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![1914-1918 Ehre und Hass [1/7]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130511102347im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/d5OfkfwaN94/default.jpg "Doku 1. Weltkrieg Europa in Schutt und Asche.")
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1914-1918 la grande guerre en couleur 5/6 chaos sur le front est
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:16
- Updated: 05 May 2013
reportage documentaire 14 18 la grande guerre en couleur.
http://wn.com/1914-1918_la_grande_guerre_en_couleur_5_6_chaos_sur_le_front_est
reportage documentaire 14 18 la grande guerre en couleur.
WW1 Combat in Colour 1914-1918
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:25
- Updated: 08 May 2013
a video showing WW1 warfare in and arround the trenches, rare colour film world war 1.
http://wn.com/WW1_Combat_in_Colour_1914-1918
a video showing WW1 warfare in and arround the trenches, rare colour film world war 1.
- published: 16 Mar 2009
- views: 529039
- author: RWITB
The Christmas Truce of 1914
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:18
- Updated: 07 May 2013
The Christmas Truce of 1914 December 24th, 1914 Ploegsteert Wood, Warneton, Hainaut, Flanders Region, Belgium only 8.6 miles from the Killing Fields of Ypres...
http://wn.com/The_Christmas_Truce_of_1914
The Christmas Truce of 1914 December 24th, 1914 Ploegsteert Wood, Warneton, Hainaut, Flanders Region, Belgium only 8.6 miles from the Killing Fields of Ypres...
- published: 22 Dec 2008
- views: 145675
- author: Marcus Poulin
Der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges 1914
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:38
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges 1914 Die Dokumentation zeigt den Zusammenhang zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen 1914 - 1918 und 1939 - 1945. Vier Wochen na...
http://wn.com/Der_Ausbruch_des_Ersten_Weltkrieges_1914
Der Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges 1914 Die Dokumentation zeigt den Zusammenhang zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen 1914 - 1918 und 1939 - 1945. Vier Wochen na...
- published: 20 Sep 2012
- views: 29469
- author: fritz51273
L'autre avant guerre - 1871-1914 (1) - L'ordre moral - Henri Guillemin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:05
- Updated: 09 May 2013
http://wn.com/L'autre_avant_guerre_1871-1914_1_L'ordre_moral_Henri_Guillemin
Série documentaire Gaumont 20ième siècle : 1914-1918, la grande guerre (2 de 5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:50
- Updated: 26 Apr 2013
Ceci est le premier épisode d'une série documentaire réalisée par Gaumont et Vision 7 dans les années 1980. Attention à ne pas confondre la série "20ième Siè...
http://wn.com/Série_documentaire_Gaumont_20ième_siècle_1914-1918,_la_grande_guerre_2_de_5
Ceci est le premier épisode d'une série documentaire réalisée par Gaumont et Vision 7 dans les années 1980. Attention à ne pas confondre la série "20ième Siè...
- published: 18 Aug 2011
- views: 11371
- author: lesarchivesdusorcier
1914-1918 Ehre und Hass [1/7]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:41
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Doku 1. Weltkrieg Europa in Schutt und Asche.
http://wn.com/1914-1918_Ehre_und_Hass_1_7_
1914 г.★ Николай II - «Исторические Хроники»
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:02
- Updated: 03 May 2013
14 выпуск Производство: Россия, 2003 Фильм Исторические хроники с Николаем Сванидзе.
http://wn.com/1914_г★_Николай_II_«Исторические_Хроники»
14 выпуск Производство: Россия, 2003 Фильм Исторические хроники с Николаем Сванидзе.
- published: 25 Apr 2011
- views: 20136
- author: Dax Ure
Les Grandes Batailles du Passé - LA MARNE 1914
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 124:37
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Documentaire Henri de Turenne et Daniel Costelle - VHS.
http://wn.com/Les_Grandes_Batailles_du_Passé_LA_MARNE_1914
Documentaire Henri de Turenne et Daniel Costelle - VHS.
