- published: 20 Oct 2006
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- author: jaredewy
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![[HD] Marysville - A Montana Ghost Town - near Helena, Montana, MT](http://web.archive.org./web/20130130014101im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YvCp1ywPxY4/default.jpg "Explore with us as we photograph the ruins of the Drum Lummon Mine, one of the richest gold mines in the area. During the 1880's and 1890's this area was one of Montana's leading gold producers. The population of Marysville was over 4,ooo people back then but now it is a sleepy bedroom community near Helena, MT. Please stay out of the dilapidated buildings in downtown Marysville since the roofs could collapse at any time! This sequence was shot in August, 2005 with a Nikon e2200. Music: Tenebrous Brothers Carnival -- Intermission ISRC: US-UAN-11-00640 and Pale Rider ISRC: US-UAN-11-00798 by ISRC: US-UAN-11-00798 by Kevin MacLeod,(incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons")
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Alabama
Alabama (
i/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 23rd-most populous of the 50 United States. Alabama ranks second in the area of its inland waterways.
From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama experienced growth as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and technology. In addition, the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations, primarily those of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, added to state jobs.
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Alaska
Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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American Samoa
American Samoa (/əˈmɛrɨkən səˈmoʊ.ə/ (
listen); Samoan: Amerika Sāmoa, IPA: [aˈmɛɾika ˌsaːˈmoa]; also Amelika Sāmoa or Sāmoa Amelika) is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of the Independent State of Samoa (formerly known as Western Samoa). The main (largest and most populous) island is Tutuila, with the Manuʻa Islands, Rose Atoll, and Swains Island also included in the territory.
American Samoa is part of the Samoan Islands chain, located west of the Cook Islands, north of Tonga, and some 300 miles (500 km) south of Tokelau. To the west are the islands of the Wallis and Futuna group.
The 2010 census showed a total population of 55,519 people. The total land area is 76.1 square miles (197.1 km2), slightly more than Washington, D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States.
Contact with Europeans began in the early 18th century. Jacob Roggeveen (1659–1729), a Dutchman, was the first known European to sight the Samoan islands in 1722. This visit was followed by the French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811), who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768. Contact was limited before the 1830s which is when English missionaries and traders began arriving.
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Area code 406
Coordinates: 47°00′01″N 109°45′04″W / 47.00028°N 109.75111°W / 47.00028; -109.75111 (State of Montana)Area code 406 is the telephone area code covering the entire state of Montana.
On December 10, 2008, Google's Gmail Blog announced that SMS messages could be sent from inside Gmail. The messages are sent from numbers in the 406 area code. Each number is unique and can be bookmarked in your phone for replies or future use.
Google also employs the use of area code 406 for the assignment of reply-to or callback numbers for Google Voice's customers' contacts.
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Arizona
Arizona (i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
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Arkansas
Arkansas (i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw) is a state located in the Southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states (N: Missouri; E: Tennessee, Mississippi; S: Louisiana; SW: Texas; W: Oklahoma), and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
The name “Arkansas” derives from the same root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is a French pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a related “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land of downriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning “people of the south wind”. The pronunciation of Arkansas was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881, after a dispute between two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the name /ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs and the other wanted /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw.
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Atlanta
Atlanta (
/ətˈlæntə/, stressed /ætˈlæntə/, locally /ætˈlænə/) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia with a 2010 population of 420,003. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to 5,268,860 people and is the ninth largest in the U.S. It is a major component of a growing southeastern megalopolis known as the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County.
Atlanta began as a settlement located at the terminus of a railroad line, and it was incorporated in 1845. Today, the city is a major business city and the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States (via highway, railroad, and air), with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world's busiest airport since 1998. The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Atlanta as an "alpha(-) world city." With a gross domestic product of US$270 billion, Atlanta's economy ranks 15th among world cities and sixth in the nation. The city is a center for services, finance, information technology, government, and higher education. Metro Atlanta contains the country's third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies, and is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, Turner Broadcasting, The Home Depot, AT&T Mobility, UPS, and Delta Air Lines. As of 2010, Atlanta is the seventh most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.
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Boston
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ ( listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula. During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year. The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897).
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Canyon Ferry Lake
Coordinates: 46°38′55″N 111°43′39″W / 46.64861°N 111.7275°W / 46.64861; -111.7275
Canyon Ferry Lake is a reservoir on the Missouri River near Helena, Montana and Townsend, Montana. It is Montana's third largest body of water, covering 35,181 acres (142 km²) and 76 miles (122 km) of shore (1). It was formed by the building of Canyon Ferry Dam, which was completed in 1954 and has been used for electricity, irrigation, and flood controls since. The lake a popular outdoor destination providing boating, fishing, wildlife habitat, and is nestled against the Big Belt Mountains of the Rocky Mountains. Canyon Ferry Lake has also become a leading ice boat venue for iceboat racing and iceboat world speed record attempts. The former town of Canton lies beneath the lake, having been submerged following construction of the dam.
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Chuck Hunter
Chuck Hunter is a Democratic member of the Montana Legislature. He was elected to House District 79 which represents a portion of the Lewis and Clark County area.
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Colorado
Colorado (i/kɒləˈrædoʊ/ or /kɒləˈrɒdoʊ/) is the US state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,116,796 on July 1, 2011, an increase of +1.74% since the 2010 United States Census.
The state was named for the Colorado River, which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado for the red colored (Spanish: colorado) silt the river carried from the mountains. On August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting Colorado as the 38th state. Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it was admitted to the Union in 1876, the centennial year of the United States Declaration of Independence.
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Connecticut
Connecticut (i/kəˈnɛtɨkət/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and the state of New York to the west and the south (with which it shares a water boundary in Long Island Sound).
Connecticut is named for the Connecticut River, the major U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. Its capital city is Hartford. Much of southern and western Connecticut (along with the majority of the state's population) is part of the New York metropolitan area; three of Connecticut's eight counties are statistically included in the New York City combined statistical area, the same area is widely referred to as the Tri-State area. Connecticut's center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, which is also located within the Tri-State area.
Connecticut is the 3rd least extensive, the 29th most populous, and 4th most densely populated of the 50 United States. Called the Constitution State, Nutmeg State, and "The Land of Steady Habits", Connecticut was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.
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Delaware
Delaware (i/ˈdɛləwɛər/ DEL-ə-wair) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, and to the north by Pennsylvania. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom what is now called Cape Henlopen was originally named.
Delaware is located in the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second least extensive, the sixth least populous, but the sixth most densely populated of the 50 United States. Delaware is divided into three counties. From north to south, these three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized.
The history of the state's economic and industrial development is closely tied to the impact of the Du Pont family, founders and scions of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world’s largest chemical companies.
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Denver
Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/) (Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe' ) is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Colorado. As Denver County, it is the second most populous county in Colorado after El Paso County, which surpassed Denver County as of the 2010 Census. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level, which is defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capital building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,680 feet. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
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Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
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Guam
Guam (i/ˈɡwɑːm/; Chamorro: Guåhån) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the western Pacific Ocean. It is one of five U.S. territories with an established civilian government. Guam is listed as one of sixteen Non-Self-Governing Territories by the Special Committee on Decolonization of the United Nations. The island's capital is Hagåtña (formerly Agaña). Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands.
The Chamorros, Guam's indigenous people, first populated the island approximately 4,000 years ago. The island has a long history of European colonialism. Discovered by Ferdinand Magellan during a Spanish expedition on March 6, 1521, the first colony was established in 1668 by Spain with the arrival of settlers including Padre San Vitores, a Catholic missionary. For more than two centuries Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons that crossed the Pacific annually. The island was controlled by Spain until 1898, when it was surrendered to the United States during the Spanish-American War and later formally ceded as part of the Treaty of Paris.
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Hawaii
Coordinates: 21°18′41″N 157°47′47″W / 21.31139°N 157.79639°W / 21.31139; -157.79639
Hawaii (i/həˈwaɪ.iː/ or /həˈwaɪʔiː/; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [hɐˈvɐiʔi]) is the most recent of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.
Hawaii’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaiʻi. The last is by far the largest and is often called "The Big Island" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
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Helena High School
Coordinates: 46°35′43″N 112°01′08″W / 46.59528°N 112.01889°W / 46.59528; -112.01889
Helena High School is a public high school for grades 9 through 12 located in Helena, Montana. It is part of the Helena Public School District. Founded in September 1876, it is the oldest high school in the state of Montana.
Four foreign languages are taught at Helena High: French, German, Latin, and Spanish. The English Department, with 22 faculty, offers instruction in English literature and composition, as well as elective studies. Students are encouraged to take honors English and Advanced Placement (AP) during senior year. Elective offerings include debate, speech, journalism, and creative writing. An AP Language elective for juniors and seniors is new for 2009-2010.
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Honolulu
Honolulu /hoʊnoʊˈluːluː/ is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Hawaii. Honolulu is the southernmost major U.S. city. Although the name "Honolulu" refers to the urban area on the southeastern shore of the island of Oahu, the city and county government are consolidated as Honolulu County which covers the entire island. For statistical purposes, the U.S. Census Bureau recognizes the urban part of Honolulu as a census-designated place. Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the census-designated place was 337,256 at the 2010 census, while the population of the city and county was 953,207. Honolulu is the most populous state capital relative to state population.
In the Hawaiian language, Honolulu means "sheltered bay" or "place of shelter". The old name is said to be Kou, a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor near the city on December 7, 1941, and as the birthplace of Barack Obama, the 44th and current President of the United States.
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Idaho
Idaho (i/ˈaɪdəhoʊ/) is a state in the Rocky Mountain area of the United States. Idaho is the 14th most expansive, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.
Idaho is a mountainous state with an area larger than that of all of New England. It is landlocked, surrounded by the states of Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. However, the network of dams and locks on the Columbia River and Snake River make the city of Lewiston the farthest inland seaport on the Pacific coast of the contiguous United States.
Idaho's nickname is the Gem State, because nearly every known type of gemstone has been found there. In addition, Idaho is one of only two places in the world where star garnets can be found (the other is the Himalaya Mountains, in India)[citation needed], and is the only place six-pointed star garnets have been found[citation needed]. Additionally Idaho is sometimes called the Potato State owing to its popular crop. The state motto is Esto Perpetua (Latin for "Let it be forever").
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Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
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Indiana
Indiana (i/ɪndiˈænə/) is a US state, admitted to the United States as the 19th on December 11, 1816. It is located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 15th most populous of the 50 United States. Indiana is the least extensive state in the continental US west of the Appalachian Mountains. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis, the second largest of any state capital and largest state capital east of the Mississippi River.
Before it became a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Angel Mounds State Historic Site, one of the best preserved ancient earthwork mound sites in the United States, can be found in Southwestern Indiana near Evansville. Residents of Indiana are known as Hoosiers. The etymology of the word is disputed, but the leading theory as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society has "Hoosier" originating from the upland South region of the U.S. as a derogatory slang term for a rough countryman, a country bumpkin.
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis /ˌɪndiəˈnæpɵlɨs/ (abbreviated Indy /ˈɪndi/) is the capital of the US state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 829,718. It is Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S. Census, is the 12th largest city in the U.S., the second largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also one of the fastest growing regions in the United States.
For much of its history, Indianapolis has oriented itself around government and industry, particularly manufacturing. Today, Indianapolis has a much more diversified economy, contributing to the fields of education, health care, and finance. Tourism is also a vital part of the economy of Indianapolis, and the city plays host to numerous conventions and sporting events. Of these, perhaps the most well known is the annual Indianapolis 500 and the NHRA U.S. Nationals. Other major sporting events include the Brickyard 400 and the Men's and Women's NCAA Basketball Tournaments. 2012 marked the first time Indianapolis hosted the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XLVI was played at Lucas Oil Stadium, on February 5, 2012 in Downtown Indianapolis. Also held in Lucas Oil Stadium is the Drum Corps International World Championships, and the Music for All Bands of America Grand National Championships.
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Iowa
Iowa (i/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World".
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in.
Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.
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Kansas
Kansas (i/ˈkænzəs/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning. Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans."
For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, sorghum and sunflowers. Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States.
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Kentucky
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
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KQRV
KQRV (96.9 FM, "The River") is a commercial radio station in Deer Lodge, Montana, broadcasting to the Butte, Montana area. KQRV airs a country music format.
Coordinates: 46°06′04″N 112°57′04″W / 46.101°N 112.951°W / 46.101; -112.951
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Louisiana
Louisiana (i/luːˌiːziˈænə/ or i/ˌluːziˈænə/; French: État de Louisiane, [lwizjan] ( listen); Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
Much of the state was formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species including many species of orchids and carnivorus plants.
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Maine
Maine (i/ˈmeɪn/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, New Hampshire to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is both the northernmost and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, its heavily forested interior and picturesque waterways—as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European encounter, several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in Maine was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements survived. Patriot and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts. On March 15, 1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the 50 United States.
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Mary Caferro
Mary M. Caferro is a Democratic Party member of the Montana Senate. In 2011 she was elected to Senate District 40, representing Helena, Montana. She was a member of the Montana House of Representatives, representing District 80 from 2004 to 2010. Mary is the mother of four chilren Margaret, Hallie, Joseph and Kenji Swain. Caferro was Director of WEEL, Working for Equality and Economic Liberation, a grassroots social and economic justice organization made up of people who are low-income.
http://www.marycaferro.com/*Montana House of Representatives - Mary Caferro official MT State Legislature website
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Maryland
Maryland (i/ˈmɛrɨlənd/) is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it (the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State) are occasionally used. Maryland is the 9th smallest state by area, but the 19th most populous and the 5th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's most populated city is Baltimore. Its capital is Annapolis. It was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.
Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with the European country of Belgium (11,787 square miles (30,530 km2)). It is the 42nd largest/9th smallest state, and is closest in size to Hawaii (10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2)), the next smallest state. The next largest state, Maryland's neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland (24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2)).
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts (i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Mike Cooney
Mike R. Cooney was a Democratic member of the Montana Senate, representing District 40 from 2002 to 2010. He served as the President Pro Tempore. He was Sec retary of State from 1989 through 2001, and a member of the Montana House of Representatives from 1976 through 1980. Cooney received an appointment as administrator of the Workforce Services Division at the state Department of Labor and Industry. In 2010 he was appointed interim director of the Montana Historical Society.
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Minnesota
Minnesota (i/mɪnɨˈsoʊtə/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
Minnesota is the 12th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states. Nearly 60% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), the center of transportation, business, industry and education and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.
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Mississippi
Mississippi (i/ˌmɪsɨˈsɪpi/) is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 31st most populous of the 50 United States. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, which was cleared for cotton cultivation in the 19th century. Today, its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas.
In addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake and Grenada Lake. The largest lake in Mississippi is Grenada Lake.
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Missouri
Missouri (i/mɨˈzʊəri/) (nickname The Show Me State) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. Missouri is the 21st most extensive and the 18th most populous of the 50 United States. Missouri comprises 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. The four largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. Missouri's capital is Jefferson City. The land that is now Missouri was acquired from France as part of the Louisiana Purchase and became known as the Missouri Territory. Part of the Territory was admitted into the union as the 24th state on August 10, 1821.
Missouri generally mirrors the demographic, economic and political makeup of America and has long been considered a political bellwether state. With the exceptions of the Presidential elections of 1956 and 2008, Missouri's results have accurately predicted the next President of the United States in every election since 1904. It has both Midwestern and Southern cultural influences, reflecting its history as a border state. It is also a transition between the Eastern and Western United States, as St. Louis is often called the "western-most Eastern city" and Kansas City the "eastern-most Western city". Missouri's geography is highly varied. The northern part of the state lies in dissected till plains while the southern part lies in the Ozark Mountains (a dissected plateau), with the Missouri River dividing the two. The state lies at the intersection of the three greatest rivers of North America, with the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers near St. Louis, and the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi north of the Bootheel. The starting points of the Pony Express Trail and Oregon Trail were both in Missouri. The mean center of United States population as of the 2010 Census is at the town of Plato in Texas County, Missouri.
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Montana
Montana (i/mɒnˈtænə/) is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges that are part of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name, derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, none official, including: "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently, "The Last Best Place". Montana is the 4th-most extensive, but the 7th-least populous and the 3rd-least densely populated of the 50 United States. The economy is primarily based on services, with ranching, wheat farming, oil and coal mining in the east, and lumber, tourism, and hard rock mining in the west. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park.
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Montana Territory
The Territory of Montana was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 28, 1864, until November 8, 1889, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Montana.
The Montana Territory was organized out of the existing Idaho Territory by Act of Congress and signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 26, 1864. The areas east of the Continental Divide had been previously part of the Nebraska Territory and Dakota Territory and had been acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.
The territory also included a portion of the Idaho Territory west of the continental divide and east of the Bitterroot Range, which had been acquired by the United States in the Oregon Treaty, and originally included in the Oregon Territory. The part of the Oregon Territory that became part of Montana had been split off as part of the Washington Territory.
The boundary between the Washington Territory and Dakota Territory was the Continental Divide (as shown on the 1861 map), however the boundary between the Idaho Territory and the Montana Territory followed the Bitterroot Range north of 46°30'N (as shown on the 1864 map). Popular legend says a drunken survey party followed the wrong mountain ridge and mistakenly moved the boundary west into the Bitterroot Range.
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Nebraska
Nebraska (i/nəˈbræskə/) is a state on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. Its state capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha, on the Missouri River.
The state is crossed by many historic trails, but it was the California Gold Rush that first brought large numbers here, and it became a state in 1867. Certain landmarks still compete for the notional distinction 'Where the West Begins'.
There are wide variations between winter and summer temperatures, and violent thunderstorms and tornadoes are common. The state is characterized by treeless prairie, ideal for cattle-grazing, and it is a major producer of beef, as well as pork, maize and soybeans. Nebraska is overwhelmingly rural, as the 8th least-densely populated state of the United States.
Ethnically, the largest group are German-Americans, and the state has the biggest Czech-American population per head. During the Great Migration, many African Americans came to Omaha, and they continue to campaign for improved conditions. More recently, Native American activism has increased, with a drive for self-determination in a climate of co-operation with state officials on regional issues. It is traditionally a Republican-voting state.
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Nevada
Nevada (i/nəˈvædə/ or /nəˈvɒdə/) is a state in the western, mountain west, and southwestern regions of the United States. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 35th most populous, and the 9th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Over two-thirds of Nevada's people live in one single county, Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area, where the state's three largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada's capital is Carson City.
Nevada is largely desert and semiarid, with much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada mountains lie on the western edge. Approximately 86% of the state's land is owned by the US government under various jurisdictions, both civilian and military.
The name Nevada is derived from the nearby Sierra Nevada mountains, which means "snow-capped mountain range" in Spanish. The land comprising the modern state was inhabited by Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, and Washoe tribes prior to European contact. It was subsequently claimed by Spain as a part of Alta California until the Mexican War of Independence brought it under Mexican control. The United States gained the territory in 1848 following its victory in the Mexican-American War and the area was eventually incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a population boom that was an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31, 1864.
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New Hampshire
New Hampshire (i/njuːˈhæmpʃər/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th least extensive and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.
It became the first post-colonial sovereign nation in the Americas when it broke off from Great Britain in January 1776, and six months later was one of the original thirteen states that founded the United States of America. In June 1788, it became the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution, bringing that document into effect. New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state constitution.
It is known internationally for the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state. It has no general sales tax, nor is personal income (other than interest and dividends) taxed at either the state or local level.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (i/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.
The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The British later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace. New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
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New Mexico
New Mexico (i/nuː ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/) is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the 5th most extensive, the 36th most populous, and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 United States.
Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, New Mexico has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. It also has the second-highest percentage of Native Americans, after Alaska, and the fourth-highest total number of Native Americans after California, Oklahoma, and Arizona. The tribes in the state consist of mostly Navajo and Pueblo peoples. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Hispanic and Native American influences. The flag of New Mexico is represented by the red and gold colors, which represent Spain, as well as the Zia symbol, an ancient Native American symbol for the sun.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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North Carolina
North Carolina (i/ˌnɔrθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 10th most populous of the 50 United States.
North Carolina is comprised of 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. In the past five decades, North Carolina's economy has undergone a transition from heavy reliance upon tobacco and furniture making to a more diversified economy with engineering, biotechnology, and finance sectors.
North Carolina has a wide range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet (2,037 m) at Mount Mitchell, the highest point in the Eastern US. The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles (500 km) from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a subtropical highland climate.
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North Dakota
North Dakota (i/ˌnɔrθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States, along the Canadian border. The state is bordered by Manitoba and Saskatchewan to the north, Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south and Montana to the west. North Dakota is the 19th most extensive, but the 3rd least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. North Dakota was created from the northern portion of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
The state capital is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo. The primary public universities are located in Grand Forks and Fargo. The U.S. Air Force operates air bases at Minot AFB and Grand Forks AFB.
For more than a decade, the state has had a strong economy, with unemployment lower than the national average, job and population growth, and low housing vacancies. Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil shale fields in the western part of the state, but it has also had growth in the technology and service sectors. Flooding in June 2011 has caused extensive damage to Minot and threatened Bismarck, the capital city.
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Ohio
Ohio (i/oʊˈhaɪ.oʊ/) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.
The name "Ohio" originated from Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning "great river". The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803. Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" (relating to the Ohio buckeye tree) and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (i/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/) (Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people", and it is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans or, informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agriculture, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly 60 percent of Oklahomans living in their metropolitan statistical areas.
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Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City (Pawnee: Uukuhuuwasiri ) is the capital and the largest city in the US state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 31st among United States cities in population. The city's population, from the 2010 census, was 579,999, with a metro-area population of 1,252,987 . In 2010, the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,322,249 residents. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county).
Oklahoma City features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy. The city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center. (These two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively.)
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Oregon
Oregon (i/ˈɔrɨɡən/ ORR-ə-gən) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843. The Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859.
Oregon is the 9th most extensive and the 27th most populous of the 50 United States. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 29th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 583,776 (2010 US Census) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area. The valley of the Willamette River in western Oregon is the state's most densely populated area and is home to eight of the ten most populous cities.
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Pago Pago
Pago Pago ( /ˈpɑːŋɡoʊˈpɑːŋɡoʊ/; Samoan: [ˈpaŋo ˈpaŋo]) is the capital of American Samoa. In 2000, its population was 11,500. The city is served by Pago Pago International Airport. Tourism, entertainment, food, and tuna canning are its primary industries.
From 1878 to 1951, the area was the site of a coaling and repair station for the U.S. Navy, known then as United States Naval Station Tutuila.
In January 1942 Pago Pago Harbor was shelled by a Japanese submarine, but this remained the only battle action on the islands during World War II.[citation needed]
On September 29, 2009, an earthquake struck in the South Pacific, near Samoa and American Samoa, sending a tsunami into Pago Pago and surrounding areas. The tsunami caused moderate to severe damage to villages, buildings and vehicles and caused an unknown number of deaths.
The village is located in Pago Pago Harbor, on the island of Tutuila. Pago Pago is one of the several villages in the Urban agglomeration of Pago Pago along the shore of Pago Pago Harbor located at the very eastern part (inside) of the embayment. The area includes a number of villages, among them Fagatogo, the legislative and judicial area, and Utulei, the executive area.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (
i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.
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Rhode Island
Rhode Island (i/ˌroʊd ˈaɪlɨnd/ or /rɵˈdaɪlɨnd/), officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the 8th least populous, but the 2nd most densely populated of the 50 United States. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
Rhode Island was the first of the 13 original colonies to declare independence from British rule, declaring itself independent on May 4, 1776, two months before any other state in the whole U.S. and the convention. The state was also the last to ratify the United States Constitution.
Rhode Island's official nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference to the state's geography, since Rhode Island has several large bays and inlets that amount to about 14% of its total area. Its land area is 1,045 square miles (2706 km2), but its total area is significantly larger.
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Saint Helena
Saint Helena ( /ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə), named after Saint Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census).
The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. It is one of the most isolated islands in the world. For centuries, it was an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. The British also used the island as a place of exile, most notably for Napoleon I, Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and more than 5,000 Boer prisoners. Saint Helena is Britain's second oldest remaining colony (now termed overseas territory), after Bermuda.
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of the Portuguese Crown, and that he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by De Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to its south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Estêvão da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thomé Lopes).
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Saipan
Saipan ( /saɪˈpæn/) is the largest island of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a chain of fifteen tropical islands belonging to the Marianas archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean (15°10’51”N, 145°45’21”E) with a total area of 44.55 sq mi (115.4 km2). According to the 2010 United States Census, Saipan's population was 48,220, a drop of 22.7% from the 2000 US Census; the population decrease is largely attributed to working immigrants and their families either returning to their home countries after the collapse of the garment industry or moving to other locations with economic opportunities such as Guam and the United States.
The Commonwealth's center of government is located in the village of Capital Hill on the island. As the entire island is organized as a single municipality, most publications term "Saipan" as the Commonwealth's capital.
Located at latitude of 15.25° north and longitude of 145.75° east, about 120 mi (190 km) north of Guam, Saipan is about 12 mi (19 km) long and 5.6 mi (9.0 km) wide. It is a popular tourist destination in the Pacific.
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Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Utah. With a population of 186,440 as of the 2010 Census, the city lies in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, which has a total population of 1,145,905. Salt Lake City is further situated in a larger urban area known as the Wasatch Front, which has a population of 2,328,299. It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin (the other being Reno, Nevada), and the largest in the Intermountain West.
The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young and his Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named "Great Salt Lake City"—the word "great" was dropped from the official name in 1868. Although Salt Lake City is still home to the headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church today.
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South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
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South Dakota
South Dakota (i/ˌsaʊθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. South Dakota is the 17th most extensive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana. The state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as "East River" and "West River". Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the state's population, and fertile soil in this area is used to grow a variety of crops. West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending.
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Tennessee
Tennessee (i/tɛnɨˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th most extensive and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144.Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902.
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861, and the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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The Flathead
The Flathead, part of Northwestern Montana, is a region of the U.S. state of Montana. It includes Flathead County, and part of Lake County. Notable towns include Bigfork, Kalispell, Polson, and Whitefish. The geography of the Flathead roughly corresponds to the valley where Flathead Lake is located. In addition to the lake, the area's proximity to attractions such as Glacier National Park and Whitefish Mountain Resort have made the area a major resort destination. Many outdoor activities can be pursued there such as hiking, backpacking, rafting, canoeing, skiing, hunting, and some of the best trout fishing in the world. The Flathead is also home to a portion of the Flathead Indian Reservation.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Utah
Utah (/ˈjuːtɔː/ ori/ˈjuːtɑː/) (Arapaho: Wo'tééneihí' ) is a state in the Western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the Union on January 4, 1896. Utah is the 13th-most extensive, the 34th-most populous, and the 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately 80% of Utah's 2,817,222 people live along the Wasatch Front, centering on Salt Lake City. This leaves vast expanses of the state nearly uninhabited, making the population the sixth most urbanized in the U.S. The name "Utah" is derived from the name of the Ute tribe and means "people of the mountains" in the Ute language. Utah is bordered by Arizona on the south, Colorado on the east, Wyoming on the northeast, Idaho on the north and Nevada on the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico.
Utah is the most religiously homogeneous state in the Union. It is home to the Salt Lake Temple, and approximately 60% of Utahns are reported to be members of LDS Church which greatly influences Utah culture and daily life.
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Vermont
Vermonti/vɜrˈmɒnt/ is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Vermont is the 6th least extensive and the 2nd least populous of the 50 United States. It is the only New England state not bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermont's western border, which it shares with the state of New York. The Green Mountains are within the state. Vermont is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north.
Originally inhabited by two major Native American tribes (the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and the Iroquois), much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by France during its early colonial period. France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War). For many years, the nearby colonies, especially New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area (then called the New Hampshire Grants). Settlers who held land titles granted by these colonies were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, which eventually prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for fourteen years. Vermont is one of seventeen U.S. states (along with Texas, Hawaii, the brief California Republic, and each of the original Thirteen Colonies) to have had a sovereign government in the past. In 1791, Vermont joined the United States as the 14th state, the first outside the original 13 Colonies. It abolished slavery while still independent, and upon joining the Union became the first state to have done so.
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin (i/wɨsˈkɒnsɨn/) is a US state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd most extensive and the 20th most populous of the 50 United States. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. The state is divided into 72 counties.
The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River and record its name, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal. This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.
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Wyoming
Wyoming (i/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/) is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States. Wyoming is the 10th most extensive, but the least populous and the 2nd least densely populated of the 50 States. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city of Wyoming with a population of nearly 60,000 people within its city proper.
As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41°N and 45°N, and longitude, 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle. Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the ninth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,818 square miles (253,350 km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444 km); and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Bobby Petrino
Robert P. "Bobby" Petrino (born March 10, 1961) is an American football coach. He was the head football coach at the University of Arkansas from 2008 to 2011, before being dismissed for not disclosing an "inappropriate relationship" with a female employee. He also coached the Atlanta Falcons of the NFL for a portion of the 2007 season and was the head football coach at the University of Louisville from 2003 to 2006. Prior to that, he spent 20 years as an assistant at the collegiate and professional ranks.
