Boko Haram

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Boko Haram
People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad
جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد
Participant in the Nigerian Sharia conflict
Flag of Jihad.svg
Active 2001–present
Ideology Islamic extremism
Islamic fundamentalism
Leaders Abubakar Shekau
Mohammed Yusuf †
Headquarters Maiduguri, Nigeria[1]
Area of
operations		 Northern Nigeria
Allies Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
Opponents Nigerian State
Battles/wars Nigerian Sharia conflict
2009 Nigerian sectarian violence
Part of the Politics series
Islamism
Basic Topics
Movements
Manifestations
Concepts
Key texts
Politics portal

Congregation of the People of Tradition for Proselytism and Jihad[2] (Arabic: جماعة اهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد Jamā'a Ahl al-sunnah li-da'wa wa al-jihād), better known by its Hausa name Boko Haram (pronounced [bōːkòː hàrâm], "Western education is sinful"),[3] is a jihadist militant organisation based in the northeast of Nigeria.[4] It is an Islamist movement which strongly opposes man-made laws and westernization. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2001,[5] the organisation seeks to establish sharia law in the country.[6][7] The group is also known for attacking Christians and bombing Mosques and churches.[8][9]

The movement is divided into three factions. In 2011, Boko Haram was responsible for at least 450 killings in Nigeria.[6] It was also reported that they had been responsible for over 620 deaths over the first 6 months of 2012.[10] Since its founding in 2001, the jihadists have been responsible for between 3,000 to 10,000 deaths.[11][12]

The group became known internationally following sectarian violence in Nigeria in July 2009, which left over 1000 people dead.[13] They do not have a clear structure or evident chain of command.[14] Moreover, it is still a matter of debate whether Boko Haram has links to terror outfits outside Nigeria and its fighters have frequently clashed with Nigeria's central government.[6] A US commander stated that Boko Haram is likely linked to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM),[15][16] although professor Paul Lubeck points out that no evidence is presented for any claims of material international support.[17]

Contents

[edit] Etymology

Nigerian states that implement some form of sharia (in green)

The group has adopted its official name to be "the Congregation of the People of Tradition for Proselytism and Jihad", which is the English translation from Arabic Jamā'a Ahl al-sunnah li-da'wa wa al-jihād(جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد).

In the town of Maiduguri, where the group was formed, the residents dubbed it Boko Haram. The term "Boko Haram" comes from the Hausa word boko figuratively meaning "western education" (literally "alphabet", from English "book") and the Arabic word haram figuratively meaning "sin" (literally, "forbidden").[18][19][20][21] The name, loosely translated from Hausa, means "western education is forbidden". The group earned this name due to its strong opposition to anything Western, which it sees as corrupting Muslims.[22] However, this interpretation of the group's name is disputed, and locals who speak the Hausa language are unsure what it means.[23]

[edit] Ideology

Boko Haram was founded as an indigenous Khawarij group, turning itself into a Kharijee Jihadist group in 2009.[4] It proposes that interaction with the Western World is forbidden, and also supports opposition to the Muslim establishment and the government of Nigeria.[24]

The members of the group do not interact with the local Muslim population[25] and have carried out assassinations in the past of anyone who criticises it, including Muslim clerics.[22]

In a 2009 BBC interview, Mohammed Yusuf, then leader of the group, stated his belief that the concept of a spherical Earth is contrary to Islamic teaching and should be rejected, along with Darwinian evolution and the concept of rain originating from water evaporated by the sun.[26] Before his death, Yusuf reiterated the group's objective of changing the current education system and rejecting democracy.[27] Nigerian academic Hussain Zakaria told BBC News that the controversial cleric had a graduate education, spoke proficient English, lived a lavish lifestyle and drove a Mercedes-Benz.[26]

In the wake of the 2009 crackdown on its members and its subsequent reemergence, the growing frequency and geographical range of attacks attributed to Boko Haram have led some[who?] political and religious leaders in the north to the conclusion that the group has now expanded beyond its original religious composition to include not only Islamic militants, but criminal elements and disgruntled politicians as well[citation needed].