- published: 03 Aug 2012
- views: 26664
- author: SquallFM
1914-1918 la grande guerre en couleur 2/6 massacre dans les tranches
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:21
- Updated: 09 May 2013
reportage documentaire 14 18 en couleur.
http://wn.com/1914-1918_la_grande_guerre_en_couleur_2_6_massacre_dans_les_tranches
Monty Python - Ypres 1914, The Short Straw
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Armless fun with John Cleese.
http://wn.com/Monty_Python_Ypres_1914,_The_Short_Straw
Charlie Chaplin 1914 Making A Living
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:51
- Updated: 22 Apr 2013
Charlie Chaplin 1914 Making A Living free public domain movie open old classic source Stan Bran Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, KBE (16 April 1889 -- 25 Decembe...
http://wn.com/Charlie_Chaplin_1914_Making_A_Living
Charlie Chaplin 1914 Making A Living free public domain movie open old classic source Stan Bran Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, KBE (16 April 1889 -- 25 Decembe...
- published: 06 Sep 2008
- views: 57346
- author: PublicMovies
Série documentaire Gaumont 20ième siècle : 1914-1918, la grande guerre (1 de 5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:13
- Updated: 06 Apr 2013
Ceci est le premier épisode d'une série documentaire réalisée par Gaumont et Vision 7 dans les années 1980. Attention à ne pas confondre la série "20ième Siè...
http://wn.com/Série_documentaire_Gaumont_20ième_siècle_1914-1918,_la_grande_guerre_1_de_5
Ceci est le premier épisode d'une série documentaire réalisée par Gaumont et Vision 7 dans les années 1980. Attention à ne pas confondre la série "20ième Siè...
- published: 17 Aug 2011
- views: 8750
- author: lesarchivesdusorcier
Erster Weltkrieg 1914-1916 (unkommentiert) Zeitgeschichte live
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:31
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Mobilmachung in Berlin 1914 & Verdun 1916: Der Erste Weltkrieg wurde von 1914 bis 1918 in Europa, dem Nahen Osten, in Afrika, Ostasien und auf den Weltmeeren...
http://wn.com/Erster_Weltkrieg_1914-1916_unkommentiert_Zeitgeschichte_live
Mobilmachung in Berlin 1914 & Verdun 1916: Der Erste Weltkrieg wurde von 1914 bis 1918 in Europa, dem Nahen Osten, in Afrika, Ostasien und auf den Weltmeeren...
- published: 10 Feb 2012
- views: 15659
- author: Geschichtsstunde
Der 1. Weltkrieg - August bis September 1914 - Teil 1: Vorgeschichte und Verlauf
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Updated: 09 May 2013
Teil 2 hier: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYOdVy1Y2AE Der 1. Weltkrieg Die Urkatastrophe des 20. Jahrhunderts. Dieser Krieg sollte die Welt für immer verän...
http://wn.com/Der_1_Weltkrieg_August_bis_September_1914_Teil_1_Vorgeschichte_und_Verlauf
Teil 2 hier: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYOdVy1Y2AE Der 1. Weltkrieg Die Urkatastrophe des 20. Jahrhunderts. Dieser Krieg sollte die Welt für immer verän...
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 176795
- author: Thomas D.
Cabiria (1914) FULL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 126:36
- Updated: 06 May 2013
Silent Italian epic which introduced the prolific Maciste character and was an inspiration to other great silent films like Intolerance and Metropolis. Let m...
http://wn.com/Cabiria_1914_FULL
Silent Italian epic which introduced the prolific Maciste character and was an inspiration to other great silent films like Intolerance and Metropolis. Let m...
- published: 22 Jan 2011
- views: 48384
- author: Volvandese
Christmas 1914 In no man's land
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 01 May 2013
The truce began on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1914, when German troops began decorating the area around their trenches in the region of Ypres, Belgium, for ...
http://wn.com/Christmas_1914_In_no_man's_land
The truce began on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1914, when German troops began decorating the area around their trenches in the region of Ypres, Belgium, for ...
- published: 22 Dec 2007
- views: 175136
- author: Alan Starkie
BERLINER STRASSEN 1900 - 1914.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:24
- Updated: 12 Jun 2009
Berlijn , het straatbeeld in de "Belle Epoque" , de periode tussen 1900 en 1914...
http://wn.com/BERLINER_STRASSEN_1900_1914
Berlijn , het straatbeeld in de "Belle Epoque" , de periode tussen 1900 en 1914...
