography[link]
- 1985: Hors-la-loi aka Outlaws by Robin Davis
- 1988: The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Philip Kaufman
- 1992: Pétain by Jean Marbœuf
- 1994: Les amoureux by Catherine Corsini
- 1998: Karnaval by Thomas Vincent. Cornillac is nominated for the César Award for Most Promising Actor for 2000
- 2000:
- L'Amour prisonnier (telefilm), as Henri
- Franklin (telefilm)
- 2001
- L'Île bleue (telefilm)
- Gregoire Moulin vs. Mankind as Jacky
- Tea Time Alex
- Central Nuit (telefilm) as Viking
- 2002
- Une affaire privée as Freddy
- Carnages as Alexis
- Maléfique as Marcus
- Bois ta Suze
- 2003 :
- Une affaire qui roule as Jean-Jacques Roux
- À la petite semaine as Didier
- Après la pluie, le beau temps as Dubel
- Mariées mais pas trop as Alexis Dervin
- Vert paradis as Simon
- Je t'aime, je t'adore as David
- 2004
- Malabar Princess as Pierre
- La Femme de Gilles, by Frédéric Fonteyne, as Gilles
- Mensonges et trahisons et plus si affinités... as Kevin. Rewardrd with the César Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
- A Very Long Engagement by Jean-Pierre Jeunet, as Benoît Notre-Dame
- Doo Wop by David Lanzmann
- 2005
- Au suivant !, by Jeanne Biras, as Bernard.
- Brice de Nice by James Huth, as Marius
- Les Chevaliers du ciel, by Gérard Pirès, as captain Sébastien 'Fahrenheit' Vallois
- Gris-blanc, by Karim Dridi
- Le Cactus, by Gérard Bitton and Michel Munz
- 2006:
- Les Brigades du Tigre, by Jérôme Cornuau
- Poltergay by Éric Lavaine
- Happy Feet, by George Miller (voices Mumble)
- 2007
- The Serpent by Éric Barbier, as Joseph Plender
- Eden Log by Franck Vestiel, as Tolbiac
- 2008
- Asterix at the Olympic Games, as Astérix.
- The New Protocol
- Ca$h
- Paris 36, as Milou
- 2009
- Bellamy, as Jacques Lebas
- Bitter Victory, as Xavier Alvarez
- 2010
- L'amour, c'est mieux à deux, as Michel
- Protéger & servir, as Kim Houang
- 600 kg d'or pur, as Virgil
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cornillac, Clovis |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 16 August 1967 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Clovis_Cornillac
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_Cornillac
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Paolo Sorrentino | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | Paolo Sorrentino (1970-05-31) May 31, 1970 (age 42) Naples, Italy |
| Occupation | director, producer, screenwriter, actor |
| Years active | 1994 - present |
Paolo Sorrentino (born May 31, 1970) is an Italian film director and screenwriter. He was born in Naples.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
Sorrentino's first film as screenwriter, Polvere di Napoli, was released in 1998. He began directing several short movies, like L'amore non ha confini, in 1998, and La notte lunga, in 2001. His debut with a long feature is One Man Up (L'uomo in più), awarded with the Nastro D'Argento for the best young director.
He achieved international recognition in 2004 for his stylish thriller, The Consequences of Love (Le conseguenze dell'amore). The film, which explores the mindset of a lonely businessman being used as a pawn by the Mafia, won many awards and was nominated for the Palme D'Or at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.[1]
Sorrentino's next feature, The Family Friend (L'amico di famiglia), was shown at the Cannes Film Festival in May[1] and the London Film Festival in October 2006. It tells the story of a malicious septuagenarian loan-shark who develops a fixation with the beautiful daughter of one of his customers. Sorrentino made his acting debut with a cameo appearance in Nanni Moretti's film The Caiman (Il caimano), which was also shown at the 2006 London Film Festival.
Sorrentino's following film, Il Divo, is a dramatised biopic of Giulio Andreotti, the controversial Italian politician. The feature, which won the Prix du Jury at Cannes Film Festival, sees Sorrentino reunited with The Consequences of Love star, Toni Servillo, who plays the part of Andreotti.
As of January 2009, Sorrentino is working on the screenplay for a film version of Niccolò Ammaniti's Ti prendo e ti porto via (Steal You Away).[2]
Variety reported in May 2009 that his new film, This Must Be the Place, will mark the English-language feature debut of Italian filmmaker. The plot of his latest work will centre around a middle-aged wealthy rock star, played by two time academy award winner Sean Penn, who becomes bored in his retirement and takes on the quest of finding his father’s executioner (19/10/2011: actually just a guard of the nazi camp where the father was imprisoned), an ex-Nazi war criminal who is a refugee (not exactly a refugee as he lives in hiding) in the U.S. The film is based on a script co-written by Sorrentino and Umberto Contarello[3] and is scheduled to premiere In Competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[4]
Collaborators[link]
Sorrentino likes to work with the same team of filmmakers, often engaging cast and crew from his previous films. Regular members of the 'team' include:
- Francesca Cima and Nicola Giuliano, who were producers on all five of Sorrentino's feature-length films
- Toni Servillo, who has appeared in all of his feature-length films except The Family Friend and This Must Be the Place
- Manuela Lamanna, who has appeared in all of his feature-length films except One Man Up, The Family Friend and This Must Be the Place
- Giorgio Colangeli, who appeared in both The Family Friend and Il Divo
- Anna Bonaiuto, who appeared in both Sabato, domenica e lunedì and Il Divo
- Luca Bigazzi, who was the cinematographer for all of Sorrentino's feature-length films except One Man Up and Sabato, domenica e lunedì
- Pasquale Mari, who was the cinematographer on both One Man Up and Sabato, domenica e lunedì
- Giogiò Franchini, who was the editor for all of Sorrentino's feature-length films except Il Divo and This Must Be the Place
- Lino Fiorito, who was the set designer for all Sorrentino's feature-length films except Sabato, domenica e lunedì and This Must be the Place.