Petrino grew up in Helena, Montana, and graduated from Capital High in 1979. He attended hometown Carroll College, graduating with a physical education and a math minor in 1983. While at Carroll College he played quarterback and he began his coaching career there as a graduate assistant during the 1983 season. The next year he moved to Weber State University in the Big Sky Conference, coaching quarterbacks as a graduate assistant under head coach Mike Price. Petrino returned to his alma mater in 1985 as offensive coordinator. In each of his two seasons in that position, Carroll had the top-rated offense in NAIA football.
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Brand Blanshard
Percy Brand Blanshard (August 27, 1892 – November 19, 1987) was an American philosopher known primarily for his defense of reason. A powerful polemicist, by all accounts he comported himself with courtesy and grace in philosophical controversies and exemplified the "rational temper" he advocated.
Brand Blanshard was born August 27, 1892 in Fredericksburg, Ohio. His parents were Francis, a Congregational minister, and Emily Coulter Blanshard, Canadians who met in high school in Weston, Ontario. The freethinker and sometime The Nation editor Paul Beecher Blanshard was his fraternal twin. During a visit to Toronto in 1893, their mother Emily fell down stairs while holding a kerosene lamp. She died of burns the next day. The Rev. Mr. Blanshard brought his sons to Grand Rapids, Michigan for maternal care by his mother, Orminda Adams Blanshard, widow of Methodist clergyman Shem Blanshard. Francis left them in her care, briefly to pastor a church in Helena, Montana. In 1899 the four moved south to Edinburg, Ohio. Upon being diagnosed with tuberculosis, Francis was advised to seek the drier climate of the American West. In 1902, Francis Blanshard bade his mother and sons goodbye. They moved northwest to Bay View, Michigan and he moved alone to Albuquerque, New Mexico where, in 1904, he died, alone in a tent.
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Casey FitzSimmons
Casey FitzSimmons (born October 10, 1980 in Wolf Point, Montana) is a former National Football League tight end. He played his whole career for the Detroit Lions.
FitzSimmons attended Chester High School in Chester, Montana and was an All-Conference, and an All-State honoree. He played four positions—wide receiver, tight end, defensive end and linebacker. The high school he attended was so small that the football team played eight-man football. Prior to his junior year in high school, he was injured in a motorbike accident and missed the season. He was close to not playing his senior year, but was talked into it by some friends.
FitzSimmons attended Carroll College. He finished his college career with 244 receptions for 2,698 yards and 21 touchdowns. His 2001 totals included 78 receptions for 812 yards and five touchdowns and his 2000 totals included 70 catches for 686 yards and eight touchdowns. Also in 2000 and 2001, he earned second-team NAIA All-American honors and was a first-team All-Conference selection all four seasons at Carroll College (Mont.). He led the Fighting Saints to the 2002 NAIA National Championship with a 28-7 win over the two-time defending NAIA Champion Georgetown (Ky.). During his senior championship run, earned first-team All-American honors and was named the Frontier Conference MVP and finalist for NAIA Player of the Year Award while catching 79 passes for 971 yards and six touchdowns.
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Chuck Hunter
Chuck Hunter is a Democratic member of the Montana Legislature. He was elected to House District 79 which represents a portion of the Lewis and Clark County area.
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Colin Meloy
Colin Patrick Henry Meloy (born October 5, 1974) is the lead singer and songwriter for the Portland, Oregon, folk-rock band The Decemberists. In addition to vocals, he performs with an acoustic guitar, 12-string acoustic guitar, electric guitar, bouzouki, harmonica and percussion.
Meloy was born in Helena, Montana. His sister is Maile Meloy, an author often published in The New Yorker.
Meloy attended the University of Oregon in Eugene for two years, studying English, before returning to Montana and enrolling in the creative writing program at the University of Montana in Missoula. He graduated in 1998.
While in high school, Meloy was in Happy Cactus, and when in college, in Missoula, he was the lead singer and songwriter for Tarkio. Both were indie/folk/alternative country bands. Soon after graduation, Meloy left Tarkio and moved to Portland. There he found, to his disappointment, that he pretty much had to start again, "going to open mics, ... sometimes with no one else in the room save the bartender. [... However, w] When I was in that position, with nobody to appeal to or scare away, I thought, ‘I might as well do whatever I want to do,’ Meloy [said in 2009]. 'And that created a new thing.'"
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Cory Fong
Cory Fong (born August 6, 1972, Great Falls, Montana) is a North Dakota public servant. He is a Republican, and the current state State Tax Commissioner.
Fong was appointed Tax Commissioner in 2005 by Governor John Hoeven following the resignation of Rick Clayburgh (who left the job to become executive director of the North Dakota Bankers Association.) He was elected to the position in 2006 when he faced Brent Edison, 53% to 47%, after a heated campaign.
He was born in Great Falls to Donna Lee and Terry Fong and was raised in Helena, Montana. He moved to Bismarck, North Dakota in 1994 to fill the post of Deputy Secretary of State. He is a graduate of Gonzaga University in Spokane.
Fong began his career in public service at the North Dakota Secretary of State's office, first as a staffer, then as state elections director, and finally, Deputy Secretary of State. Fong's responsibilities included addressing the Help America Vote Act (HAVA). In 2004, Fong was a leader of the John Hoeven re-election campaign. He is married to Cecily Fong, and has one stepson, Jordan Biegler Eggers.
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Dave Meier
David Keith Meier (born August 8, 1959 in Helena, Montana) is a former Major League Baseball left fielder, who also played a few games at third base and as a designated hitter.
Meier attended Bullard High School in Fresno, California and then went on to attend Stanford University and Fresno City College. While at Stanford, Meier played for head coach Mark Marquess, who went on to lead the United States to the Olympic gold medal. "He was tough, a real disciplinarian," Meier told the Chicago Tribune in 1988. "At that age we probably needed it. I went back to visit a few years later, and he was real nice. I thought, 'Is this the same guy?'"
Standing at 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) and 185 pounds, Meier, a right-hander, was originally drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the third round, 61st overall, of the 1978 draft, but he opted not to sign. In 1981, he was drafted by the Minnesota Twins in the 5th round, 113th overall, and at that point, decided to sign.
An overall good contact hitter in the minors who showed some pop, Meier had his best season in 1983 with the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens, when he hit .336 with 8 home runs and 21 doubles in 126 games. He started the 1984 season on the Opening Day roster, making his big league debut as a pinch hitter on April 3. He went 0 for 1 in his debut.
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Decius Wade
Decius Spear Wade (January 23, 1835 – August 3, 1905) was an American attorney, judge, writer, and politician who has been called the "Father of Montana Jurisprudence" for his role in establishing the common law and statutory law of the U.S. state of Montana. He was a judge and state senator in Ohio before serving sixteen years as Chief Justice of the Montana Territorial Supreme Court. As a member of the post-statehood Code Commission, he was one of the main drafters of the Montana Code and the most vocal advocate in the state for codification.
Wade was born in Ashtabula, Ohio, where he spent the early years of his life. He studied law in the office of his uncle Benjamin F. Wade, who was a U.S. Senator from 1851 to 1869. Wade was also the brother-in-law of Vice President Schuyler Colfax, who married Wade’s sister, and became friends with future President James Garfield. Wade was admitted to the bar in 1857, and in 1860 he was elected probate judge of Ashtabula County, a position he held for seven years. Wade married Bernice Galpin on June 3, 1863. In 1867, he was elected to a term in the Ohio Senate.
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Dennis Cross
Dennis Cross (December 17, 1924–April 6, 1991) was an American actor who was the lead star of the syndicated television series The Blue Angels, fictional stories of daredevil United States Navy pilots which aired from 1960-1961. In addition, he appeared in many television westerns.
Cross was a native of Whitefish, in Flathead County in northwestern Montana located northwest of the state capital of Helena in Lewis and Clark County. At the age of seventeen, Cross joined the United States Marine Corps and fought against Japanese at the Battle of Guadalcanal. He studied acting through the assistance of the G.I. Bill of Rights at the Actors Lab in Hollywood, located next to Schwab's Drug Store, where several film stars were discovered.
In the early 1950s, Cross moved to New York City and appeared in several live television programs and taped advertising spots. Cross's first acting role was at the age of twenty-seven as Cadet Rob in the 1952 episode "Constitution Island" of the Hallmark Hall of Fame, then on NBC.
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Dink Templeton
Dink Templeton (Robert Lyman Templeton; May 27, 1897 – August 7, 1962) was an American track and field athlete, Olympic gold medalist in rugby union, and track coach.
Templeton was born in Helena, Montana in 1897 and attended Palo Alto High School in Palo Alto, California. He attended Stanford University, where he played on the football and rugby union teams. He received both his undergraduate and law degrees from Stanford.
In 1920, Templeton was on the United States Olympic team in rugby and the long jump. He was not able to compete in his best event, the high jump, because he used the Western roll jumping style, which was considered illegal at that time. In the long jump, he finished out of the medals in fourth place, but the U.S. rugby team upset France to win the gold medal.
In 1922, Templeton returned to Stanford as its track coach, a position he held until 1939. During his tenure as coach, Stanford won the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 1925, 1928, and 1934, and Stanford athletes won 19 individual titles. He was noted at the time for conducting intensive daily practices, an uncommon practice at that time. He later coached at the Olympic Club in San Francisco.
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Dirk Benedict
Dirk Benedict (born March 1, 1945) is an American movie, television and stage actor, perhaps best known for playing the characters Lieutenant Templeton "Faceman" Peck in The A-Team television series and Lieutenant Starbuck in the original Battlestar Galactica film and television series.
Benedict was born Dirk Niewoehner in Helena, Montana, the son of Pricilla Mella (née Metzger), an accountant, and George Edward Niewoehner, a lawyer. He grew up in White Sulphur Springs, Montana. He graduated from Whitman College in 1967.
Benedict's film debut was in the 1972 film Georgia, Georgia. When the New York run for Butterflies Are Free ended, he received an offer to repeat his performance in Hawaii, opposite Barbara Rush. While there, he appeared as a guest lead on Hawaii Five-O. The producers of a horror film called Ssssss saw Benedict's performance in Hawaii Five-O and promptly cast him as the lead in that movie. He next played the psychotic wife-beating husband of Twiggy in her American film debut, W. Benedict starred in the television series Chopper One which aired for one season in 1974. He also made an appearance in Charlie's Angels.
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Esther Howard
Esther Howard (4 April 1892–8 March 1965) was a film character actress who played a wide range of supporting roles, from man-hungry spinsters to amoral criminals, appearing in over 100 movies in her 23-year film career.
Esther Howard was born in Helena, Montana in 1892, and she made her Broadway debut in 1917, in a play called Eve's Daughter, which was not a success. Nevertheless, Howard continued to appear regularly on the Great White Way for the next twelve years, performing in comedies and musicals until 1929, when she was featured in The New Moon, a Sigmund Romberg musical, which was her final Broadway production.
In 1930, Howard changed her focus to making movies, appearing in a Vitaphone comedy short, The Victim. From that point until her retirement in 1952, Howard worked regularly – a least one film she appeared in was released every year, and usually more. She was often cast as an oversexed dowager or a decrepit old hag, and was known for her versatility and expressive face. Notable among her many roles were "Mrs. Stillman" in 1933's The Iron Master, "Jessie Florian" in Raymond Chandler's Murder My Sweet with Dick Powell (1944), a murderess in Laurel and Hardy's The Big Noise (1944), the determined Mrs. Kraft out to solve a murder in Born to Kill (1947) and Kirk Douglas’ mother in the multi-Oscar nominated Champion (1949).
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Gary Cooper
Frank James Cooper, known professionally as Gary Cooper, (May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American film actor. He was renowned for his quiet, understated acting style and his stoic, but at times intense screen persona, which was particularly well suited to the many Westerns he made. He also excelled in sophisticated, screwball romantic comedies. His career spanned from 1925 until shortly before his death in 1961, and comprised more than one hundred films.
Cooper received five Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, winning twice for Sergeant York and High Noon. He also received an Honorary Award in 1961 from the Academy.
Decades later, the American Film Institute named Cooper among the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars, ranking 11th among males from the Classical Hollywood cinema period. In 2003, his performances as Will Kane in High Noon, Lou Gehrig in The Pride of the Yankees, and Alvin York in Sergeant York made the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains list, all of them as heroes.
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Glenn Beck
Glenn Edward Lee Beck (born February 10, 1964) is an American conservative radio host, vlogger, author, entrepreneur, political commentator and former television host. He hosts the Glenn Beck Program, a nationally syndicated talk-radio show that airs throughout the United States on Premiere Radio Networks. He formerly hosted the Glenn Beck television program, which ran from January 2006 to October 2008 on HLN and from January 2009 to June 2011 on the Fox News Channel. Beck has authored six New York Times–bestselling books. Beck is the founder and CEO of Mercury Radio Arts, a multimedia production company through which he produces content for radio, television, publishing, the stage, and the Internet. It was announced on April 6, 2011, that Beck would "transition off of his daily program" on Fox News later in the year but would team with Fox to "produce a slate of projects for FOX News Channel and FOX News' digital properties". Beck's last daily show on the network was June 30, 2011. In 2012, The Hollywood Reporter named Beck on its Digital Power Fifty list.
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James Presley Ball
James Presley Ball, Sr. (1825–May 4, 1904) was a prominent African-American photographer, abolitionist, and businessman.
Ball was born in Frederick County, Virginia to William and Susan Ball in 1825. He learned daguerreotype photography from John B. Bailey of Boston, who like Ball was "a freeman of color." Ball opened a one-room daguerreotype studio in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1845. The business did not prosper, so Ball worked as an itinerant daguerreotypist, settling briefly in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, then in Richmond, Virginia in 1846 to develop a more successful studio near the State Capitol building.
In 1847, Ball again departed for Ohio, again as a traveling daguerreotypist. He settled in Cincinnati in 1849 and opened a studio where his brother Thomas Ball became an operator. The gallery, known as "Ball's Daguerrean Gallery of the West" or "Ball's Great Daguerrean Gallery of the West," ascended "from a small gallery to one of the great galleries of the Midwest." Starting in 1854 and continuing "for about four years," Robert Seldon Duncanson worked in Ball's studio retouching portraits and coloring photographic prints.Gleason's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion in 1854 described the gallery as displaying 187 photographs by Ball and 6 paintings by Duncanson; furthermore, the gallery was "replete with elegance and beauty," with walls "bordered with gold leaf and flowers," "master-piece" furniture, a piano, and mirrors.
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Jean Baucus
Jean Baucus (July 7, 1917 – December 10, 2011) was an American author, historian, arts patron and rancher. She was also the mother of U.S. Senator Max Baucus of Montana and longtime matriarch of the Baucus family. Her work as a historian focused primarily on the history of Montana and the American West.
Baucus was born Jean Sheriff on July 7, 1917, in Helena, Montana, on Fred and Bernice Sheriff. Her maternal grandparents were Henry and Alberta Sieben. In 1896, her maternal grandfather, Henry, purchased a ranch approximately twenty miles north of Helena, which stretches from Missouri River to Little Prickly Pear Creek. The land, which became known as the Sieben Ranch, remains a property of the Baucus family, owned by her son and daughter-in-law, John and Nina Baucus.
Jean Sheriff was raised in both Helena and the Sieben Ranch. She attended Hawthorne School and graduated from Helena High School. She received her bachelor's degree in economics in 1939 from Stanford University. Baucus married her husband, John J. Baucus, in 1946 and had three children - Max, Karen and John. She was widowed in 1996.
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John Gagliardi
John Gagliardi ( /ɡəˈlɑrdi/ gə-LAR-dee; born November 1, 1926) is an American football coach. He is currently the head football coach at Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota, a position he has held since 1953. From 1949 to 1952, he was the head football coach at Carroll College in Helena, Montana. With a career record of 484–133–11, Gagliardi has the most wins of any coach in college football history. His Saint John's Johnnies teams have won four national titles: the NAIA National Football Championship in 1963 and 1965, and the NCAA Division III National Football Championship in 1976 and 2003. Gagliardi was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006. With Chris Ault, he is one of two active coaches in the Hall of Fame.
Born to Ventura and Antoinetta Gagliardi, John Gagliardi began coaching football in 1943 at the age of 16 when his high school coach was called into service during World War II. He was a player-coach his senior year of high school and continued to coach high school football while obtaining his college degree at Colorado College.
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Josephine Airey
Josephine Airey (1844 – October 25, 1899), was an Irish-born American prostitute, madam, and proprietor of brothels, dance halls, a variety theatre, and saloons in Helena, Montana. She eventually became the most influential landowner in Helena. She was also known as "Chicago Joe" Hensley following her marriage to James T. Hensley.
Josephine was born Mary Welch in Ireland in 1844. When she emigrated to New York in 1858, she changed her name to Josephine Airey. She held a menial job, but this soon bored her, so she moved to Chicago where she took up prostitution. In 1867, she quit Chicago and moved out west to the newly-established gold mining town of Helena, Montana. With the money she had saved from her earnings, she opened a hurdy-gurdy house, which quickly became a success due to its appeal to the local miners who formed the bulk of her clientele. Josephine herself was a prostitute before her days of power in Helena, but this was short-lived work because it never provided enough money to support her. Although she did open a very small brothel in Chicago her greatest success were not until she moved to Helena. The Helena gold rush of 1864 caused Josephine to leave Chicago in hopes of capitalizing off of the successes of others. The men mining for gold as well as the men from Fort Ellis provided the potential cliental for the brothel. She left behind two sisters in Chicago who she supported throughout her career.
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Lane Chandler
Lane Chandler (June 4, 1899 – September 14, 1972) was an American actor specializing in Westerns.
He was born as Robert Chandler Oakes on a ranch near Culbertson, Montana, the son of a horse rancher. At an early age, the family relocated to Helena, Montana, where he graduated from high school. He briefly attended Montana Wesleyan College (which later merged and became part of Rocky Mountain College), but quit to drive a tour bus at Yellowstone National Park.
In the early 1920s he moved to Los Angeles, California, and started working as an auto mechanic. His real-life experiences growing up on a horse ranch landed him bit parts in westerns from 1925, for Paramount Pictures. Studio executives suggested changing his name to Lane Chandler, and as such he began achieving leading roles opposite stars like Clara Bow, Greta Garbo, Betty Bronson and Esther Ralston. His first lead role was in The Legion of the Condemned.
As a silent film star Chandler performed well, but when talkies arrived he was cast more in supporting roles, as in The Great Mike of 1944. He starred in a few low-budget westerns in the 1930s, but was more often cast as the leading man's partner, or saddle pal, or a sheriff or army officer. With the advent of television Chandler began making appearance on numerous series, often westerns, making more than 50 guest appearances in Gunsmoke, Wagon Train and Rawhide, to name a few. He continued acting on TV and in films through 1966, retiring comfortably due to his holdings in both residential and commercial properties.
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Leo Seltzer
Leo A. Seltzer (April 5, 1903–January 30, 1978) is generally credited as the creator of the sport of roller derby, and was the founder and head of the original Roller Derby league from 1935 until his son Jerry Seltzer took over the business in 1958.
Seltzer was born in Helena, Montana on April 5, 1903.
As a young adult, Seltzer was in the motion picture distributing field with the Universal film company.[citation needed] This eventually led him to own a chain of struggling movie theaters in Oregon.
In 1929, after observing the popularity of cash prize-awarding dance marathons among out-of-work contestants and spectators, Seltzer sought ways to capitalize on the trend. In 1931, he helped organize and promote "walkathon"s, which at that time was another name for dance marathons, since most dancers ended up merely shuffling around for the duration of the contests, which could run as long as 40 days. His first commercial walkathon was held in Denver, Colorado, with twenty-two more to follow, including events at the Lotus Isle amusement park in Portland, Oregon. He grossed $2 million before retiring, citing that the events had become "vulgar."
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Lyman Trumbull
Lyman Trumbull (October 12, 1813 – June 25, 1896) was a United States Senator from Illinois during the American Civil War, and co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Trumbull was born in Colchester, Connecticut, the grandson of historian Benjamin Trumbull. He attended Bacon Academy and was a school teacher from 1829 to 1833. At 20, he was head of an academy in Georgia. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar and practiced in Greenville, Georgia until moving to Belleville, Illinois in 1837.
By 1840, he was serving in the Illinois House of Representatives, and he served as Illinois Secretary of State from 1841-1843. From 1848 to 1853 he was a justice on the Supreme Court of Illinois. Although elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1854, he was elected to serve in the United States Senate before he could take his seat. He served from 1855 through 1873, during which time he claimed party affiliations with the Democrats, the Republicans, the Liberal Republicans, and finally the Democrats again. As chairman of the Judiciary Committee (1861–1872), he co-wrote the Thirteenth Amendment, which prohibited all kinds of slavery in the United States other than its use as punishment for crimes of which the party had been convicted; this became the sentence to "time at hard labor" that became assignable for certain crimes.
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Maile Meloy
Maile Meloy (born January 1, 1972) is an American author of fiction. She was born in Helena, Montana, where she was also raised.
Meloy graduated from the University of California, Irvine with an M.F.A. in fiction, and holds a bachelor's degree from Harvard College, class of 1994.
Meloy won The Paris Review's Aga Khan Prize for Fiction for her story, "Aqua Boulevard," in 2001; the PEN/Malamud Award for her first collection of short stories, Half in Love, in 2003; and a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2004. In 2007, Granta included her on its list of the 21 "Best Young American Novelists."
Her work has appeared in The New Yorker, and she is a frequent contributor to The New York Times.
Describing how she wrote "Half in Love," Meloy is quoted on the Ploughshares Web site as saying, "What I wound up with was a book that was set in different decades, partly in Montana—and those stories were some of the hardest to write, because it’s the place I’m closest to—and partly in other places, in London and Paris and Greece. So it had very little temporal or geographical unity, but the characters are all caught between one thing and another, half in love with something or someone, when life deals them something they didn’t expect."
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Marcus Daly
Marcus Daly (December 5, 1841 – November 12, 1900) was an Irish-born American businessman known as one of the three "Copper Kings" of Butte, Montana, United States.
Daly emigrated from County Cavan Ireland to the United States at the age of fifteen, arriving in New York City.
Daly founded his fortune on the Anaconda Copper Mine in Butte, Montana, which he bought with money from various backers, including George Hearst (father of William Randolph Hearst) in 1880. The Anaconda began as a silver mine, but copper was discovered there and found to be one of the largest deposits known at the time. He built a smelter to handle the ore, and by 1895 had become a millionaire and owner of the Anaconda Copper Mining (ACM) Company. Daly was active in Montana politics throughout the 1890s and also founded the town of Anaconda, near his smelter. In 1894 Daly spearheaded an energetic but unsuccessful campaign to have Anaconda designated as Montana's state capital. Another note in politics was his competition with fellow copper king, William A. Clark. He tried to keep him out of office by lavishly supporting Clark's opponents.
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Martin Maginnis
Martin Maginnis (October 27, 1841 – March 27, 1919) was a nineteenth century politician, publisher, editor and miner from Minnesota and the Montana Territory.
Born near Pultneyville, New York to Patrick and Winnifred Devine Maginnis, Maginnis moved to Goodhue Township near Red Wing, Minnesota with his parents in 1852. He pursued an academic course and attended Hamline University, but left early to take charge of a Democratic newspaper. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted as a private in the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment in 1861. Maginnis was promoted to first lieutenant in 1862, to captain in 1863 and to major of the 11th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment in 1864. He was ordered to join the Army of the Cumberland where he served under the command of General George H. Thomas until being mustered out along with his regiment in 1865. Afterwards, he moved to Helena, Montana with his brothers in 1866 where he engaged in mining and later in publishing and editing the Helena Daily Gazette. Maginnis was elected a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1872, serving from 1873 to 1885. Afterwards, was unsuccessful in being elected back to the House of Representatives in 1890, was Commissioner of Mineral Land of Montana from 1890 to 1893 and presented his credentials as a Senator-designate in 1900 to fill a vacancy, but was not seated. Maginnis moved to Los Angeles, California for health reasons in 1915 where he died of gangrene of the foot on March 27, 1919. He was interred in Resurrection Cemetery in Helena, Montana.
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Mary Caferro
Mary M. Caferro is a Democratic Party member of the Montana Senate. In 2011 she was elected to Senate District 40, representing Helena, Montana. She was a member of the Montana House of Representatives, representing District 80 from 2004 to 2010. Mary is the mother of four chilren Margaret, Hallie, Joseph and Kenji Swain. Caferro was Director of WEEL, Working for Equality and Economic Liberation, a grassroots social and economic justice organization made up of people who are low-income.
http://www.marycaferro.com/*Montana House of Representatives - Mary Caferro official MT State Legislature website
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Max Baucus
Max Sieben Baucus (born December 11, 1941) is the senior United States Senator from Montana and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected to the Senate in 1978, he is the longest-serving Senator from Montana, and the fifth longest-serving U.S. Senator in office.
As the current chairman of the Senate Committee on Finance, Baucus has played an influential role in the debate over health care reform in the United States. He is also chairman of the Joint Committee on Taxation, and a member of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry and Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, and is chairman of the Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure.
Before his election to the Senate, Baucus was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1978, representing Montana's (now defunct) 1st congressional district. He previously served in the Montana House of Representatives from 1973 to 1974.
On August 9, 2011, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid appointed Baucus to the United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction.
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Mike Cooney
Mike R. Cooney was a Democratic member of the Montana Senate, representing District 40 from 2002 to 2010. He served as the President Pro Tempore. He was Sec retary of State from 1989 through 2001, and a member of the Montana House of Representatives from 1976 through 1980. Cooney received an appointment as administrator of the Workforce Services Division at the state Department of Labor and Industry. In 2010 he was appointed interim director of the Montana Historical Society.
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Modest Mouse
Modest Mouse is an American indie rock band based in Portland, Oregon. They were formed in 1993 in Issaquah, Washington, by singer/lyricist/guitarist Isaac Brock, drummer Jeremiah Green, and bassist Eric Judy. Since their 1996 debut album, This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About, their lineup has centered around Brock, Green and Judy. Guitarist Johnny Marr (formerly of The Smiths) joined the band in May 2006, along with percussionist Joe Plummer (formerly of the Black Heart Procession) and multi-instrumentalist Tom Peloso, to work on the album We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank. Guitarist Jim Fairchild joined the band in February 2009. Their name is derived from a passage from the Virginia Woolf story "The Mark on the Wall" which reads, "I wish I could hit upon a pleasant track of thought, a track indirectly reflecting credit upon myself, for those are the pleasantest thoughts, and very frequent even in the minds of modest, mouse-coloured people, who believe genuinely that they dislike to hear their own praises."
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Molly Wood
Molly Kristin Wood (born (1975-05-23)May 23, 1975) is an executive editor at CNET.com and previously a writer for Associated Press, MacHome Journal magazine, and O'Reilly Media. Wood hosted the "Gadgettes"podcast with Kelly Morrison and "The Buzz Report", a technology video news column that was published weekly. She has appeared in mainstream media shows such as Live with Regis and Kelly and CNBC's On the Money and is the weekly co-host of the Buzz Out Loud podcast with Brian Tong.
Molly Wood was born in Helena, Montana. She has a BA in journalism with a major in French from the University of Montana-Missoula. During her senior year (June 1996 - May 1997) she served as the Editor-in-Chief of the The Montana Kaimin, the daily student newspaper of the University of Montana. Upon graduation, she took a job as a reporter at The Missoulian. In July 1997, she joined the Associated Press, handling a variety of both general news and sports stories in the Western United States.
She currently lives in the Oakland Hills area. In December 2006, Wood announced during a podcast that she was expecting a baby. Wood gave birth to a baby boy named "Eli" on March 2, 2007. On episode 1444 of Buzz Out Loud (08 April 2011), Molly said she is single.
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Myrna Loy
Myrna Loy (August 2, 1905 – December 14, 1993) was an American actress. Trained as a dancer, she devoted herself fully to an acting career following a few minor roles in silent films. She was originally typecast in exotic roles, often as a vamp or a woman of Asian descent, but her career prospects improved following her portrayal of Nora Charles in The Thin Man (1934). Her successful pairing with William Powell resulted in 14 films together, including five subsequent Thin Man films. In 1937, she was crowned the "Queen of Hollywood" by a nationwide poll.
Loy was born Myrna Adele Williams in Helena, Montana, to Adelle Mae (née Johnson) and rancher David Franklin Williams, in nearby Radersburg. Her paternal grandparents were natives of Wales, and her maternal grandparents were Swedish and Scottish. Her first name came from a train station whose name her father liked. Her father was also a banker and real estate developer and the youngest man ever elected to the Montana state legislature. Her mother studied music at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago.
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Nicolette Larson
Nicolette Larson (July 17, 1952 – December 16, 1997) was an American pop singer. She is perhaps best known for her work in the late 1970s with Neil Young, as well as her 1978 cover of Young's "Lotta Love". The song, her debut single, was a Number One Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks hit and #8 pop hit that year. It was followed by four more Adult Contemporary hits, two of which were also minor pop hits.