- published: 12 Jun 2009
- views: 28735
1914-1918 la grande guerre en couleur 3/6 du sang dans le ciel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:41
- Updated: 09 May 2013
reportage documentaire la guerre en couleur 14 18.
http://wn.com/1914-1918_la_grande_guerre_en_couleur_3_6_du_sang_dans_le_ciel
reportage documentaire la guerre en couleur 14 18.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 29726
- author: ratat76
Timewatch: The Christmas Truce (BBC)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:20
- Updated: 09 May 2013
On Christmas Eve 1914, during World War I, British and German soldiers stopped fighting. Many of them left their trenches and started to talk and exchange gi...
http://wn.com/Timewatch_The_Christmas_Truce_BBC
On Christmas Eve 1914, during World War I, British and German soldiers stopped fighting. Many of them left their trenches and started to talk and exchange gi...
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 11802
- author: RosesFlowering
1914-1918 la grande guerre en couleur 6/6 la victoire et le désespoir
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:16
- Updated: 05 May 2013
reportage documentaire 14 18 la grande guerre en couleur.
http://wn.com/1914-1918_la_grande_guerre_en_couleur_6_6_la_victoire_et_le_désespoir
reportage documentaire 14 18 la grande guerre en couleur.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 17442
- author: ratat76
![Charlie Chaplin\1914\Mabel's Married Life [Remastered]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130511102347im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/LIyZb3mWcZk/default.jpg "Charlie Chaplin\1914\Mabel's Married Life [Remastered]")
Charlie Chaplin\1914\Mabel's Married Life [Remastered]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:41
- Updated: 25 Apr 2013
In this Chaplin silent, Mabel goes home after being humiliated by a masher whom her husband won't fight. The husband goes off to a bar and gets drunk. This s...
http://wn.com/Charlie_Chaplin\1914\Mabel's_Married_Life_Remastered_
In this Chaplin silent, Mabel goes home after being humiliated by a masher whom her husband won't fight. The husband goes off to a bar and gets drunk. This s...
- published: 08 Jun 2011
- views: 31624
- author: CharlieChaplinFilms
christmas 1914
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:28
- Updated: 18 Apr 2013
music video christmas truce world war 1.
http://wn.com/christmas_1914
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
10 May 2013
The sophistication of a global network of thieves who drained cash machines around the globe of an astonishing $45 million in mere hours sent ripples through the security world, not merely for the size of the operation and ease with which it was carried out, but also for the threat that more such thefts may be in store ... Law enforcement agencies from more than a dozen nations were involved in the investigation, U.S ... (Read More ... The U.S ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Family Handout courtesy WOIO-TV
08 May 2013
CLEVELAND - In the years after his friend's daughter vanished while walking home from school, Ariel Castro handed out fliers with the 14-year-old's photo and performed music at a fundraiser held in her honor. When neighbors gathered for a candlelight vigil just a year ago to remember the girl, Castro was there too, comforting the girl's mother ... He would not say who the father was ... The house was always locked, he said ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: US Govt. Defense Threat Reduction Agency
10 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Perhaps a backlash against newly arrived non-indigenous immigrants is justifiable, especially in reference to the recent Boston Marathon Bombing. And maybe there are a few non-native immigrants that take advantage of social uplift programs, or that commit crimes. But generally speaking, the United States of America has always been a nation of immigrants ... citizenship which took seven years....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Roadell Hickman
09 May 2013
Gina DeJesus gives a thumbs-up to well-wishers as she arrives Wednesday at her family home in Cleveland after a decade in captivity with two other women. The man suspected of being her captor has been charged with kidnapping and rape. (Emmanuel Dunand, AFP/Getty Images) ... The two other men who were arrested after the women were discovered will not be charged in the case, authorities said in a news conference ... All rights reserved. ....(size: 5.9Kb)
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noodls
11 May 2013
(Source ... expedition from 1910-1913; letters written to his wife from First World War trenches in 1914; certificates of service with the British mission in Japan, 1921-22; a manuscript entitled "The Land of the Budorchus" and articles about travels in Western China, 1908-09, as well as photographs and medals ... Running concurrently at the IMAX Victoria theatre is the film Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure, about the later 1914-....(size: 4.8Kb)
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LA Daily News
11 May 2013
Brian Sumers, Staff Writerdailybreeze.com. Posted. 05/10/2013 04.00.10 PM PDT. May 10, 2013 11.1 PM GMTUpdated ... Janice Hahn ... 1914, would affect only those subject to a court order that restrains them from stalking or harassing another person ... ....(size: 1.2Kb)
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PR Newswire
11 May 2013