Filmography[link]
Screenwriter[link]
- Polvere di Napoli (1998)
- La squadra (2000) - Serial TV
Director and Screenwriter[link]
Tv[link]
- Sabato, domenica e lunedì (2005)
Shorts[link]
- L'amore non ha confini (1998)
- La notte lunga (2001)
- The Slow Game (La partita lenta, 2009)
- L'assegnazione delle tende (2009)
- Staffetta (2010)
Movie[link]
- L'uomo in più (2001)
- The Consequences of Love (Le conseguenze dell'amore, 2004)
- The Family Friend (L'amico di famiglia, 2006)
- Il Divo (2008)
- This Must Be the Place (2011)
Novel[link]
- Everybody's right (Hanno tutti ragione, Europa Editions, 2011)
References[link]
- ^ a b "Festival de Cannes: The Consequences of Love". festival-cannes.com. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4200633/year/2004.html. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ^ Coscia, Biagio."Il ritorno di Sorrentino alla sceneggiatura", corriere.it, January 30, 2009
- ^ Fleming, Michael (May 17, 2009). "Sorrentino putting Penn in his 'Place'". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118003814.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
- ^ "Festival de Cannes: Official Selection". Cannes. http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/article/58041.html. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paolo Sorrentino |
- Paolo Sorrentino at the Internet Movie Database
- Paolo Sorrentino at the TCM Movie Database
- "The slow game" at PerFiducia
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sorrentino, Paolo |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 31, 1970 |
| Place of birth | Naples, Italy |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Paolo_Sorrentino
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Sorrentino
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- Someone - Lee Greenwood
- Somebody's Gotta Take The Fall - Lee Greenwood
- Somebody's Gonna Love You - Lee Greenwood
- Look What We Made (when We Made Love) - Lee Greenwood
- I Still Believe - Lee Greenwood
- Going, Going, Gone - Lee Greenwood
- Didn't We - Lee Greenwood
- Amazing Grace - Lee Greenwood
- Proud To Be An American - Lee Greenwood
- I.O.U. - Lee Greenwood
- I Don't Mind The Thorns (When You're The Rose) - Lee Greenwood
- Mornin' Ride - Lee Greenwood
- Dixie Road - Lee Greenwood
- Wind Beneath My Wings - Lee Greenwood
- When You're In Love - Lee Greenwood
- So Close - Lee Greenwood
- She's Lying - Lee Greenwood
- I'm Proud To Be An American - Lee Greenwood
- Hearts Aren't Made To Break (They're Made To Love) - Lee Greenwood
- God Bless the USA - Lee Greenwood
- If There's Any Justice - Lee Greenwood
- Don't Underestimate My Love For You - Lee Greenwood
- You Can't Fall In Love When You're Cryin' - Lee Greenwood
- I Don't Mind The Thorns (If You're The Rose) - Lee Greenwood
- Lean, Mean, Lovin' Machine - Lee Greenwood
- O Holy Night - Lee Greenwood
- Love Me Like You've Never Been Hurt - Lee Greenwood
- How Great Thou Art - Lee Greenwood
- Love In Time - Lee Greenwood
- Touch and Go Crazy - Lee Greenwood
- Lee Greenwood - Lee Greenwood
- It Turns Me Inside Out - Lee Greenwood
- Fool's Gold - Lee Greenwood
- The Greatest Gift Of All - Lee Greenwood
- If You'll Let This Fool Back In - Lee Greenwood
- You'll Never Walk Alone - Lee Greenwood
- You - Lee Greenwood
- Between A Rock And A Heartache - Lee Greenwood
- Rocks That You Can't Move - Lee Greenwood
- The Pledge Of Allegiance - Lee Greenwood
- America The Beautiful - Lee Greenwood
- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas - Lee Greenwood
- Amen - Lee Greenwood
- The Battle Hymn Of The Republic - Lee Greenwood
- Little Drummer Boy - Lee Greenwood
- To Me - Lee Greenwood
- Ring On Her Finger, Time On Her Hands - Lee Greenwood
- Ain't No Trick (It Takes Magic) - Lee Greenwood
- You Light Up My Life - Lee Greenwood
- Love Will Find It's Way To You - Lee Greenwood
Love should mean so much
But the only kind I touch was incomplete
Till the moment I found you
That's the moment that I knew
There's someone like me
Who still believes somethings are meant to be
Someone who needs forever someone like you
Holding on to the same dream I've been dreaming of
Someone who still believes in love
So here you are at last
We can feel what's come to pass
Is here to stay
World can come and go
It won't matter 'cause I know
There's someone like me
Who still believes somethings are meant to be
Someone who needs forever someone like you
Holding on to the same dream I've been dreaming of
Someone who still believes in love yeah
Someone like you
Holding on to the same dream
I've been dreaming of
Someone who still believes in love
From where we stand we're looking
the man in the moon
Right in the eye
I don't think I've ever been on a
mountain quite this high
And the way you just touched me has
got me climbing the walls
Tonight's the night, the time
is right
Somebody's gotta take the fall
Chorus:
Somebody's gotta take the fall
Fall in love and risk it all
We're on the edge
Who'll be the first to let go
You know love just can't be found
When both feet are on the ground
So I'm tumbling heart over heels
after all
Somebody's gotta take the fall
Somewhere I read a wise man said
the fortune favors fools
I guess that explains how lucky I've
been to find someone like you
I've always heard it's easier than
falling off a log
So here and now, someway, somehow
Somebody's gotta take the fall
Repeat Chorus
You know love just can't be found
When both feet are on the ground
So I'm tumbling heart over heels
after all
Lonely lady living down the hall
don't you have any friends at all?
I never hear a knocking at your door
could it be you just don't try anymore?
You've been hurt so seriously
you act so cold but it's so easy to see
You're a waste of real good love
but you can't hide or run fast enough
(chorus)
Somebody's gonna love you
no matter what you do
Somebody's gonna find all the
pieces of a broken heart
hidden inside of you
Somebody's gonna touch you
it's just a matter of time
And if you're ever gonna try love again
it might as well be mine
I know exactly how a heartache feels
it's gonna take a little time to heal
Why must you hide away inside yourself?
