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The INSEE code is a numerical indexing code used by the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) to identify various entities, including communes, départements. They are also used as national identification numbers given to people.

Created under Vichy[link]

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Although today this national identification number is used by the Social Security and is present on each person's social security card (carte Vitale), it was originally created under Vichy France under the guise of the Inscription Number to the National Repertory of Identification of People (Numéro d'inscription au répertoire national d'identification des personnes, NIR). The latter was originally to be used as a clandestine military recruitment tool, but at the end served to identify Jews, gypsies and other "undesirable" populations under Vichy's collaborationist conceptions. The first figure of the NIR would be 1 for a male European, 2 for a female European, 3 for a male Muslim, 4 for a female Muslim, 5 for a male Jew, 6 for a female Jew, 7 for a male foreigner, 8 for a female foreigner. 9 and 0 were reserved for persons of undetermined racial status.

The Demographic Service had been created in 1940 in order to replace the military recruitment office prohibited by the June 1940 Armistice with Nazi Germany. On October 11, 1941, the Demographic Service absorbed the former General Statistics of France (SGF, created in 1833). The new organization was called the SNS or National Statistics Service (Service national des Statistiques).

National identification numbers[link]

Each French person receives at birth a national identification number, called "Social Security number", which comes from his registration to the NIR (National Repertory). This INSEE number is composed of 13 digits + a two-digit key. Although the total number is of 15 digits, the rationale behind it makes it easy for individuals to remember at least the first seven digits of it (they just have to know their sex, year and month of birth, and department of birth). Since this number is used in many administrative procedures (whether by the state or by private enterprises), most people know by memory part of this identification number.

Their format is as follows: syymmlloookkk mm, where

• • s is 1 for a male, 2 for a female,
  • yy are the last two digits of the year of birth,
  • mm is the month of birth, usually 01 to 12 (but there are special values for persons whose exact date of birth is not known),
  • ll is the number of the départment of origin : 2 digits, or 1 digit and 1 letter in metropolitan France, 3 digits for overseas.
  • ooo is the COG number (see below) of the commune of origin (a department is composed of various communes) : 3 digits in metropolitan France or 2 digits for overseas.
  • kkk is an order number to distinguish people being born at the same place in the same year and month. This number is the one given by the Acte de naissance, an official paper which officialize a birth (and is needed throughout life for various administrative procedures, such as getting an identity card).
  • 'mm' is the "control key", 01 to 97, equal to 97-(the rest of the number modulo 97) or to 97 if the number is a multiple of 97.
    There are exceptions for people in particular situations.^[1]

The "sex" codes (s: 1 for male, 2 for female) can be given in special occasions for temporary registrations, such as for someone who a person who works as a wage-earner but is not registered for miscellaneous reasons. Under Vichy France, but only in Algeria (not in metropolitan France) this s code was also used to register Jews, Algerian Muslims, foreigners, or ill-defined people. Thus, 3 or 4 was given to non-Jewish indigenous people of Algeria (improperly called "Muslims") and of all colonies; 5 or 6 for indigenous Jews; 7 or 8 for foreigners; 9 or 0 for miscellaneous and ill-defined status (people entering into none of these class).

They are also specific codes for people whose date or place of birth is unknown, although this is today more and more rare (for example, birth code is superior to 20 if month of birth is unknown, and communal code is 990 if the commune of origin is unknown). For overseas departments, the department number has three digits, and the communal number two digits (since 1950). People born abroad have a departmental code of 99, and the communal code is replaced by the code of the country of birth which has three digits. Before 1964, departmental codes from 91 to 96 were used for Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.

If in a specified month the number of total births is superior to 999, an extension common code is created.

The last code is obtained by a mathematical method (dividing by 97 the umber formed by the first 13 digits, take the remainder from this division, and then the "complement to 97", that is the difference between 97 and the left-over of the division): this gives the control key code.

History of the NIR[link]

The NIR (National Identification Repertory) was created by René Carmille (who died at the Dachau concentration camp in 1944) who realized between April and August 1941, under the Vichy regime, the first general repertory to secretly prepare the mobilization of a French army. This codification was then taken back by general Marie in Algeria, in order to recense Jews, Muslims and others categories. The aim was to file the whole of the French population and to discriminate them according ethnical or statutory criteria, in the frame of the racial policies of Vichy. Thus, the first digit which today is used to distinguish males and females then had other purposes: 3 or 4 for Algerian non-Jews indigenous people, 5 or 6 for indigenous Jews, 7 or 8 for foreigners, and 9 or 0 for miscellaneous and ill-defined statutes.

This discriminatory categorization used in Algeria was abolished in 1944, and has never been used in metropolitan France where, during the whole of the war, only "1" and "2" (for male and female) was used. The gestion of the NIR was given in 1946 to the new Statistical Institute, the INSEE. This institution is also in charged of the RNIPP (répertoire national d'identification des personnes physiques, National Repertory of Identification of Physical Persons), which contains for each individual: the NIR, last name, first name, sex, date and place of birth, reference of the Act of Birth (Acte de naissance).