By 1985, she shifted her focus to country music, charting six times on the Hot Country Singles (now Hot Country Songs) charts. Her only Top 40 country hit was "That's How You Know When Love's Right", a duet with Steve Wariner. She died in 1997 of cerebral edema and liver failure.
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Norman Holter
Norman Jefferis "Jeff" Holter (February 1, 1914 – July 21, 1983) was an American biophysicist who invented the Holter monitor, a portable device for continuously monitoring the electrical activity of the heart for 24 hours or more. Holter donated the rights to his invention to medicine.
Born in Helena, Montana, Holter graduated from Carroll College in 1931 and then continued his studies at the University of California at Los Angeles, graduating from there with a master's degree in chemistry in 1937. He then graduated a year later from the University of Southern California with a Master's degree in physics. He continued his education by completing postgraduate work at the University of Heidelberg (Germany), the University of Chicago, the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies, and the University of Oregon Medical School. During World War II, Holter served as senior physicist in the U.S. Navy, studying the characteristics of waves. In 1946, he headed a government research team involved in the atomic-bomb testing at Bikini Atoll. After the war, he continued work with the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and served as president of the Society of Nuclear Medicine from 1955-1956. In 1964, he became a full professor at the University of California, San Diego, coordinating activities at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. In 1979, the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) awarded Holter with the AAMI Foundation Laufman-Greatbatch Prize for his contributions to medical technology.
wn.com/Norman_Holter -
Pat Gray
Pat Gray is an American talk radio host. He is a co-host of The Glenn Beck Program, a nationally syndicated radio talk show featuring host Glenn Beck. Gray was formerly the host of the morning show on radio station KSEV.
Pat Gray was born in Helena, Montana.
Gray got started in radio during his junior year in high school, at his hometown Top-40 station. After graduating high school he moved to new jobs in Great Falls, and Billings.
At the age of 20, he worked at KISN-FM in Salt Lake City, Utah. There, he met and married his wife Jacque.
In 1989, at 27, a Program Director called Gray to see if he had any interest in flying out to Baltimore, Maryland, where he would go on the air at B104, teamed up with a partner for at least one show. The station management had heard tapes of both people, liked them, and wanted to find out how they would sound together. The morning show partner for that show was Glenn Beck. They met at the airport, rode into the station together, and became best friends. Baltimore is also where the family, in 1990, decided to begin homeschooling their children.
wn.com/Pat_Gray -
Rebecca Ferratti
Rebecca Michelle Ferratti (born November 27, 1964) is an actress, model, and dancer. She has worked in over 25 movies. She has been a dancer in many music videos and has posed in many magazines, including Playboy. She was Playmate of the Month in the June 1986 issue.
Ferratti was born in Helena, Montana.
After her pictorial in Playboy, she had roles in several B movies. She also appeared in Ace Ventura Pet Detective as the ex-wife of Randall "Tex" Cobb who hires Ace Ventura to retrieve her puppy in the film's first scene.
Ferratti worked as a dancer in music videos by the following artists:
wn.com/Rebecca_Ferratti -
Rick Hill
Richard "Rick" Hill (born December 30, 1946) is a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Montana. He is currently a candidate for Governor of Montana in 2012.
Hill was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was one of four children and grew up in a one-room apartment in the back of a tire repair shop. At age four Rick was paralyzed by polio. In 1964, he graduated from Atkin High School in Atkin, Montana. In 1968, he graduated from Saint Cloud State University in St. Cloud, Minnesota. Hill received his Juris Doctor degree in 2005 from the Concord Law School in Los Angeles, California.
He owns a surety bonding company.[citation needed]
He served as Republican precinct committeeman and state committeeman from Lewis and Clark County, Montana; member, served on the board of directors, Montana Science and Technology Alliance; and chaired the Montana State Worker’s Compensation Board from 1993-1996.
In 1993 Governor Marc Racicot asked Hill to act as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Montana State Fund, where he worked in a volunteer, unpaid capacity for three years.[citation needed]
wn.com/Rick_Hill -
Samuel Beall
Samuel W. Beall (1807–1868) was the second Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin. He was born in Maryland; in 1827 he graduated from Union College in Schenectady, New York. He moved to Green Bay, Wisconsin in 1835, where he made a fortune in land speculation; in the 1840s he settled in Taycheedah. He served as lieutenant governor for Nelson Dewey's second term as governor, from 1850 until 1852. During the American Civil War, he was a lieutenant-colonel in the 18th Wisconsin Infantry and was wounded in the Battle of Shiloh. After recovering, he was put in charge of a prisoner of war camp in New York. After briefly returning to Wisconsin after the war, Beall moved to Helena, Montana, where, in 1868, he was shot following an argument.
wn.com/Samuel_Beall -
Tony Markellis
Tony Markellis is a bassist and record producer from Helena, Montana, now residing in Saratoga Springs, New York. His career spans nearly forty years, playing blues, folk, jazz, rock and country music with musicians such as Trey Anastasio,Paul Butterfield, The Mamas & the Papas, Johnny Shines, David Bromberg, David Amram, Paul Siebel, Rosalie Sorrels, Eric Von Schmidt, Ellen McIlwaine, Mary McCaslin, Railbird and Jo Henley. Markellis was a founding member of the groundbreaking Vermont-based jazz fusion group Kilimanjaro, as well as the Unknown Blues Band featuring Big Joe Burrell. In the late 1990s, Markellis became the first member of the first solo band of Phish guitarist Trey Anastasio, forming the rhythm section with drummer Russ Lawton. Including his work with Anastasio, Markellis has appeared on over one hundred albums. In addition to tours with the Trey Anastasio Band, he is currently working with Kilimanjaro, acoustic blues power trios No Outlet and Street Corner Holler, vocal trio The Burns Sisters and singer/songwriters Michael Jerling and Bob Warren. On June 20, 2010 (Fathers Day), Tony was invited on stage at Saratoga Performing Arts Center (SPAC) to play bass w/ Phish on "Gotta Jibboo" (one of the songs he cowrote with Trey and Russ Lawton for the Trey Anastasio Band). Phish's bassist, Mike Gordon played the second guitar during the song.[citation needed]
wn.com/Tony_Markellis -
Walter Trumbull
Walter Trumbull was a prominent American explorer and writer. He was a member of the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition in 1870 that explored the area of Wyoming that would eventually become Yellowstone National Park.
He was the son of United States Senator Lyman Trumbull.
He contributed to the Helena Rocky Mountain Gazette and the Overland Monthly.
wn.com/Walter_Trumbull
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- Wide Eyed Boy
- Moonbugs
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- This Is My Life
- Back In The Band
- The Koolest Band
- Century Girl
- Haircut and Guitar
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Helena, MT is awesome
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 05 May 2012
From the folks at myrealty.com. Own waterfront land in Helena, Montana youtube.com Want a mountain? Get one in Montana: youtube.com Find real estate, land or your dream home in Helena, or anywhere in the world, at myrealty.com. Kill time at work or with the kids at http Get your FREE Buyers Guide here: www.myrealty.com Or Sell by Posting your Property for FREE: www.myrealty.com Get cash, home loan or mortgage here: www.myrealty.com Find an Agent or Broker: www.myrealty.com Agents or Brokers Advertise for FREE: www.myrealty.com
http://wn.com/Helena,_MT_is_awesome
From the folks at myrealty.com. Own waterfront land in Helena, Montana youtube.com Want a mountain? Get one in Montana: youtube.com Find real estate, land or your dream home in Helena, or anywhere in the world, at myrealty.com. Kill time at work or with the kids at http Get your FREE Buyers Guide here: www.myrealty.com Or Sell by Posting your Property for FREE: www.myrealty.com Get cash, home loan or mortgage here: www.myrealty.com Find an Agent or Broker: www.myrealty.com Agents or Brokers Advertise for FREE: www.myrealty.com
Helena, Montana "Walking Mall" Winter Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Take a Winter walk down the Walking Mall in Helena, Montana. Visit over 250 Montana towns at www.MontanaPictures.Net " The website for people homesick for Montana."
http://wn.com/Helena,_Montana_Walking_Mall_Winter_Tour
Take a Winter walk down the Walking Mall in Helena, Montana. Visit over 250 Montana towns at www.MontanaPictures.Net " The website for people homesick for Montana."
- published: 20 Dec 2009
- views: 2757
- author: MontanaPictures
What does Helena, Montana have to offer?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Helena, also known as the Queen City, is located in the heart of the Rocky Mountains and is the Capitol of the State of Montana, the See of the Diocese of Helena, and the home of Carroll College. With a population of nearly 50000, there is much to see and do. Helena's art scene makes it the "Best Small Arts Town in the West," with plenty to catch your eye. Check out the Holter Museum of Modern Art, The Archie Bray Foundation, or one of the many art galleries located in the downtown area. The majestic Cathedral of St. Helena, houses a fifteen bell carillon, massive organ, and extensive stained glass windows. History buffs can enjoy many hours at the Montana Historical Society, home to The Magazine of Western History, the most widely circulated magazine of its kind. Musicians can enjoy a concert with the Helena Symphony, but get your tickets in advance, concerts sell out quickly. Theatre goers can catch a production at the Montana Shakespeare Company, or at the Grandstreet Theatre. Finally, Helena is literally the gate to God's playground; if you do anything in the great outdoors, you will find a way to get involved in the Helena community—and it's all nearby! (75 miles of trails just 5 min. from campus, rivers, skiing, mountain biking and rafting all less than an hour away!) Helena is a great place to live and vacation. Make yourself comfortable, enjoy our warm hospitality, and enjoy the Big Sky.
http://wn.com/What_does_Helena,_Montana_have_to_offer?
Helena, also known as the Queen City, is located in the heart of the Rocky Mountains and is the Capitol of the State of Montana, the See of the Diocese of Helena, and the home of Carroll College. With a population of nearly 50000, there is much to see and do. Helena's art scene makes it the "Best Small Arts Town in the West," with plenty to catch your eye. Check out the Holter Museum of Modern Art, The Archie Bray Foundation, or one of the many art galleries located in the downtown area. The majestic Cathedral of St. Helena, houses a fifteen bell carillon, massive organ, and extensive stained glass windows. History buffs can enjoy many hours at the Montana Historical Society, home to The Magazine of Western History, the most widely circulated magazine of its kind. Musicians can enjoy a concert with the Helena Symphony, but get your tickets in advance, concerts sell out quickly. Theatre goers can catch a production at the Montana Shakespeare Company, or at the Grandstreet Theatre. Finally, Helena is literally the gate to God's playground; if you do anything in the great outdoors, you will find a way to get involved in the Helena community—and it's all nearby! (75 miles of trails just 5 min. from campus, rivers, skiing, mountain biking and rafting all less than an hour away!) Helena is a great place to live and vacation. Make yourself comfortable, enjoy our warm hospitality, and enjoy the Big Sky.
- published: 03 Sep 2010
- views: 5323
- author: carrollcollegemt
Frontier Town Near Helena Montana - 1990
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
An edited-down version of a sales video made in 1990 by a Helena, Montana, real estate agency to promote the sale of Frontier Town, an extraordinary Old West themed tourist attraction, and masterpiece of American Folk Art. Although the narrator sounds robotic, and the background music is often oddly inappropriate, this video gives us a glimpse of John Quigley's Frontier Town. NOTE: Frontier Town is now a private residence, and is closed to the public. For many more images of historic Helena, please visit www.helenahistory.org
http://wn.com/Frontier_Town_Near_Helena_Montana_1990
An edited-down version of a sales video made in 1990 by a Helena, Montana, real estate agency to promote the sale of Frontier Town, an extraordinary Old West themed tourist attraction, and masterpiece of American Folk Art. Although the narrator sounds robotic, and the background music is often oddly inappropriate, this video gives us a glimpse of John Quigley's Frontier Town. NOTE: Frontier Town is now a private residence, and is closed to the public. For many more images of historic Helena, please visit www.helenahistory.org
- published: 04 Apr 2008
- views: 6165
- author: lazycowpoke
Last Chance Gulch- Helena, Montana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
People want to know if Last Chance Gulch where my web publishing and consulting business (Innovative Solutions Group) is located is "out in the sticks". No, we're right downtown in Helena! Our address 418 North Last Chance Gulch. We really enjoy the vibrant downtown neighborhood we work in! Note: in the video I say Bert and Ernies is like a local version of Starbucks.. I meant to say Applebees. Coffee shops don't serve a huge selections of micro brews like Bert & Ernies does!
http://wn.com/Last_Chance_Gulch_Helena,_Montana
People want to know if Last Chance Gulch where my web publishing and consulting business (Innovative Solutions Group) is located is "out in the sticks". No, we're right downtown in Helena! Our address 418 North Last Chance Gulch. We really enjoy the vibrant downtown neighborhood we work in! Note: in the video I say Bert and Ernies is like a local version of Starbucks.. I meant to say Applebees. Coffee shops don't serve a huge selections of micro brews like Bert & Ernies does!
- published: 22 Sep 2011
- views: 1510
- author: Dan Deininger
Helena, Montana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
Driving on Blue Cloud Road
http://wn.com/Helena,_Montana
Mark (I'm From Helena, MT) -- True Gay Stories
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Contrary to popular belief, Montana provides a mostly comforting and safe environment for Mark and its queer residents. (Gay | Acceptance | Montana | Homophobia) [TV-PG] www.imfromdriftwood.com Is a compilation of true stories by gay people from all over in an attempt to help LGBTQ teens feel not so alone. Please pass the link along to anyone who might benefit from, contribute to, or simply enjoy the site, stories and videos. Thanks!
http://wn.com/Mark_I'm_From_Helena,_MT_-_True_Gay_Stories
Contrary to popular belief, Montana provides a mostly comforting and safe environment for Mark and its queer residents. (Gay | Acceptance | Montana | Homophobia) [TV-PG] www.imfromdriftwood.com Is a compilation of true stories by gay people from all over in an attempt to help LGBTQ teens feel not so alone. Please pass the link along to anyone who might benefit from, contribute to, or simply enjoy the site, stories and videos. Thanks!
- published: 12 Aug 2011
- views: 6765
- author: ImFromDriftwood
Gates of the Mountains near Helena, Montana - 1972
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:48
- Updated: 13 May 2012
A short clip of the Gates of the Mountains, on the Missouri River north of Helena, Montana. Taken from the 1973 promotional film, "Helena-City of Gold", produced by the Helena Chanber of Commerce. For many more images of historic Helena, visit www.helenahistory.org
http://wn.com/Gates_of_the_Mountains_near_Helena,_Montana_1972
A short clip of the Gates of the Mountains, on the Missouri River north of Helena, Montana. Taken from the 1973 promotional film, "Helena-City of Gold", produced by the Helena Chanber of Commerce. For many more images of historic Helena, visit www.helenahistory.org
- published: 30 Mar 2008
- views: 6521
- author: lazycowpoke
[HD] Marysville - A Montana Ghost Town - near Helena, Montana, MT
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Explore with us as we photograph the ruins of the Drum Lummon Mine, one of the richest gold mines in the area. During the 1880's and 1890's this area was one of Montana's leading gold producers. The population of Marysville was over 4,ooo people back then but now it is a sleepy bedroom community near Helena, MT. Please stay out of the dilapidated buildings in downtown Marysville since the roofs could collapse at any time! This sequence was shot in August, 2005 with a Nikon e2200. Music: Tenebrous Brothers Carnival -- Intermission ISRC: US-UAN-11-00640 and Pale Rider ISRC: US-UAN-11-00798 by ISRC: US-UAN-11-00798 by Kevin MacLeod,(incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons "Attribution 3.0"
http://wn.com/_HD_Marysville_A_Montana_Ghost_Town_near_Helena,_Montana,_MT
Explore with us as we photograph the ruins of the Drum Lummon Mine, one of the richest gold mines in the area. During the 1880's and 1890's this area was one of Montana's leading gold producers. The population of Marysville was over 4,ooo people back then but now it is a sleepy bedroom community near Helena, MT. Please stay out of the dilapidated buildings in downtown Marysville since the roofs could collapse at any time! This sequence was shot in August, 2005 with a Nikon e2200. Music: Tenebrous Brothers Carnival -- Intermission ISRC: US-UAN-11-00640 and Pale Rider ISRC: US-UAN-11-00798 by ISRC: US-UAN-11-00798 by Kevin MacLeod,(incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons "Attribution 3.0"
- published: 07 Dec 2011
- views: 1192
- author: davidegg22
Mullan Pass - Helena, MT
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:43
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
Railfanning Mullan Pass - Helena, MT. The MRL ballast train over Austin Creek Trestle was pulled with 2 SD45's and pushed with 2 SD45's and an SD45-2. Nice!!!
http://wn.com/Mullan_Pass_Helena,_MT
Railfanning Mullan Pass - Helena, MT. The MRL ballast train over Austin Creek Trestle was pulled with 2 SD45's and pushed with 2 SD45's and an SD45-2. Nice!!!
- published: 30 Apr 2007
- views: 38330
- author: mtrails
helena montana lightning
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
BOOOOM!!!
http://wn.com/helena_montana_lightning
Insanity and Helena, Montana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
In which Miten goes crazy, goes for a walk, and tells an embarrassing tale. Also, I have an album which you can download for freezies: wallytusk.bandcamp.com Me on twittah: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Insanity_and_Helena,_Montana
In which Miten goes crazy, goes for a walk, and tells an embarrassing tale. Also, I have an album which you can download for freezies: wallytusk.bandcamp.com Me on twittah: twitter.com
- published: 27 Apr 2012
- views: 3805
- author: MitenSoni
View from Mount Helena (Helena, MT)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Check out the zzooom on my new digital camera. And, listen to the birds calling. I mean, I could have narrated this video really awesomely, but I wanted you to hear the birds.
http://wn.com/View_from_Mount_Helena_Helena,_MT
Check out the zzooom on my new digital camera. And, listen to the birds calling. I mean, I could have narrated this video really awesomely, but I wanted you to hear the birds.
- published: 10 May 2008
- views: 1880
- author: Turbbit
May 1st: Neil Gaiman in Helena
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Are you ready for a Nerdy Valentines Day? bit.ly Buy this song on iTunes: itunes.apple.com In which Neil Gaiman says hi to John. HERE ARE A LOT OF LINKS TO NERDFIGHTASTIC THINGS: Shirts and Stuff: dftba.com Hank's Music: dftba.com John's Books: amzn.to ====================== Hank's Twitter: www.twitter.com Hank's Facebook: www.facebook.com Hank's tumblr: edwardspoonhands.tumblr.com John's Twitter www.twitter.com John's Facebook: www.facebook.com John's tumblr: fishingboatproceeds.tumblr.com ====================== Other Channels Crash Course www.youtube.com SciShow: www.youtube.com Gaming: www.youtube.com VidCon: www.youtube.com Hank's Channel: www.youtube.com Truth or Fail: www.youtube.com ====================== Nerdfighteria effyeahnerdfighters.com effyeahnerdfighters.com reddit.com nerdfighteria.info A Bunny (\(\ ( - -) ((') (')
http://wn.com/May_1st_Neil_Gaiman_in_Helena
Are you ready for a Nerdy Valentines Day? bit.ly Buy this song on iTunes: itunes.apple.com In which Neil Gaiman says hi to John. HERE ARE A LOT OF LINKS TO NERDFIGHTASTIC THINGS: Shirts and Stuff: dftba.com Hank's Music: dftba.com John's Books: amzn.to ====================== Hank's Twitter: www.twitter.com Hank's Facebook: www.facebook.com Hank's tumblr: edwardspoonhands.tumblr.com John's Twitter www.twitter.com John's Facebook: www.facebook.com John's tumblr: fishingboatproceeds.tumblr.com ====================== Other Channels Crash Course www.youtube.com SciShow: www.youtube.com Gaming: www.youtube.com VidCon: www.youtube.com Hank's Channel: www.youtube.com Truth or Fail: www.youtube.com ====================== Nerdfighteria effyeahnerdfighters.com effyeahnerdfighters.com reddit.com nerdfighteria.info A Bunny (\(\ ( - -) ((') (')
- published: 01 May 2007
- views: 83860
- author: vlogbrothers
Helena MT Challenge #1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
6/24/12
http://wn.com/Helena_MT_Challenge_1
Terry Allen Helena Montana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
Helena Montana Artist: Terry Allen Album: Smokin' the Dummy (1980) Sugar Hill Records en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Terry_Allen_Helena_Montana
Helena Montana Artist: Terry Allen Album: Smokin' the Dummy (1980) Sugar Hill Records en.wikipedia.org
- published: 04 May 2010
- views: 1929
- author: Benjamin Telfer
Helena, Montana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:12
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Photos of (mostly) Helena Montana. The photos include alot of vintage ones (including several from a parade) clear up to modern day.
http://wn.com/Helena,_Montana
Photos of (mostly) Helena Montana. The photos include alot of vintage ones (including several from a parade) clear up to modern day.
- published: 30 Nov 2007
- views: 7463
- author: IAmMyMothersDaughter
Mining Sapphires Near Helena, Montana - 1972
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:41
- Updated: 04 May 2012
A short clip showing sapphire mining along El Dorado Bar, on the Missouri River, near Helena, Montana. From the 1973 Helena Chamber of Commerce promotional film, "Helena-City of Gold". Visit www.helenahistory.org for many more historical images of Helena
http://wn.com/Mining_Sapphires_Near_Helena,_Montana_1972
A short clip showing sapphire mining along El Dorado Bar, on the Missouri River, near Helena, Montana. From the 1973 Helena Chamber of Commerce promotional film, "Helena-City of Gold". Visit www.helenahistory.org for many more historical images of Helena
- published: 22 Apr 2008
- views: 14048
- author: lazycowpoke
helena montana bmx edit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
footage from 2 days filming on vacation in helena. not the best but it works =)
http://wn.com/helena_montana_bmx_edit
footage from 2 days filming on vacation in helena. not the best but it works =)
- published: 10 Aug 2009
- views: 7598
- author: arsenalfalco
Helena Montana Irish Setters
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 24 Feb 2012
Here is some footage of the Irish Setters. This show was at the Helena MT fairgrounds on Saturday 9/20/08. Monica lamontagne had a good day. Judged by Loraine Boutwell
http://wn.com/Helena_Montana_Irish_Setters
Here is some footage of the Irish Setters. This show was at the Helena MT fairgrounds on Saturday 9/20/08. Monica lamontagne had a good day. Judged by Loraine Boutwell
- published: 28 Sep 2008
- views: 842
- author: BurdiganWheatens
Hotel Broadwater, Helena Montana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
The Hotel Broadwater Located in Helena Montana, Two Grand Structures built to stand the test of time but not the ignorance of man. Help preserve the past, get informed and active about historic preservation in your community. For more information on this and other amazing structures in Helena please Visit. www.helenahistory.org
http://wn.com/Hotel_Broadwater,_Helena_Montana
The Hotel Broadwater Located in Helena Montana, Two Grand Structures built to stand the test of time but not the ignorance of man. Help preserve the past, get informed and active about historic preservation in your community. For more information on this and other amazing structures in Helena please Visit. www.helenahistory.org
- published: 30 Jan 2008
- views: 4390
- author: bridgeconservancy
Following the Black Flag | Henry Rollins' Capitalism: Helena, Montana | TakePart TV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Subscribe Now!: full.sc Henry Rollins answers fan questions, talks about the War on Women, and sings the blues at a prison/theater in Helena, Montana. Register to Vote: bit.ly Watch More Capitalism: bit.ly About Capitalism Henry Rollins traverses 50 states with a politically-themed talk show, culminating with an election-eve performance in Washington DC on November 5th. This two-month tour will stop in each state capital -- starting September 6 at Hawaiian Brian's in Honolulu, HI, venturing through places like the Diamond Ball Room in Oklahoma City, TF Riggs High School in Pierre, South Dakota and ending up in Washington, DC, Henry's hometown. Henry's latest tour offers not so much a voting guide, but an unveiling of Henry's very own political viewpoint -- an unflinching quest for truth. About Henry Rollins For better than a quarter century, Henry Rollins has toured the world as a spoken word artist, as frontman for both Rollins Band and Black Flag and -- without a microphone -- as a solitary traveler with insatiable curiosity. When he's not living out of a suitcase, Rollins is constantly at work as an actor, radio DJ, author of more than 20 books, and running his publishing company and record label 2.13.61. Henry currently hosts a weekly radio show on LA's renowned NPR affiliate KCRW, and is a regular contributor to VanityFair.com with his "Straight Talk Espresso" blog. Henry's Twitter: bit.ly Henry's Site: bit.ly Brought to you by Take Part: full.sc TakePart TV is the ...
http://wn.com/Following_the_Black_Flag_|_Henry_Rollins'_Capitalism_Helena,_Montana_|_TakePart_TV
Subscribe Now!: full.sc Henry Rollins answers fan questions, talks about the War on Women, and sings the blues at a prison/theater in Helena, Montana. Register to Vote: bit.ly Watch More Capitalism: bit.ly About Capitalism Henry Rollins traverses 50 states with a politically-themed talk show, culminating with an election-eve performance in Washington DC on November 5th. This two-month tour will stop in each state capital -- starting September 6 at Hawaiian Brian's in Honolulu, HI, venturing through places like the Diamond Ball Room in Oklahoma City, TF Riggs High School in Pierre, South Dakota and ending up in Washington, DC, Henry's hometown. Henry's latest tour offers not so much a voting guide, but an unveiling of Henry's very own political viewpoint -- an unflinching quest for truth. About Henry Rollins For better than a quarter century, Henry Rollins has toured the world as a spoken word artist, as frontman for both Rollins Band and Black Flag and -- without a microphone -- as a solitary traveler with insatiable curiosity. When he's not living out of a suitcase, Rollins is constantly at work as an actor, radio DJ, author of more than 20 books, and running his publishing company and record label 2.13.61. Henry currently hosts a weekly radio show on LA's renowned NPR affiliate KCRW, and is a regular contributor to VanityFair.com with his "Straight Talk Espresso" blog. Henry's Twitter: bit.ly Henry's Site: bit.ly Brought to you by Take Part: full.sc TakePart TV is the ...