you could mean so much to someone else
Every night while you're sittin' at home
you may be lonely but you're not alone
There's a whole world full of people out there
waiting on someone like you to care
You always said you never needed anyone else but me
And now someone's come along to change your mind
About all that love can be
And I don't even mind the way he takes up all your time
I even think it's kind of sweet that he reminds you of me
And it brings a tear to my eye and a smile to my face
'Cause I've never felt so much love as when you hold him and say
Oh, baby, look what we made when we made love
All by ourselves with some help from above
In the middle of the night, we really did something right
Oh, look what we made when we made love
From the first time we met
I knew I'd always give my love to you, oh baby
And the love that you gave me in return made all my dreams come true
And this new dream that we share has your eyes and my hair
So healthy and strong with a mind of his own
And I thank the Lord every day for our brand new family
And to think it all started with just you and me
Oh, baby, look what we made when we made love
All by ourselves with some help from above
In the middle of the night, we really did something right
Oh, look what we made when we made love
You look in my eyes
And I get emotional inside
I know it's crazy
But you still can touch my heart
And after all this time
You'd think that I, I wouldn't feel the same
But time melts into nothing
And nothing's changed
I still believe someday
You and me will find ourselves in love again
I had a dream someday
You and me will find ourselves in love again
Each day of my life I'm filled
With all the joy I could find
You know that I am not the desperate type
If there's one spark of hope left
In my grasp I hold it with both hands
It's worth the risk of learning
To have a second chance
No, no, no, no, no, no, I need you baby
I still believe that we can be together
If we believe that true love never has to end
It's over, I left the door unlocked again
But this time someone new walked in
While she was all alone
And he told her that there was much more life to see
Than she would ever see with me
Now she's going, going, gone
It's over, I never thought I'd see this day
When everything would walk away
That I depended on God, he'll hold her
To make sure she don't change her mind
I've lost her all the way this time
She's going, going, gone
I should have paid attention, there were many warning signs
But I just never thought she'd walk away
Here I stand in silence, just an echo of the words
I heard her say
She said, it's over and much too late to change her mind
I've lost her all the way this time
I think of all the times
I needed you
And you would come to me
'Cause you wanted to
Oh, and we'd build a fire
That would last through the night
Still be burnin'
In the mornin' light
Oh, we must have had a thousand ways
Oh, takin' our breath away
We took a chance or two
Didn't we?
And made some mountains move
Didn't we? Oh yeah
Then from out of the blue
The storm clouds came
It started rainin'
We just let it rain
Oh, careless love
Oh, careless love
Sadness yes
But no regrets
When we had it baby
Oh, we had the best
Didn't we? I'm askin' you, didn't we ?
Oh, didn't we?
And every now and then
My feelings show
And it takes me awhile
To let you go, don't you know?
You were more than a lover
More than a friend
Never before
Never again
Oh, will it be you and me?
But we had it, had it good didn't we?
I want to say
Oh, we must have had a thousand ways
Oh, takin' our breath away
Oh, will it be, will it be you and me?
Amazing grace, how sweet the sound
That saved a wretch like me
I once was lost but now I'm found
Was blind but now I see
'Twas grace that taught my heart to feel
And grace my fears relieved
How precious did that grace appear
The hour I first believed
Through many dangers, toils and snares
I have already come
'Tis grace has brought me safe thus far
And grace will lead me home
When we've been there ten thousand years
Bright shining as the sun
We've no less days to sing God's praise
Than when we first begun
If tomorrow all the things were gone,
I'd worked for all my life.
And I had to start again,
with just my children and my wife.
I'd thank my lucky stars,
to be livin here today.
' Cause the flag still stands for freedom,
and they can't take that away.
And I'm proud to be an American,
where at least I know I'm free.
And I wont forget the men who died,
who gave that right to me.
And I gladly stand up,
next to you and defend her still today.
' Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land,
God bless the USA.
From the lakes of Minnesota,
to the hills of Tennessee.
Across the plains of Texas,
From sea to shining sea.
From Detroit down to Houston,
and New York to L.A.
Well there's pride in every American heart,
and its time we stand and say.
That I'm proud to be an American,
where at least I know I'm free.
And I wont forget the men who died,
who gave that right to me.
And I gladly stand up,
next to you and defend her still today.
' Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land,
God bless the USA.
And I'm proud to be and American,
where at least I know I'm free.
And I wont forget the men who died,
who gave that right to me.
And I gladly stand up,
next to you and defend her still today.
' Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land,
God bless the USA.
You believe that I've
changed your life forever
And you're never gonna find
another somebody like me
And you wish you had more than
just a lifetime to give back all
I've given you and that's what you believe
(chorus)
But I owe you (I owe you)
the sunlight in the morning
And the nights of all this loving
that time can't take away
And I owe you more than
life now more than ever
I know that it's the sweetest debt
I'll ever have to pay
I'm amazed when you say
it's me you live for
You know that when I'm holding you
you're right where you belong
And my love I can't help
but smile with wonder
When you tell me all I've done for you
'cause I've known all along
(chorus)
'Cause I owe you (I owe you)
the sunlight in the morning
And the nights of all this loving
that time can't take away
And I owe you (I owe you)
more than life now more than ever
I know that it's the sweetest debt
Come, let me hold you for a while
All you have to do is smile
I'm yours again
I may not like some things you do
But they're all a part of you
you're my best friend
CHORUS:
I don't mind the cold when I have a fire to warm me
I don't mind the rain 'cause it makes the flowers grow
I can take the bad times when you wrap your love around me
I don't mind the thorns when you're the rose
Stay, we can work the whole thing out
That's what love's about
I understand
You didn't mean the things you said
They're so easy to forget
When you take my hand
(chorus)
If it was anybody else, I would be gone
But you're so beautiful to me, oh that I keep on holding on
(chorus, then repeat its last line)
There's a quiet time in the early dawn
Before the mornin' paper, before the coffee's on
There ain't much movin' in the world outside
Oh, I'd love to take a mornin' ride
My baby knows, it's the time we share
She wakes me gently and brushes back her hair
And she moves into my arms, sweet and slow
I can't wait to get up and go
Gonna take my baby on a mornin' ride
When the sun comes slippin' 'round the mountain side
'Bout an hour, maybe two
Ain't nothin' me and her would rather do
Than see the green grass glist'nin' in the mornin' dew
While the world is still damn spankin' new
Oh, I know how beautiful the day will be
When she takes a mornin' ride with me
And when we get back, it will feel so right
To just lay back and linger in the mornin' light
Then she'll smile at me, thinkin' where we've been
Wantin' me to take her again
I'm gonna take my baby on a mornin' ride
When the sun comes slippin' 'round the mountain side
'Bout an hour, maybe two
Ain't nothin' me and her would rather do
Than see the green grass glist'nin' in the mornin' dew
While the world is still damn spankin' new
Oh, I know how beautiful the day will be
When she takes a mornin' ride with me
Oh, I'm gonna take my baby on a mornin' ride
When the sun comes slippin' 'round the mountain side
I was paralyzed
As I opened up my bloodshot eyes
Do I really wanna know
Where I've been
Or where I've put my nose
I'm in a rut
Keep kicking myself in the nuts
In a stairwell I seek
The lair where I stuck my dirty beak
So I'm back again it's okay
Well, be that as it may
Over and over away
Into the fires unknown
Into oblivion
Through sticks and stones
Pick up the phone
My jacks are all blown
Oh, these nights out alone
Come carry me home
A habit hard to break
Take me home, good Lord
For heaven's sake
The doctor's not in
Got no cure for the medicine
So I'm back again it's okay
Well, be that as it may
Over and over away
Into the fires unknown
Into oblivion
Through sticks and stones
Pick up the phone
Listen to me moan
Oh, these nights out alone
Come carry me home
Every time I make the round
I turn around
I'm put upon the rack
Every time I stand up
I fall flat on my face
And break my back
Oh, oh, oh, oh
It must have been cold there in my shadow
To never have sunlight on your face
You were content to let me shine, that's your way
You always walked a step behind
So I was the one with all the glory
While you were the one with all the strength
A beautiful face without a name for so long
A beautiful smile to hide the pain
Did you ever know that you're my hero
And everything I would like to be?