SIREN and SIRET codes[link]

SIREN codes are given to businesses and nonprofit associations, SIRET codes to their establishments and facilities (SIRENE database).

Geographical codes[link]

INSEE also gives numerical indexing codes (French: les Codes INSEE) to various administrative entities in France:

• INSEE codes (known as COG, for Code officiel géographique) are given to various administrative units, notably the French communes (they do not coincide with postcodes — they are 36 778 communes in France and many are homonyms). This code has got 5 digits :
  • 2 digits (département) and 3 digits (commune) for the 96 départements of Metropolitan France
  • 3 digits (département or collectivity) and 2 digits (commune) for the Overseas departments and collectivities.

The departmental codes are well known since they were used as the last two digits of vehicle registration plates (75 is Paris, 13 Marseille, 31 Toulouse, etc. —). However, this license plate numbering system became optional in 2009 so the last two digits no longer necessarily indicate which department the car is registered to.

The commune codes were assigned initially by numbering the alphabetically ordered list of communes names within each department or overseas collectivity. Exceptions have occurred over time, because some commnues were renamed, or because some communes were split, and new communes have been added to the end of the list.

The departmental codes are also best known as part of the French postal codes; however these postal codes do not include the INSEE commune numbers, but were designed by geographical series starting by the main city of the department, and then split geographically around them, with additional series given for special distribution; some areas of the largest and most populated communes can also be assigned distinct series. So effectively, the postal codes do not indicate precisely the communes but the location of the post office in charge for the distribution, and many rural communes share the same postal code number as the commune where the post office is located.

There are also 5 digits INSEE codes for foreign countries and territories.^[2]

See also[link]

• INSEE
• Biometrics
• National identification number
• National Insurance number (a similar number in the United Kingdom)
• Death Master File
• Social Insurance Number (a similar number in Canada)
• Uniform civil number (a similar number in Bulgaria)
• Personal ID Number (CURP) (Mexico) (a similar number in Mexico)
• Service number
• Tax File Number (a similar number in Australia)
• Cadastro de Pessoas Físicas (similar number in Brazil)
• NIE Number (a similar number in Spain)
• PPS number (Irish system)

References[link]

External links[link]

• INSEE website

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Paul Mauriat (4 March 1925 – 3 November 2006) was a French orchestra leader, conductor of Le Grand Orchestre de Paul Mauriat, who specialized in the easy listening genre. He is best known in the United States for his million selling remake of André Popp's "Love is Blue", which was #1 for 5 weeks in 1968. Other recordings for which he is known include El Bimbo, "Toccata" and "Penelope."

Biography[link]

Mauriat was born and grew up in Marseille, France. His father was a postal inspector who loved to play classical piano and violin. Mauriat began playing music at the age of four and enrolled in the Conservatoire in Paris at the age of 10, but by the time he was 17, he had fallen in love with jazz and popular music. During World War II, Mauriat started his own dance band and toured concert halls throughout Europe. In the 1950s he became musical director to at least two well-known French singers, Charles Aznavour and Maurice Chevalier, touring with them respectively.

In 1957, Mauriat released his first EP Paul Mauriat, a four track RGM release. Between 1959–1964 Mauriat recorded several albums on the Bel-Air record label under the name Paul Mauriat et Son Orchestre, as well as using the various pseudonyms of Richard Audrey, Nico Papadopoulos, Eduardo Ruo and Willy Twist, to better reflect the international flavour of his recordings. During this period, Mauriat also released several recordings with Les Satellites, where he creatively arranged vocal backing harmony for such albums as Slow Rock and Twist, (1961), A Malypense (1962) and Les Satellites Chantent Noel (1964).

Mauriat composed the music for several French movie soundtracks (also released on Bel-Air), including Un Taxi Pour Tobrouk (1961), Horace 62 (1962) and Faits Sauter La Banque (1964).

He wrote his first song with André Pascal. In 1958 they were prizewinners in the le Coq d'or de la Chanson Française with Rendez-vous au Lavendou. Using the pseudonym of Del Roma, Mauriat was to have his first international hit with Chariot, which he wrote in collaboration with friends Franck Pourcel (co-composer), Jacques Plante (French lyrics) and Raymond Lefèvre (orchestrator). In the United States the song was recorded as I Will Follow Him by Little Peggy March and became #1 on the Billboard charts in all categories for three weeks in 1963. In 1992 the song was featured prominently in the film Sister Act starring Whoopi Goldberg. More recently, Eminem included an extract in his song, Guilty Conscience.

Between 1967 and 1972 he wrote numerous songs for Mireille Mathieu; Mon Crédo (1,335,000 copies sold), Viens dans ma rue, La première étoile, Géant, etc. — to name but a few — and contributed 130 song arrangements for Charles Aznavour.

In 1965 Mauriat established Le Grand Orchestre de Paul Mauriat, and released hundreds of recordings and compilations through the Philips label for the next 28 years. In 1994 he signed with Japanese record company Pony Canyon, where he re-recorded some of his greatest hits and wrote new compositions. Mauriat recorded many of these albums in both Paris and London, utilising several English classical musicians in these recordings.