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 3839
- author: takepart
BNSF coal train leaving Helena, Montana
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:46
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
BNSF coal train westbound leaving Helena: MRL SD70ACes, SD75M, SD60M, SD45-2
http://wn.com/BNSF_coal_train_leaving_Helena,_Montana
BNSF coal train westbound leaving Helena: MRL SD70ACes, SD75M, SD60M, SD45-2
- published: 09 May 2008
- views: 18071
- author: Tom Butts
photo: US DoD / U.S. Army Staff Sgt Sun L. Vega, Joint Staff
27 Jan 2013
TEL AVIV – Now that he has secured his second term, President Barack Obama has already secretly pledged to the Palestinians he will press Israel into a new round of so-called land-for-peace negotiations, a top Palestinian Authority negotiator told WND. The negotiator said top members of the Obama administration told the Palestinians the U.S....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Ronald Mendes-Agencia RBS
27 Jan 2013
Tweet. Police say at least 232 people have died in a fire that swept through a crowded nightclub in southern Brazil. Around 117 others were injured after the blaze broke out while a band was performing at the Kiss club in the southern city of Santa Maria at about 2am (local time). Police earlier said more than 245 people had died in the fire. It is thought pyrotechnics being used for the concert may have caused the blaze ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
29 Jan 2013
Cairo • An unpredictable new element has entered Egypt’s wave of political unrest. a mysterious group of masked young men called the Black Bloc who present themselves as the defenders of protesters opposed to the Islamist president’s rule. They boast that they’re willing to use force to fight back against Islamists who have attacked protesters in the past — or against police who crack down on demonstrations ... Photos. Join the Discussion ... ....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
28 Jan 2013
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy on Sunday declared a state of emergency and a nightime curfew for one month in three restive cities after days of deadly violence. Mr. Morsy, facing his worst crisis since taking office in June, said the measures would take effect on Sunday night in the cities of Port Said, Suez and Ismailia ... Keywords....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
29 Jan 2013
French-led forces on Monday seized Mali’s fabled desert city of Timbuktu in a lightning advance north as Islamists fleeing the city torched a building housing priceless ancient manuscripts ... Only one Islamist stronghold, the town of Kidal further north, remains to be retaken ... “We are winning in Mali.” ... Keywords....(size: 1.6Kb)
The Examiner
30 Jan 2013
I have set foot in 47 of the 50 states during my lifetime of travel ... Vermont had an equally short visit during a trip to Maine to shoot photographs for a travel article ... The two of the three states I have yet to visit do though ... Alaska, Montana, Texas ... I have made many trips to Montana and enjoyed everyone, I expect I’ll enjoy the next one just as much ... #NorthCarolina #SouthCarolina #Washington #Louisiana #Hawaii #Alaska #Montana #Texas ... ....(size: 11.0Kb)
MSNBC
30 Jan 2013
BILLINGS - The 15th annual Yellowstone Academic Tournament is a time for heated competition ... They'll go on to compete at the Montana Academic State Championship in Missoula on April 23rd.. Advertise . AdChoices. Advertise . AdChoices. Advertise . AdChoices. ....(size: 1.6Kb)
Reuters
30 Jan 2013
The only National Football League quarterbacks to notch more touchdowns without an interception in a postseason were former San Francisco 49ers Hall of Famers Steve Young (nine TDs in 1994) and Joe Montana (11 TDs in 1989). "He's been doing what he's been doing all year long for us," fullback Vonta Leach told Reuters at Tuesday's Media Day at the Superdome ... He's just been Flacco." ... "No, I haven't worked on it," he told reporters....(size: 4.1Kb)
STL Today
30 Jan 2013
ST. LOUIS • As President Barack Obama and Congress began hashing out immigration reform Tuesday, Missouri political leaders in both parties expressed similar priorities on the subject. Secure the borders first, and only then talk about paths to citizenship ... “It's very encouraging that they're talking about this seriously, after all that horrible rhetoric” during the 2012 presidential campaign, said Juan Montana, a St ... U.S. Reps ... Louis ... ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
The New York Times
30 Jan 2013
WASHINGTON — As workers open their W-2 forms this month, many will see a new box with information on the total cost of employer-sponsored health insurance coverage. To some, it will be a surprise, perhaps even a shock. Related. Times Topic. Health Care Reform and the Supreme Court (Affordable Care Act) ... Health benefits are still tax-free ... Jay J ... Prof ... Enzi of Wyoming, and two Democrats, Max Baucus of Montana and Ron Wyden of Oregon ... ....(size: 9.5Kb)
The Tribune San Luis Obispo
30 Jan 2013
All United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North ......(size: 14.0Kb)
photo: WN / Aaron Gilbert
30 Jan 2013
PRWeb . January 29, 2013. Comments (0) E-mail Print. Tweet. Page 1 of 1 ... Following a review of the applicants, award-winning singer/songwriter and philanthropist Avril Lavigne selected ten Easter Seals grant recipients located in Los Angeles, California; Houston, Texas; Great Falls, Montana; Chicago, Illinois; Honolulu, Hawaii; Las Vegas, Nevada; Seattle, Washington; Youngstown, Ohio; Miami, Florida; and Alberta, Canada ... mission ... Tweet ... P.O....(size: 13.8Kb)
noodls
30 Jan 2013
"THE BACHELOR" - "Episode 1705" - A two-night "Bachelor" special event begins with Sean whisking the 11 remaining bachelorettes away to picturesque Whitefish, Montana, to explore his romantic connections But two nervous women face the dramatic two-on-one date where one of them will be sent home immediately....(size: 45.2Kb)
CNN
30 Jan 2013
January 29, 2013 -- Updated 2204 GMT (0604 HKT). Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, pictured in October, has become one of the most powerful people in Washington. Here's a look at her life and career through the years. ... Capitol in 1974. Arkansas Gov ... Also seen is Hillary Clinton (center background) ... Rep ... Sen ... Hillary Clinton address the Democrate National Convention at a Democratic supporters' group in Billings, Montana, on August 26, 2008....(size: 18.2Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
29 Jan 2013
According to the report by Great Falls Tribune author Erin Madison, “Bike Walk Montana, a statewide advocacy group focusing on cycling and pedestrian issues and based in Helena, officially got its start in August with the goal of working across Montana for people who bike and walk.” The article explains that while Montana’s larger cities had numerous bicycle clubs, there was no statewide cyclist and pedestrian advocacy group....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
University of Montana Western) Artists Alison & Brandon Reintjes at UMW Gallery ... She first moved to Montana in 2001 for a residency at the Archie Bray Foundation in Helena and completed additional residencies at Greenwich House Pottery in New York, Jentel in Wyoming, and Mount St ... Brandon Reintjes is not only an artist; he is also the curator of the Montana Museum of Art & Culture at the University of Montana....(size: 2.9Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
University of Montana Western) Men's basketball splits re-match ... Fresh off home victories over Rocky Mountain College (75-67) and Dickinson State University (78-51), the University of Montana Western got mixed results on the road ... Montana Western held a slight lead at halftime, 32-28, behind Owsley's 17 points and 13 rebounds ... Montana Western will begin February with a trip to Helena and Great Falls....(size: 5.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
29 Jan 2013
(AP) — Montana wildlife officials said Monday that they were abandoning their efforts to shut down gray wolf hunting and trapping just outside the gates of Yellowstone National Park, citing a recent court ruling that threatened to drag out the issue until the season was almost over ... Montana's wolf season ends on Feb ... Hunters have killed 108 wolves in Montana this season and trappers have killed 66, for a total of 174....(size: 3.4Kb)
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2010) |
| Helena, Montana | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): Queen City of the Rockies, The Capital City | |||
 |
|||
| Coordinates: 46°35′44.9″N 112°1′37.31″W / 46.595806°N 112.0270306°W / 46.595806; -112.0270306 | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | Montana | ||
| County | Lewis and Clark | ||
| Founded | October 30, 1864 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | James E. Smith[disambiguation needed  ] |
||
| Area | |||
| • City | 14.0 sq mi (36.3 km2) | ||
| • Land | 14.0 sq mi (36.3 km2) | ||
| • Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2) | ||
| Elevation | 3,875 (Helena Regional Airport) ft (1,237 m) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| • City | 28,190 | ||
| • Density | 2,138.5/sq mi (710.5/km2) | ||
| • Metro | 74,801 | ||
| Time zone | Mountain (UTC-7) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | Mountain (UTC-6) | ||
| Area code(s) | 406 | ||
| FIPS code | 30-35600 | ||
| GNIS feature ID | 0802116 | ||
| Website | www.ci.helena.mt.us | ||
Helena ( /ˈhɛlɨnə/) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Montana and the county seat of Lewis and Clark County.[1] The 2010 census put the population at 28,180.[2] and the Lewis and Clark County population at 63,395.[3] Helena is the principal city of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Lewis and Clark and Jefferson counties; its population is 74,801 according to the 2010 U.S. Census.
The local daily newspaper is the Independent Record. The Helena Brewers minor league baseball and Helena Bighorns Tier III Junior A hockey team call the city home. The city is served by Helena Regional Airport (HLN).
Contents |
History[link]
Helena was founded with the July 14, 1864 discovery of gold in a gulch off the Prickly Pear valley by the "Four Georgians". The city's main street is named Last Chance Gulch and lies close to the winding path of the original gulch through the historic downtown district.
The original camp was named "Last Chance" by the Four Georgians. By fall, the population had grown to over 200 and the name "Last Chance" was viewed as too crass. On October 30, 1864, a group of at least seven men met to name the town, authorize the layout of the streets, and elect commissioners. The first suggestion was "Tomah," a word the committee thought had connections to the local Indian people of the area. Other nominations included Pumpkinville and Squashtown (as the meeting was held the day before Halloween). Other suggestions were to name the community after various Minnesota towns, such as Winona and Rochester. Finally, a Scotsman named John Summerville proposed Helena, which he pronounced /həˈliːnə/ hə-LEE-nə in honor of Helena Township, Scott County, Minnesota. This immediately caused an uproar from the former Confederates in the room who insisted upon the pronunciation /ˈhɛlɨnə/ HEL-i-nə, after Helena, Arkansas, a town on the Mississippi River. While the name won, the pronunciation varied until approximately 1882 when the /ˈhɛlɨnə/ HEL-i-nə pronunciation became dominant and has remained so to the present. Later tales of the naming of Helena claimed the name came variously from the island of St. Helena, where Napoleon had been exiled, or was that of a miner's sweetheart.[4]
The townsite was first surveyed in 1865 by Captain John Wood. However, many of the original streets followed the chaotic paths of the miners, going around claims and following the winding gulch. As a result, few city blocks are consistent in size, rather they have an irregular variety of shapes and sizes.
In 1870, Henry D. Washburn, having been appointed Surveyor General of Montana in 1869, organized the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition in Helena to explore the regions that would become Yellowstone National Park. Mount Washburn, located within the park, is named for him. Members of the expedition included Helena residents: Truman C. Everts - former U.S. Assessor for the Montana Territory, Judge Cornelius Hedges - U.S. Attorney, Montana Territory, Samuel T. Hauser - President of the First National Bank, Helena, Montana; later a Governor of the Montana Territory, Warren C. Gillette - Helena merchant, Benjamin C. Stickney Jr. - Helena merchant, Walter Trumbull - son of U.S. Senator Lyman Trumbull (Illinois) and Nathaniel P. Langford, then former U.S. Collector of Internal Revenue for Montana Territory. Langford helped Washburn organize the expedition and later helped publicize the remarkable Yellowstone region. In May 1872 after the park's creation, Langford was named its first superintendent.
By 1888, about 50 millionaires lived in Helena, more per capita than any city in the world. About $3.6 billion (in today's dollars) of gold was taken from Last Chance Gulch over a 20-year period. The Last Chance Placer is one of the most famous placer deposits in the western United States. Most of the production occurred before 1868 and much of the placer is now under the streets and buildings of Helena (but even as late as the 1970s, when repairs were being made to a bank, a vein of placer gold was found under the bank's foundation). This large concentration of wealth made for a large amount of culture, much of which still exists and is also evidenced in the varied architecture of the city and its Victorian neighborhoods.
The official symbol of Helena is a drawing of "The Guardian of the Gulch", a wooden fire watch tower built in 1886, that still stands on "Tower Hill" overlooking the historic downtown district. This fire tower replaced a series of observation buildings, the original being a flimsy lookout stand built in 1870 on the same site, built in response to a series of devastating fires: April 1869, November 1869, October 1871, August 1872 and January 1874 that swept through the early mining camp.
In 1889, railroad magnate Charles Arthur Broadwater opened his fabled Hotel Broadwater and Natatorium west of Helena. The Natatorium was home to the world's first indoor swimming pool. Damaged in the earthquake of 1935, it was closed in 1941. The many buildings on the property were demolished in 1976. Today, the Broadwater Fitness Center stands just west of the Hotel & Natatorium's original location, complete with an outdoor pool heated by natural spring water running underneath it.
In 1902, the Montana State Capitol was completed. Helena has been the capital of Montana Territory since 1875 and the state of Montana since 1889. A large portion of the conflict between Marcus Daly and William Andrews Clark (the Copper Kings) was over the location of the state capital. Until the 1900 census, Helena was the most populated city in the state.
The Helena Civic Center and the Cathedral of Saint Helena are two of many unique historic buildings in Helena.
Helena High School and Capital High School are both public high schools located in the Helena School District No. 1. Being the state capital, a large number of Helenans work for the state government. When in Helena, most people visit the local walking mall, completed in the early 1980s after Urban Renewal and the Model Cities Program in the early 1970s had removed many historic buildings from the downtown district, taking nearly a decade to renovate, a three block long shopping district following the original Last Chance Gulch. There is a small artificial stream running along most of the walking mall, mirroring the underground springs that originally flowed above ground in parts of the Gulch.
The Archie Bray Foundation, an internationally-renowned ceramics center founded in 1952, is located just northwest of Helena, near Spring Meadow Lake.
Helena also has a local ski area, Great Divide Ski Area, northwest of town near the ghost town of Marysville.
Geography and climate[link]
Helena is located at 46°35′45″N 112°1′37″W / 46.59583°N 112.02694°W / 46.59583; -112.02694 (46.595805, -112.027031),[5] at an altitude of 4,058 feet (1,237 m).[6]
Surrounding features include the Continental Divide, Mount Helena City Park, Spring Meadow Lake State Park, Lake Helena, Helena National Forest, the Big Belt Mountains, the Gates of the Mountains Wilderness, Sleeping Giant Wilderness Study Area, Bob Marshall Wilderness, Scapegoat Wilderness, the Missouri River, Canyon Ferry Lake, Holter Lake, Hauser Lake, and the Elkhorn Mountains.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.0 square miles (36 km2), all of it land.
Helena has a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), with long, cold and moderately snowy winters, hot and dry summers, and short springs and autumns in between. Monthly daily means range from 20.2 °F (−6.6 °C) in January to 67.9 °F (19.9 °C) in July, with lows significantly cooler from April to October, due to the aridity and elevation. Snowfall has been observed in every month of the year, [7] but is usually absent from May to September, and normally accumulates in only light amounts. Winters have periods of moderation, partly due to warming influence from chinooks. Precipitation mostly falls in the spring and is generally sparse, averaging only 11.3 inches (287 mm) annually.
Subzero (below −18 °C) cold is observed 23 nights per year, but is rarely extended, as is 90 °F (32 °C) heat, which occurs on 19 days annually.[7] Extremes range from −42 to 105 °F (-41 to 41 °C), occurring as recently as February 2, 1996 and July 12, 2002, respectively.
| Climate data for Helena, Montana | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 63 (17) |
69 (21) |
78 (26) |
86 (30) |
95 (35) |
102 (39) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
99 (37) |
87 (31) |
75 (24) |
64 (18) |
105 (41) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 30.5 (−0.8) |
37.3 (2.9) |
46.8 (8.2) |
56.9 (13.8) |
65.9 (18.8) |
75.0 (23.9) |
83.4 (28.6) |
82.5 (28.1) |
71.0 (21.7) |
58.4 (14.7) |
41.5 (5.3) |
31.5 (−0.3) |
56.7 (13.7) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 20.2 (−6.6) |
26.4 (−3.1) |
35.1 (1.7) |
44.1 (6.7) |
52.9 (11.6) |
61.2 (16.2) |
67.8 (19.9) |
66.7 (19.3) |
56.1 (13.4) |
44.8 (7.1) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
21.4 (−5.9) |
44.0 (6.7) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 9.9 (−12.3) |
15.6 (−9.1) |
23.5 (−4.7) |
31.2 (−0.4) |
39.8 (4.3) |
47.5 (8.6) |
52.3 (11.3) |
50.8 (10.4) |
41.2 (5.1) |
31.2 (−0.4) |
20.3 (−6.5) |
11.3 (−11.5) |
31.2 (−0.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −42 (−41) |
−42 (−41) |
−30 (−34) |
−10 (−23) |
17 (−8) |
30 (−1) |
36 (2) |
28 (−2) |
6 (−14) |
−8 (−22) |
−39 (−39) |
−40 (−40) |
−42 (−41) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 0.52 (13.2) |
0.38 (9.7) |
0.63 (16) |
0.91 (23.1) |
1.78 (45.2) |
1.82 (46.2) |
1.34 (34) |
1.29 (32.8) |
1.05 (26.7) |
0.66 (16.8) |
0.48 (12.2) |
0.46 (11.7) |
11.32 (287.5) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 8.4 (21.3) |
5.3 (13.5) |
6.8 (17.3) |
4.6 (11.7) |
.9 (2.3) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
.3 (0.8) |
1.2 (3) |
3.0 (7.6) |
5.4 (13.7) |
7.7 (19.6) |
43.6 (110.7) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.5 | 6.3 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 11.4 | 10.4 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 94.1 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 6.9 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 3.8 | .7 | 0 | 0 | .1 | .7 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 37.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 120.9 | 149.7 | 226.3 | 243.0 | 282.1 | 309.0 | 368.9 | 325.5 | 255.0 | 201.5 | 120.0 | 99.2 | 2,701.1 |
| Source: The Weather Channel (records, 1880-present) [8] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1870 | 3,106 |
|
|
| 1880 | 3,624 | 16.7% | |
| 1890 | 13,834 | 281.7% | |
| 1900 | 10,770 | −22.1% | |
| 1910 | 12,515 | 16.2% | |
| 1920 | 12,037 | −3.8% | |
| 1930 | 11,803 | −1.9% | |
| 1940 | 15,056 | 27.6% | |
| 1950 | 17,581 | 16.8% | |
| 1960 | 20,227 | 15.1% | |
| 1970 | 22,730 | 12.4% | |
| 1980 | 23,938 | 5.3% | |
| 1990 | 24,569 | 2.6% | |
| 2000 | 25,780 | 4.9% | |
| 2010 | 28,190 | 9.3% | |
| source:[10][11] | |||
As of the census[12] of 2000, there were 25,780 people, 11,541 households, and 6,474 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,840.7 people per square mile (710.5/km²). There were 12,133 housing units at an average density of 866.3 per square mile (334.4/km²). The ethnic makeup of the city is 94.8% White, 0.2% African American, 2.1% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. 1.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 11,541 households out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.9% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.83.
In the city the population was spread out with 22.4% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $34,416, and the median income for a family was $50,018. Males had a median income of $34,357 versus $25,821 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,020. About 9.3% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.4% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.
Economy[link]
Helena has a long record of economic stability with its history as being the state capital and being founded in an area rich in silver and lead deposits. Its status as capital makes it a major hub of activity at the county, state, and federal level while its mining history has continued with mineral processing plants located around the city. 31 percent of the city's workforce is made up of government positions with private sector jobs comprising 62 percent.[13]
Education[link]
Colleges[link]
- Carroll College, a Catholic liberal arts college which opened in 1909, enrolls 1,500 students.
- The University of Montana - Helena College of Technology, a two-year affiliate campus of University of Montana, provides transfer and technical education for more than 1,600 students. It opened in 1939.
Primary and secondary education[link]
List of schools in Helena, Montana [14]
- Helena High School (1674)
- Capital High School (1416)
- C R Anderson Middle School (994)
- Helena Middle School (720)
- Four Georgians Elementary School (525)
- Rossiter Elementary School (445)
- Smith Elementary School (307)
- Warren Elementary School (267)
- Jim Darcy Elementary School (255)
- Bryant Elementary School (253)
- Broadwater Elementary School (253)
- Kessler Elementary School (211)
- St. Andrew School (162)
- Central School (The first public school in Helena)
- Jefferson Elementary School (250)
- Hawthorne Elementary School (245)
Media[link]
Helena's Designated Market Area is 206th in size, as defined by Nielsen Media Research, and is the fifth smallest media market in the nation.
- Newspapers
- Helena Independent Record (daily, morning)
- AM radio
- FM radio
- KROL 88.5 (Alternative), Carroll College
- KQRV 96.9 (Country), Robert Cummings Toole
- KOYT 98.5 ( Adult Contemporary), Cherry Creek Radio
- KBLL 99.5 (Country), Cherry Creek Radio
- KZMT 101.1 (Classic rock), Cherry Creek Radio
- KHKR 104.1 (Pop Hits), Cherry Creek Radio
- KMTX 105.3 (Adult Contemporary), KMTX, LLC
- Television
Notable natives and residents[link]
- Governors of Montana and other Montana state officials
- Josephine Airey, madam, and landowner
- Stephen Ambrose, historian, author of Band of Brothers and Undaunted Courage
- James Presley Ball, African-American daugerreotypist
- Jean Baucus, historian, author, and rancher
- Max Baucus, Montana's senior U.S. Senator
- Samuel Beall, Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin
- Dirk Benedict, actor (The A-Team)
- Brand Blanshard, philosopher
- Isaac Brock, lead singer of Modest Mouse
- Mary Caferro, Montana State Senator
- Thomas Henry Carter, United States Senator from Montana
- Lane Chandler, actor
- William H. Clagett, U.S. Representative from Montana Territory
- Liz Claiborne, fashion designer[15][16]
- Mike Cooney, Montana State Senator
- Gary Cooper, actor
- Walter A. Coslet, figure in science fiction fandom and Bible collecting
- Margaret Craven, author
- Dennis Cross, an actor, who starred in The Blue Angels
- Dennis E. Curran, journalist, with Associated Press in Helena
- Charles Donnelly, president of the Northern Pacific Railway
- Pat Donovan, Dallas Cowboys offensive tackle
- Truman C. Everts, Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Montana Territory, a position he held between July 15, 1864 and February 16, 1870.[17]
- Rebecca Ferratti, Playboy centerfold
- Casey FitzSimmons, tight end with the Detroit Lions
- Cory Fong, Tax Commissioner of North Dakota
- John Gagliardi, College Football Hall of Fame coach
- Pat Gray, Co-Host of The Glenn Beck Program with Glenn Beck
- Russell Benjamin Harrison, son of President Benjamin Harrison and Indiana politician
- Rick Hill, United States Congressman from Montana
- Norman Holter, biophysicist and inventor of the Holter monitor
- Esther Howard, actress
- L. Ron Hubbard,[18] author and founder of Scientology.
- Chuck Hunter, Montana State Senator
- Christine Kaufmann, Montana State Senator
- Nicolette Larson, singer
- Nathaniel P. Langford - U.S. Collector of Internal Revenue (1864–69), Montana Territory and first superintendent of Yellowstone National Park
- Dave Lewis, Montana State Senator
- James F. Lloyd, United States Representative from California
- Myrna Loy, actress
- Martin Maginnis, U.S. Representative from Montana Territory
- Tony Markellis, bassist and record producer
- Thomas Francis Meagher, Irish rebel, US Civil War Brigadier General, Acting Governor of the Territory of Montana
- Dave Meier, Major League baseball outfielder
- Colin Meloy, lead singer of The Decemberists
- Maile Meloy, writer
- Mike Menahan, Montana State Senator
- James C. Morton, actor
- Bobby Petrino, former head football coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks
- Charlie Pride, country music singer
- Ernest W. Retzlaff, physiologist and author who helped develop craniosacral therapy
- Henry H. Schwartz, Chief of the U.S. General Land Office and United States Senator from Wyoming
- Leo Seltzer, creator of roller derby
- George G. Symes, United States Congressman from Colorado
- Robert "Dink" Tempelton, Olympic Gold Medalist in rugby
- Decius Wade, the "Father of Montana Jurisprudence"
- Thomas J. Walsh, United States Senator from Montana
- Henry D. Washburn, Surveyor General, Montana Territory and commander of the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition to Yellowstone in 1870
- William F. Wheeler, U.S. Marshal, Civil War officer, Minnesota territorial Librarian and secretary to two Governors, founder of Montana Historical Society, first in the West
- John Patrick Williams, former member of the United States House of Representatives from Montana
- Molly Wood, executive editor at CNET.com
- Samuel Baldwin Marks Young, American general
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/30/30049.html
- ^ Palmer, Tom. "Naming Helena" from Helena: The Town and the People" Helena, MT: American Geographic Publishing, 1987, pp 20, 22, 28-31
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Helena, Montana
- ^ a b c "Climatography of the United States No. 20: HELENA AP, MT 1971–2000" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/mt/244055.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
- ^ Monthly Averages for Helena, MT – Temperature and Precipitation. Published by The Weather Channel. Click on the dropdown at the top of the screen and select either 'Daily Averages' or 'Monthly Averages'. Retrieved 2010-06-07
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Helena". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/Helena_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-07.
- ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850-1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 131.
- ^ "Subcounty population estimates: Montana 2000-2009" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2009-07-01. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2007-30.csv. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Helena-Economy.html
- ^ "Schools in Helena, Montana". http://www.city-data.com/school/Helena-Montana.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "Liz Claiborne" NNDB.com
- ^ "Fashion guru Liz Claiborne dies" Breaking News.ie, July 26, 2007
- ^ "Yellowstone National Park: Its Exploration and Establishment Biographical Appendix". National Park Service. July 4, 2000. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/haines1/iee4.htm#everts. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ "Scientology Founder L. Ron Hubbard, Quote of the Week, Video Biography". Scientology.org. 2011-07-20. http://www.scientology.org/l-ron-hubbard/chronicle/index.html. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
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Coordinates: 46°35′45″N 112°01′37″W / 46.595805°N 112.027031°W / 46.595805; -112.027031
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state of Montana. For other uses, see Montana (disambiguation).
| State of Montana | |||||
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| Nickname(s): Big Sky Country, The Treasure State | |||||
| Motto(s): Oro y Plata (Spanish: Gold and Silver) |
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| Official language(s) | English | ||||
| Demonym | Montanan | ||||
| Capital | Helena | ||||
| Largest city | Billings | ||||
| Largest metro area | Billings Metropolitan Area | ||||
| Area | Ranked 4th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 147,042 sq mi (381,154 km2) |
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| - Width | 630 miles (1,015 km) | ||||
| - Length | 255 miles (410 km) | ||||
| - % water | 1 | ||||
| - Latitude | 44° 21′ N to 49° N | ||||
| - Longitude | 104° 2′ W to 116° 3′ W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 44th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 998,199 | ||||
| - Density | 6.86/sq mi (2.65/km2) Ranked 48th in the U.S. |
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| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Granite Peak[1][2][3] 12,807 ft (3903.5 m) |
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| - Mean | 3,400 ft (1040 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Kootenai River at Idaho border[2][3] 1,804 ft (550 m) |
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| Before statehood | Montana Territory | ||||
| Admission to Union | November 8, 1889 (41st) | ||||
| Governor | Brian Schweitzer (D) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | John Bohlinger (R) | ||||
| Legislature | Montana Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Max Baucus (D) Jon Tester (D) |
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| U.S. House delegation | Denny Rehberg (R) (list) | ||||
| Time zone | Mountain: UTC -7/-6 | ||||
| Abbreviations | MT Mont. US-MT | ||||
| Website | www.mt.gov | ||||
Montana (i/mɒnˈtænə/) is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges that are part of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name, derived from the Spanish word montaña (mountain). Montana has several nicknames, none official,[4] including: "Big Sky Country" and "The Treasure State", and slogans that include "Land of the Shining Mountains" and more recently, "The Last Best Place".[5][6] Montana is the 4th-most extensive, but the 7th-least populous and the 3rd-least densely populated of the 50 United States. The economy is primarily based on services, with ranching, wheat farming, oil and coal mining in the east, and lumber, tourism, and hard rock mining in the west.[7] Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park.[8]
Contents
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Etymology and naming history[link]
The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña meaning "mountain" or more broadly, "mountainous country".[9] Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to describe the entire mountainous region of the west.[9] Historians believe General and former Kansas Territory Governor James W. Denver was aware of this when asked by Senate chairman of the Committee on Territories Stephen A. Douglas for a name of one of the several territories he was planning on proposing.[9] Though Douglas never did introduce a bill with the name Montana, he is credited with at least introducing the name.[9] The name was eventually added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory.[9] The name was successfully changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon) both complained that Montana had "no meaning".[9] When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864, for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory.[10] This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name.[10] He complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not at all mountainous and that an Indian name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one.[10] To this Rep. Elihu Washburne of Illinois jokingly suggested Abyssinia.[10] Cox suggested Shoshone, but its translated meaning of "snake" elicited laughter and a remark that the bill had progressed too far to have the territory's name changed without unanimous consent.[10] Cox then suggested that the new territory be called 'Jefferson', to which Ashley responded, "Oh, well, we are opposed to that."[10] This astounded Cox, "Opposed to Jefferson! I propose that we name the new territory, by unanimous consent, 'Douglas Territory.' I think the gentleman opposite will agree to that," to which Ashley replied, "Oh, no, we cannot do that."[10] Rep. John Pruyn then commented that the Governor Lyon of Idaho Territory said he thought the names for the two territories should be reversed given Idaho was more mountainous than Montana.[10] Finally, Rep. Edwin Webster of Maryland stepped in and suggested that every father has the right to name his own child, and since the bill was the progeny of the Committee on Territories, the committee could name it whatever they wanted.[10] After more laughter the name was settled.[10]
Geography[link]
See also: Regional designations of Montana, Ecological systems of Montana, List of mountain ranges in Montana, and List of Forests in Montana
With a land area of 147,046 square miles (380,850 km2), Montana is slightly larger than Japan and slightly smaller than Paraguay. It is the fourth largest state in the United States (after Alaska, Texas, and California), the largest landlocked U.S. state, and the 56th largest national state/province subdivision in the world. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile (877 km) border with three Canadian provinces: British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. To the east, the state borders North Dakota and South Dakota. To the south lies Wyoming and to the west and southwest is Idaho.
Topography[link]
The topography of the state is diverse and roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which runs on an approximate diagonal line through the state from northwest to south-central, splitting it into two distinct eastern and western regions. Montana is well known for its mountainous western region, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the south are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains. About 60% of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains. Nonetheless, even east of the Continental Divide and the Rocky Mountain Front, there are a number of isolated "island ranges" that dot the prairie landscape. This island range region covers most of the central third of the state.
The Bitterroot Mountains—one of the longest continuous ranges in the entire Rocky Mountain chain from Alaska to Mexico—divide the state from Idaho to the west, with the southern third of the range blending into the Continental Divide. Mountain ranges between the Bitterroots and the top of the Continental Divide include the Cabinet Mountains, the Anaconda Range (informally called the "Pintlars"), the [Mission Range|Missions], the Garnet Range, Sapphire Mountains, and Flint Creek Range.
The northern section of the Divide, where the mountains give way rapidly to prairie, is known collectively as the Rocky Mountain Front. The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.
East of the divide, several parallel ranges march across the southern half of the state, including the Gravelly Range, the Tobacco Roots, the Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Absaroka Mountains, and the Beartooth Mountains. The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) high in the continental United States. It contains the highest point in the state, Granite Peak, 12,799 feet (3,901 m) high.