I can fly higher than an eagle
For you are the wind beneath my wings
It might have appeared to go unnoticed
But I've got it all here in my heart
I want you to know, I know the truth, of course I know it
I would be nothing without you
Did you ever know that you're my hero?
You're everything I wish I could be
I could fly higher than an eagle
For you are the wind beneath my wings
Did I ever tell you you're my hero?
You're everything, everything I wish I could be
Oh, and I, I could fly higher than an eagle
For you are the wind beneath my wings
'Cause you are the wind beneath my wings
Oh, the wind beneath my wings
You, you, you, you are the wind beneath my wings
Fly, fly, fly away, you let me fly so high
Oh, you, you, you, the wind beneath my wings
Oh, you, you, you, the wind beneath my wings
Fly, fly, so high against the sky
So high I almost touch the sky
Thank you, thank you
I know we've had our share of hard times.
It's been hard sometimes to find the good.
Everybody wonders how we made it.
Lord we made it the best way that we could.
('Cause) when you're love you can move mountains.
When you're in love you can get water from a stone.
You can see a rainbow shine when it's dry as a bone.
When you're love, when you're in love.
There were times we almost gave up.
We both held each other and we cried.
That made us hold on even tighter Lord.
'Cause through it all we both realized
(That) (Repeat Chorus)
We've both seen some family circles broken.
It's a shame when it turns out that way.
But I recall when all the vows were spoken.
You put a ring on my finger and
That's were it's gonna stay.
Beating My wings
Against the window pane
I look at you
And I'm drawn to your flame
I want to get so close
So close
I'm like a crazy woman
On a mission of dreams
Being with you's
An obsession with me
I want to get so close
So close
If you ever let me into
That heart of yours
You will find the kind of love
Most people spend a lifetime
Looking for
Maybe you'll want me
Maybe you won't
But I've got to try
'Cause I'll die I don't
I want to get so close
So close
I'm into the moment
And out of control
Out on the ledge
With my heart in my toes
I want to get so close
So close
As her key unlocks the front door
I reach out to find a light so she can see
Then I wait to hear her story
Why she stayed out late tonight and she tells me
That it really wasn't her fault
If she'd had her ways she'd have been home hours ago
That's when her tears start to flowin'
And she swears it's true but in my heart I know
When I'm sure that I've convinced her
That I believe her story then I turn away
I don't let her know she's hurt me
'Cause the words stick in my throat I wanna say
And I'm so afraid I'll lose her
If she knew I knew the truth she just might go
So I listen to her story
Try to hide the hurt, but in my heart I know
She's lying, there's not a word of truth in her crying
And still I've got this awful urge
To take her in my arms and hold her tight
God, I know she's lying, a little more of me keeps on dying
Oh how I wish that I could be
The one that she's been lyin' with tonight
Instead of me I'd rather be
If tomorrow all the things were gone
I’d worked for all my life
And I had to start again
with just my children and my wife
I’d thank my lucky stars
to be livin here today
‘ Cause the flag still stands for freedom
and they can’t take that away
And I’m proud to be an American
where at least I know I’m free
And I wont forget the men who died
who gave that right to me
And I gladly stand up
next to you and defend her still today
‘ Cause there ain’t no doubt I love this land
God bless the USA
From the lakes of Minnesota
to the hills of Tennessee
Across the plains of Texas
From sea to shining sea
From Detroit down to Houston
and New York to L.A.
Well there's pride in every American heart
and its time we stand and say
That I’m proud to be an American
where at least I know I’m free
And I wont forget the men who died
who gave that right to me
And I gladly stand up
next to you and defend her still today
‘ Cause there ain’t no doubt I love this land
God bless the USA
And I’m proud to be and American
where at least I know I’m free
And I wont forget the men who died
who gave that right to me
And I gladly stand up
next to you and defend her still today
‘ Cause there ain’t no doubt I love this land
Oh it tears me up when you go all to pieces
Your cryin' eyes say you've been hurt enough
Tryin' hard don't always make it easy
'Cause hearts aren't made to break
They're made to love
Lately all I do is think about you
It's weighin' like a stone inside my mind
I know I've taken you for granted
And left your heart hangin' on the line
Oh it tears me up when you go all to pieces
Your cryin' eyes say you've been hurt enough
Tryin' hard don't always make it easy
'Cause hearts aren't made to break
They're made to love
Your love is finally gettin' to me
I can't believe the things I've done
And still you're standin' here beside me
The fool and the faithful one
Oh it tears me up you go all to pieces
Your cryin' eyes say you've been hurt enough
Tryin' hard don't always make it easy
'Cause hearts aren't made to break
They're made to love
Oh hearts aren't made to break
They're made to love
If tomorrow all the things were gone
I'd worked for all my life
And I had to start again
With just my children and my wife
I'd thank my lucky stars
To be living here today
'Cause the flag still stands for freedom
And they can't take that away
And I'm proud to be an American
Where at least I know I'm free
And I won't forget the men who died
Who gave that right to me
And I gladly stand up next to you
And defend her still today
'Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land
God Bless the U.S.A.
From the lakes of Minnesota
To the hills of Tennessee
Across the plains of Texas
From sea to shining sea
From Detroit down to Houston
And New York to L.A.
Well there's pride in every American heart
And it's time we stand and say
That I'm proud to be an American
Where at least I know I'm free
And I won't forget the men who died
Who gave that right to me
And I gladly stand up next to you
And defend her still today
'Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land
God Bless the U.S.A.