Tomorrow is Mother's Day — one of the nation's most revered national observances, with meaning beyond flowers, cards and brunches. The idea started in 1908 with Anna Jarvis of West Virginia, to honor her deceased mother — who had hoped that there would come a day to ......(size: 1.6Kb)
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The Guardian
11 May 2013
What links unclean animals on Noah's ark with theological virtues, the noble truths of Buddhism and the pillars of Islam? Spoiler alert. answers below (don't cheat!). Noah's Ark by Edward Hicks (1846). Photograph. Philadelphia Museum of Art/Corbis. The questions. 1 LS Lowry's Going To The Match depicts which football ground? ... What links. ... 2 1914, by Germany ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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Stuff
11 May 2013
OPINION. Yes, it's cheesy. Inevitably, it's over-commercialised, and of course it's a celebration of someone who should be respected all year round ... She had been moved by the death of her own mother in 1905 to push for a day of thanks. Largely through her tireless efforts, United States President Woodrow Wilson officially set aside the second Sunday in May in 1914 as Mother's Day ... She once wrote ... Ad Feedback ... - © Fairfax NZ News. ....(size: 3.2Kb)
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Canada Dot Com
11 May 2013
Of the vast social changes that have taken place during the past decade, few have been more dramatic than the changes in gender roles. The classic family structure - where the father earned money for the family, while the mother stayed at home and cared for the kids - now seems the exception rather than the rule ... That was up from 61 per cent in 1996 and just 36 per cent in 1976 ... in 1914, and in Canada a year later ... Being a mom ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
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Herald Tribune
11 May 2013
BOGOTA, Colombia - Laura Montoya, the first Colombian to be elevated to sainthood by the Roman Catholic Church, was generally considered crazy by the urban society she abandoned in 1914 when she moved to the jungle to minister to indigenous people, a longtime follower says ... Known as Mother Laura, the nun is to be canonized on Sunday by Pope Francis in Rome ... Born in 1874, Montoya lost her father at age 2 ... --- ... All rights reserved ... More... ....(size: 5.2Kb)
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Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
11 May 2013
Frederic Franklin, an exuberant, British-born ballet dancer who was an early inspiration for choreographers George Balanchine and Agnes de Mille and a frequent stage partner of the renowned ballerina Alexandra Danilova, died last Saturday at a New York City hospital. He was 98 ... Long after most dance careers end, Mr ... Mr ... Though Mr ... Frederic Franklin was born June 13, 1914, in Liverpool, where his father was in the catering business ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
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Canada Dot Com
11 May 2013
Robert and David Heffel recently got an email that sounded too good to be true. A former flame of the great French-Canadian artist Jean-Paul Riopelle wanted to sell some paintings he had given her in Paris in the mid1950s - one of his most productive periods. "They had a tumultuous affair," relates Robert Heffel ... Eventually, she went back to New York, where these paintings come from." ... to 6 p.m ... They were both painted around 1914-15....(size: 7.4Kb)
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The Examiner
11 May 2013
The Geismans were a young, healthy couple and they owned a two unit building near Dolores Park in the Mission District in San Francisco. He ran his photography and film developing business out of the basement. Their first born was Willis in November 1911, and in July 1914 they had Dorothy. Less than a week later World War I (WWI) erupted in Europe ... There were stacks of dead bodies on the street ... He babysat her a lot ... She was 73 ... Tweet ... ....(size: 11.2Kb)
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The Examiner
10 May 2013
View slideshow. History of Mother's Day. Wilson was not the first President to honor mothers. Abraham Lincoln. spoke of his "angel mother" and stated that all that he was and. everything he had accomplished in his life he owed to his mother by. stating that "all that I am my mother made me." George W. Bush. honored his "fabulous mother" by praising her for all of her "love. and sacrifice." ... card market ... four sure ... Tweet. 0 Email. PrintReport ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
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The New York Times
10 May 2013
“The Sleepwalkers,” by Christopher Clark, and “July 1914,” by Sean McMeekin ... Still, Clark, and Sean McMeekin, in “July 1914,” offer new perspectives ... Evans discusses “The Sleepwalkers” and “July 1914”; Julie Bosman has notes from the field; Pamela Paul talks about the spring children’s books section; and Gregory Cowles has best-seller news....(size: 8.4Kb)
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San Francisco Chronicle
10 May 2013
Address. 129 Mountain View Ave., San Rafael. Asking price. $3.85 million. Description. This Georgian estate offers turn-of-the-century East Coast style and features designs like arched Palladian windows, shutters and pillars ... Don't miss ... Size. 4,660 square feet. Built. 1914 ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
This article is about the year 1914. For the board game, see 1914 (game).