“Boko Haram has become a franchise that anyone can buy into. It's something like a Bermuda Triangle,” said Borno State Governor Kashim Shettima.[28]

[edit] Criticism

Dr Mu’azu Babangida Aliyu, the Niger State governor, has criticized the group, saying, "Islam is known to be a religion of peace and does not accept violence and crime in any form" and Boko Haram doesn't represent Islam.[29]

The Sultan of Sokoto Sa'adu Abubakar, the spiritual leader of Nigerian Muslims, has called the sect "anti-Islamic" and, as reported by the website AllAfrica.com, "an embarrassment to Islam."[30]

The Coalition of Muslim Clerics in Nigeria (CMCN) have called on the Boko Haram to disarm and embrace peace.[31]

The Islamic Circle of North America,[32] the Islamic Supreme Council of Canada,[33] the Muslim Council of Britain,[34] the Organization of Islamic Cooperation[35] and the Council on American Islamic Relations[36] have all condemned the group.

[edit] History

[edit] Background

Main articles: Islam in Nigeria and Colonial Nigeria

Before colonisation and subsequent annexation into the British Empire, the Bornu Empire ruled the territory where Boko Haram is currently active. It was a sovereign sultanate run according to the principles of the Constitution of Medina, with a majority Kanuri Muslim population. The Bornu Sultanate emerged after the overthrow of the Kanem-Bornu Empire ruled by the Saifawa dynasty for over 2000 years. The Bornu Sultanate of the Kanuri is distinct from the Sokoto Caliphate of the Hausa/Fulani established in 1802 by the military conquest of Usman dan Fodio.[4] Both the Bornu Sultanate and Sokoto Caliphate came under control of the British in 1903. However, due to activities of early Christian missionaries who used Western education as a tool for evangelism, it is viewed with suspicion by the local population.[22] Increased dissatisfaction gave rise to many fundamentalists among the Kanuri and other peoples of northeast Nigeria.

One of the most famous such fundamentalists was Mohammed Marwa, also known as Maitatsine, who was at the height of his notoriety during the 1970s and 1980s. He was sent into exile by the Nigerian authorities, he refused to believe Mohammed was the Prophet and instigated riots in the country which resulted in the deaths of thousands of people. Some analysts view Boko Haram as an extension of the Maitatsine riots.[37]

[edit] Origin

In 1995, the group was said to be operating under the name Shabaab, Muslim Youth Organisation with Mallam Lawal as the leader. When Lawal left to continue his education, Mohammed Yusuf took over leadership of the group. Yusuf’s leadership allegedly opened the group to political influence and popularity.[38]

Yusuf officially founded the group in 2002 in the city of Maiduguri with the aim of establishing a Shari'a government in Borno State under then-Senator Ali Modu Sheriff.[37] He established a religious complex that included a mosque and a school where many poor families from across Nigeria and from neighbouring countries enrolled their children.[22]

The centre had ulterior political goals and soon it was also working as a recruiting ground for future jihadis to fight the state.[22] The group includes members who come from neighbouring Chad and Niger and speak only Arabic.[39]

In 2004 the complex was relocated to Yusuf's home state of Yobe in the village Kanamma near the Niger border.[27]

Human Rights Watch researcher Eric Guttschuss told IRIN News that Yusuf successfully attracted followers from unemployed youth "by speaking out against police and political corruption." Abdulkarim Mohammed, a researcher on Boko Haram, added that violent uprisings in Nigeria are ultimately due to "the fallout of frustration with corruption and the attendant social malaise of poverty and unemployment."[40] Chris Kwaja, a Nigerian university lecturer and researcher, asserts that “religious dimensions of the conflict have been misconstrued as the primary driver of violence when, in fact, disenfranchisement and inequality are the root causes”. Nigeria, he points out, has laws, giving regional political leaders the power to qualify people as 'indigenes' (original inhabitants) or not. It determines whether citizens can participate in politics, own land, obtain a job, or attend school. The system is abused widely to ensure political support and to exclude others. Muslims have been denied indigene-ship certificates disproportionately often.[41] Nigeria's progressive opposition leader Buba Galadima says: "What is really a group engaged in class warfare is being portrayed in government propaganda as terrorists in order to win counter-terrorism assistance from the West."[42]