And I'm proud to be an American
Where at least I know I'm free
And I won't forget the men who died
Who gave that right to me
And I gladly stand up next to you
And defend her still today
'Cause there ain't no doubt I love this land
The very first moment that I wake each day
Your ghost just dances straight across my memory
I reach for the phone and I hear your voice
And against my will, my feelings run away with me
Cause I want you here right now
But you're lying there in someone else's arms
If there's a God up in the sky
If there's any justice in this world
I should be with you, Oh, I should be with you
Say you'll run away with me
If there's any justice in this world
I should be with you
Say you'll always stay with me
I wait all day long for the sun to fall
For you to slip away and run back to my arms again
I look into your eyes and see the passion grow
And we lose control and swear we'll never part again
I know paradise ain't lost
and there's still a chance that we'll survive
(repeat chorus)
To live my life without you
To kill a love like mine
Would kill my heart forever
And that would be a crime
So, if there's any justice in this world
I should be with you
Say you'll run away with me
Oh, if there's any justice in this world,
I should be with you
If I never say the words you wanna hear
When I hold you near
Maybe they get said another way
A kiss can mean as much to me as words could ever do
You know I live for you
You shouldn't ever doubt how I feel about you
Don't underestimate my love for you, darlin'
It's always there, it's just the way I care
If you believe in me, then show more faith in us
Don't underestimate my love
When you have a need for me and I'm not there
You wonder if I'm where
I could meet someone who'd take me from you
In you heart and soul you know I'm the one thing you can't lose
You know I live for you
You shouldn't ever doubt how I feel about you
Don't underestimate my love for you, darlin'
It's always there, it's just the way I care
If you believe in me, then show more faith in us
Don't underestimate my love
Darlin' just imagine how much stronger we become
When you see you'll always be the only one
It's always there, it's just the way I care
If you believe in me, then show more faith in us
She gently brushed my arm as she walked by me
Then she turned and said, "I'm sorry" with a smile
She was everything I ever dreamed of meeting
But I quickly closed my eyes and walked the other way
'Cause you can't fall in love when you're cryin'
Please don't try to look into my eyes
If I said I love you I'd be lyin'
'Cause the memory of yesterday is still in my mind
She caught me just before I reached the corner
Then she asked me most politely for my name
She was more than just a girl, she was an angel
And I wanted so to lie but I told her just the same
You see you can't fall in love when you're cryin'
Please don't try to look into my eyes
If I said I love you I'd be lyin'
'Cause the memory of yesterday is still in my mind
She winked and said, "I know just what you're feelin'
And I know there's nothing I can say
That can change the way you feel so here's my number
You can call me on the phone when the feeling goes away"
'Cause I know you can't fall in love when you're cryin'
Please don't try to look into my eyes
If I said I love you I'd be lyin'
Come let me hold you for awhile,
All you have to do is smile
And I'm yours again
I may not like some things you do
But they're all a part of you
And you're my best friend
(chorus)
I don't mind the cold
When I have a fire to warm me
I don't mind the rain
Cause it makes the flowers grow
I can take the bad times
When you wrap your love around me
I don't mind the thorns when you're the rose
Stay, we can work the whole thing out
That's what loves about
And I understand
You didn't mean the things you said
They're so easy to forget
When you take my hand
(repeat chorus)
If it was anybody else
I would be gone
But you're so beautiful to me
Oh that I keep on holding on
(repeat chorus)
my baby's face is like an angel's smile
ain't no other like the mother of my child
she doesn't think about the latest style
she's not the kind you'd think would
ever drive you wild
but there's a side of her that no one
else can see
and when we're all alone she shows it all to me
she turns into a
lean, mean, lovin' machine
better than the centerfold in any magazine
she's my lean, mean, lovin' machine
she's the answer to this workin' man's dream
i shave my face and straighten up my tie
she walks me to the door and kisses me goodbye
all day long my mind is occupied
with every detail of our loving last night
i know the gentle wife that waits at home
just can't wait to get her man alone
and turn into a
lean, mean, lovin' machine
better than a centerfold in any magazine
she's my lean, mean, lovin' machine
Oh holy night!
The stars are brightly shining
It is the night of the dear Savior's birth!
Long lay the world in sin and error pining
Till he appear'd and the soul felt its worth.
A thrill of hope the weary world rejoices
For yonder breaks a new and glorious morn!
Fall on your knees
Oh hear the angel voices
Oh night divine
Oh night when Christ was born
Oh night divine
Oh night divine
Led by the light of Faith serenely beaming
With glowing hearts by His cradle we stand
So led by light of a star sweetly gleaming
Here come the wise men from Orient land
The King of Kings lay thus in lowly manger
In all our trials born to be our friend.
Truly He taught us to love one another
His law is love and His gospel is peace
Chains shall He break for the slave is our brother
And in His name all oppression shall cease
Sweet hymns of joy in grateful chorus raise we,
He must be a fool
He must have lost his mind
How else could he hurt you?