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1880s 1890s 1900s – 1910s – 1920s 1930s 1940s |
| Years: | 1911 1912 1913 – 1914 – 1915 1916 1917 |
| 1914 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1914 MCMXIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2667 |
| Armenian calendar | 1363 ԹՎ ՌՅԿԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6664 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 70–71 |
| Bengali calendar | 1321 |
| Berber calendar | 2864 |
| British Regnal year | 3 Geo. 5 – 4 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2458 |
| Burmese calendar | 1276 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7422–7423 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸丑年十二月初六日 (4550/4610-12-6) — to —
甲寅年十一月十五日(4551/4611-11-15) |
| Coptic calendar | 1630–1631 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1906–1907 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5674–5675 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1970–1971 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1836–1837 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5015–5016 |
| Holocene calendar | 11914 |
| Iranian calendar | 1292–1293 |
| Islamic calendar | 1332–1333 |
| Japanese calendar | Taishō 3 (大正3年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4247 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 3 民國3年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2457 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1914 |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: 1914 |
Year 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar. It was the year that saw the beginning of what became known as World War I.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January – Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce, American editorialist, journalist, short-story writer and satirist, disappears while traveling with Pancho Villa, documenting the Mexican Civil War, and is never seen again.
- January 5 – The Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and a minimum wage of $5 for a day's labor.
- January 9 – The Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. is founded at Howard University in Washington, D.C.
- January 10 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Ojinaga in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.
February[link]
- February 2 – Charles Chaplin makes his film debut in the comedy short Making a Living.
- February 10 – Release of the film Hearts Adrift; the name of Mary Pickford, the star, is displayed above the title on movie marquees.
- February 11 – Clarence Mackay, president of the Postal Telegraph Cable Company, and his wife Katherine are granted a divorce in Paris, France.
- February 13 – Copyright: In New York City the ASCAP (for American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers) is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members.
- February 26 – The Britannic, sister to the Titanic, is launched at Harland & Wolff Shipyards in Belfast.
March[link]
- March 1 – The Republic of China joins the Universal Postal Union.
- March 7 – Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania to begin his reign.
- March 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Velázquez' painting Rokeby Venus in London's National Gallery with a meat chopper.
- March 16 – Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, murders Gaston Calmette, editor of Le Figaro, fearing publication of letters showing she and Caillaux were romantically involved during his first marriage. (She is later acquitted).
- March 25 – The Greek multisport club Aris Thessaloniki is founded.
- March 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.
- March 29 – Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive in Easter Island to make the first true study of it (they depart August 1915)
April[link]
- April 6 – The American Radio Relay League (ARRL) is begun in Hartford, CT by Hiram Maxim and Clarence Tuska.
- April 9 – The Tampico Affair results in the occupation of the Mexican port city of Veracruz for over 6 months.
- April 11
- Alpha Rho Chi, a professional architecture fraternity, is founded in the Hotel Sherman in Chicago.
- Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band and becomes the first woman in the British Empire to reach the rank of major.
- April 14 – The city of Irving, Texas is incorporated.
- April 14–April 18 – First International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco.
- April 20 – Colorado coalfield Massacre or Ludlow Massacre: The Colorado National Guard attacks a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, killing 24 people.
- April 21 – 3,000 U.S. Marines land in Vera Cruz, Mexico.
May[link]
- May 9 – J.T. Hearne becomes the first bowler to take 3,000 first-class wickets.
- May 14 – Woodrow Wilson signs a Mother's Day proclamation.