Between the mountain ranges are many scenic valleys, rich in agricultural resources and rivers, and possessing multiple opportunities for tourism and recreation. Among the best-known areas are the Big Hole Valley, Bitterroot Valley, Gallatin Valley, Flathead Valley, and Paradise Valley.
East and north of this transition zone are expansive, sparsely populated Northern Plains, with rolling tableland prairies, "island" mountain ranges, and scenic badlands extending into the Dakotas and Wyoming, as well as Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The isolated island ranges east of the Divide include the Bear Paw Mountains, Castle Mountains, Crazy Mountains, Highwood Mountains, Judith Mountains, Little Belt Mountains, Little Rocky Mountains, Snowy Mountains, Sweet Grass Hills, Bull Mountains, the Pryor Mountains south of Billings, and—in the southeastern corner of the state near Ekalaka—the Long Pines.
The area east of the divide in the north-central portion of the state is known for the Missouri Breaks and other significant rock formations. Three stately buttes south of Great Falls are familiar landmarks. The three: Square, Shaw, and Crown buttes, are made of igneous rock, which is dense and has withstood weathering for many years. The underlying surface consists of shale. Many areas around these buttes are covered with clay surface soils, which have been derived from the weathering of the Colorado Formation. Farther east, areas such as Makoshika State Park near Glendive and Medicine Rocks State Park near Ekalaka also highlight some of the most scenic badlands regions in the state.
The Hell Creek Formation is a major source of dinosaur fossils. Paleontologist Jack Horner, of the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, brought this formation to the world's attention with several major finds.
Rivers[link]
See also: List of rivers of Montana and List of lakes in Montana
Montana also contains numerous rivers, many of which are known for "blue-ribbon" trout fishing, while also providing most of the water needed by residents of the state, and hydropower. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay, and the watershed areas are divided atop Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.
West of the divide, the Clark Fork of the Columbia (not to be confused with the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River) rises in the Rocky Mountains near Butte and flows northwest to Missoula, where it is joined by the Blackfoot River and Bitterroot River, and further downstream by the Flathead River, before entering Idaho near Lake Pend Oreille, exiting it by the Pend Oreille River which flows west, then north through Washington into Canada. Just over the border, it meets the Columbia River, which flows to the Pacific Ocean. The Clark Fork discharges the greatest volume of water of any river exiting the state. The Flathead and Kootenai rivers also drain major portions of the western half of the state.
East of the divide, the Missouri River—formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin rivers—crosses the central part of the state, flows through the Missouri breaks and enters North Dakota. The Yellowstone River rises in Yellowstone Park in Wyoming, flows north to Livingston, Montana, where it then turns east and flows through Billings, continuing across the state until it joins the Missouri River a few miles east of the North Dakota boundary. The Yellowstone River is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States. Other major Montana tributaries of the Missouri include the Milk, Marias, Tongue, and Musselshell rivers. Montana claims the disputed title of possessing the "world's shortest river," the Roe River, just outside Great Falls, Montana. Through the Missouri, these rivers ultimately join the Mississippi River and flow into the Gulf of Mexico.
The Northern Divide turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak. It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.
In addition to its rivers, the state is home to Flathead Lake, the largest natural fresh-water lake in the western United States. Man-made reservoirs dot Montana's rivers, the largest of which is Fort Peck Reservoir, on the Missouri river, contained by the largest earthen dam in the world.
Flora and fauna[link]
See also: Monocotyledons of Montana, Coniferous plants of Montana, Lichens of Montana, Amphibians and Reptiles of Montana, List of birds of Montana, and Mammals of Montana
Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state.
Montana is home to a diverse array of fauna that includes 15 amphibian, 85 fish, 110 mammal, 17 reptile and 420 bird species.[11] Additionally, there are over 10,000 invertebrate species, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states.[citation needed]
Parks[link]
See also: List of Montana state parks
Montana contains Glacier National Park, "The Crown of the Continent"; and portions of Yellowstone National Park, including three of the Park's five entrances. Other federally recognized sites include the Little Bighorn National Monument, Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Big Hole National Battlefield, Lewis and Clark Caverns, and the National Bison Range. Montana has ten National Forests and more than 20 National Wildlife Refuges. The Federal government administers 36,000,000 acres (150,000 km2). 275,000 acres (1,110 km2) are administered as state parks and forests.
Areas managed by the National Park Service include:[12]
- Big Hole National Battlefield near Wisdom
- Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area near Fort Smith
- Glacier National Park
- Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site at Deer Lodge, Montana
- Lewis & Clark National Historic Trail
- Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument near Crow Agency
- Nez Perce National Historical Park
- Yellowstone National Park
Climate[link]
File:Helena, Montana 1961-1990 Climate data.gif
Temperature and precipitation for Montana's capital city, Helena
Montana is a large state with considerable variation in geography, and the climate is, therefore, equally varied. The state spans from 'below' the 45th parallel (the halfway line between the equator and the north pole) to the 49th parallel, and elevations range from under 2,000 feet (610 m) to nearly 13,000 feet (4,000 m) above sea level. The western half is mountainous, interrupted by numerous large valleys. Eastern Montana comprises plains and badlands, broken by hills and isolated mountain ranges, and has a semi-arid, continental climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). The Continental Divide runs north-south through the western mountainous half, and has a great effect on the climate. It restricts the flow of warmer air from the Pacific from moving east, and cooler, drier continental moving west. West of the divide, the climate is described as modified northern Pacific coast climate, with milder winters, cooler summers, less wind, and a longer growing season.[13] In the winter, valley fog and low clouds often form in the valleys west of the divide, but this is rarely seen in the east.[14]
Average daytime temperatures vary from 28 °F (−2 °C) in January to 84.5 °F (29.2 °C) in July.[15] The variation in geography leads to great variation in temperature. Hot weather occurs in the eastern plains on occasion, the highest observed being 117 °F (47 °C) at Glendive on July 20, 1893, and Medicine Lake on July 5, 1937. Throughout the state, summer nights are generally cool and pleasant. Temperatures decrease as altitude increases, and hot weather is unknown above 4,000 ft (1,200 m). Snowfall is not unknown in any month of the year in the central part of Montana, but is rare in July and August.[13]
The coldest temperature on record for Montana is also the coldest temperature for the entire contiguous U.S. On January 20, 1954, −70 °F (−57 °C) was recorded at a gold mining camp near Rogers Pass. Temperatures vary greatly on such cold nights, and Helena, 40 miles (64 km) to the southeast had a low of only −36 °F (−38 °C).[13] Winter cold spells last a week or so, and are usually the result of cold continental air coming south from Canada. The front is often well defined, causing a large temperature drop in a 24-hour period. Conversely, air flow from the southwest results in "Chinooks". These steady 25–50 mph (or more) winds can suddenly warm parts of Montana, especially areas just to the east of the mountains, where temperatures sometimes rise up to 50 °F (10 °C) – 60 °F (15 °C).[13]
Loma, Montana is the location of the most extreme recorded temperature change in a 24-hour period in the United States. On January 15, 1972, the temperature rose from −54 °F (−48 °C) to 49 °F (9 °C).[16]
Average annual precipitation is 15 inches (380 mm), but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; Lonepine averages 11.45 inches (291 mm), and Deer Lodge 11.00 inches (279 mm) of precipitation. The mountains themselves can receive over 100 inches (2,500 mm), for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets 105 inches (2,700 mm).[14] Perhaps the driest is an area southwest of Belfry that averaged only 6.59 inches (167 mm) over a sixteen-year period. Most of the larger cities get 30 to 50 inches (760 to 1,300 mm) of snow each year. Mountain ranges themselves can accumulate 300 inches (7,600 mm) of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur as early as September or as late as May, though most snow falls from November to March.[13]
The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so.[17] The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades.[18] Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana.[17][19] Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western Montana.[20][21] The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana.[17][21] According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200% increase in area burned by wildland fires, and an 80% increase in air pollution from those fires.[22][23]
History[link]
Main article: History of Montana
Various indigenous peoples lived in the territory of the present-day state of Montana for thousands of years. Historic tribes encountered by Europeans and settlers from the United States included the Crow in the south-central area; the Cheyenne in the southeast; the Blackfeet, Assiniboine and Gros Ventres in the central and north-central area; and the Kootenai and Salish in the west. The smaller Pend d'Oreille and Kalispel tribes lived near Flathead Lake and the western mountains, respectively.
The land in Montana east of the continental divide was part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Subsequent to the Lewis and Clark Expedition and after the finding of gold and copper (see the Copper Kings) in the area in the late 1850s, Montana became a United States territory (Montana Territory) on May 26, 1864. Prior to the creation of Montana Territory (1864–1889), various parts of what is now Montana were parts of Oregon Territory (1848–1859), Washington Territory (1853–1863), Idaho Territory (1863–1864), and Dakota Territory (1861–1864).
The Army established a series of posts in the late 1860s, including Fort Shaw, Camp Cooke on the Judith River and Fort C.F. Smith on the Bozeman Trail.
Montana was the scene of warfare as the Native Americans struggled to maintain control of their land. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was fought near the present-day town of Hardin. Montana was also the location of the final battles of the Nez Perce Wars.
A series of major mining discoveries in the western third of the state starting in 1862 found gold, silver, copper lead, coal (and later oil) that attracted tens of thousands of miners to the area. The richest of all gold placer diggings was discovered at Alder Gulch, where the town of Virginia City was established. Other rich placer deposits were found at Last Chance Gulch, where the city of Helena now stands, Confederate Gulch, Silver Bow, Emigrant Gulch, and Cooke City. Gold output from 1862 through 1876 reached $144 million; silver then became even more important. The largest mining operations were in the city of Butte, which had important silver deposits and gigantic copper deposits.
Cattle ranching has been central to Montana's history and economy since the late-19th century. The Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site in Deer Lodge Valley is maintained as a link to the ranching style of the late 19th century. Operated by the National Park Service, it is a 1,900 acres (7.7 km2) working ranch.
The railroads arrived in the 1880s, including the Great Northern Railroad (1889) and its rival, the Northern Pacific Railroad (1883) from Minneapolis, and the Union Pacific Railroad (1881) from Denver. Montana railroading, with two transcontinentals to the Pacific coast and extensive operations to the mines, became a major industry, with centers in Billings and Havre. Montana became a state in 1889 in an omnibus package together with North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington. In 1888, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other city in the world.[citation needed]
The revised Homestead Act of 1909 greatly affected the settlement of Montana. This act expanded the amount of free land from 160 acres (0.6 km2) to 320 acres (1.3 km2) per family. Tens of thousands of inexperienced homesteaders arrived, lured by free land and high wheat prices, but they were unprepared for the climate, which usually had little rainfall and required special dry farming techniques. The droughts of 1917–1919 proved devastating, as many left, and half the banks in the state went bankrupt after providing mortgages that could not be repaid. The Great Depression caused further hardship for farmers and ranchers and miners, but the economy bounced back in the 1940s. The wheat farms in eastern Montana make the state a major producer; the wheat has a relatively high protein content and thus commands premium prices. After 1940 tourism became the state's third largest industry with Yellowstone and Glacier national parks as the largest tourist attractions.
The planned battleship USS Montana was named in honor of the state. However, the battleship was never completed, making Montana the only one of the 48 states during World War II not to have a battleship named after it. Additionally, Alaska and Hawaii have both had nuclear submarines named after them. As such Montana is the only state in the union without a modern naval ship named in its honor. However, in August 2007 Senator Jon Tester made a request to the Navy that a submarine be christened USS Montana.[24]
Politics in the state has been competitive, with the Democrats usually holding an edge, thanks to the support among unionized miners and railroad workers. Large scale battles revolved around the giant Anaconda Copper company, based in Butte and controlled by Rockefeller interests, until it closed in the 1970s. Until 1959, the company owned five of the state's six largest newspapers.
American Indian reservations[link]
Seven American Indian reservations are located in Montana: Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation, Crow Indian Reservation, Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation, Blackfeet Indian Reservation, and the Flathead Indian Reservation.
Cities and towns[link]
Montana has 56 counties with the United States Census Bureau stating Montana's contains 364 "places", broken down into 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. Incorporated places consist of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties.[25] Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000, Missoula and Great Falls. These three communities are considered the centers of Montana's three Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre*.[26] These communities, excluding Havre, are colloquially known as the "big 7" Montana cities, as they are consistently the seven largest communities in Montana, with a significant population difference when these communities are compared to those that are 8th and lower on the list,[27] and the only communities to host major airports.[28] Based on 2000 census numbers, they collectively contain 34 percent of Montana's population.[29] and the counties containing these communities hold more than 60 percent of the state's population.[30]
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1870 | 20,595 |
|
|
| 1880 | 39,159 | 90.1% | |
| 1890 | 142,924 | 265.0% | |
| 1900 | 243,329 | 70.3% | |
| 1910 | 376,053 | 54.5% | |
| 1920 | 548,889 | 46.0% | |
| 1930 | 537,606 | −2.1% | |
| 1940 | 559,456 | 4.1% | |
| 1950 | 591,024 | 5.6% | |
| 1960 | 674,767 | 14.2% | |
| 1970 | 694,409 | 2.9% | |
| 1980 | 786,690 | 13.3% | |
| 1990 | 799,065 | 1.6% | |
| 2000 | 902,195 | 12.9% | |
| 2010 | 989,415 | 9.7% | |
| Source: 1910–2010[31] | |||
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Montana was 998,199 on July 1, 2011, a 0.89% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[32] On January 3, 2012, Governor Schweitzer announced that the Census and Economic Information Center (CEIC) at the Montana Department of Commerce estimated Montana had hit the one million mark sometime between November and December, 2011.[33]
The 2010 census put Montana's population at 989,415 which is an increase of 87,220 people, or 9.7 percent, since the year 2000. Growth is mainly concentrated in Montana's seven largest counties, with the heaviest percentile growth in Gallatin County, which saw a 32%[34] increase in its population since 2000. The city seeing the largest percentile growth was Kalispell with 40.1%.[35] The city with the largest actual growth was Billings with an increase in population of 14,323 since 2000.[35]
According to the 2010 Census, 89.4% of the population was White (87.8% Non-Hispanic White Alone), 0.4% Black or African American, 6.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 0.6% from Some Other Race, and 2.5% from Two or More Races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 2.9% of the population.[36]
The largest European ancestry groups in Montana are: German (29.3%), Irish (16.4%), English (13.1%), and Norwegian (10%). In addition, 5.9% of the people identified their ancestry as "American".[37]
According to 2010 U.S. Census the population of Montana's seven most populous areas are Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell.[26][35]
According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home.[38]
The center of population of Montana is located in Meagher County, in the city of White Sulphur Springs.[39]
Ancestry[link]
Apart from the sizable American Indian population, nearly 90% of its residents are of European descent, with a large numbers of German, Irish, British, Slavic, Italian, and Scandinavian immigrants arriving 1890–1910. About 2000–3000 Chinese miners were in Montana by 1870, and 2500 in 1890. They were strongly opposed by labor unions, and public opinion grew increasingly negative in the 1890s and nearly half left the state by 1900.[40]
While German ancestry is the largest reported European-American ancestry in Montana as a whole, residents of Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Irish and English are the second and third largest European ancestral groups in the state. There are also several predominantly Native American counties, mainly around each of the seven Indian reservations. The state has a larger Native American population (and percentage) than most US states. The seven reservations are actually made of more than twelve distinct Native American ethnolinguistic groups. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of ethnic groups, and are particularly rich in European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the city, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown, and the Chinese in Montana, while a low percentage today, have historically been an important presence. Montanans who claim Filipino ancestry amount to almost 3,000, making them the largest Asian American group in the state.[41] Throughout the nineteenth century, many farmers of German, Scandinavian, Irish, Scots, and English roots settled in Montana. In addition, the Hutterites, originally from Central Europe, settled here, and today Montana is second only to South Dakota in U.S. Hutterite population with several colonies spread across the state. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent. Montana's Hispanic population is concentrated around the Billings area in south-central Montana, where many of Montana's Mexican-Americans have been in the state for generations. The highest density of African-Americans is located in Great Falls.
| By race | White | Black | AIAN* | Asian | NHPI* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 (total population) | 92.79% | 0.50% | 7.36% | 0.79% | 0.12% |
| 2000 (Hispanic only) | 1.74% | 0.05% | 0.28% | 0.04% | 0.01% |
| 2005 (total population) | 92.52% | 0.62% | 7.47% | 0.82% | 0.11% |
| 2005 (Hispanic only) | 2.22% | 0.07% | 0.23% | 0.03% | 0.01% |
| Growth 2000–05 (total population) | 3.42% | 28.09% | 5.19% | 7.11% | -4.46% |
| Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) | 2.87% | 25.58% | 5.91% | 8.07% | -0.82% |
| Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) | 31.85% | 52.36% | -13.46% | -13.52% | -39.22% |
| * AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | |||||
Religion[link]
The religious affiliations of the people of Montana include:
- Christian: 82%
- Protestant: 55%
- Lutheran: 15%
- Methodist: 8%
- Baptist: 5%
- Presbyterian: 4%
- United Church of Christ: 2%
- Other Protestant or general Protestant: 21%
- Roman Catholic: 24%
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon): 5%
- Protestant: 55%
- Other Religions: <1%
- Non-Religious: 18%
As of the year 2000[update], the RCMS[42] reported that the three largest denominational groups in Montana are Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, and Mainline Protestant.
Larg denominations (measured by numbers of adherents) include the Roman Catholic Church with 169,250 as of 2000[update]; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 50,287 as of 2000[update];[42] and (as of 31 December 2008 (2008 -12-31)[update]) The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 45,517.[43]
LGBT[link]
A November 2011 Public Policy Polling survey found that 37% of Montana voters supported the legalization of same-sex marriage, while 51% opposed it and 12% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found that 62% of respondents supported legal recognition for same-sex couples, with 32% supporting same-sex marriage, 30% supporting civil unions, 35% opposing all legal recognition and 3% not sure.[44]
Economy[link]
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The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Montana's total state product in 2003 was $26 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $25,406, 47th in the nation. However, this number is rapidly increasing.
Montana is a relative hub of beer microbrewing, ranking second in the nation in number of craft breweries per capita.[45] There are significant industries for lumber and mineral extraction; the state's resources include gold, coal, silver, talc, and vermiculite. Ecotaxes on resource extraction are numerous. A 1974 state severance tax on coal (which varied from 20 to 30 percent) was upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana, 453 U.S. 609 (1981).
Tourism is also important to the economy with millions of visitors a year to Glacier National Park, Flathead Lake, the Missouri River headwaters, the site of the Battle of Little Bighorn and three of the five entrances to Yellowstone National Park.
Montana's personal income tax contains 7 brackets, with rates ranging from 1% to 6.9%. Montana has no sales tax. In Montana, household goods are exempt from property taxes. However, property taxes are assessed on livestock, farm machinery, heavy equipment, automobiles, trucks, and business equipment. The amount of property tax owed is not determined solely by the property's value. The property's value is multiplied by a tax rate, set by the Montana Legislature, to determine its taxable value. The taxable value is then multiplied by the mill levy established by various taxing jurisdictions—city and county government, school districts and others.
As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 6.8%.[46]
Culture[link]
See also: Music of Montana
Montana has variety of arts and culture as well as festivals and events.
Sports[link]
Professional sports[link]
There are no major league sports franchises in Montana due to the state's relatively small and dispersed population, but a number of minor league teams play in the state. Baseball is the minor-league sport with the longest heritage in the state, and Montana is currently home to four Minor League baseball teams, all members of the Pioneer Baseball League:
The Missoula Phoenix, Bitterroot Blaze, Gallatin Valley Snowdevils, Helena Bearcats and the Great Falls Gladiators are semi-pro football teams in the Rocky Mountain Football League (RMFL).
Collegiate and amateur sports[link]
All of Montana's four-year colleges and universities field a variety of intercollegiate sports teams. The two largest schools, the University of Montana and Montana State University, are members of the Big Sky Conference and have enjoyed a strong athletic rivalry since the early twentieth century. Most of the smaller four-year schools in the state belong to the Frontier Conference.
Football and basketball are the two most popular sports at the high school level. Montana is one of the few states where the smallest high schools participate in six-man football leagues.
Numerous other sports are played at the club and amateur level, including softball, rugby, and soccer. In 2011, Big Sky Little League won the Northwest Region, advancing to the Little League World Series in South Williamsport, PA for the first time in state history.
From 1988–2010, the Montana High School All Class Wrestling Tournament was held in Billings at MetraPark. This event remains one of the most popular high school events each year in Montana. The 2011 event was relocated to three different cities due to a freak tornado that tore the roof of the MetraPark building on June 20, 2011.[47] The MetraPark has been repaired and expects to host the all class tournament again.
There are six junior hockey teams in Montana, all affiliated with the American West Hockey League:
- Billings Bulls
- Bozeman Icedogs
- Butte Roughriders
- Great Falls Americans
- Helena Bighorns
- Missoula Maulers
Ft. Shaw[link]
In 1904 a group of young Native American women, after playing undefeated during their last season, went to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in St. Louis and defeated all challenging teams and were declared to be world champions. For this they received a large silver trophy with the inscription "World's Fair – St. Louis, 1904 – Basket Ball – Won by Fort Shaw Team".[48]
Recreation[link]
Ski areas[link]
Montana has several ski areas including:
- Bear Paw Ski Bowl near Havre, Montana
- Big Sky Resort near Big Sky, Montana
- Blacktail near Lakeside
- Bridger Bowl Ski Area near Bozeman
- Discovery Basin near Philipsburg
- Great Divide near Helena, Montana
- Lookout Pass near St. Regis, Montana
- Lost Trail near Darby, Montana
- Maverick Mountain near Dillon, Montana
- Moonlight Basin near Big Sky, Montana
- Red Lodge Mountain near Red Lodge
- Showdown Ski Area near White Sulphur Springs, Montana
- Snowbowl Ski Area near Missoula
- Teton Pass Ski Area near Choteau
- Turner Mountain Ski Resort near Libby
- Whitefish Mountain Resort near Whitefish
Law and government[link]
See also: List of Montana Governors
The current Governor is Brian Schweitzer (Democrat) who was sworn in on January 3, 2005. Montana's two U.S. senators are Max Baucus (Democrat) and Jon Tester (Democrat). The state's congressional representative is Denny Rehberg (Republican).
Montana in 1916 became the first state to elect a woman to Congress (Jeannette Rankin) (Republican) and was one of the first states to give women voting rights (see suffrage).
Politics[link]
Historically, Montana is a swing state of cross-ticket voters who tend to fill elected offices with individuals from both parties. Through the mid-20th century, the state had a tradition of "sending the liberals to Washington and the conservatives to Helena." However, beginning in the 1980s, the pattern flipped, with voters more likely to elect conservatives to federal offices. There have also been long-term shifts of party control. During the 1970s, the state was dominated by the Democratic Party, with Democratic governors for a 20-year period, and a Democratic majority of both the national congressional delegation and during many sessions of the state legislature. This pattern shifted, beginning with the 1988 election, when Montana elected a Republican governor and sent a Republican to the U.S. Senate for the first time since the 1940s. This shift continued with the reapportionment of the state's legislative districts that took effect in 1994, when the Republican Party took control of both chambers of the state legislature, consolidating a Republican party dominance that lasted until 2004.
In presidential elections, Montana was long classified as a swing state, though in recent years, Montana has been classified as a Republican-leaning state, as the state supported Republican presidential candidates in every election from 1996 to the present. The state last supported a Democrat for president in 1992, when Bill Clinton won a plurality victory. Overall, since 1889 the state has voted for Democratic governors 60 percent of the time and Democratic presidents 40 percent of the time, with these numbers being 40/60 for Republican candidates. In the 2008 presidential election, Montana was considered a swing state and was ultimately won by Republican John McCain, albeit by a narrow margin of two percent.[49]
However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold both U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2010, controlled by the Republicans 28 to 22, and the State House of Representatives at 68 to 32.
Montana is an Alcoholic beverage control state.
Further information: Political party strength in Montana
Education[link]
Colleges and universities[link]
|
The state-funded Montana University System consists of:
Major Tribal Colleges in Montana include:
There are three small private colleges based in Montana, in addition to branch campuses of out-of-state schools: |
Media[link]
Montana's largest circulating daily newspapers are the Billings Gazette, Great Falls Tribune, and Missoulian.[50]
Health[link]
Montana does not have a Trauma I hospital, but does have Trauma II hospitals in Billings, Missoula, and Great Falls.[51]
Transportation[link]
See also: List of Montana railroads, List of Montana numbered highways, and List of airports in Montana
Railroads have been an important method of transportation in Montana since the 1880s. Historically, the state was traversed by the main lines of three east-west transcontinental routes: the Milwaukee Road, the Great Northern, and the Northern Pacific. Today, the BNSF Railway is the state's largest railroad, its main transcontinental route incorporating the former Great Northern main line across the state. Montana RailLink, a privately-held Class II railroad, operates former Northern Pacific trackage in western Montana.
In addition, Amtrak's Empire Builder train runs through the north of the state, stopping in the following towns: Libby, Whitefish, West Glacier, Essex, East Glacier Park, Browning, Cut Bank, Shelby, Havre, Malta, Glasgow, and Wolf Point.
Billings Logan International Airport is the largest and busiest airport within a four state region (Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota) both in passenger boardings and air cargo.[53] Montana's other major Airports include Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport, Missoula International Airport, Great Falls International Airport, Glacier Park International Airport, Helena Regional Airport, Bert Mooney Airport and Yellowstone Airport. Eight smaller communities have airports designated for commercial service under the Essential Air Service program.
Historically, the primary east-west highway route across Montana was U.S. Route 10, which connected the major cities in the southern half of the state. Still the state's most important east-west travel corridor, the route is today served by Interstate 90 and Interstate 94. U.S. Routes 2 and 12 and Montana Highway 200 also traverse the entire state from east to west.
Montana's only north-south Interstate Highway is Interstate 15. Other major north-south highways include U.S. Routes 87, 89, 93 and 191. Interstate 25 terminates into I-90 just south of the Montana border in Wyoming.
Montana and South Dakota are the only states to share a land border which is not traversed by a paved road.[54]
State symbols[link]
- State flower: Bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva), since 1895
- State tree: Ponderosa Pine, since 1949
- State animal: Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), since 1862
- State bird: Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), since 1931
- State fish: Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii, since 1977[55]
- State Song: "Montana", since 1945
- State Ballad: "Montana Melody", since 1983
- State Gemstones: Yogo sapphire & Agate, since 1969
- State Fossil: Maiasaur ("Duck-billed Dinosaur") (Maiasaura peeblesorum), since 1985
- State Butterfly: Mourning cloak (Nymphalis antiopa), since 2001
- State Grass: Bluebunch wheatgrass, since 1973
- State Motto: "Oro y Plata" (Spanish: Gold and Silver)
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of National Register of Historic Places in Montana
- List of people from Montana
- List of places in Montana
- Missouri River
- Music of Montana
- Rocky Mountains
Further reading[link]
Main article: Bibliography of Montana history
- Axline, Jon, et al. Still Speaking Ill of the Dead: More Jerks in Montana History. Falcon Press, 2005. ISBN 1-58592-032-0
- Bennion, Jon. Big Sky Politics. Five Valleys Publishing, April 2004. ISBN 1-888550-13-9
- Doig, Ivan, Dancing at the Rascal Fair. Scribner: 1987. ISBN 0-689-11764-7.
- Doig, Ivan, English Creek. Peter Smith Publisher Inc: 1992. ISBN 0-8446-6608-4.
- Howard, Joseph Kinsey. Montana: High, Wide, and Handsome. Bison Books: 2003. ISBN 0-8032-7339-8.
- Howard, Joseph Kinsey. Montana Margins: A State Anthology. Yale University Press,: 1946. ISBN 0-8369-2652-8.
- Kittredge, William. The Last Best Place: A Montana Anthology. (From the back cover: "...over 230 stories, poems, reminiscences, and reports written by 140 men and women. The book is divided into eight sections with introductory essays by William Bevis, Mary Clearman Blew, William Kittredge, William Lang, Richard Roeder, Annick Smith, and James Welch.") University of Washington Press: 1990. 1158 pages. ISBN 0-295-96974-1.
- Lopach, James. We the People of Montana: The Workings of a Popular Government. Falcon Press, 1983 ISBN 0-87842-159-9
- MacLean, Norman, A River Runs Through It. University of Chicago Press: 1976. ISBN 0-226-50060-8.
- MacLean, Norman, Young Men and Fire. University of Chicago Press: 1992. ISBN 0-226-50061-6.
- Malone, Michael P., Richard B. Roeder and William L. Lang. Montana: A History of Two Centuries. University of Washington: 1991. ISBN 0-295-97129-0.
- Toole, K. Ross. Montana: An Uncommon Land. University of Oklahoma Press: 1984. ISBN 0-8061-1890-3.
- Walter, Dave, et al. Speaking Ill of the Dead: Jerks in Montana History. Falcon Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58592-032-0
- Walker, Mildred. Winter Wheat. Harcourt: 1967. ISBN 0-15-197223-0.