Time after lonely time
He'll come around again
And you know just what he'll say
But it's too late for him
This time just turn away
Love me like you've never been hurt
Like I'm the last man on earth
And the first one to touch you
Baby, love me like you can't help yourself
Like nobody else could ever hold you like I do
Come on and trust me for all of it's worth
And love me like you've never been hurt
Take a look into my eyes
And tell me what you see
No secrets, no disguise
Just shameless honesty
This time it's love you've made
You're safe here in my arms
Let him have yesterday
Let me have from now on
Love me like you've never been hurt
Like I'm the last man on earth
And the first one to touch you
Baby, love me like you can't help yourself
Like nobody else could ever hold you like I do
Come on and trust me for all of it's worth
And love me like you've never been hurt
Like it's all you can do, like I'm loving you
Love me like you've never been hurt
Like I'm the last man on earth
And the first one to touch you
Baby, love me like you can't help yourself
Like nobody else could ever hold you like I do
Come on and trust me for all of it's worth
And love me like you've never been hurt
Come on and trust me for all of it's worth
Oh Lord, my God when I in awesome wonder
Consider all, all of the worlds, Thy hands have made
I see the stars, I hear the rollin' thunder
Thy power throughout the universe displayed
Then sings my soul my savior God to Thee
How great Thou art
How great Thou art
Then sings my soul my savior God to Thee
How great Thou art
How great Thou art
And when I think that God, His Son's not buried
Send Him to die, our scares can take it away
Then on the cross, my burden gladly buried
He played and died to take away my sin
When Christ shall come with shout of acclamation
And take me home what joy shall fill my heart
Then I shall bow in humble adoration
And there proclaim my God how great Thou art
Then sings my soul my savior God to Thee
How great Thou art
How great Thou art
Then sings my soul my savior my God to Thee
How great Thou art
How great Thou art
How great Thou art
WHEN I LOOK BACK ON WHERE I'VE BEEN
IT'S A WONDER I SURVIVED
THOSE RECKLESS NIGHTS
NOT LONG AGO
TRYING TO KEEP MY DREAMS ALIVE
THERE WAS NO TOMORROW YESTERDAY
GETTING NOWHERE FAST
BURNING MY BRIDGES
AND BULIDING DEFENCES
AROUND MY HERAT
I WAS ALONE IN THE DARK BUT
CHORUS
I FOUND LOVE IN TIME
YOU REACHED MY HEART
AND CHANGED MY MIND
JUST BEFORE I CROSSED THE LINE
I FOUND LOVE IN TIME
EVEN THOUGH I'D GIVIN' UP
YOU CAME TO ME
AND GENTLY TOUCHED MY LIFE
YOU TOOK MY SONG AND MADE IT RHYME
OH I FOUND LOVE IN TIME
DRIVING DOWN A TEXAS HIGHWAY
AS THE SUN ROSE IN MY EYES
I DIDN'T SEE THE NEED FOR ANYONE
NOW IT'S CLEAR THAT I WAS BLIND
AND I KNOW HOW MUCH I HURT MYSELF
BUT I FELT NO PAIN
I NEEDED SOMEONE
BUT I JUST KEPT RUNNING
SO FAR AWAY
IT WAS ALMOST TOO LATE, BUT
REPEAT CHORUS
NOW THAT YOU'RE HERE WITH ME
I CAN'T BELIEVE THAT I EVER FOUGHT IT
YOU MAKE IT SO EASY TO BE WITH YOU
YOU BROKE THROUGH, OH
We've been takin' turns starin' at each other all night
Our eyes are sayin' things, our bodies just can't deny
Now there's only one thing on my mind
It's gettin' you in these arms of mine
And once we touch baby don't you know
It won't be touch and go
Chorus:
It's gonna be touch and go crazy
It's gonna be touch and go out of our minds
They'll be no holdin' back in the heat of the night
When we finally touch, we're gonna ignite
Oh baby, it's gonna be touch and go crazy
In this crowded room girl it's just too risky to dance
'Cause once I'm holding you, this thing could get outta hand
There's no controllin' feelings this strong
We've gotta go where we're all alone
'Cause once we touch baby we both know
It won't be touch and go
Repeat Chorus
Interlude:
O it won't be touch and go
(Jan Crutchfield)
As her key unlocks the front door
I reach out to find a light so she can see
Then I wait to hear her story
Why she stayed out late tonight & she tells me
That it really wasn't her fault
If she'd had her ways she'd have been home hours ago
That's when her tears start to flowin'
& she swears it's true but in my heart I know
When I'm sure that I've convinced her
That I believe her story then I turn away
I don't let her know she's hurt me
'Cause the words stick in my throat I wanna say
& I'm so afraid I'll lose her
If she knew I knew the truth she just might go
So I listen to her story
Try to hide the hurt, but in my heart I know
She's lying, there's not a word of truth in her crying
& still I've got this awful urge to take her in my arms & hold her tight
God, I know she's lying, a little more of me keeps on dying
Oh how I wish that I could be the one that she's been lyin' with tonight
Instead of me I'd rather be the one that she's been lyin' with tonight
In a way I'm glad it's over
Even though it's gonna hurt me once you're gone
But I can learn to live without you
Give me time and I can make it on my own
Lovin' you to me came easy
Now losin' you will change my life no doubt
In a way I'm glad it's over
In another way it turns me inside out
In a way I guess it's better
Even though there's nothin' good about goodbye
But I know I couldn't hold you
Now you've found the wings and you'll be groomed to fly
It's for sure I'm gonna miss you
But I guess that's what goodbye is all about
In a way I'm glad it's over
In another way it turns me inside out
On the one hand I know I'll be better off once you've gone
But I find a lot of heartaches on the other
And I can't say, I'll look forward to those nights, I'll be alone
And I wonder will there ever be another
'Cause lovin' you to me came easy
Now losin' you will change my life no doubt
In a way I'm glad it's over
In another way it turns me inside out
In a way I'm glad it's over
(Timmy Tappan/Don Roth)
If I only knew then what I know now
You wouldn't be sayin' goodbye
But I let you down, I was never around
When you needed me there by your side
I took a perfect love & gave you a perfect heartache
I took a band of gold & made a 24-carat mistake
& turned it into...
CHORUS:
Fool's gold, and I was a fool 'cause I let you go
Fool's gold, yes I was a fool 'cause I didn't know
Too many times I just didn't try
Now all I hear is you sayin' goodbye
Starin' at an empty hand full of fool's gold
If I'd spent the time just holdin' you tight
& sharin' my feelings with you
Then you'd understand what's inside of this man
& you'd know what I'm goin' through
I know that I was wrong now that it's too late
I took a band of gold & made a 24-carat mistake
& turned it into...
Dawn is slowly breaking, our friends have all gone home
You and I are waiting for Santa Claus to come
There's a present by the tree, stockings on the wall
Knowing you're in love with me is the greatest gift of all
The fire is slowly fading, chill is in the air
All the gifts are waiting for children everywhere
Through the window I can see snow begin to fall
Knowing you're in love with me is the greatest gift of all
Just before I go to sleep, I hear a church bell ring
Merry Christmas everyone is the song it sings
So I say a silent prayer for creatures great and small
Peace on earth, good will to men is the greatest gift of all
I've had half the night to think it through
And I just had to talk to you
I never should have said those things
Things I didn't mean
What a fool I was to break your heart
I pray I haven't gone too far
Cause I need you more than ever
I want us back together
For better or worse, I want it to work again
All I can say is I'm sorry, I can't rewrite our story
But I'll be there for you
If you'll let this fool back in
Please baby, don't hang up the phone
You've got the right, I've done you wrong
But I promise you, I'm gonna change
Things won't be the same
You're talkin' to a hurtin' man
And I'm reachin' out with tremblin' hands
Cause I need you more than ever
I want us back together
For better or worse, I want it to work again
All I can say is I'm sorry, I can't rewrite our story
But I'll be there for you
If you'll let this fool back in
Ohhhh
All I can say is I'm sorry, I can't rewrite our story
But I'll be there for you
When you walk through a storm
hold your head up high
And don't be afraid of the dark.
At the end of a storm is a golden sky
And the sweet silver song of a lark.
Walk on through the wind,
Walk on through the rain,
Tho' your dreams be tossed and blown.
Walk on, walk on with hope in your heart
And you'll never walk alone,
You'll never, ever walk alone.