- May 24 – PFC Levski Sofia is founded at 1st men's school in Sofia (today 22nd gymnasium)
- May 25 – The United Kingdom's House of Commons passes Irish Home Rule.
- May 29 – The ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland sinks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; 1,012 lives are lost.
- May 30 – The ocean liner RMS Aquitania makes her maiden voyage.
June[link]
- June 1 – Woodrow Wilson's envoy Edward Mandell House meets with Kaiser Wilhelm II.
- June 18 – Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionals take San Luis Potosí; Venustiano Carranza demands Victoriano Huerta's surrender.
- June 23 – After it had been closed so that it could be deepened, the Kiel Canal is reopened by the Kaiser; the British Fleet under Sir G. Warrender visits; the Kaiser inspects the dreadnought HMS King George V.
- June 24 – In Manchester NH, a downtown fire causes $400,000 damage and injures 19 firemen.
- June 28 – Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinates Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo.
- June 29
- Austria-Hungary: The Secretary of the Legation at Belgrade sends a dispatch to Vienna suggesting Serbian complicity in the crime of Sarajevo. Anti-Serb riots erupt in Sarajevo and throughout Bosnia generally.
- Chionya Gusyeva attempts and fails to assassinate Grigori Rasputin at his home town in Siberia.
- June 30 – Among those addressing the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the murdered Archduke are Lords Crewe and Lansdowne in the House of Lords and Messrs Asquith and Law in the Commons.
July[link]
- July 2 – The German Kaiser announces that he will not attend the Archduke's funeral.
- July 4 – The Archduke's funeral takes place at Artstetten (50 miles west of Vienna), Austria-Hungary.
- July 5 – A council is held at Potsdam.
- July 6 – The German Kaiser leaves Kiel for a cruise in northern German waters.
- July 7 – Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11.30 a.m. to 6.15 p.m.
- July 9
- The House of Lords completes the recasting of the Amendment Bill.
- The Emperor of Austria-Hungary receives the report of Austro-Hungarian investigation into the Sarajevo crime. The Times publishes an account of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the Serbians (who are described as "pestilent rats").
- July 10 – Mr. Hartwig, Russian Minister to Serbia, dies suddenly at the Austrian Legation in Belgrade.
- July 11 – Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major league debut with the Red Sox.
- July 12 – Demonstrations in Ulster suggest civil war.
- July 12 – U.S. Supreme Court justice Horace H. Lurton succumbs to a heart attack at age 70.
- July 13 – Reports surface of a projected Serbian attack upon the Austro-Hungarian Legation at Belgrade.
- July 14 – The Government of Ireland Amending Bill is passed by the House of Lords.
- July 15
- Mexican Revolution: Victoriano Huerta resigns the presidency of Mexico and leaves for Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz.
- Count István Tisza makes a statement in the Hungarian chamber regarding relations with Serbia: "They must be cleared up."
- July 18
- The Signal Corps of the United States Army is formed, giving definite status to its air service for the first time.
- The British Fleet at Spithead is reviewed by the King.
- July 19
- Austria-Hungary – A press scare concerning an alleged "Greater Serbia" conspiracy occurs.
- King George V of the United Kingdom summons a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem.
- July 23 – Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.
- July 27 – Brother Felix Ysagun Manalo registered the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) with the government of the Philippine islands.
- July 28
- Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia and its army bombards Belgrade.
- Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary.
- July 29 – Russia orders full mobilization.
- July 29 – In Massachusetts, the new Cape Cod Canal opens; it will shorten the trip between New York and Boston by 66 miles, but it also turns Cape Cod into an island.
August[link]
- August 1 – The First World War begins.
- Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in Jamaica.
- Germany declares war on Russia, following Russia's military mobilization in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilization.
- France orders general mobilization.
- New York Stock Exchange closed due to war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges were already closed.
- August 2
- German troops occupy Luxembourg in accordance with its Schlieffen Plan.
- A secret treaty between Turkey and Germany secures Turkish neutrality.
- At 7:00 pm (local time) Germany issues a 12-hour ultimatum to Belgium to allow German passage into France.
- August 3
- August 4 – German troops invade neutral Belgium at 8:02 am (local time). Britain declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality. This move effectively means a declaration of war by the whole British Commonwealth and Empire against Germany. The United States declares neutrality.