External links[link]
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- State of Montana Website
- Official State Travel Information Site
- Montana at the Open Directory Project
- Montana energy data & statistics – From the U.S. Department of Energy
- Montana Historical Society
- Everything you need to know about Montana.
- Montana History
- Montana State Capitol Information
- Montana state facts from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Census of Montana
- List of searchable databases produced by Montana state agencies hosted by the American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable.
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Montana
- Famous and infamous Montanans
- Fly Fishing in Montana
Geographic data related to Montana at OpenStreetMap- Saturday Night Out – Montana 1936
References[link]
- ^ "Granite Peak". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=QW0616. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ "Montana Code Annotated 2009 – Title 1, chapter 1, Part 5 "State Symbols – Official Designations"". State of Montana. http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/1_1_5.htm. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^ Shovers, Brian (2003). "Montana Episodes". Montana Department of Tourism. http://travel.mt.gov/history/Montana_the_Magazine_of_Western_History/Spring03/treasurestate.htm. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
- ^ Robbins, Jim (August 17, 2008). "In Montana, a Popular Expression Is Taken Off the Endangered List". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/us/18trademark.html?em. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
- ^ "Montana". United States Department of Labor – Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.mt.htm. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^ Thackeray, Lorna (October 17, 2009). "National-park visitors boost Montana’s tourism stats". Billings Gazette. http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/article_a9e53dca-badc-11de-9615-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, Volume 7, Rocky Mountain Publishing Co., 1910
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Congressional Globe, 38th Cong., 1st sess., (March 17, 1864)
- ^ "Wild Things-Species of Montana". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. http://fwp.mt.gov/wildthings/. Retrieved November 30, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Montana". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/state/mt/index.htm. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Western Regional Climate Center "Climate of Montana"". Desert Research Institute. Accessed October 6, 2010. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/MONTANA.htm.
- ^ a b "Climate in Montana". Animal Range and Sciences, Extension Service, Montana State University. Accessed October 6, 2010. http://www.animalrangeextension.montana.edu/articles/forage/MIPMH-chptr-1.htm#Temperature.
- ^ "Montana Facts". Visit MT.com. Accessed October 6, 2010. http://www.visitmt.com/virtualvisitor/faq.htm.
- ^ Andrew H. Horvitz, et al. A National Temperature Record at Loma, Montana, National Weather Service, 2002. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
- ^ a b c "UM climate expert says triple-digit Julys will be norm". Billings Gazette. August 27, 2007. http://www.billingsgazette.net/articles/2007/08/27/news/state/24-fry.txt.
- ^ "Glacier Monitoring Research". Monitoring and Assessing Glacier Changes and Their Associated Hydrologic and Ecologic Effects in Glacier National Park. U.S. Geological Survey. http://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glaciers.htm. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
- ^ NOAA "Climate of 2007 – July in Historical Perspective". National Climatic Data Center. August 15, 2007. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2007/jul/jul07.html NOAA.
- ^ "Beetles shaping Montana's forest lands". The Missoulian. July 31, 2005. http://www.missoulian.com/articles/2005/07/31/news/mtregional/news02.tx. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Forest Service finds varied beetle activity". The Missoulan. February 14, 2010. http://www.missoulian.com/articles/2007/02/14/news/mtregional/news07.txt.
- ^ "Forecast: More air pollution, Study predicts global warming will increase fires in Northern Rockies". Billings Gazette. July 29, 2009. http://www.billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/article_d3d32b14-7cc6-11de-b4e3-001cc4c03286.html.
- ^ "Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States". Journal of Geophysical Research. http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/publications/spracklen_2008.pdf.
- ^ Press Release Detail[dead link]
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau (2010). "2010 U.S. Census Geography summary". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/guidestloc/st30_mt.html. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
- ^ a b bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com[dead link]
- ^ "Census 2010:20 largest Montana cities, counties". KRTV. March 16, 2011. http://www.krtv.com/news/census-2010-20-largest-montana-cities-counties/. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
- ^ "Airlines Serving Montana". Montana film officeaccessdate=2012-2-2. http://montanafilm.com/airlines.htm.
- ^ "The Setting Montana". Historical Society. http://mhs.mt.gov/education/studentguide/Setting.asp. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
- ^ Swanson, Larry (December 2004). "Economics". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. http://fwp.mt.gov/doingBusiness/reference/montanaChallenge/reports/economics.html.
- ^ Resident Population Data. "2010.census.gov". 2010.census.gov. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ http://governor.mt.gov/news/pr.asp?ID=1001
- ^ "2010.census.gov". 2010.census.gov. March 15, 2011. http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn85.html. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ a b c bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com[dead link]
- ^ "factfinder2.census.gov". factfinder2.census.gov. October 5, 2010. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "factfinder2.census.gov". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US30&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ "Language Map Data Center". Mla.org. July 17, 2007. http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=30&mode=state_tops. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000". U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^ Patrick F. Morris, Anaconda, Montana: copper smelting boom town on the western frontier (1997) p 113-24
- ^ http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?fpt=table
- ^ a b "State Membership Reports". thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/30_2000.asp. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
- ^ Deseret News 2009 Church Almanac of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
- ^ Schweitzer could win Sen. nom in ’14 but maybe not MT in ‘16
- ^ "Craft Brewing Industry Statistics". Beertown.org. http://www.beertown.org/craftbrewing/statistics.html. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". bls.gov. http://www.bls.gov/lau/.
- ^ "youtube.com". youtube. June 20, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlGsNN7TPrc. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ Full Court Quest. Linda Peavy and Ursula Smith. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press: 2008.
- ^ "2008 Election Results, CNN". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/individual/#mapPMT. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
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Coordinates: 47°N 110°W / 47°N 110°W / 47; -110
| Preceded by South Dakota |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on November 8, 1889 (41st) |
Succeeded by Washington |
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 British Columbia |
 Canada Alberta |
 Saskatchewan |
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 Idaho |
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 North Dakota |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Neil Gaiman | |
|---|---|
 Gaiman and his dog, Cabal |
|
| Born | (1960-11-10) 10 November 1960 (age 51) Portchester, Hampshire, England |
| Occupation | Novelist, graphic novelist and screenwriter |
| Nationality | British |
| Period | 1980s–present |
| Genres | Fantasy, Horror, Science fiction, Dark fantasy |
| Notable work(s) | The Sandman, Neverwhere, American Gods, Stardust, Coraline, The Graveyard Book, Good Omens |
| Spouse(s) |
Amanda Palmer (2011–present) Mary McGrath (1985–2007) |
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Influences
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Influenced
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neilgaiman.com |
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Neil Richard Gaiman ( /ˈɡeɪmən/;[3] born 10 November 1960[4]) is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre and films. His notable works include the comic book series The Sandman and novels Stardust, American Gods, Coraline, and The Graveyard Book. He has won numerous awards, including Hugo, Nebula, Bram Stoker, Newbery Medal, and Carnegie Medal in Literature. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work.[5]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Gaiman's family is of Polish and other Eastern European Jewish origins;[6] his great-grandfather emigrated from Antwerp before 1914[7] and his grandfather eventually settled in the Hampshire city of Portsmouth and established a chain of grocery stores.[8] His father, David Bernard Gaiman,[9] worked in the same chain of stores;[8] his mother, Sheila Gaiman (née Goldman), was a pharmacist. He has two younger sisters, Claire and Lizzy.[10] After living for a period in the nearby town of Portchester, Hampshire, where Neil was born in 1960, the Gaimans moved in 1965 to the West Sussex town of East Grinstead where his parents studied Dianetics at the Scientology centre in the town; one of Gaiman's sisters works for the Church of Scientology in Los Angeles. His other sister, Lizzy Calcioli, has said, "Most of our social activities were involved with Scientology or our Jewish family. It would get very confusing when people would ask my religion as a kid. I’d say, 'I’m a Jewish Scientologist.'" Gaiman says that he is not a Scientologist, and that like Judaism, Scientology is his family's religion.[11]
Gaiman was able to read at the age of four. He said, "I was a reader. I loved reading. Reading things gave me pleasure. I was very good at most subjects in school, not because I had any particular aptitude in them, but because normally on the first day of school they'd hand out schoolbooks, and I'd read them--which would mean that I'd know what was coming up, because I'd read it."[2] One work that made a particular impression on him was J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings from his school library, although it only had the first two books in the trilogy. He consistently took them out and read them. He would later win the school English prize and the school reading prize, enabling him to finally acquire the third book in the trilogy.[2]
For his seventh birthday, Gaiman received C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia series. He later recalled that "I admired his use of parenthetical statements to the reader, where he would just talk to you...I'd think, 'Oh, my gosh, that is so cool! I want to do that! When I become an author, I want to be able to do things in parentheses.' I liked the power of putting things in brackets."[2] Another childhood favorite was Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, which he called "a favourite forever. Alice was default reading to the point where I knew it by heart."[2] He also enjoyed Batman comics as a child.[2]
Gaiman was educated at several Church of England schools, includging Fonthill School in East Grinstead,[12] Ardingly College (1970–74), and Whitgift School in Croydon (1974–77).[13] His father's position as a public relations official of the Church of Scientology was the cause of the seven-year-old Gaiman being blocked from entering a boys' school, forcing him to remain at the school that he had previously been attending.[11][14] He lived in East Grinstead for many years, from 1965–1980 and again from 1984–1987.[12] He met his first wife, Mary McGrath, while she was studying Scientology and living in a house in East Grinstead that was owned by his father. The couple were married in 1985 after having their first child, Michael.[11]
Journalism, early writings, and literary influences[link]
As a child and a teenager, Gaiman read the works of C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Lewis Carroll, James Branch Cabell, Edgar Allan Poe, Michael Moorcock, Ursula K. Le Guin, Harlan Ellison, Rudyard Kipling, Lord Dunsany and G. K. Chesterton.[2] He later became a fan of science fiction, reading the works of authors as diverse as Alan Moore,[15] Samuel R. Delany, Roger Zelazny, Robert A. Heinlein, H. P. Lovecraft, Thorne Smith, and Gene Wolfe.[citation needed]
In the early 1980s, Gaiman pursued journalism, conducting interviews and writing book reviews, as a means to learn about the world and to make connections that he hoped would later assist him in getting published.[2] He wrote and reviewed extensively for the British Fantasy Society.[16] His first professional short story publication was "Featherquest", a fantasy story, in Imagine Magazine in May 1984, when he was 24.[17]
When waiting for a train at Victoria Station in 1984, Gaiman noticed a copy of Swamp Thing written by Alan Moore, and carefully read it. Moore's fresh and vigorous approach to comics had such an impact on Gaiman that he would later write; "that was the final straw, what was left of my resistance crumbled. I proceeded to make regular and frequent visits to London's Forbidden Planet shop to buy comics".[15]
In 1984, he wrote his first book, a biography of the band Duran Duran, as well as Ghastly Beyond Belief, a book of quotations, with Kim Newman.[2] Even though Gaiman thought he did a terrible job, the book's first edition sold out very quickly. When he went to relinquish his rights to the book, he discovered the publisher had gone bankrupt.[2][18] After this, he was offered a job by Penthouse. He refused the offer.[2]
He also wrote interviews and articles for many British magazines, including Knave. As he was writing for different magazines, some of them competing, and "wrote too many articles", he sometimes went by a number of pseudonyms: Gerry Musgrave, Richard Grey, "along with a couple of house names".[19] Gaiman ended his journalism career in 1987 because British newspapers can "make up anything they want and publish it as fact."[20][21]
In the late 1980s, he wrote Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion in what he calls a "classic English humour" style.[citation needed] Following on from that he wrote the opening of what would become his collaboration with Terry Pratchett on the comic novel Good Omens, about the impending apocalypse.[22]
Comics and graphic novels[link]
After forming a friendship with comic book writer Alan Moore,[15] Gaiman started writing comic books, picking up Marvelman after Moore finished his run on the series. Gaiman and artist Mark Buckingham collaborated on several issues of the series before its publisher, Eclipse Comics, collapsed, leaving the series unfinished. His first published comic strips were four short Future Shocks for 2000 AD in 1986–7. He wrote three graphic novels with his favorite collaborator and long-time friend Dave McKean: Violent Cases, Signal to Noise, and The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch. Impressed with his work, DC Comics hired him, and he wrote the limited series Black Orchid.[23] Karen Berger, who later became head of DC Comics's Vertigo, read Black Orchid and offered Gaiman a job: to re-write an old character, The Sandman, but to put his own spin on him.[2]
The Sandman tells the tale of the ageless, anthropomorphic personification of Dream that is known by many names, including Morpheus. The series began in December 1988 and concluded in March 1996: the 75 issues of the regular series, along with an illustrated prose text and a special containing seven short stories, have been collected into 12 volumes that remain in print (14 if the Death: The High Cost of Living spin-off is taken into account). Artists include Sam Kieth, Mike Dringenberg, and Malcolm Jones III, lettering by Todd Klein, colors by Daniel Vozzo, and covers by Dave McKean.[2]
In 1989, Gaiman published The Books of Magic (collected in 1991), a four-part mini-series that provided a tour of the mythological and magical parts of the DC Universe through a frame story about an English teenager who discovers that he is destined to be the world's greatest wizard. The miniseries was popular, and sired an ongoing series written by John Ney Rieber.
In the mid-90s, he also created a number of new characters and a setting that was to be featured in a title published by Tekno Comix. The concepts were then altered and split between three titles set in the same continuity: Lady Justice, Mr. Hero the Newmatic Man, and Teknophage.[24] They were later featured in Phage: Shadow Death and Wheel of Worlds. Although Gaiman's name appeared prominently on all titles, he was not involved in writing of any of the above-mentioned books (though he helped plot the zero issue of Wheel of Worlds).[citation needed]
Gaiman wrote a semi-autobiographical story about a boy's fascination with Michael Moorcock's anti-hero Elric of Melniboné for Ed Kramer's anthology Tales of the White Wolf. In 1996, Gaiman and Ed Kramer co-edited The Sandman: Book of Dreams. Nominated for the British Fantasy Award, the original fiction anthology featured stories and contributions by Tori Amos, Clive Barker, Gene Wolfe, Tad Williams, and others.
Asked why he likes comics more than other forms of storytelling Gaiman said “One of the joys of comics has always been the knowledge that it was, in many ways, untouched ground. It was virgin territory. When I was working on Sandman, I felt a lot of the time that I was actually picking up a machete and heading out into the jungle. I got to write in places and do things that nobody had ever done before. When I’m writing novels I’m painfully aware that I’m working in a medium that people have been writing absolutely jaw-droppingly brilliant things for, you know, three-four thousand years now. You know, you can go back. We have things like The Golden Ass. And you go, well, I don’t know that I’m as good as that and that’s two and a half thousand years old. But with comics I felt like – I can do stuff nobody has ever done. I can do stuff nobody has ever thought of. And I could and it was enormously fun.”[25]
In 2009, Gaiman wrote a two-part Batman story for DC Comics to follow Batman R.I.P. It is titled "Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader?" a play off of the classic Superman story "Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow?" by Alan Moore.[26][27][28] He also contributed a twelve-page Metamorpho story drawn by Mike Allred for Wednesday Comics, a weekly newspaper-style series.[29]
Novels[link]
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See also: Neil Gaiman bibliography#Novels
In a collaboration with author Terry Pratchett (best known for his series of Discworld novels), Gaiman's first novel Good Omens was published in 1990. In recent years Pratchett has said that while the entire novel was a collaborative effort and most of the ideas could be credited to both of them, Pratchett did a larger portion of writing and editing if for no other reason than Gaiman's scheduled involvement with Sandman.[30]
The 1996 novelization of Gaiman's teleplay for the BBC mini-series Neverwhere was his first solo novel. The novel was released in tandem with the television series though it presents some notable differences from the television series. In 1999 first printings of his fantasy novel Stardust were released. The novel has been released both as a standard novel and in an illustrated text edition.
American Gods became one of Gaiman's best-selling and multi-award winning novels upon its release in 2001.[31] A special 10th Anniversary edition was released, with the "author's preferred text" 12,000 words longer than the original mass-market editions. This is identical to the signed and numbered limited edition that was released by Hill House Publishers in 2003. This is also the version released by Headline, Gaiman's publisher in the UK, even before the 10th Anniversary edition. He did an extensive sold-out book tour celebrating the 10th Anniversary and promoting this edition in 2011.
In 2005, his novel Anansi Boys was released worldwide. The book deals with Anansi ('Mr. Nancy'), a supporting character in American Gods. Specifically it traces the relationship of his two sons, one semi-divine and the other an unaware Englishman of American origin, as they explore their common heritage. It debuted at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list.[32]
In late 2008, Gaiman released a new children's book, The Graveyard Book. It follows the adventures of a boy named Bod after his family is murdered and he is left to be brought up by a graveyard. It is heavily influenced by Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. As of late January 2009[update], it had been on the New York Times Bestseller children's list for fifteen weeks.[33]
As of 2008, Gaiman has several books planned. After a tour of China, he decided to write a non-fiction book about his travels and the general mythos of China. Following that, will be a new 'adult' novel (his first since 2005's Anansi Boys). After that, another 'all-ages' book (in the same vein as Coraline and The Graveyard Book). Following that, Gaiman says that he will release another non-fiction book called The Dream Catchers.[34] In December 2011, Gaiman announced that in January 2012 he would begin work on what is essentially, "American Gods 2."[35]
Film and screenwriting[link]
Gaiman wrote the 1996 BBC dark fantasy television series Neverwhere. He cowrote the screenplay for the movie MirrorMask with his old friend Dave McKean for McKean to direct. In addition, he wrote the localized English language script to the anime movie Princess Mononoke, based on a translation of the Japanese script.
He cowrote the script for Robert Zemeckis's Beowulf with Roger Avary, a collaboration that has proved productive for both writers.[36] Gaiman has expressed interest in collaborating on a film adaptation of the Epic of Gilgamesh.[37]
He was the only person other than J. Michael Straczynski to write a Babylon 5 script in the last three seasons, contributing the season five episode "Day of the Dead".
Gaiman has also written at least three drafts of a screenplay adaptation of Nicholson Baker's novel The Fermata for director Robert Zemeckis,[38][39] although the project was stalled while Zemeckis made The Polar Express and the Gaiman-Roger Avary written Beowulf film.
Neil Gaiman was featured in the History Channel documentary Comic Book Superheroes Unmasked.
Several of Gaiman's original works have been optioned or greenlighted for film adaptation, most notably Stardust, which premiered in August 2007 and stars Robert De Niro, Michelle Pfeiffer and Claire Danes, directed by Matthew Vaughn. A stop-motion version of Coraline was released on 6 February 2009, with Henry Selick directing and Dakota Fanning and Teri Hatcher in the leading voice-actor roles.[40]
In 2007, Gaiman announced that after ten years in development, the feature film of Death: The High Cost of Living would finally begin production with a screenplay by Gaiman that he would direct for Warner Independent. Don Murphy and Susan Montford are the producers, and Guillermo del Toro is the film's executive producer.[41][42]
Seeing Ear Theatre performed two of Gaiman's audio theatre plays, "Snow, Glass, Apples", Gaiman's retelling of Snow White and "Murder Mysteries", a story of heaven before the Fall in which the first crime is committed. Both audio plays were published in the collection Smoke and Mirrors in 1998.[citation needed]
Gaiman's 2009 Newbery Medal winning book The Graveyard Book will be made into a movie, with Neil Jordan being announced as the director during Gaiman's appearance on The Today Show, 27 January 2009.[citation needed]
Gaiman wrote an episode of the long-running science fiction series Doctor Who, broadcast in 2011 during Matt Smith's second series as the Doctor.[43][44] Shooting began in August 2010 for this story, whose original title was "The House of Nothing"[45] but has been retitled as "The Doctor's Wife.[46] In 2011, it was announced that Gaiman would be writing the script to a new film version of Journey to the West.[47][48]
Blog and Twitter[link]
In February 2001, when Gaiman had completed writing American Gods, his publishers set up a promotional web site featuring a weblog in which Gaiman described the day-to-day process of revising, publishing, and promoting the novel. After the novel was published, the web site evolved into a more general Official Neil Gaiman Website.[49]
Gaiman generally posts to the blog describing the day-to-day process of being Neil Gaiman and writing, revising, publishing, or promoting whatever the current project is. He also posts reader emails and answers questions, which gives him unusually direct and immediate interaction with fans. One of his answers on why he writes the blog is "because writing is, like death, a lonely business."[50]
The original American Gods blog was extracted for publication in the NESFA Press collection of Gaiman miscellany, Adventures in the Dream Trade.[51]
To celebrate the 7th anniversary of the blog, the novel American Gods was provided free of charge online for a month.[52]
Gaiman is an active user of the social networking site Twitter with over 1.6 million followers as of January 2012, using the username @neilhimself.[53] Gaiman also runs a Tumblr account on which he primarily answers fan questions.[54]
Personal life[link]
Home and family[link]
Gaiman lives near Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.[55][56][57] and has lived there since 1992. Gaiman moved there to be close to the family of his then-wife, Mary McGrath, with whom he has three children: Michael, Holly, and Madeleine.[2][58]
Gaiman is married to songwriter and performer Amanda Palmer. The couple publicly announced that they were dating in June 2009,[59][60] announced their engagement on Twitter on 1 January 2010,[61] and confirmed their engagement on their respective websites two weeks later.[62][63] On 16 November 2010, Amanda Palmer hosted a non-legally binding flash mob wedding for Gaiman's birthday in New Orleans.[64] They were legally married on 2 January 2011.[65] The wedding took place in the parlour of writers Ayelet Waldman and Michael Chabon.[66]
Friendship with Tori Amos[link]
One of Gaiman's most commented-upon friendships is with the musician Tori Amos, a Sandman fan who became friends with Gaiman after making a reference to "Neil and the Dream King" on her 1991 demo tape, and whom he included as a character (a talking tree) in Stardust.[67] Amos also mentions Gaiman in her songs, "Tear in Your Hand" ("If you need me, me and Neil'll be hangin' out with the dream king. Neil says hi by the way"),[68] "Space Dog" ("Where's Neil when you need him?"),[69] "Horses" ("But will you find me if Neil makes me a tree?"),[70] "Carbon" ("Get me Neil on the line, no I can't hold. Have him read, 'Snow, Glass, Apples' where nothing is what it seems"),[71] "Sweet Dreams" ("You're forgetting to fly, darling, when you sleep"),[71] and "Not Dying Today" ("Neil is thrilled he can claim he's mammalian, 'but the bad news,' he said, 'girl you're a dandelion'").[71] He also wrote stories for the tour book of Boys for Pele and Scarlet's Walk, a letter for the tour book of American Doll Posse, and the stories behind each girl in her album Strange Little Girls. Amos penned the introduction for his novel Death: the High Cost of Living, and posed for the cover. She also wrote a song called "Sister Named Desire" based on his Sandman character, which was included on his anthology, Where's Neil When You Need Him?.
Gaiman is godfather to Tori Amos's daughter Tash,[72] and wrote a poem called "Blueberry Girl" for Tori and Tash.[73] The poem has been turned into a book by the illustrator Charles Vess.[74] Gaiman read the poem aloud to an audience at the Sundance Kabuki Theater in San Francisco on 5 October 2008 during his book reading tour for The Graveyard Book.[75] It was published in March 2009 with the title, Blueberry Girl.
Litigation[link]
In 1993, Gaiman was contracted by Todd McFarlane to write a single issue of Spawn, a popular title at the newly created Image Comics company. McFarlane was promoting his new title by having guest authors Gaiman, Alan Moore, Frank Miller, and Dave Sim each write a single issue.
In issue #9 of the series, Gaiman introduced the characters Angela, Cogliostro, and Medieval Spawn. Prior to this issue, Spawn was an assassin who worked for the government and came back as a reluctant agent of Hell but had no direction. In Angela, a cruel and malicious angel, Gaiman introduced a character who threatened Spawn's existence, as well as providing a moral opposite. Cogliostro was introduced as a mentor character for exposition and instruction, providing guidance. Medieval Spawn introduced a history and precedent that not all Spawns were self-serving or evil, giving additional character development to Malebolgia, the demon that creates Hellspawn.
As intended,[76] all three characters were used repeatedly throughout the next decade by Todd McFarlane within the wider Spawn universe. In papers filed by Gaiman in early 2002, however, he claimed that the characters were jointly owned by their scripter (himself) and artist (McFarlane), not merely by McFarlane in his role as the creator of the series.[77][78] Disagreement over who owned the rights to a character was the primary motivation for McFarlane and other artists to form Image Comics (although that argument related more towards disagreements between writers and artists as character creators).[79] As McFarlane used the characters without Gaiman's permission or royalty payments, Gaiman believed his copyrighted work was being infringed upon, which violated their original, oral, agreement. McFarlane initially agreed that Gaiman had not signed away any rights to the characters, and negotiated with Gaiman to effectively 'swap' McFarlane's interest in the character Marvelman[80] (McFarlane believes he purchased interest in the character when Eclipse Comics was liquidated; Gaiman is interested in being able to continue his aborted run on that title) but later claimed that Gaiman's work had been work-for-hire and that McFarlane owned all of Gaiman's creations entirely. The presiding judge, however, ruled against their agreement being work for hire, based in large part on the legal requirement that "copyright assignments must be in writing."[81]
The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the district court ruling in February 2004[82] granting joint ownership of the characters to Gaiman and McFarlane. On the specific issue of Cogliostro, presiding Judge John Shabaz proclaimed "The expressive work that is the comic-book character Count Nicholas Cogliostro was the joint work of Gaiman and McFarlane—their contributions strike us as quite equal—and both are entitled to ownership of the copyright".[83] Similar analysis lead to similar results for the other two characters, Angela and Medieval Spawn.
This legal battle was brought by Gaiman and the specifically formed Marvels and Miracles, LLC, which Gaiman created in order to help sort out the legal rights surrounding Marvelman (see the ownership of Marvelman sub-section of the Marvelman article). Gaiman wrote Marvel 1602 in 2003 to help fund this project.[84] All of Marvel Comics' profits for the original issues of the series went to Marvels and Miracles.[84] In 2009, Marvel Comics purchased Marvelman.[85]
Gaiman returned to court over three more Spawn characters, Dark Ages Spawn, Domina and Tiffany, that are claimed to be "derivative of the three he co-created with McFarlane."[86] The original three characters, whose first appearance was never reprinted in Spawn trade paperback collections, are just now appearing printed for the first time. The judge ruled that Gaiman was right in his claims and gave McFarlane until the start of September 2010 to settle matters.[87]
Gaiman is a major supporter and board member of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund.[88]
Literary allusions[link]
Gaiman's work is known for a high degree of allusiveness.[89] Meredith Collins, for instance, has commented upon the degree to which his novel Stardust depends on allusions to Victorian fairy tales and culture.[90] Particularly in The Sandman, literary figures and characters appear often; the character of Fiddler's Green is modelled visually on G. K. Chesterton, both William Shakespeare and Geoffrey Chaucer appear as characters, as do several characters from within A Midsummer Night's Dream[91] and The Tempest. The comic also draws from numerous mythologies and historical periods. Such allusions are not unique to Sandman; Stardust, for example, also has a character called Shakespeare.
Clay Smith has argued that this sort of allusiveness serves to situate Gaiman as a strong authorial presence in his own works, often to the exclusion of his collaborators.[92] However, Smith's viewpoint is in the minority: to many, if there is a problem with Gaiman scholarship and intertextuality it is that "... his literary merit and vast popularity have propelled him into the nascent comics canon so quickly that there is not yet a basis of critical scholarship about his work."[93]
David Rudd takes a more generous view in his study of the novel Coraline, where he argues that the work plays and riffs productively on Sigmund Freud's notion of the Uncanny, or the Unheimlich.[94]
Though Gaiman's work is frequently seen as exemplifying the monomyth structure laid out in Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces,[95] Gaiman says that he started reading The Hero with a Thousand Faces but refused to finish it: "I think I got about half way through The Hero with a Thousand Faces and found myself thinking if this is true – I don’t want to know. I really would rather not know this stuff. I’d rather do it because it’s true and because I accidentally wind up creating something that falls into this pattern than be told what the pattern is."[96]
Selected awards and honours[link]
- 1991 World Fantasy Award for short fiction for the Sandman issue, "A Midsummer Night's Dream"
- 1991-1993 Comics Buyer's Guide Award for Favorite Writer
- 1997–2000 Comics Buyer's Guide Award for Favorite Writer nominations
- 1991 Favourite Comic Book Story for The Sandman[citation needed]
- 1994 Favourite Comic Book Story for The Sandman[citation needed]
- 1997 Comic Book Legal Defense Fund Defender of Liberty award [97]
- 1991 Locus and World Fantasy Awards nomination for Good Omens [98]
- 1999 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel nomination for Stardust [99]
- 1999 Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature for the illustrated version of Stardust.[100]
- 2000 Hugo Award for Best Related Book nomination for The Sandman: The Dream Hunters [101]
- 2000 Bram Stoker Award for Best Illustrated Narrative for The Sandman: The Dream Hunters[102]
- 2001 Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel for American Gods
- 2002 Hugo Award for Best Novel for American Gods [103]
- 2002 Nebula Award for Best Novel for American Gods [103]
- 2002 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel for American Gods[104]
- 2003 Hugo Award for Best Novella for Coraline
- 2003 Nebula Award for Best Novella for Coraline
- 2003 Locus Award for Best Young Adult Book for Coraline [105]
- 2003 Bram Stoker Award for Best Work for Young Readers for Coraline[106]
- 2004 Hugo Award for the story A Study in Emerald (in a ceremony the author presided over himself, having volunteered for the job before his story was nominated).