[edit] Beginning of violence

Timeline of incidents
7 September 2010 Bauchi prison break[43]
31 December 2010 December 2010 Abuja attack[44]
22 April 2011 Boko Haram frees 14 prisoners during a jailbreak in Yola, Adamawa State[45]
29 May 2011 May 2011 northern Nigeria bombings[46]
16 June 2011 The group claims responsibility for the 2011 Abuja police headquarters bombing[47][48]
26 June 2011 Bombing attack on a beer garden in Maiduguri, leaving 25 dead and 12 injured[49][50]
10 July 2011 Bombing at the All Christian Fellowship Church in Suleja, Niger State[51]
11 July 2011 The University of Maiduguri temperory closes down its campus citing security concerns[52]
12 August 2011 Prominent Muslim Cleric Liman Bana is shot dead by Boko Haram[53]
26 August 2011 2011 Abuja bombing[54]
4 November 2011 2011 Damaturu attacks[48][55][56]
25 December 2011 December 2011 Nigeria bombings[57]
5–6 January 2012 January 2012 Nigeria attacks[58]
20 January 2012 January 2012 Kano bombings[59]
28 January 2012 Nigerian army says it killed 11 Boko Haram insurgents[60]
8 February 2012 Boko Haram claims responsibility for a suicide bombing at the army headquarters in Kaduna.[61]
16 February 2012 Another prison break staged in central Nigeria; 119 prisoners are released, one warden killed.[62]
8 March 2012 During a British hostage rescue attempt to free Italian engineer Franco Lamolinara and Briton Christopher McManus, abducted in 2011 by a splinter group Boko Haram, both hostages were killed.[63]
31 May 2012 During a Joint Task Force raid on a Boko Haram den, it was reported that 5 sect members and a German hostage were killed.[64]
3 June 2012 15 church-goers were killed and several injured in a church bombing in Bauchi state. Boku Haram claimed responsibility through spokesperson Abu Qaqa.[65]
17 June 2012 Suicide bombers strike three churches in Kaduna State. At least 50 people were killed.[66][67]
17 June 2012 130 bodies was found in Plateau State. It is presumed they were killed by Boko Haram members.[68]
3 October 2012 Around 25–46 people were massacred in the town of Mubi in Nigeria during a night-time raid.[69]

The group conducted its operations more or less peacefully during the first seven years of its existence.[4] That changed in 2009 when the Nigerian government launched an investigation into the group's activities following reports that its members were arming themselves.[70] Prior to that the government reportedly repeatedly ignored warnings about the increasingly militant character of the organisation, including that of a military officer.[70]

When the government came into action, several members of the group were arrested in Bauchi, sparking deadly clashes with Nigerian security forces which led to the deaths of an estimated 700 people. During the fighting with the security forces Boko Haram fighters reportedly "used fuel-laden motorcycles" and "bows with poison arrows" to attack a police station.[71] The group's founder and then leader Mohammed Yusuf was killed during this time while in police custody.[72][73][74] After Yusuf's killing, a new leader emerged whose identity was not known at the time.[75]

[edit] Reemergence

After the killing of M. Yusuf, the group carried out its first terrorist attack in Borno in January 2011. It resulted in the killing of four people.[76] Since then, the violence has only escalated in terms of both frequency and intensity.

In January 2012, Abubakar Shekau, a former deputy to Yusuf, appeared in a video posted on YouTube. According to Reuters, Shekau took control of the group after Yusuf's death in 2009.[77] Authorities had previously believed that Shekau died during the violence in 2009.[78]

Also in January 2012, a group split away to form the Vanguard for the Protection of Muslims in Black Africa (Jama’atu Ansaril Muslimina fi Biladis Sudan), better known as Ansaru. It has since carried out a number of high-profile kidnappings and other attacks.