- August 5
- The German minelayer Königin Luise lays a minefield about 40 miles (64 km) off the Thames Estuary (Lowestoft). She is intercepted and sunk by the British light-cruiser HMS Amphion.
- Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary.
- German zeppelins drop bombs on Liège, killing 9 civilians.
- August 5 – 16 – Battle of Liège: The German Army overruns and defeats the Belgians.
- August 6 – Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.
- August 8
- German colonial forces execute Martin-Paul Samba for high treason.
- Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition leaves British waters.
- August 12 – Battle of Haelen: Belgian troops repulse the Germans.
- August 15
- The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the passage of the steamship USS Ancon.
- Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza's troops under general Alvaro Obregon enter Mexico City.
- Edward Elgar's Sospiri, a moving adagio for strings and harp, is first performed in London.
- August 16–August 19 – Battle of Cer: Serbian troops defeat the Austro-Hungarian armies, in the first Entente victory in World War I.
- August 17–September 2 – World War I: The Battle of Tannenberg begins between German and Russian forces.
- August 20 – World War I: German forces occupy Brussels.
- August 23 – Japan declares war on Germany.
- August 26 – Founding date of the Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras.
- August 26–August 27 – Battle of Le Cateau: British, French and Belgian forces make a successful tactical retreat from the German advance.
- August 26–August 30 – The Russian Second Army is surrounded and defeated in the Battle of Tannenberg.
- August 28 – Battle of Heligoland: British cruisers under Admiral Beatty sink 3 German cruisers.
- August 29–August 30 – The Battle of St. Quentin: French forces hold back the German advance.
- August 31 – Australia enters the First World War.
September[link]
- September 1
- St. Petersburg, Russia changes its name to Petrograd.
- The last known passenger pigeon "Martha" dies in the Cincinnati Zoo.
- September 2 – Moronvilliers is occupied by the Germans.
- September 3
- Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeds Pope Pius X as the 258th pope.
- William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just 6 months due to opposition to his rule.
- September 5
- London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.
- World War I – First Battle of the Marne: Northeast of Paris, the French 6th Army under General Maunoury attacks German forces nearing Paris. Over 2 million fight (500,000 killed/wounded) in the Allied victory.
- September 6 – A French and British counterattack at the Marne ends the German advance on Paris.
- September 8 – World War I: Private Thomas Highgate becomes the first British soldier to be excuted for desertion the during the great war
- September 13 – South African troops open hostilities in German South-West Africa (today Namibia) with an assault on the Ramansdrift police station.
- September 13–September 28 – The First Battle of the Aisne ends indecisively.
- September 17 – Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.
- September 26 – The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established by the Federal Trade Commission Act.
- September 30 – The Flying Squadron is established to promote the temperance movement.
October[link]
- October 3 – World War I: 33,000 Canadian troops depart for Europe, the largest force to ever cross the Atlantic Ocean at the time.
- October 7 – Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. marries Rose Fitzgerald in Boston.
- October 9 – World War I – Siege of Antwerp: Antwerp, Belgium falls to German troops.
- October 27 – World War I: The British super-dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious (23,400 tons), is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser Berlin.
- October 28 – World War I – Battle of Penang, Malaya: The German cruiser Emden sinks a Russian cruiser and French destroyer before escaping.
- October 29 – World War I: Ottoman warships shell Russian Black Sea ports; Russia, France, and Britain declare war on November 1–November 5.
November[link]
- November 1 – World War I – Battle of Coronel: A Royal Navy squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock is met and defeated by superior German forces led by Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee, in the first British naval defeat of the war, resulting in the loss of HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth.
- November 4 – Britain and France declare war on Turkey.
- November 5 – The United Kingdom annexes Cyprus, and together with France declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
- November 7 – The Japanese seize Jiaozhou Bay in China, the base of the German East Asia Squadron.
- November 9 – World War I – Battle of Cocos: The German cruiser Emden is sunk by the Australian cruiser Sydney.
- November 16
- A year after being created by passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens for business.
- World War I – The Battle of Kolubara begins: Serbian forces engaged by Austro-Hungarian forces.
- November 21 – In New Haven CT, the new Yale Bowl officially opens; Harvard defeats Yale 36-0 in the first football game held there.