In 1968 his cover of the Andre Popp/Pierre Cour tune “L’Amour Est Bleu” (“Love Is Blue”) became a number 1 hit in the U.S.. The song spent five weeks at the top of the charts. Two other Mauriat singles also made the charts in the U.S - “Love in Every Room” and the title theme from the movie "Chitty, Chitty, Bang, Bang". “Love Is Blue” was the first instrumental to hit number 1 on the Billboard charts since the Tornados hit with “Telstar” in 1962 and the only American number-one single to be recorded in France. The success of the song and the album on which it appeared, Blooming Hits, established Mauriat as an international recording star.

In 1969, Mauriat started his first world tour with his Grand Orchestra, visiting countries like the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Brazil and other Latin American countries.

In 1974 Mauriat released an entire album that paid homage to his musical roots. Classics in the Air features classical music, like Bach’s “Toccata and Fugue in D Minor”, and Pachelbel’s “Canon”, given the “Mauriat” spin.

For several decades, some of Mauriat's compositions served as musical tracks for Soviet television programmes and short movies, such as the 1977 animated Polygon (film), "In the world of animals" (V mire zhivotnykh) and "Kinopanorama", among others.^[1].

Mauriat retired from performing in 1998. He gave his final performance in the Sayonara Concert, recorded live in Osaka, Japan, but his orchestra continued to tour around the world before his death in 2006. Mauriat's former lead pianist, Gilles Gambus, became the orchestra's conductor in 2000 and led successful tours of Japan, China, and Russia. Gambus had worked with Mauriat for more than 25 years. In 2005, classical French Horn instrumentalist, Jean-Jacques Justafre conducted the orchestra during a tour of Japan and Korea. The Paul Mauriat Grand Orchestra ceased to exist after the Maestro's death in 2006.

Paul Mauriat had a special relationship with Japan, where he toured most throughout his lifetime. For this reason, Mme Irène Mauriat, Paul Mauriat's widow and only heir, authorised an exceptional concert tour led by Mr. Justafré which took place in late 2009, under the title "Merci Paul: Paul Mauriat Memorial Concert". This was the only tour authorised by Paul Mauriat's widow after his death. Mauriat was very popular in Japan and many of the CD’s of his recordings available now are Japanese imports.

After this tour, in order to avoid any confusion, Mme Irène Mauriat issued a public declaration to remind fans that Paul Mauriat left no musical successor. No other orchestra is authorised to use his name. When Paul Mauriat retired from the stage, he remained fully in charge of his orchestra's artistic direction — choice of conductors, musicians, programmes, etc. He never delegated this role, and it was his wish that the orchestra's life would end with his own.

Paul Mauriat died on 3 November 2006 in Perpignan, France, age 81.

Career and awards[link]

Relative to his peers, Paul Mauriat has one of the largest recording catalogs, featuring more than 1,000 titles just from his Polygram era (1965–1993). He was awarded the Grand Prix (Grand Prize) from the French recording industry, a MIDEM trophy, and in 1997 won the prestigious distinction of Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres from the French Ministry of Culture. He sold over 40 million albums worldwide and held 28 tours in Japan from 1969 to 1998.

In the early to mid-1980s, Paul Mauriat appeared in several Japanese coffee and wine television commercials, which featured music from his orchestra.

A line of saxophones are named for Paul Mauriat, known as P. Mauriat Saxophones.

His 1967 single recording "Love is Blue", and the 2006 album Blooming Hits, each sold over one million copies. The single was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America in March 1968.^[2]

Discography[link]

Singles[link]

• "Puppet on a String" (1967)
• "Love Is Blue" (U.S. #1, 1968; AC #1, 1968)
• "Love in Every Room" (U.S. #60, 1968; AC #7, 1968)
• "San Francisco" (U.S. #103, 1968; AC #16, 1968)
• "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (U.S. #76, 1969; AC #24, 1969)
• "Hey Jude" (U.S. #119, 1969; AC # 24, 1969)
• "Je T'aime Moi Non Plus" (AC #35, January 1970)
• "Gone Is Love" (AC #32, September 1970)
• "Apres Toi (Come What May)" (AC #21, 1972)
• "Taka Takata" (1972)

Albums[link]

See also[link]

• Faites sauter la banque! (film, 1964)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Paul Mauriat | About the composer and conductor
• Ma Musique – O Maestro que Encantou o Mundo
• 2009 Merci Paul: Paul Mauriat Memorial Concert
• Paul Mauriat Official Fan Club
• Gilles Gambus Fan club
• N. American home of P. Mauriat Saxophones
• Paul Mauriat – Todo por la Musica
• INTERVIEW TO MADAME IRÈNE MAURIAT, 17.10.2010
• PaulMauriat.RU ~ Russian fan club
• SERGE ELHAIK (Sep 2002). Paul Mauriat - Une vie en bleu. ISBN 978-2-9518922-0-0.