By early 2012, Boko Haram was responsible for over 900 deaths.[79]

In June 2012, the group claimed to be responsible for the suicide bombings of three churches in the northern Nigerian state of Kaduna, killing more than 50 people.[80] In August 2012, Boko Haram opened fire inside an evangelical church during a service in the northern State of Kogi, killing 19 worshippers, police have said.[81]

[edit] Assessment

Former U.S. ambassador to Nigeria John Campbell suspects the number of hard-core Boko Haram operatives is small.[42] Boko Haram is considered a major potential terrorist threat affecting Nigeria and other countries, and U.S. officials believe it is potentially allied with Al Qaeda. U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) Commander General Carter F. Ham stated in September 2011 that three African terrorist groups – Al-Shabaab of Somalia, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb across the Sahel region, and Boko Haram – "have very explicitly and publicly voiced an intent to target Westerners, and the U.S. specifically" and that he was concerned with "the voiced intent of the three organizations to more closely collaborate and synchronize their efforts."[82]

General Ham reiterated his concern after the Christmas Day 2011 bombings of churches in Nigeria: "I remain greatly concerned about their stated intent to connect with Al Qaeda senior leadership, most likely through Al Qaeda in the lands of the Islamic Maghreb.”[82]

The US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence urged the Obama Administration and U.S. intelligence community in November 2011 to focus on Boko Haram as a potential threat to United States territory.[83] In October 2012 Human Rights Watch announced that Boko Haram may have committed crimes against humanity – an offence that can lead to prosecution by the International Criminal Court – since they began documenting these actions in 2009.[84]

Nigeria's former National Security Adviser, General Owoye Andrew Azazi, has been working with other African governments, European and Middle Eastern governments, and the U.S. government to build cooperation against Boko Haram. He met in 2010 with then-CIA Director Leon Panetta, and in 2011 with AFRICOM Commander General Ham, and other U.S. officials, and was in the United States when the congressional panel was preparing its report on Boko Haram. He participated in a CIA conference at about the same time.[85] After the Christmas 2011 bombings carried out by Boko Haram, President Barack Obama's office issued a statement that confirmed that the U.S. and Nigeria were cooperating at a senior level against the terrorist group.[86]

[edit] Strategy and recruiting

In March 2012, it was reported that Boko Haram had taken a strategy to simulate convoys of high-profile Nigerians to access target buildings that are secured with fortifications. Boko Haram has also reportedly attacked Christian worship centres to "trigger reprisal in all parts of the country," distracting authorities so they can unleash attacks elsewhere.

It was gathered that the group uses internet to propagate its activities and enhance its radicalisation and circulation of extremist ideologies. Boko Haram is reportedly planning to greatly increase its following in many states. Talk of Naija reported that Boko Haram has been involved in a recruitment drive, and they are allegedly targeting Muslims between ages of 17 and 30, and have also been recruiting freed prisoners through prison breaks. The group is also known to assign non-Kanuris on suicide missions.[38]

[edit] Funding

In February 2012, recently arrested officials revealed that "while the organisation initially relied on donations from members, its links with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, AQIM, opened it up to more funding from groups in Saudi Arabia and the UK." They went on to say that other sources of funding included the Al Muntada Trust Fund and the Islamic World Society.[87] In the past, Nigerian officials have been criticised for being unable to trace much of the funding that Boko Haram has received.[88]

A spokesman of Boko Haram also claimed that Kano state governor Ibrahim Shekarau and Bauchi state governor Isa Yuguda had paid them monthly.[89][90]

[edit] Death of Abu Qaqa

On 19 September 2012, reports materialised in the press that the group’s spokesperson, Abu Qaqa, had been killed in a battle with Nigerian military personnel. However, the group has not confirmed this to date.[91] The military has previously claimed to have arrested Abu Qaqa but this was denied by Boko Haram, who said the wrong man had been detained. According to the joint military task force, they had stopped a car suspected to be transporting senior Boko Haram commanders in Kano.[92] A source close to the military said one of the people in the car tried to escape and was shot, later dying in hospital.[93] The source said some of the people in the car informed the military that this person was Abu Qaqa.[93] However, analysts note that Abu Qaqa is an alias and therefore establishing his true identity will be difficult.[93]