- 2004 Bram Stoker Award for Best Illustrated Narrative for The Sandman: Endless Nights
- 2004 Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Scenario for The Sandman: Season of Mists[107]
- 2005 The William Shatner Golden Groundhog Award for Best Underground Movie nomination for MirrorMask [108] The other nominated films were Green Street Hooligans, Nine Lives, Up for Grabs and Opie Gets Laid.[109]
- 2005 Quill Book Award for Graphic Novels for Marvel 1602 [110]
- 2006 Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature for Anansi Boys
- 2006 The British Fantasy Awards for Best Novel for Anansi Boys.[111]
- 2006 Locus Fantasy Awards for Anansi Boys. The book was also nominated for a Hugo Award, but Gaiman asked for it to be withdrawn from the list of nominations, stating that he wanted to give other writers a chance, and it was really more fantasy than science fiction.[112]
- Gaiman has won 19 Eisner Awards for his comics work.[citation needed]
- 1990-1994 Squiddy Award for Best Writer and was named Best Writer of the 1990s in the Squiddy Awards for the decade.[citation needed]
- 2007 Bob Clampett Humanitarian Award [113]
- 2007 Comic-Con Icon award presented with the at the Scream Awards.[citation needed]
- 2009 Newbery Medal for The Graveyard Book[114]
- 2009 Audies: Children's 8–12 and Audiobook of the year for the audio version of The Graveyard Book.[115]
- 2009 British Fantasy Award for Best Novel shortlist for The Graveyard Book[116]
- 2009 Hugo Award for Best Novel for The Graveyard Book presented at the 2009 Worldcon in Montreal where he was also the Professional Guest of Honor.[117][118]
- 2009 The Booktrust Teenage Prize for The Graveyard Book
- 2010 Gaiman was selected as the Honorary Chair of National Library Week by the American Library Association.[119]
- 2010 Carnegie Medal in Literature for The Graveyard Book.[120][121]
- 2010 Locus Award for Best Short for An Invocation of Incuriosity, published in Songs of the Dying Earth[122]
- 2011 Locus Award for Best Short for The Thing About Cassandra, published in Songs of Love and Death[123]
- 2011 Locus Award for Best Novella for The Truth Is A Cave In The Black Mountains, published in Stories[123]
- 2011 Shirley Jackson Award for "The Truth Is A Cave In The Black Mountains" [124]
- 2011 Shirley Jackson Award for Stories: All New Tales, edited by Neil Gaiman and Al Sarrantonio (William Morrow) [124]
- 2011 Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation (with Richard Clark) for The Doctor's Wife[125]
- 2012 Honorary Doctorate of Arts from the University of the Arts (Philadelphia) [126]
Bibliography[link]
Main article: Neil Gaiman bibliography
Notes[link]
- ^ "Gaiman Interrupted: An Interview with Neil Gaiman (Part 2)" conducted by Lawrence Person, Nova Express, Volume 5, Number 4, Fall/Winter 2000, page 5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Biography Today. Detroit, Michigan: Omnigraphics. 2010. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-7808-1058-7.
- ^ "Author Name Pronunciation Guide – Neil Gaiman". Teachingbooks.net. http://www.teachingbooks.net/pronounce.cgi?aid=1433. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ Comics Buyer's Guide #1636 (December 2007), p. 135
- ^ Flood, Alison (24 June 2010). "Neil Gaiman wins Carnegie Medal". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jun/24/neil-gaiman-carnegie-graveyard-book. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
- ^ Wagner, Hank; Golden, Christopher; Bissette, Stephen R. (2008). "The Interview". Prince of Stories: The Many Worlds of Neil Gaiman. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 447–449. ISBN 978-0-312-38765-5.
- ^ Gaiman, Neil. "journeys end", Neil Gaiman's Journal, 16 January 2009
- ^ a b Lancaster, James (11 October 2005). "Everyone has the potential to be great". The Argus (Brighton). pp. 10–11.
- ^ Lancaster, James (11 October 2005). "Everyone has the potential to be great". The Argus (Brighton). pp. 10–11. David Gaiman quote: "It's not me you should be interviewing. It's my son. Neil Gaiman. He's in the New York Times Bestsellers list. Fantasy. He's flavour of the month, very famous."
- ^ "Neil Gaiman Journal- december 20". Journal.neilgaiman.com. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2008_12_01_archive.html. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ a b c Goodyear, Dana (25 January 2010). "Kid Goth". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/01/25/100125fa_fact_goodyear?currentPage=all.
- ^ a b "East Grinstead Hall of Fame – Neil Gaiman", East Grinstead Community Web Site.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman". Exclusive Books. Archived from the original on 20081204. http://web.archive.org/web/20081204103401/http://www.exclusivebooks.com/features/authors/ngaiman.php. Retrieved 20120202.
- ^ "Head Bars Son Of Cult Man". The Times: p. 2. 13 August 1968. http://cosmedia.freewinds.be/media/articles/tim130868.html. "A headmaster has refused the son of a scientologist entry to a preparatory school until, he says, the cult "clears its name". The boy, Neil Gaiman, aged 7, (...) Mr. David Gaiman, the father, aged 35, former South Coast businessman, has become in recent weeks a prominent spokesman in Britain for scientology, which has its headquarters at East Grinstead."
- ^ a b c Steven P. Olsen (2005) Neil Gaiman p.16-18. The Rosen Publishing Group. Retrieved 13 January 2011
- ^ "Neil Gaiman – About Neil". Neilgaiman.com. http://www.neilgaiman.com/about/biblio/biblioreviews/. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman – About Neil". Neilgaiman.com. http://www.neilgaiman.com/about/biblio/biblioss/. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ "Authors at Google - Neil Gaiman interview". Youtube.com. 2006-10-03. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LmfCGy_ZLg. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman – Rumour control". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 2009-01-02. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2009/01/rumour-control.html. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ Kanazawa, Satoshi. "Psychology Today – British Newspapers Make Things Up". Psychologytoday.com. http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-scientific-fundamentalist/201001/british-newspapers-make-things. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman – Journalism". Twitter.com. 2010-01-29. http://twitter.com/neilhimself/statuses/8379971068. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ Science Fiction Weekly Interview[dead link]
- ^ Irvine, Alex (2008). "Black Orchid". In Dougall, Alastair. The Vertigo Encyclopedia. New York: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 32–34. ISBN 0-7566-4122-5. OCLC 213309015.
- ^ "Teknophage". Neilgaiman.info. 2008-07-23. http://www.neilgaiman.info/Teknophage. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ Ogline, Tim E.; "Myth, Magic and the Mind of Neil Gaiman", Wild River Review, 20 November 2007.
- ^ CCI: DC One Weekend Later – Gaiman on "Batman", Comic Book Resources, 27 July 2008
- ^ SDCC '08 – More on Gaiman-Batman with Dan DiDio, Newsarama, 27 July 2008
- ^ DC at Comic-Con ’08 Mike Marts, Newsarama Video, 27 July 2008
- ^ Minnick, Remy (30 January 2009). "Gaiman & Allred on Metamorpho". Comic Book Resources. http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=19775. Retrieved 31 January 2009.
- ^ "L Space – Words from the Master". Lspace.org. http://www.lspace.org/books/apf/words-from-the-master.html. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ "American Gods wins a Hugo!". Neilgaiman.com. 2002-09-17. http://www.neilgaiman.com/p/About_Neil/Press_Releases/American_Gods_wins_a_Hugo!. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ "Best-Seller Lists: Hardcover Fiction". The New York Times (NYTimes.com). 9 October 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/09/books/bestseller/1009besthardfiction.html. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ^ "Beyond Tea", Neil Gaiman's journal, 19 November 2008
- ^ "From Las Vegas", Neil Gaiman's journal, 6 November 2008
- ^ "Neil Gaiman - The Wheeler Centre: Books, Writing, Ideas". The Wheeler Centre. 2011-12-22. http://wheelercentre.com/videos/video/neil-gaiman/?t=17m11s#. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ Neil Gaiman and Roger Avary: Shaping Beowulf's story, video interview with stv.tv
- ^ Ambrose, Tom (December 2007). "He Is Legend". Empire. p. 142.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman's Film Work". Neil Gaiman. 13 August 2007. http://www.neilgaiman.com/p/Cool_Stuff/Essays/Essays_About_Neil/Neil_Gaiman's_Film_Work. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman Takes Hollywood". UGO.com. http://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=17624. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ Coraline (2009). IMDb.
- ^ Sanchez, Robert (2 August 2006). "Neil Gaiman on Stardust and Death: High Cost of Living!". IESB.net. http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=105&Itemid=42. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
- ^ Gaiman, Neil (9 January 2007). "The best film of 2006 was...". Neil Gaiman's Journal. Neil Gaiman. http://www.neilgaiman.com/journal/labels/Death%20movie.html. Retrieved 25 February 2007.
- ^ "EXCLUSIVE Neil Gaiman Confirms Doctor Who Episode". SFX. http://www.sfx.co.uk/2010/02/06/exclusive_neil_gaiman_confirms_doctor_who_episode/. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
- ^ Author Neil Gaiman to guest star on The Simpsons BBC News Retrieved 13 January 2011
- ^ Masters, Tim (24 May 2010). "Neil Gaiman reveals power of writing Doctor Who". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10146657.stm. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
- ^ "Doctor Who: Title Of the Neil Gaiman Episode Revealed". SFX. 28 March 2011. http://www.sfx.co.uk/2011/03/28/doctor-who-title-of-the-neil-gaiman-episode-revealed/. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: A quick in and out". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 2011-03-12. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2011/03/quick-in-and-out.html. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ Coonan, Clifford (10 March 2011). "Neil Gaiman to script 'Journey'". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118033705.
- ^ "Official Neil Gaiman Website". Neilgaiman.com. http://neilgaiman.com/. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman's journal, 2/11/2008". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 2008-02-11. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2008/02/m-is-for-mirrors-youll-stare-in-forever.html. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ "Adventures in the Dream Trade: Table of Contents". www.nefsa.org. NEFSA Press. http://www.nesfa.org/press/Books/Gaiman.html. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ Gaiman, Neil. "Death, and Free Revisited". Neil Gaiman Journal. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2011/02/death-and-free-revisited.html. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman (neilhimself) on Twitter". https://twitter.com/#!/neilhimself. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman". http://neil-gaiman.tumblr.com.
- ^ Rabinovitch, Dina (12 December 2005). "A writer's life: Neil Gaiman". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/12/11/bokgaiman.xml. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
- ^ McGinty, Stephen (25 February 2006). "Dream weaver". The Scotsman. http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=290282006.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman – Biography". Biography. http://www.neilgaiman.com/about/biography/. Retrieved 21 June 2006.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: All Questions, All the Time". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 11 April 2009. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2009/04/all-questions-all-time.html. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ Yu, Kathryn (4 June 2009). "Two Lovers". Amanda Palmer, Neil Gaiman Perform Together in NYC (SPIN). http://www.spin.com/gallery/amanda-palmer-neil-gaiman-perform-together-nyc?page=1#main. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
- ^ Gaiman, Neil (1/15/10). "Telling the World: An Official Announcement". http://journal.neilgaiman.com. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2010/01/telling-world-official-announcement.html. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
- ^ "Twitter / Amanda Palmer: new years was all that and". Twitter.com. http://twitter.com/amandapalmer/status/7272917210. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: Telling the World: An Official Announcement". journal.neilgaiman.com. 15 January 2010. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2010/01/telling-world-official-announcement.html. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Telling the World". blog.amandapalmer.net. 15 January 2010. http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/336390559/telling-the-world. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Still Life with Wedding Party". blog.amandapalmer.net. 17 November 2010. http://blog.amandapalmer.net/post/1597897908/still-life-with-wedding-party. Retrieved 17 November 2010. "Neil Gaiman's Journal: The Wedding Mystery Explained". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 17 November 2010. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2010/11/wedding-mystery-explained.html. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ Zutter, Natalie. "Amanda Palmer and Neil Gaiman Marry". Ology Magazine. http://www.ology.com/celebs-and-gossip/amanda-palmer-and-neil-gaiman-marry. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
- ^ bleedingcool.com , 3 January 2011.
- ^ Tori Amos, "Tear in Your Hand," Little Earthquakes
- ^ "Tear In Your Hand". Everything Tori. http://everythingtori.com/go/galleries/view/312/2/31/albums. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Space Dog". Everything Tori. http://everythingtori.com/go/galleries/view/378/3/28/albums. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Beauty Queen/ Horses". Everything Tori. http://everythingtori.com/go/galleries/view/234/1/26/albums. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ a b c "Carbon". Everything Tori. http://everythingtori.com/go/galleries/view/220/1/30/albums. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: listening to unresolving". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 30 November 2004. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2004/11/listening-to-unresolving.asp. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: Blueberry Girls". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 7 July 2007. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2007/07/blueberry-girls.html. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "News from Green Man Press " Blog Archive " Blueberry Wanderings". Green Man Press. 6 July 2007. http://greenmanpress.com/news/archives/185. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman's Journal: Chapter Six in San Francisco yesterday". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 6 October 2008. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2008/10/chapter-six-in-san-francisco-yesterday.html. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ See Judge Shabaz's ruling for the legal reasoning: "As a co-owner, McFarlane was not violating the Copyright Act by unilaterally publishing the jointly owned work, but, as in any other case of conversion or misappropriation, he would have to account to the other joint owner for the latter's share of the profits."
- ^ Listen to the "Oral Argument," List of Documents in case: 03-1331 : Gaiman, Neil v. McFarlane, Todd. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
- ^ See also the official decision by Judge John Shabaz in The United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Nos. 03–1331, 03–1461. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
- ^ See Khoury, George, Image Comics: The Road To Independence (TwoMorrows Publishing, 2007), ISBN 1-893905-71-3
- ^ See Judge Shabaz's ruling: "A tentative agreement was reached that... Gaiman would exchange his rights in Medieval Spawn and Cogliostro for McFarlane's rights in another comic book character, Miracleman."
- ^ Judge Shabaz, Official ruling, as per "Schiller & Schmidt, Inc. v. Nordisco Corp., 969 F.2d 410, 413 (7th Cir. 1992)"
- ^ Yarbrough, Beau (3 October 2002). "Gaiman in Stunning Victory over McFarlane in Spawn Case: Jury Finds for Gaiman on All Counts". Comic Book Resources. http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=1513. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
- ^ See Judge Shabaz's ruling for similar statements on Angela and Medieval Spawn.
- ^ a b Weiland, Jonah (27 June 2003). "Marvel's "1602" Press Conference". Comic Book Resources. http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=2308. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
- ^ Phegley, Kiel (24 July 2009). "CCI: Marvel Acquires Marvelman". Comic Book Resources. http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=22206. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
- ^ Treleven, Ed (25 May 2010). "Gaiman takes on McFarlane in Wis. federal court comic book clash". Wisconsin State Journal. http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/crime_and_courts/article_03bae1b4-684e-11df-84dd-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ Melrose, Kevin (21 July 2010). "Judge rules Dark Ages Spawn, Domina and Tiffany are derivative characters". Robot 6. Comic Book Resources. http://robot6.comicbookresources.com/2010/07/judge-rules-dark-ages-spawn-domina-and-tiffany-are-derivative-characters/. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman Talks Sandman, CBLDF on NPR". 19 September 2003. http://www.cbldf.org/articles/archives/000152.shtml. Retrieved 22 September 2008. [dead link]
- ^ See particularly Rodney Sharkey, James Fleming, and Zuleyha Cetiner-Oktem's articles in ImageTexT's special issue on Gaiman's work: [1].
- ^ Collins, Meredith. "Fairy and Faerie: Uses of the Victorian in Neil Gaiman's and Charles Vess's Stardust." ImageTexT 4.1. [2]
- ^ See this detailed analysis: [3].
- ^ Smith, Clay. "Get Gaiman?: PolyMorpheus Perversity in Works by and about Neil Gaiman." ImageTexT 4.1. [4]
- ^ "A Special Issue on the Works of Neil Gaiman, Introduction". English.ufl.edu. http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/archives/v4_1/introduction.shtml. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ Rudd, David "An Eye for an 'I': Neil Gaiman’s Coraline and the Question of Identity" Children’s Literature and Education 39(3), 2008, pp. 159–168 [5]
- ^ See Stephen Rauch, Neil Gaiman's The Sandman and Joseph Campbell: In Search of the Modern Myth, Wildside Press, 2003
- ^ Ogline, Tim E.. "The Wild River Review, "Interview with the Dream King"". Wildriverreview.com. http://www.wildriverreview.com/worldvoices-neilgaiman.php. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ Gaiman's LDF award
- ^ "1991 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1991. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ "1999 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1999. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ "Mythypoeic Awards – Winners". Mythopoeic Society. http://www.mythsoc.org/awards/winners/. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
- ^ "The Locus Index to SF Awards: 2000 Hugo Awards". Locusmag.com. 2 September 2000. http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Hugo2000.html. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "The Locus Index to SF Awards:2000 Bram Stoker Awards". Locusmag.com. http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Stoker2000.html. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ a b "2002 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=2002. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ Locus Magazine (2002). "Locus Award Winners by Category". Locus Magazine. http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/LocusWinsByCategory.html. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
- ^ Locus Magazine (2003). "Locus Award Winners by Category". Locus Magazine. http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/LocusWinsByCategory.html. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
- ^ "The Locus Index to SF Awards: 2003 Bram Stoker Awards". Locusmag.com. 7 June 2003. http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Stoker2003.html. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ Weiland, Jonah. "SANDMAN: SEASON OF MISTS' WINS AT ANGOULEME". Comic Book Resources. http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=3080. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ von Busack, Richard (8 March 2006). "Sunnyvale". Metroactive. http://www.metroactive.com/metro/03.08.06/sunnyvale-0610.html. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
- ^ Tyler, Joshua (10 January 2006). "Shatner Gets His Own Award". Cinema Blend. http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Shatner-Gets-His-Own-Award-2037.html. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
- ^ Quills Foundation (2005). "The Quill Awards: The 2005 Awards". TheQuills.Org. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071228234826/http://www.thequills.org/2005.html. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
- ^ "2006 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=2006. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
- ^ "Hugo words…". Neil Gaiman's homepage. 27 August 2006. http://www.neilgaiman.com/journal/2006/08/hugo-words.html. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
- ^ "The Bob Clampett Humanitarian Award". Comic-con.org. 2011-07-22. http://www.comic-con.org/cci/cci_clampett.shtml. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ "Gaiman's blog, 26 January 2009". Journal.neilgaiman.com. 2009-01-26. http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2009/01/insert-amazed-and-delighted-swearing.html. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
- ^ "Finally not a bridesmaid actually". http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2009/05/finally-not-bridesmaid-actually.html.
- ^ "British Fantasy Awards 2009: the Shortlist!". Britishfantasysociety.org.uk. 1 August 2009. http://www.britishfantasysociety.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=articl%20e&id=194&Itemid=35. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "The Hugo Awards: 2009 Hugo Award Winners". 9/8/09. http://www.thehugoawards.org/2009/08/2009-hugo-award-winners/. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman gewinnt den Hugo Award" (in German). Der Standard. 14 August 2009. http://derstandard.at/fs/1250003492265/Preise-Neil-Gaiman-gewinnt-den-Hugo-Award. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman named Honorary Chair of National Library Week". 12 October 2009. http://www.ala.org/ala/newspresscenter/news/pressreleases2009/october2009/nlwgaiman_pio.cfm. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman wins children's book prize". BBC News. 25 June 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10404624.stm. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ "The CILIP Carnegie & Kate Greenaway Children's Book Awards". 25 June 2010. http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/2010awards/. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ "2010 Locus Awards Winners". http://www.locusmag.com/News/2010/06/2010-locus-awards-winners/.
- ^ a b "2011 Locus Awards Winners". http://www.locusmag.com/News/2011/06/locus-awards-2011-winners/.
- ^ a b "2011 Shirley Jackson Awards". http://www.shirleyjacksonawards.org/sja_2010_winners.php.
- ^ "Announcing the 2011 Nebula Awards Winners". Tor Books. May 19, 2012. http://www.tor.com/blogs/2012/05/announcing-the-2011-nebula-awards-winners.
- ^ "Neil Gaiman Headlines 134th Commencement: Award-winning author, graphic novelist tells graduates to 'be fearless' and 'make good art'". University of the Arts (Philadelphia). http://uarts.edu/news/2012/05/neil-gaiman-headlines-134th-commencement. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
References[link]
- Bender, Hy (1999). The Sandman Companion. New York: Vertigo DC Comics. ISBN 1-56389-644-3.
- Neil Gaiman Bibliography
- Neil Gaiman at the Grand Comics Database
- Neil Gaiman at the Comic Book DB
- Neil Gaiman at the Internet Book List
- Neil Gaiman at the Internet Movie Database
- Neil Gaiman at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Neil Gaiman |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Neil Gaiman |
- Neil Gaiman's personal website
- Neil Gaiman's weblog
- Neil Gaiman at the Open Directory Project
- Works by Neil Gaiman on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- New Yorker profile of Gaiman by Dana Goodyear, 25 January 2010.
- An Evening with Neil Gaiman @ Your Library
- In-depth interview: Neil Gaiman in conversation with Tom Chatfield
| Preceded by Grant Morrison |
Hellblazer writer 1990 |
Succeeded by Jamie Delano |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gaiman, Neil Richard |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | English fantasy writer |
| Date of birth | 10 November 1960 |
| Place of birth | Portchester, Hampshire, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Henry Rollins | |
|---|---|
 Rollins performing in 2006 |
|
| Born | Henry Lawrence Garfield (1961-02-13) February 13, 1961 (age 51) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Spoken word artist |
| Years active | 1980–present |
| Known for | Musician, Spoken word artist |
| Website | |
| 21361.com | |
Henry Rollins (born 13 February 1961) is an American spoken word artist, writer, journalist, publisher, actor, comedian, radio DJ, activist and formerly singer-songwriter.
After performing for the short-lived Washington D.C.-based band State of Alert in 1980, Rollins fronted the California hardcore punk band Black Flag from August 1981 until mid-1986. Following the band's breakup, Rollins established the record label and publishing company 2.13.61 to release his spoken word albums, as well as forming the Rollins Band, which toured with a number of lineups from 1987 until 2003, and during 2006.
Since Black Flag disbanded, Rollins has hosted numerous radio shows, such as Harmony in My Head on Indie 103, and television shows such as The Henry Rollins Show, MTV's 120 Minutes, and Jackass. He had a recurring dramatic role in the second season of Sons of Anarchy and has also had roles in several films. Rollins has also campaigned for various political causes in the United States, including promoting LGBT rights, World Hunger Relief, and an end to war in particular, and tours overseas with the United Service Organizations to entertain American troops.[1]
Rollins stated in a 1998 interview with NY Rock, "I don't want a wife and I don't want kids. I'm 36 and if I met a woman of my own age and married her, I'd also be marrying her former life, her past."[2] Rollins dated fellow KCRW-DJ Liza Richardson.[3] Rollins has been close friends with musician Ian MacKaye since childhood.[4]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born Henry Lawrence Garfield in Washington, D.C., the only child of Iris, a federal employee in the health and education sectors, and Paul J. Garfield, from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, who was a World War II veteran and Economist with a "Ph.D. in economics".[5][6] When he was two years old, his parents divorced and he was raised by his mother in the affluent Glover Park neighborhood of the city.[7][8]
As a child and teenager, Rollins suffered from depression and low self-esteem.[9] In the fourth grade, he was diagnosed with hyperactivity and took Ritalin for several years so that he could focus during school. His mother taught him how to read before he was enrolled in kindergarten;[10] however, due to "bad grades, bad attitude, poor conduct," he was soon enrolled at The Bullis School, then an all-male preparatory school in Potomac, Maryland.
According to Rollins, the Bullis School helped him to develop a sense of discipline and a strong work ethic.[9] It was at Bullis that he began writing; his early literary efforts were mainly short stories about "blowing up my school and murdering all the teachers."[10]; "it was a very rough upbringing in a lot of other ways. I accumulated a lot of rage by the time I was seventeen or eighteen." He has also mentioned that a "Ramones" concert helped shape his thoughts on music into becoming the musician he is today.
Music career[link]
State of Alert[link]
Main article: State of Alert
After high school, Rollins attended American University in Washington D.C. for one semester, but dropped out in December 1979.[11] He began working minimum-wage jobs, including a job as a courier for liver samples at the National Institutes of Health.[12] Rollins got into punk rock after he and his friend Ian MacKaye procured a copy of The Ramones's eponymous debut album; he later described it as a "revelation." From 1979 to 1980, Rollins was working as a roadie for Washington bands, including Teen Idles. When the band's singer Nathan Strejcek failed to appear for practice sessions, Rollins convinced the Teen Idles to let him sing. Word of Rollins's ability spread around the punk rock scene in Washington; Bad Brains singer H.R. would sometimes get Rollins on stage to sing with him.[13]
In 1980, the Washington punk band The Extorts lost their frontman Lyle Preslar to Minor Threat. Rollins joined the rest of the band to form State of Alert, and became its frontman and vocalist. He put words to the band's five songs and wrote several more. S.O.A. recorded their sole EP, No Policy, and released it in 1981 on MacKaye's Dischord Records.[14] S.O.A. disbanded after a total of a dozen concerts and one EP. Rollins had enjoyed being the band's frontman, and had earned a reputation for fighting in shows. He later said: "I was like nineteen and a young man all full of steam [...] Loved to get in the dust-ups." By this time, Rollins had become the manager of the Georgetown Häagen-Dazs ice cream store; his steady employment had helped to finance the S.O.A. EP.[15]
Black Flag[link]
Main article: Black Flag (band)
In 1980, a friend gave Rollins and MacKaye a copy of Black Flag's Nervous Breakdown EP. Rollins soon became a fan of the band, exchanging letters with bassist Chuck Dukowski and later inviting the band to stay in his parents' home when Black Flag toured the East Coast in December 1980.[16] When Black Flag returned to the East Coast in 1981, Rollins attended as many of their concerts as he could. At an impromptu show in a New York bar, Black Flag's vocalist Dez Cadena allowed Rollins to sing "Clocked In", as Rollins had a five-hour drive back to Washington, D.C., to return to work after the performance.[17]
Unbeknownst to Rollins, Cadena wanted to switch to guitar, and the band was looking for a new vocalist.[17] The band was impressed with Rollins' singing and stage demeanor, and the next day, after a semi-formal audition at Tu Casa Studio in NYC, they asked him to become their permanent vocalist. Despite some doubts, he accepted, in part because of MacKaye's encouragement. His high level of energy and intense personality suited the band's style, but Rollins' diverse tastes in music were a key factor in his being selected as singer; Black Flag's founder Greg Ginn was growing restless creatively and wanted a singer who was willing to move beyond simple, three-chord punk.[18]
After joining Black Flag in 1981, Rollins quit his job at Häagen-Dazs, sold his car, and moved to Los Angeles, California. Upon arriving in Los Angeles, Rollins got the Black Flag logo tattooed on his left biceps[12] and changed his surname from Garfield to Rollins, a surname he and MacKaye had used as teenagers.[18] Rollins was in a different environment in Los Angeles; the police soon realized he was a member of Black Flag, and he was hassled as a result. Rollins later said: "That really scared me. It freaked me out that an adult would do that. [...] My little eyes were opened big time."[19]
Before concerts, as the rest of the band tuned up, Rollins would stride about the stage dressed only in a pair of black shorts, grinding his teeth; to focus before the show, he would squeeze a pool ball.[20] His stage persona impressed several critics; after a 1982 show in Anacortes, Washington, Sub Pop critic Calvin Johnson wrote: "Henry was incredible. Pacing back and forth, lunging, lurching, growling; it was all real, the most intense emotional experiences I have ever seen."[21]
By 1983, Rollins' stage persona was increasingly alienating him from the rest of Black Flag. During a show in England, Rollins assaulted a member of the audience; Ginn later scolded Rollins, calling him a "macho asshole."[22] A legal dispute with Unicorn Records held up further Black Flag releases until 1984, and Ginn was slowing the band's tempo down so that they would remain innovative. In August 1983, guitarist Dez Cadena had left the band; a stalemate lingered between Dukowski and Ginn, who wanted Dukowski to leave, before Ginn fired Dukowski outright.[23] 1984's heavy metal music-influenced My War featured Rollins screaming and wailing throughout many of the songs; the band's members also grew their hair to confuse the band's hardcore punk audience.[24]
Black Flag's change in musical style and appearance alienated many of their original fans, who focused their displeasure on Rollins by punching him in the mouth, stabbing him with pens, or scratching him with their nails, among other methods. He often fought back, dragging audience members on stage and assaulting them. Rollins became increasingly alienated from the audience; in his tour diary, Rollins wrote "When they spit at me, when they grab at me, they aren't hurting me. When I push out and mangle the flesh of another, it's falling so short of what I really want to do to them."[25] During the Unicorn legal dispute, Rollins had started a weight-lifting program, and by their 1984 tours, he had become visibly well-built; journalist Michael Azerrad later commented that "his powerful physique was a metaphor for the impregnable emotional shield he was developing around himself."[24] Rollins has since replied that "no, the training was just basically a way to push myself."[26]
Rollins Band and solo releases[link]
Main article: Rollins Band
Before Black Flag disbanded in August 1986, Rollins had already toured as a solo spoken word artist.[27] He released two solo records in 1987, Hot Animal Machine, a collaboration with guitarist Chris Haskett, and Drive by Shooting, recorded as "Henrietta Collins and the Wifebeating Childhaters";[28] Rollins also released his second spoken word album, Big Ugly Mouth in the same year. Along with Haskett, Rollins soon added Andrew Weiss and Sim Cain, both former members of Ginn's side-project Gone, and called the new group Rollins Band. The band toured relentlessly,[29] and their 1987 debut album, Life Time, was quickly followed by the outtakes and live collection Do It. The band continued to tour throughout 1988; 1989 marked the release of another Rollins Band album, Hard Volume.[30] Another live album, Turned On, and another spoken word release, Live at McCabe's, followed in 1990.