Walk on through the wind,
Walk on through the rain,
Tho' your dreams be tossed and blown.
Walk on, walk on with hope in your heart
And you'll never walk alone,
Here I am in your face
Tellin truths and not your old lies
Seems to me that you care
And I know that you're runnin out of time
See ya can't get away
I'll be here forever and again
Whisperin in your ear
Do believe cause you know you cannot win
Spent most your life pretending not to be
The one you are but who you choose to see
Learned to survive in your fictitious world
Does what they think of you determine your worth?
If special's what you feel when you're with them
Taken away you feel 'less than' again
That's right
You gotta mean what you say
You gotta say what you mean
Tryin to please everyone
Sacrifice your own needs
Check in the mirror my friend
No lies will be told then
Pointin the finger again
You can't blame nobody but you
You gotta mean what you say
You gotta say what you mean
Tryin to please everyone
Sacrifice your own needs
Check in the mirror my friend
No lies will be told then
Pointin the finger again
You can't blame nobody but you
There's a feeling inside
No you cannot change it right away
Gotta make a try
And with time it'll start to go away
I'll be here when you need
That one to sit and cry to
Cause I'm the you you forgot
The only one you know you cannot lie to
Bitter you'll be if you don't change your ways
When you hate you you hate everyone that day
Unleash this scared child that you've grown into
You cannot run for you can't hide from you
Can't hide from you
That's right
You gotta mean what you say
You gotta say what you mean
Tryin to please everyone
Sacrifice your own needs
Check in the mirror my friend
No lies will be told then
Pointin the finger again
You can't blame nobody but you
You gotta mean what you say
You gotta say what you mean
Tryin to please everyone
Sacrifice your own needs
Check in the mirror my friend
No lies will be told then
Pointin the finger again
You can't blame nobody but you
You gotta mean what you say
You gotta say what you mean
Tryin to please everyone
Sacrifice your own needs
Check in the mirror my friend
No lies will be told then
Pointin the finger again
You can't blame nobody but you
C-N-E-I-C-S-N-O-C
(you can't blame nobody but)
C-N-E-I-C-S-N-O-C
(you can't blame nobody but you)
C-N-E-I-C-S-N-O-C
(you can't blame nobody)
C-N-E-I-C-S-N-O-C
(aw that's right)
You gotta mean what you say
You gotta say what you mean
Tryin to please everyone
Sacrifice your own needs
Check in the mirror my friend
No lies will be told then
Pointin the finger again
You can't blame nobody but you
You gotta mean what you say
You gotta say what you mean
Tryin to please everyone
Sacrifice your own needs
Check in the mirror my friend
No lies will be told then
Pointin the finger again
There's a calm before the storm
In the deep blue water rise
So many danger signs
I've come to recognise
I should go but I hold on
I swallow back my pride
Leaving should be natural
But how can I decide
Between a rock, and a heartache
There is just no place left to turn
Way down deep, I know I can't win
With the choice I've got to make
Between a rock, and a heartache
Every morning when I wake up
Rise the face of day
I swear this time is over
There is nothing left to say
You call me up sweet talking
Saying we'll be friends
Even though is crazy
I know I am trapped again
Between a rock, and a heartache
There is just no place left to turn
Way down deep, I know I can't win
With the choice I've got to make
Between a rock, and a heartache
I love to hear it and all I see is bad news
It tears me up to know, I've got to chose
Between a rock, and a heartache
There is just no place left to turn
Way down deep, I know I can't win
With the choice I've got to make
Between a rock, and a heartache
Between a rock, and a heartache
There is just no place left to turn
Way down deep, I know I can't win
With the choice I've got to make
Between a rock, and a heartache
Between a rock, and a heartache
John Moses was a black man
Lived half a mile from my grandaddy's farm
He worked his twenty acres
A B7
With a broke-down mule and muslces in his arms
For a can of RC Cola
A B7 E
He'd stop and share the widsom of his soul
And I'd sit there on that white fence
And listen to the stories that he told
He'd seen the Great Depression
When a dollar was all a hard day's work would bring
He'd watched the crosses burning
In a time when freedom didn't ring
He'd seen w rold where minds were closed
And so many hearts were made of stone
But I never heard a bitter word
When I asked him 'bout the pain that he had known
CHORUS:
He said life is full of fertile ground
But it takes a little rain to make things grow
And when it comes to harvest time
We're all bound to reap just what we sow
So the best that I can tell you boy
B7 E
Is always do the best that you can do
Move the rocks and plow your fields
E N/C
And plow between the rocks that you can't move
Now the year we burried Grandpa
Life had really knocked me to the ground
The woman I loved had left me
And the business I'd built up was shuttin down
I went to see John Moses
To talk about the trouble on my mind
But that old farmhouse was covered up
In kudzu and honeysuckle vines
I leaned against that rusty fence
B7 E7
And let the past blow through me like the wind
And as the sun was sinkin low
B7 E7
I could've sworn I heard his voice again
CHORUS
Move the rocks and plow your fields
Speak:
I Pledge allegiance, to the flag, of the Untied States of America.
And to the republic, for wich it stands, one nation under God.
Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
I pledge allegiance to the flag, of the United States of America.
And to the republic, for wich it stands, one nation under God.
Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.
Speak:
The pledge of allegiancs to the flag, as a pledge to the ideals fo our
Forefathers.
The men who fought and died, for the building of the great nation.
It's a pledge to fullfill our duties and obligations as citizons of the Untied States.
And to uphold the principals of our constitution.
And last but not least, it's a pledge to maintain the four great feedoms
Cherished by all Americans, freedom of speech, freedom of religion,
Freedom for want, and freedom from fear.
I pledge allegiance, to the flag of the United States of America.
And to the religion, for wich it stands, one nation under God.
O beautiful for spacious skies,
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties
Above the fruited plain!
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee
And crown thy good with brotherhood
From sea to shining sea!
O beautiful for pilgrim feet
Whose stern impassioned stress
A thoroughfare of freedom beat
Across the wilderness!
America! America!
God mend thine every flaw,
Confirm thy soul in self-control,
Thy liberty in law!
O beautiful for heroes proved
In liberating strife.
Who more than self their country loved
And mercy more than life!
America! America!
May God thy gold refine
Till all success be nobleness
And every gain divine!
O beautiful for patriot dream
That sees beyond the years
Thine alabaster cities gleam
Undimmed by human tears!
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee
And crown thy good with brotherhood
From sea to shining sea!
O beautiful for spacious skies,
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties
Above the fruited plain!