[edit] See also

Portal icon Nigeria portal
Portal icon Islam portal
Portal icon Terrorism portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ "Profile of Nigeria's Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau". BBC News. 22 June 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2013. 
  2. ^ "Nigeria policemen in court trial for Boko Haram killing". BBC News. 13 July 2011. 
  3. ^ Boko Haram is battle for 2015, says Chukwumerije By Ogbonnaya Obinna. The Nation. 29 September 2011
  4. ^ a b c d Cook, David (26 September 2011). "The Rise of Boko Haram in Nigeria". Combating Terrorism Centre. Retrieved 2012-01-12. 
  5. ^ "Boko Haram: Rocking the Nigerian boat". France24. 27 December 2011. 
  6. ^ a b c "Dozens killed in Nigeria clashes". AlJazeera. 24 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-24. 
  7. ^ Olugbode, Michael (2 February 2011). "Nigeria: We Are Responsible for Borno Killings, Says Boko Haram". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 31 January 2012. "The sect in posters written in Hausa and pasted across the length and breadth of Maiduguri Wednesday morning signed by the Warriors of Jamaatu Ahlis Sunna Liddaawati Wal Jihad led by Imam Abu Muhammed Abubakar Bi Muhammed a .k .a Shehu claimed they embarked on the killings in Borno "in an effort to establish Sharia system of government in the country"." 
  8. ^ Deadly attack on Nigeria's Bayero university Retrieved 5 May 2012
  9. ^ Nigeria: Dozens dead in church bombings and rioting Retrieved 22 June 2012
  10. ^ HARUNA UMAR; BASHIR ADIGUN (24 June 2012). "Boko Haram Prison Break: Radical Sect Frees 40 In Nigeria". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 27 June 2012. 
  11. ^ Stirrings Of Hope retrieved 17 December 2012
  12. ^ The heat is on Boko Haram, and the noose is closing on its leaders retrieved 17 December 2012
  13. ^ Umar, Sani (2011). The Discourses of Khawarij Radicalism and Khawarij Counter-radicalism in Nigeria : A Case-study of Boko Haram. Northwestern University. p. 12. 
  14. ^ "Terrorism in Nigeria: A dangerous new level". The Economist. 3 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-07. 
  15. ^ Africa's Islamist militants 'co-ordinate efforts' Retrieved 26 June 2012
  16. ^ "Militant groups in Africa seek to 'co-ordinate efforts'". Mail & Guardian. 26 June 2012. 
  17. ^ http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/01/lubeck-analysis.html, see embedded Al Jazeera footage
  18. ^ "Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma". BBC News. 28 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-28. 
  19. ^ "(Hausa-English dictionary)". maguzawa.dyndns.ws. 
  20. ^ *Coulmas, Florian (1999). The Blackwell encyclopedia of writing systems. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 196. ISBN 0-631-21481-X. 
  21. ^ Austin, Peter K.. One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-520-25560-7. 
  22. ^ a b c d e Chothia, Farouk (11 January 2012). "Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?". BBC News. Retrieved 2012-01-25. 
  23. ^ Jack Rodolico (6 August 2012). "A modern, wired university grows in Nigeria". Christian Science Monitor. p. 2. Retrieved 6 August 2012. 
  24. ^ Bartolotta, Christopher (23 September 2011). "Terrorism in Nigeria: the Rise of Boko Haram". The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations. Retrieved 2012-01-12. 
  25. ^ Dozens killed in Nigeria clashes. London, England: BBC. 26 July 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-02. 
  26. ^ a b "Nigeria's 'Taliban' enigma". BBC News. 28 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-28. 
  27. ^ a b Deadly Nigeria clashes spread, Al Jazeera, 2009-07-27
  28. ^ Joe Bavier (15 January 2012). "Nigeria: Boko Haram 101". Pulitzercenter.org. 
  29. ^ Jimmoh, Abbas (13 June 2011). "Boko Haram not representing Islam –Gov Aliyu". Sunday Trust. Retrieved 2012-01-02. 