Rollins and Weiss released Fast Food For Thought, an EP by their one-off side project Wartime in 1990. It was sonically in many ways more reminiscent of Weiss's work with Ween than the Rollins Band. The music, while heavy and driving, had a distinctly psychedelic bent, culminating in the final track, a cover of "Franklin's Tower" by The Grateful Dead. Early pressings were simply credited to "Wartime" while later releases added the phrase "featuring Henry Rollins" to the cover.
1991 saw the Rollins Band sign a distribution deal with Imago Records and appear at the Lollapalooza festival; both improved the band's presence. However, in December 1991, Rollins and his best friend Joe Cole were accosted by two armed robbers outside Rollins's home. Cole was murdered by a gunshot to the head, Rollins escaped without injury but police initially suspected him in the murder and detained him for ten hours.[31] Although traumatized by Cole's death, as chronicled in his book Now Watch Him Die, Rollins continued to release new material; the spoken-word album Human Butt appeared in 1992 on his own record label, 2.13.61. The Rollins Band released The End of Silence, Rollins's first charting album.[30]
The following year, Rollins released a spoken-word double album, The Boxed Life.[32] The Rollins Band embarked upon the End of Silence tour; bassist Weiss was fired towards its end and replaced by funk and jazz bassist Melvin Gibbs. According to critic Steve Huey, 1994 was Rollins's "breakout year".[30] The Rollins Band appeared at Woodstock 94 and released Weight, which ranked on the Billboard Top 40. Rollins released Get in the Van: On the Road with Black Flag, a double-disc set of him reading from his Black Flag tour diary of the same name; he won the Grammy for Best Spoken Word Recording as a result. Rollins was named 1994's "Man of the Year" by the American men's magazine Details and became a contributing columnist to the magazine. With the increased exposure, Rollins made several appearances on American music channels MTV and VH1 around this time, and made his Hollywood film debut in 1994 in The Chase playing a police officer.[33]
In 1995, the Rollins Band's record label, Imago Records, declared itself bankrupt. Rollins began focusing on his spoken word career. He released Everything, a recording of a chapter of his book Eye Scream with free jazz backing, in 1996. He continued to appear in various films, including Heat, Johnny Mnemonic and Lost Highway. The Rollins Band signed to Dreamworks Records in 1997 and soon released Come in and Burn, but it did not receive as much critical acclaim as their previous material. Rollins continued to release spoken-word book readings, releasing Black Coffee Blues in the same year. In 1998, Rollins released Think Tank, his first set of non-book-related spoken material in five years.
By 1998, Rollins felt that the relationship with his backing band had run its course, and the line-up disbanded. He had produced a Los Angeles hard rock band called Mother Superior, and invited them to form a new incarnation of the Rollins Band. Their first album, Get Some Go Again, was released two years later. The Rollins Band released several more albums, including 2001's Nice and 2003's Rise Above: 24 Black Flag Songs to Benefit the West Memphis Three. After 2003, the band became inactive as Rollins focused on radio and television work. During a 2006 appearance on Tom Green Live!, Rollins stated that he "may never do music again"[34] a feeling which he reiterated in 2011 when talking to Trebuchet magazine.[35] In an interview with Culture Brats, Henry admitted he had sworn off music for good - "... and I must say that I miss it every day. I just don't know honestly what I could do with it that's different." [36]
Musical style[link]
As a vocalist, Rollins has adopted a number of styles through the years. Rollins was initially noted in the Washington, D.C. hardcore scene for what journalist Michael Azerrad described as a "compelling, raspy howl".[13] With State of Alert, Rollins "spat out the lyrics like a bellicose auctioneer".[15] He adopted a similar style after joining Black Flag in 1981. By their album Damaged however, Black Flag began to incorporate a swing beat into their style; Rollins then abandoned his S.O.A. "bark" and adopted the band's swing.[37] Rollins later explained: "What I was doing kind of matched the vibe of the music. The music was intense and, well, I was as intense as you needed."[38]
In both incarnations of the Rollins Band, Rollins combined spoken word with his traditional vocal style in songs such as "Liar" (the song begins with a one minute spoken diatribe by Rollins), as well as barking his way through songs (such as "Tearing" and "Starve") and employing the loud-quiet dynamic. Rolling Stone's Anthony DeCurtis names Rollins a "screeching hate machine" and his "hallmark" as "the sheets-of-sound assault".[39]
With the Rollins Band, his lyrics focused "almost exclusively on issues relating to personal integrity," according to critic Geoffrey Welchman.[40]
As producer[link]
In the 1980s, Henry Rollins produced an album of acoustic songs for the convicted murderer Charles Manson titled Completion. The record was supposed to be released by SST Records, but the project was later canceled due to the label receiving death threats for working with Manson. Only five test presses of Completion were pressed, two of which remain in Rollins' possession.[41]
Media work[link]
Television[link]
As Rollins rose to prominence with the Rollins Band, he began to present and appear on television. These included Alternative Nation and MTV Sports in 1993 and 1994 respectively. 1995 saw Rollins appear on an episode of Unsolved Mysteries that explored the murder of his best friend Joe Cole[42] and present State of the Union Undressed on Comedy Central. Rollins began to present and narrate VH1 Legends in 1996.[43] Rollins, busy with the Rollins Band, did not present more programs until 2001, but made appearances on a number of other television shows, including Welcome to Paradox in 1998 in the episode "All Our Sins Forgotten", as a therapist that develops a device that can erase the bad memories of his patients. Rollins also voiced Mad Stan in Batman Beyond in 1999 and 2000.[44][45] He also did the voice in Apple's 1999 G4 Cube Ad with Jimi Hendrix's "Purple Haze" playing as the theme song.
Rollins was a host of film review programme Henry's Film Corner on the Independent Film Channel, before presenting the weekly The Henry Rollins Show on the channel. The Henry Rollins Show is now being shown weekly on Film24 along with Henry Rollins Uncut. The show also lead to a promotional tour in Europe that led to Henry being dubbed a “bad boy goodwill ambassador” by a NY reviewer.[46]
2002 saw Rollins guest star on an episode of the sitcom The Drew Carey Show as a man whom Oswald would find on eBay and pay to come to his house and kick his ass. He co-hosted the British television show Full Metal Challenge, in which teams built vehicles to compete in various driving and racing contests, from 2002–2003 on Channel 4 and TLC. He has made a number of cameo appearances in television series such as MTV's Jackass and an episode of Californication, where he played himself hosting a radio show.[47] In 2006, Rollins appeared in a documentary series by VH1 and The Sundance Channel called The Drug Years.[48]
Rollins appears in FX's Sons of Anarchy's second season, which premiered in the fall of 2009 in the United States. Rollins plays A.J. Weston, a white-supremacist gang leader and new antagonist in the show's fictional town of Charming, California, who poses a deadly threat to the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club.[49]
Rollins was a voice actor in the animated Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker and voiced Robotman (Cliff Steele)[50] in two episodes of Batman: The Brave and the Bold.
Rollins was also interviewed in the National Geographic series Explorer "Born To Rage". He was interviewed regarding his possible link to the MAO gene (Warrior gene) and violent behavior.[51]
Rollins has done voice over work for Verizon Wireless and Infiniti luxury automobiles (2011).[52]
Radio[link]
On May 19, 2004, Rollins began hosting a weekly radio show, Harmony in My Head, on Indie 103.1 radio in Los Angeles. The show aired every Monday evening, with Rollins playing music ranging from early rock and jump blues to hard rock, blues rock, folk rock, punk rock, heavy metal and rockabilly, and touching on hip hop, jazz, world music, reggae, classical music and more. Harmony In My Head often emphasizes B-sides, live bootlegs and other rarities, and nearly every episode has featured a song either by the Beastie Boys or British group The Fall.
Rollins put the show on a short hiatus to undertake a spoken-word tour in early 2005. Rollins posted playlists and commentary on-line; these lists were expanded with more information and published in book form as Fanatic! through 2.13.61 in November 2005. In late 2005, Rollins announced the show's return and began the first episode by playing the show's namesake Buzzcocks song. As of 2008, the show continues each week despite Rollins's constant touring with new pre-recorded shows between live broadcasts. In 2009 Indie 103.1 went off the air, although it continues to broadcast over the Internet.
In 2007 Rollins published Fanatic! Vol. 2 through 2.13.61. Fanatic! Vol. 3 was released in the fall of 2008.
On February 18, 2009, KCRW announced that Rollins would be hosting a live show on Saturday nights starting March 7, 2009.[53]
In 2011 Rollins was interviewed on Episode 121 of American Public Media's podcast, "The Dinner Party Download", posted on November 3, 2011.
Film[link]
Rollins began his film career appearing in several independent films featuring the band Black Flag. His film debut was in 1982's The Slog Movie, about the West Coast punk scene.[54] An appearance in 1985's Black Flag Live followed. Rollins' first film appearance without Black Flag was the short film The Right Side of My Brain with Lydia Lunch in 1985.[55] Following the band's breakup, Rollins did not appear in any films until 1994's The Chase. Rollins appeared in the 2007 direct-to-DVD sequel to Wrong Turn (2003), Wrong Turn 2: Dead End as a retired Marine Corps officer who hosts his own show which tests the contestants' will to survive. Rollins has also appeared in Punk: Attitude, a documentary on the punk scene, and in American Hardcore (2006).
Some feature length movies Henry Rollins has appeared in include:
- Kiss Napoleon Goodbye (1990), with Lydia Lunch and Don Bajema.
- The Chase (1994), with Charlie Sheen.
- Johnny Mnemonic (1995), with Keanu Reeves, Ice T and Dolph Lundgren.
- Heat (1995), with Al Pacino, Robert De Niro and Val Kilmer.
- Lost Highway (1997), with Bill Pullman and Patricia Arquette. Directed by David Lynch.
- Jack Frost (1998), with Michael Keaton.
- Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000), with Kevin Conroy and Mark Hamill
- Morgan's Ferry (2001), with Billy Zane and Kelly McGillis.
- Dogtown and Z-Boys (2001 documentary)
- Scenes of the Crime (2001), with Jeff Bridges.
- The New Guy (2002), with Tommy Lee and DJ Qualls.
- Jackass The Movie (2002) with Johnny Knoxville and Bam Margera.
- Jackass Number Two (2006) with Preston Lacy, Steve-O, and Chris Pontius.
- Bad Boys 2 (2003), with Will Smith and Martin Lawrence.
- Feast (2005), with Balthazar Getty and Navi Rawat.
- The Alibi (2006)
- Wrong Turn 2: Dead End (2007)
- The Devil's Tomb (2009)
- H for Hunger (2009 documentary)
- William Shatner's Gonzo Ballet (2009 documentary)
- Green Lantern: Emerald Knights (2011) as Kilowog
Books and Audiobooks[link]
Rollins has written a series of books based on his travel journals referred to as the Black Coffee Blues trilogy. They include the namesake book, Black Coffee Blues, Do I Come Here Often?, The First Five and Smile, You're Traveling. Others include See a Grown Man Cry, Now Watch Him Die, Get in the Van, Eye Scream, Broken Summers, Roomanitarian, and Solipsist.
For the audiobook version of the 2006 novel World War Z Rollins voiced the character of T. Sean Collins, a mercenary hired to protect celebrities during a mass panic caused by an onslaught of the undead. Rollins' other audiobook recordings include 3:10 to Yuma and his own autobiographical book Get in the Van, for which he won a Grammy Award.
Online Journalism[link]
In September 2008 Rollins began contributing to the "Politics & Power" blog at the online version of Vanity Fair magazine.[56] Since March 2009 his posts have appeared under their own sub-title, Straight Talk Espresso.[57] His posts consistently direct harsh criticism at conservative politicians and pundits, although he does occasionally target the left wing as well. In August 2010 he began writing a music column for the LA Weekly, an alternative newspaper in Los Angeles.[58]
Spoken Word[link]
Rollins also has toured doing spoken word performances which range from stand up comedy to more introspective commentaries on his childhood, such as the death of his friend, Joe Cole. He also speaks about experiences he's had with eccentric people. Rollins' spoken word style varies greatly, ranging from intense commentaries on society to playful, sometimes vulgar, anecdotes.
Campaigning and activism[link]
Rollins has become an outspoken human rights activist, most vocally for gay rights. Rollins frequently speaks out on social justice on his spoken word tours and promotes equality, regardless of sexuality.[59] He was the host of the WedRock benefit concert, which raised money for a pro-gay-marriage organization.
During the 2003 Iraq War, he started touring with the United Service Organizations to entertain troops overseas while remaining against the war, leading him to once cause a stir at a base in Kyrgyzstan when he told the crowd: "Your commander would never lie to you. That's the vice president's job."[60] Rollins believes it is important that he performs to the troops so that they have multiple points of contact with the rest of the world, stating that, "they can get really cut loose from planet earth".[61] He has made 8 tours, including visits to bases in Kuwait, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan (twice), Egypt, Turkey, Qatar, Honduras, Japan, Korea and the United Arab Emirates.[62] He has also been active in the campaign to free the "West Memphis Three"—three young men believed by their supporters to have been wrongfully convicted of murder. Rollins appears with Public Enemy frontman Chuck D on the Black Flag song "Rise Above" on the benefit album Rise Above: 24 Black Flag Songs to Benefit the West Memphis Three, the first time Rollins had performed Black Flag's material since 1986.[63]
Continuing his activism on behalf of troops and veterans, Rollins joined Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA) in 2008 to launch a groundbreaking national public service advertisement campaign, CommunityofVeterans.org, which helps veterans coming home from war reintegrate into their communities. In April 2009, Rollins helped IAVA launch the second phase of the campaign which engages the friends and family of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans at SupportYourVet.org.
On December 3, 2009, Rollins wrote of his support for the victims of the Bhopal disaster in India, in an article for Vanity Fair[64] 25 years – to the day – after the methyl isocyanate gas leak from the Union Carbide Corporation's pesticide factory exposed more than half a million local people to poisonous gas and resulted in the death of 17,000. He spent time in Bhopal with the people, to listen to their stories. In a later radio interview in February 2010[65] Rollins summed-up his approach to activism, "This is where my anger takes me, to places like this, not into abuse but into proactive, clean movement".[66]
Works[link]
Main article: Works of Henry Rollins
Work with State of Alert[link]
- No Policy (1981)
- three songs on the sampler Flex Your Head (1982)
Work with Black Flag[link]
- Damaged (1981)
- My War (1984)
- Family Man (1984)
- Slip It In (1984)
- Loose Nut (1985)
- In My Head (1985)
Studio albums (Solo)[link]
- Hot Animal Machine (1987)
- Drive by Shooting (1987)
Studio albums with Rollins Band[link]
- Life Time (1987, re-release 1999)
- Do It (1987)
- Hard Volume (1989, re-release 1999)
- The End of Silence (1992, double-CD re-release 2002)
- Weight (1994)
- Come In and Burn (1997)
- Get Some Go Again (2000)
- Nice (2001)
- Rise Above: 24 Black Flag Songs to Benefit the West Memphis Three (2002)
Spoken word[link]
- Short Walk on a Long Pier (1985)
- Big Ugly Mouth (1987)
- Sweatbox (1989)
- Live at McCabe's (1990)
- Human Butt (1992)
- The Boxed Life (1993)
- Think Tank (1998)
- Eric the Pilot (1999)
- A Rollins in the Wry (2001)
- Live at the Westbeth Theater (2001)
- Talk Is Cheap: Volume 1 (2003)
- Talk Is Cheap: Volume 2 (2003)
- Talk Is Cheap: Volume 3 (2004)
- Talk Is Cheap: Volume 4 (2004)
- Provoked (2008)
- Spoken Word Guy (2010)
- Spoken Word Guy 2 (2010)
- The Long March (2012)
Spoken word documentaries[link]
- Talking from the Box (1993)
- Henry Rollins Goes to London (1995)
- You Saw Me Up There (1998)
- Up for It (2001)
- Live at Luna Park (2004)
- Shock & Awe: The Tour (2005)
- Uncut from NYC (2007)
- Uncut from Israel (2007)
- San Francisco 1990 (2007)
- Live in the Conversation Pit (2008)
Audio books[link]
- Get in the Van: On the Road with Black Flag (1994)
- Everything (1996)
- Black Coffee Blues (1997)
- Nights Behind the Tree Line (2004)
Essays[link]
- Iron and the Soul, First published in Details magazine, 1994.[citation needed]
- As We See It, an editorial essay in Stereophile magazine.[67]
Guest appearances and collaborations[link]
| Song | Artist | Album | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| "We Are 138" | Misfits | Evilive | 1982 |
| "Kick Out the Jams" | Bad Brains | Pump Up the Volume Soundtrack | 1990 |
| "Let There Be Rock" | Hard-Ons | Released as a single | 1991 |
| "Bottom" | Tool | Undertow | 1993 |
| "Wild America" | Iggy Pop | American Caesar | 1993 |
| "Sexual Military Dynamics" | Mike Watt | Ball-Hog or Tugboat? | 1995 |
| "Delicate Tendrils" | Les Claypool and the Holy Mackerel | Highball with the Devil | 1996 |
| "T-4 Strain" | Goldie | Spawn: The Album | 1997 |
| "War" | Bone Thugs-n-Harmony & Edwin Starr | Small Soldiers | 1998 |
| "Laughing Man (In the Devil Mask)" | Tony Iommi | Iommi | 2000 |
| "I Can't Get Behind That" | William Shatner | Has Been | 2004 |
| All tracks | The Flaming Lips | The Flaming Lips and Stardeath and White Dwarfs with Henry Rollins and Peaches Doing the Dark Side of the Moon | 2009 |
In 1993, Rollins appeared on the Tool album, Undertow where he and Tool front man, Maynard James Keenan, performed the vocals in the song "Bottom". Rollins appeared on the 1996 studio album Les Claypool and the Holy Mackerel Presents Highball with the Devil, narrating "Delicate Tendrils". He also appears on Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi's solo record Iommi which was released in 2000.
Rollins appeared as Vanilla Ice in the 1991 music video "Pop Goes the Weasel" by hip-hop trio 3rd Bass; and as Duke in the 2009 music video "The Ballad of G.I. Joe" on the website Funny or Die. He also appeared in the 2010 music video "Haifisch" by German industrial metal band Rammstein.
Rollins has made several voice acting performances in video games including the main character Mace Griffin in Mace Griffin: Bounty Hunter and as himself in Def Jam: Fight for NY.
References[link]
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/13/movies/13uso.html?_r=1&ei=5088&en=439d087d16a47f35&ex=1289538000&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=all
- ^ "Henry Rollins: A Heavy Weight with Heavy Thoughts". Nyrock.com. http://www.nyrock.com/interviews/rollins_int.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ "Henry Rollins Has Three Houses...And A Girlfriend". http://social.entertainment.msn.com/music/blogs/headbang-blogpost.aspx?post=517c8ad1-b44e-4883-83fa-eac80b6e938c&_blg=42.
- ^ "Interview with Henry Rollins". welcometoflavorcountry.com. 2011-07-25. http://welcometoflavorcountry.com/2011/07/25/an-interview-with-henry-rollins/. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
- ^ Mark Dapin: "What’s the matter with Henry?", June 1997
- ^ http://files.usgwarchives.net/wi/milwaukee/military/ww2/enlistment/armyenli86gmt.txt
- ^ The New York Times magazine, 1994
- ^ http://alextimes.com/2007/09/alexandria-sightings-nature-or-nurture-henry-rolli/
- ^ a b Azerrad, Michael. Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981–1991. Little Brown and Company, 2001. ISBN 0-316-78753-1. p. 25
- ^ a b Ayad, Neddal (2007-02-09). ""You can’t dance to a book:" Neddal Ayad interviews Henry Rollins". TheModernWord.com. http://www.themodernword.com/interviews/interview_rollins.html.
- ^ http://dailyuw.com/news/1996/nov/27/an-interview-with-henry-rollins/
- ^ a b Sklar, Ronald. "Henry Rollins interview". PopEntertainment.com. http://www.popentertainment.com/henryrollins.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
- ^ a b Azerrad, 2001. p. 26
- ^ DePasquale, Ron. "State of Alert > Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p442659. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
- ^ a b Azerrad, 2001. p. 27
- ^ Azzerad, 2001. p. 27-28
- ^ a b Azerrad, 2001. p. 28
- ^ a b Azerrad, 2001. p. 29
- ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 31
- ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 34
- ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 38
- ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 39
- ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 41
- ^ a b Azerrad, 2001. p. 47
- ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 46
- ^ Jensen, Erik (2008-04-03). "Henry Rollins interview". www.smh.com.au. http://www.smh.com.au/news/gig-reviews/henry-rollins/2008/04/03/1206851089537.html. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ Waggoner, Eric. "Lip Service – Henry Rollins". Seattle Weekly. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071014220714/http://seattleweekly.com/2003-01-08/music/lip-service.php. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^ Hoffmann, Frank. "Henry Rollins/Black Flag". Survey of American Popular Music. http://www.shsu.edu/~lis_fwh/book/punk_newwave_postpunk/support/Rollins.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
- ^ Prato, Greg. "Rollins Band > Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p191773. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
- ^ a b c Huey, Steve. "Henry Rollins > Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5299. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
- ^ Carvin, Andy; Crone, Chris. "Primal Scream: Henry Rollins speaks". EdWebProject.org. http://www.edwebproject.org/rollins.html. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Boxed Life > Overview". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r77934. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
- ^ "Henry Rollins Biography". Yahoo! Movies. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800022646/bio. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^ "Henry Rollins on 'Tom Green Live'". Blabbermouth.net. November 5, 2006. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=61600. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ "Henry Rollins:Student Protests are Great". Trebuchet Magazine. January 11, 2011. http://www.trebuchet-magazine.com/index.php/site/article/henry_rollins_Student_protests_are_great/. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- ^ http://www.culturebrats.com/2011/03/tramp-last-mile-our-interview-with.html
- ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 32
- ^ Azerrad, 2001. p. 33
- ^ DeCurtis, Anthony. "Rollins Band: Get Some Go Again". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012173915/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/rollinsband/albums/album/234867/review/5941451/get_some_go_again. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
- ^ Welchman, Geoffrey. "Rollins Band: Weight". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012173910/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/rollinsband/albums/album/118204/review/5943481/weight. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
- ^ Luerssen, John D. (December 15, 2010). "Henry Rollins Reveals He Produced Charles Manson Album". Spinner. AOL Music. http://www.spinner.com/2010/12/15/henry-rollins-charles-manson/. Retrieved December 15, 2010.
- ^ "Joe Cole". Unsolved Mysteries. episode 376. season 8. 1996-05-17. NBC.
- ^ "Henry Rollins Biography (1961–)". FilmReference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/40/Henry-Rollins.html. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
- ^ "Rats!". Batman Beyond. episode 22. season 2. 1999-11-20. The WB.
- ^ "Eyewitness". Batman Beyond. episode 27. season 2. 2000-01-22. The WB.
- ^ Winston, Rory (April 2009). "Our Man Rollins". NY Resident Magazine. http://74.54.115.114/node/736. Retrieved 8 Jan 2011.
- ^ "LOL". Californication. episode 5. season 1. 2007-09-10. Showtime.
- ^ "Shows : Rock Docs : The Drug Years : Featured Artists". VH1.com. 2009-03-16. http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_drug_years/series_artists.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ "SOA Season 2". Soa.blogs.fxnetworks.com. http://soa.blogs.fxnetworks.com/. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ Deathfrogurt (2009-09-18). "Henry Rollins To Join The Doom Patrol In 'Batman: The Brave And The Bold' - ComicsAlliance | Comics culture, news, humor, commentary, and reviews". ComicsAlliance. http://www.comicsalliance.com/2009/09/17/henry-rollins-to-join-the-doom-patrol-in-batman-the-brave-and/. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2010-12-14-ragetv14_ST_N.htm
- ^ cars.com. "Henry Rollins: Infiniti's Hardcore Voiceover Man". http://blogs.cars.com/kickingtires/2011/08/henry-rollins-infinitis-hardcore-voiceover-man.html.
- ^ "Pop & Hiss". Los Angeles Times. 2009-02-18. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/02/henry-rollins-r.html.
- ^ "The Slog Movie (1982)". Imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0405326/. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
- ^ "The Right Side of My Brain (1985)". Imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0089919/. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- ^ Rollins, Henry (September 9, 2008). "Are We Really Going to Elect Sleepy John?". VF Daily's Politics & Power Blog. Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090830133848/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/politics/2008/09/are-we-really-going-to-elect-sleepy-john.html. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ^ "The Nancy Reagan Stem Cell Research Good Time Hour Presents ...". VF Daily's Politics & Power Blog. Condé Nast Digital. March 10, 2009. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090830075055/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/politics/2009/03/the-nancy-reagan-stem-cell-research-good-time-hour-presents.html. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ^ Rollins, Henry (August 20, 2010). "Fanatics! Meet LA Weekly's New Columnist: Henry Rollins". LA Weekly. http://blogs.laweekly.com/westcoastsound/henry-rollins/henry-rollins-column-introduct/index.php?page=1. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
- ^ Rollins, Henry (2007-06-01). "Henry Rollins". InstinctMagazine.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070610202932/http://instinctmagazine.com/celebrity-interviews/henry-rollins.html. Retrieved 2007-08-14. [dead link]
- ^ Kasindorf, Martin; Komarow, Steven (2005-12-22). "USO cheers troops, but Iraq gigs tough to book". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-12-22-uso-cover_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-14. "Rollins, 44, has made six USO tours. The former lead singer for the punk-rock group Black Flag said that he generally keeps his anti-war views to himself at USO shows."
- ^ "Henry Rollins Interview". Crasier Frane. 2010-06-20. http://crasierfrane.com/interviews/henry-rollins. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ http://rollinscauses.wordpress.com/2007/11/28/the-uso-united-services-organizations/
- ^ Prato, Greg. "Rise Above: 24 Black Flag Songs to Benefit the West Memphis Three". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r608078. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
- ^ "Twenty-five Years After the Disaster, Bhopal Is Still Ill". Vanity Fair. 2009-12-03. http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2009/12/twenty-five-years-after-the-disaster-bhopal-is-still-ill.html.
- ^ "Henry Rollins on positive anger – audio interview with Jennifer Davies (2 mins)". Jennifer-davies.com. 2010-02-05. http://www.jennifer-davies.com/index/home/Entries/2010/2/5_Henry_Rollins.html. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ "Henry Rollins radio interview with World Radio Switzerland (10 mins)". Worldradio.ch. http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/switzerland/rollins-still-wakes-up-angry-every-day.shtml. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ Rollins, Henry (2011). "As We See It". Stereophile (Source Interlink Media) 34 (8): 1.
Further reading[link]
- Azerrad, Michael. Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981–1991. Little Brown and Company, 2001. ISBN 0-316-78753-1
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Henry Rollins |
- Official website
- Interview with Henry Rollins on PMAKid.com
- Straight Talk Espresso, Rollins's blog at VanityFair.com
- Henry Rollins at the Internet Movie Database
- IFC Site for The Henry Rollins Show
- Henry Rollins: 9 Questions with the Legendary Frontman about the Mainstream Media, So-called Class Warfare and the Political Necessities facing the 99% Movement, Dan O'Mahony, "Point Nine Nine", November 7, 2011
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rollins, Henry |
| Alternative names | Henry Lawrence Garfield |
| Short description | American singer-songwriter |
| Date of birth | 1961-02-13 |
| Place of birth | Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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