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee
And crown thy good with brotherhood
Have yourself a merry little Christmas
Let your heart be light
From now on, our troubles will be out of sight
Have yourself a merry little Christmas
Make the Yuletide gay
From now on, our troubles will be miles away
Here we are as in olden days
Happy golden days of yore
Faithful friends who are dear to us
Gather near to us once more
Through the years we all will be together
If the fates allow
So hang a shining star upon the highest bough
And have yourself a merry little Christmas now
Have yourself a merry little Christmas
Let your heart be light
From now on, our troubles will be out of sight
Have yourself a merry little Christmas
Make the Yuletide gay
From now on, our troubles will be miles away
Here we are as in olden days
Happy golden days of yore
Faithful friends who are dear to us
Gather near to us once more
Through the years we all will be together
If the fates allow
So hang a shining star upon the highest bough
My country tis of thee
Sweet land of liberty
Of thee I sing
Land where my fathers died
Land of the Pilgrim's Pride
From every mountain side, let freedom ring
My native country thee
Land of the noble free
Thy name I love
I love thy rocks and thrills
Thy woods and template hills
My heart with raptured thrills, like that above
Let music swell the breeze
And ring from all the trees
Sweet freedom's psalm
Let mortale tongues awake
Let all that breathe partake
Let rocks bear silent wake
The sound roll on
Our father's guide to thee
Author of Liberty
To thee we sing
Long may our land be bright
With freedom's holy light
Protect us by thy might
Mine eyes have seen the glory
Of the coming of the Lord
He is trampling out the vintage
Where the grapes of wrath are stored
He has loosed the fateful lightening
Of His terrible swift sword
His truth is marching on
I have seen him in the watch-fires
Of a hundred circling camps
They have builded him an altar
In the evening dews and damps
I can read his righteous sentence
By the dim and flaring lamps
His day is marching on
I have read a fiery gospel
Writ in burnish'd rows of steel
As ye deal with my condemners
So with you my grace shall deal
Let the hero, born of woman
Crush the serpent with his heel
Since God is marching on
Glory, glory, hallelujah
Glory, glory, hallelujah
Glory, glory, hallelujah
Our God is marching on
He has sounded form the trumpet
That shall never call retreat
He is sifting out the hearts of men
Before His judgment-seat
Oh, be swift, my soul
To answer him be jubilant, my feet
Our God is marching on
Glory, glory, hallelujah
Glory, glory, hallelujah
Glory, glory, hallelujah
Our God is marching on
ln the beauty of the lilies
Christ was born across the sea
With a glory in his bosom
That transfigures you and me
As he died to make men holy
Let us live to make men free
While God is marching on
Glory, glory, hallelujah
Glory, glory, hallelujah
Glory, glory, hallelujah
Come, they told me pa-rum pum pum pum
Our newborn King to see, pa-rum pum pum pum
Our finest gifts we bring pa-rum pum pum pum
To lay before the King pa-rum pum pum pum
Rum pum pum pum. rum pum pum pum
So to honor Him pa-rum pum pum pum
When we come
Little Baby pa-rum pum pum pum
I am a poor boy too, pa-rum pum pum pum
I have no gift to bring pa-rum pum pum pum
That's fit to give our King pa- rum pum pum pum
Rum pum pum pum, rum pum pum pum
Shall I play for you, pa-rum pum pum pum
on my drum?
Mary nodded pa-rum pum pum pum
The Ox and Lamb kept time pa-rum pum pum pum
I played my drum for Him pa-rum pum pum pum
I played my best for Him pa -rum pum pum pum
Rum pum pum pum, rum pum pum pum
To me you are the hand that I reach for
When I've lost my way
To me you are the first star of evening
The sun that warms my day
Just as sure as I'm sure there's a heaven
This was meant to be
No road is too long
As long as you belong to me
To me you are the truth I believe in
I believe in you
To me you are the love I have looked for
My whole life through
Just as sure as I'm sure there's a heaven
This was meant to be
No road is too long
As long as you belong to me
Just as sure as I'm sure there's a heaven
This was meant to be
No road is too long
(Don Goodman/Mary Ann Kennedy/Pam Rose)
She stood before God, her family & friends
& vowed that she'd never love anyone else again, only me
As pure as her gown of white, she stood by my side
& promised that she'd love me till the day she died
Lord, please forgive her, even though she lied
'Cause you're the only one who knows just how hard she tried
CHORUS:
She had a ring on her finger & time on her hands
The woman in her needed the warmth of a man
The gold turned cold in her wedding band
It's just a ring on your finger when there's time on your hands
When I add up all the countless nights she cried herself to sleep
& all the broken promises I somehow failed to keep, I can't blame her
I'm the one who left her too many times alone
In a 3-bedroom prison, she tried to make a home
Her love slowly died, but the fire inside still burned
& the arms of a stranger was the only place left to turn
Ain't no big deal to lose, I keep telling myself,
I get used to the blues, I won't stay on the shelf, I'll find somebody else
They say that love is sweeter the second time around
But I'm way past that number somehow
You'd think that even a fool like me could have found true love in my life.
Chorus:
Ain't no trick to make love come to you, no matter what the people say.
Ain't no trick to make love come to you but it takes magic to make it stay.
It's just a part of the game, I keep telling myself
Hard luck found out my name, I let my bridges burn, but I'll just live and learn
They say that love is sweeter the second time around
But I'm way past that number somehow
You'd think that even a fool like me could have found true love somehow
Chorus
So many nights I'd sit by my window
Waiting for someone to sing me his song.
So many dreams I kept deep inside me
Alone in the dark but now you've come along.
And you light up my life
You give me hope to carry on.
You light up my days
And fill my nights with song.
Rollin' at sea adrift on the waters
Could it be finally I'm turning for home
Finally a chance to say, "Hey, I Love You"
Never again to be all alone.
And you light up my life,
You give me hope, to carry on.
You light up my days
And fill my nights with song.
You, You light up my life
You give me hope to carry on
You light up my days
And fill my nights with song
It can't be wrong, when it feels so right
CHORUS:
Oh it tears me up when you go all to pieces
Your cryin' eyes say you've been hurt enough
Tryin' hard don't always make it easy
'Cause hearts aren't made to break, they're made to love
Lately all I do is think about you
It's weighin' like a stone inside my mind
I know I've taken you for granted
& left your heart hangin' on the line
(chorus)
Your love is finally gettin' to me
I can't believe the things I've done
& still you're standin' here beside me
The fool & the faithful one
(chorus)