  30. ^ Oladeji, Bayo and Agba, George (30 December 2011). "Smoke Out Boko Haram Sponsors, Jonathan Orders Security Chiefs". All Africa. Retrieved 2012-01-05. 
  31. ^ IslamToday / Agencies (20 February 2012). "Gallup Poll: Nigerian Muslims Overwhelmingly Oppose Boko Haram | IslamToday – English". En.islamtoday.net. 
  32. ^ "condemns attacks on Nigerian church-goers « Islamic Circle of North America". ICNA. 
  33. ^ "World Muslims Condemn Nigeria Attacks – Africa – News". OnIslam.net. 
  34. ^ "World Muslims Condemn Nigeria Attacks". Times of Ummah. 26 December 2011. 
  35. ^ http://www.wam.org.ae/servlet/Satellite?c=WamLocEnews&cid=1289996682611&p=1135099400124&pagename=WAM%2FWamLocEnews%2FW-T-LEN-FullNews
  36. ^ CAIR Condemns Attacks on Nigerian Churches. "CAIR Condemns Attacks on Nigerian Churches [50178142". The Africa Report.com. 
  37. ^ a b Johnson, Toni (31 August 2011). "Backgrounder: Boko Haram". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2011-09-01. 
  38. ^ a b "Genesis, Training And Changing Tactics Of Boko Haram Revealed". Talkofnaija.com. 29 January 1970. 
  39. ^ Captives freed in Nigerian city, BBC, 2009-07-29
  40. ^ "Analysis: Understanding Nigeria’s Boko Haram radicals". www.irinnews.org. IRIN. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2012. 
  41. ^ Nigeria’s Pernicious Drivers of Ethno-Religious Conflict, by Chris Kwaja, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, www.ndu.edu/press/lib/pdf/africa-security-brief/asb-14.pdf
  42. ^ a b http://www.voanews.com/content/boko-harams-rise-in-nigeria-sparks-civil-war-fears-137850723/150975.html
  43. ^ Sani, Sani Muh'd. "Attack On Bauchi Prison – Boko Haram Frees 721 Inmates." allAfrica.com. 8 September 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2011
  44. ^ "Many dead in Nigeria market blast – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 
  45. ^ "Boko Haram and Nigeria’s Elections | Sahel Blog". Sahelblog.wordpress.com. 25 April 2011. 
  46. ^ More bombs follow Nigeria inauguration UPI, 30 May 2011
  47. ^ Brock, Joe (17 June 2011). "Nigerian Islamist sect claims bomb attack: paper". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-06-17. 
  48. ^ a b Mark, Monica (22 January 2012). "Scores dead in northern Nigeria as Islamist militants terrorise the country". The Observer. Retrieved 22 January 2012. 
  49. ^ UPDATE 1-Bombs kill 25 at Nigerian drinking spot – sources, Reuters 26 June 2011
  50. ^ "Bombing of Nigerian Beer Garden Kills 25". SomaliPress. 27 June 2011. 
  51. ^ News[dead link]
  52. ^ "University Of Maiduguri Shut Down As Boko Haram-Linked Killings Increase". Sahara Reporters. 
  53. ^ [1][dead link]
  54. ^ BBC (26 August 2011). "Abuja attack: Car bomb hits Nigeria UN building". BBC News. Retrieved 26 August 2011. 
  55. ^ "Nigeria Boko Haram attack 'kills 63' in Damaturu". BBC News. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-05. 
  56. ^ "Nigeria: Boko Haram Suicide Attack Killed Dozens". The Huffington Post. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-25. 
  57. ^ "Nigeria churches hit by blasts during Christmas prayers". BBC News. 25 December 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2011. 
  58. ^ "Christians flee attacks in northeast Nigeria". Reuters. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012. 
  59. ^ "BREAKING NEWS: Boko haram claims responsibility for Kano attacks". Daily Trust. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012. 
  60. ^ Cocks, Tim (28 January 2012). "Nigeria army says kills 11 Boko Haram insurgents". Reuters. Retrieved 27 February 2012. 
  61. ^ "Nigeria: Boko Haram claims Kaduna army suicide attack". BBC News. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012. 
  62. ^ [2][dead link]
  63. ^ "Topic Galleries". OrlandoSentinel.com. 
  64. ^ "Nigeria: Kidnapped German, Six Gunmen Killed as JTF Invades Boko Haram's Den". AllAfrica. 1 June 2012. 
  65. ^ "Nigeria: Bauchi Church Bombings – Boko Haram Claims Responsibility". allAfrica.com. 5 June 2012. 
  66. ^ "Nigerias Boko Haram bombed Kaduna churches". BBC. Retrieved 2012-07-06. 
  67. ^ "Dozens killed in north Nigerian clashes over two days". Guardian. Retrieved 2012-07-06. 
  68. ^ "Boko Haram Kills 130 Innocent Villagers In Plateau State". News2.onlinenigeria.com. 13 July 2012. 
  69. ^ Nigeria: Gunmen Kill 46 Students in Mubi, Africa: Allafrica.com, 2012, retrieved 4 October 2012 
  70. ^ a b "Nigeria accused of ignoring sect warnings before wave of killings". London: The Guardian. 2 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-06. 
  71. ^ Nossiter, Adam (27 July 2009). "Scores Die as Fighters Battle Nigerian Police". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 January 2012. 
  72. ^ "Nigerian Islamist attacks spread". BBC. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-27. 
  73. ^ "Over 100 dead in Nigerian clashes". RTÉ. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-27. 
  74. ^ "Nigeria killings caught on video – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 
  75. ^ Bartolotta, Christopher (19 September 2011). "Terrorism in Nigeria: the Rise of Boko Haram". The World Policy Institute. Retrieved 22 January 2012. 
  76. ^ "Boko Haram strikes again in Borno, kills 4". Tribune.com.ng. 20 January 2011. 
  77. ^ Brock, Joe (12 January 2012). "Nigeria sect leader defends killings in video". Reuters Africa (Thomson Reuters). Retrieved 2012-01-24. 
  78. ^ Jacinto, Leela (13 January 2012). "The Boko Haram terror chief who came back from the dead". France 24. Retrieved 2012-01-24. 
  79. ^ Nossiter, Adam (25 February 2012). "In Nigeria, a Deadly Group’s Rage Has Local Roots". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-27. 
  80. ^ "Boko Haram". Retrieved 2012-06-19. 
  81. ^ "19 dead in Nigeria church attack". 8 August 2012. 
  82. ^ a b Mojeed, Musikilu; Eric Schmitt (26 December 2011). "Nigeria Arrests 2 in Blast That Killed 26 in Church". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 January 2012. 
  83. ^ U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Homeland Security, "Boko Haram: Emerging Threat to the U.S. Homeland," Report of the Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Counterintelligence, 30 November 2011 http://homeland.house.gov/press-release/homeland-security-committee-report-details-emerging-homeland-threat-posed-africa-based.
  84. ^ "Nigeria: HRW Accuses Boko Haram, Nigerian Security Forces of 'Crime Against Humanity'". AllAfrica. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012. 
  85. ^ "CIA Hosts General Azazi at Reagan Library Symposium," Atlantisphere, 10 November 2011. http://034df11.netsolhost.com/?p=68
  86. ^ "Statement of the Press Secretary on Nigeria," The White House, 25 December 2011. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/12/25/statement-press-secretary-nigeria
  87. ^ "Nigeria: Boko Haram's Funding Sources Uncovered". AllAfrica. 12 February 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012. 
  88. ^ "BOKO HARAM FUNDING: Nigeria may face international sanctions •Security beefed up in Benue as Boko Haram gives notice to strike". Nigerian Tribune. 21 May 2012. 
  89. ^ Ogundipe, Taiwo (29 January 2012). "Tracking the sect’s cash flow". www.thenationonlineng.net. The Nation. Retrieved 20 March 2012. 
  90. ^ ""Why We Did Not Kill Obasanjo" – Boko Haram Leader". 247ureports.com. 247ureports. 23 January 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012. 
  91. ^ Boko Haram: Nigerian military 'kills top militant', United Kingdom: BBC News, 2012, retrieved 20 September 2012 
  92. ^ Nigeria: Boko Haram spokesman ‘killed’, Africa: Africa News, 2012, retrieved 20 September 2012 
  93. ^ a b c Army: Abu Qaqa, Boko Haram spokesman killed, Nigeria: PM News, 2012, retrieved 20 September 2012 

[edit] External links

Nigerian militant groups
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boko_Haram&oldid=552394557"