- November 23 – U.S. troops withdraw from Veracruz. Venustiano Carranza's troops take over and Carranza makes the town his headquarters.
- November 24 – Benito Mussolini is expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.
- November 28 – World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.
December[link]
- December 5 – The Toronto Argonauts win their first Grey Cup at Varsity Stadium.
- December 8 – Battle of the Falkland Islands, between Doveton Sturdee and Maximilian von Spee squadrons.
- December 12 – The New York Stock Exchange re-opened, having been closed since 1 Aug 1914 except for bond trading.
- December 15 – A gas explosion at the Mitsubishi Hojyo coal mine, Kyūshū, Japan, kills 687 (the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history).
- December 17 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (initially introduced by Francis Burton Harrison).
- December 19 – The Battle of Kolubara ends, resulting in a decisive Serbian victory over Austria-Hungary.
- December 24 – World War I:
- British and German soldiers interrupt World War I to celebrate Christmas, beginning the Christmas truce.
- German air raid on Dover, England.
Date unknown[link]
- Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine is first developed in Germany.
- Blaise Diagne of Senegal becomes the first black African representative in the French parliament.
- The first everyday items made of stainless steel come into public circulation.
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi returns to India from South Africa to spearhead the Indian independence movement.
- The capital of the Guangxi Province of China is moved from Guilin to Nanning.
- The Port of Orange, Texas, is dredged for the fabrication of vessels for the United States Navy.
- The United States Power Squadrons is formed.
- Phi Sigma, a local undergraduate classical club, is founded by a group of students in the Greek Department at the University of Chicago.
- Henry Ford sells 248,000 cars.
- China declares its neutrality in World War I.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Noor Inayat Khan, World War II heroine (d. 1944)
- January 2 – Violet Vivian Finlay Stuart Mann (aka Vivian Stuart, Alex Stuart, Barbara Allen, Fiona Finlay, V.A. Stuart, William Stuart Long, Robyn Stuart), British writer (d. 1986)
- January 4
- Herman Franks, American baseball player (d. 2009)
- Jean-Pierre Vernant, French historian and anthropologist (d. 2007)
- January 5 – George Reeves, American actor (Superman) (d. 1959)
- January 12 – Albrecht von Goertz, German car designer (d. 2006)
- January 13 – Ted Willis, British television dramatist and author (d. 1992)
- January 14 – Harold Russell, Canadian actor (d. 2002)
- January 15 – Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton, English historian (d. 2003)
- January 17
- William Stafford, American poet and pacifist (d. 1993)
- Anacleto Angelini, Italian-born businessman (d. 2007)
- January 18 – Arno Schmidt, German author (d. 1979)
- January 26 – Princess Hadice Hayriye Ayshe Dürrühsehvar (d. 2006)
- January 30
- John Ireland, Canadian-born actor (d. 1992)
- David Wayne, American actor (d. 1995)
- January 31
- Jersey Joe Walcott, American boxer (d. 1994)
- Daya Mata, President of Self-Realization Fellowship (d. 2010)
February[link]
- February 1 – George Nissen, American gymnast and inventor of the trampoline (d. 2010)
- February 4 – Alfred Andersch, German writer (d. 1980)
- February 5
- William S. Burroughs, American author (d. 1997)
- Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, British scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- February 6 – Thurl Ravenscroft, American voice actor (d. 2005)
- February 9
- Ernest Tubb, American singer (d. 1984)
- Bill Justice, American Disney animator (d. 2011)
- February 11 – Matt Dennis, American singer and songwriter (d. 2002)
- February 12 – Tex Beneke, American bandleader (d. 2000)
- February 15 – Kevin McCarthy, American actor (d. 2010)
- February 16 – Jimmy Wakely, American country-western singer and actor (d. 1982)
- February 19 – Jacques Dufilho, French comedian and actor (d. 2005)
- February 20 – Peter Rogers, British film producer (d. 2009)
- February 22 – Renato Dulbecco, Italian-born virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012)
- February 23 – Theofiel Middelkamp, Dutch cyclist (d. 2005)
- February 24 – Zachary Scott, American actor (d. 1965)
March[link]
- March 1
- Harry Caray, baseball broadcaster (d. 1998)
- Ralph Ellison, American writer (d. 1994)
- March 2
- Mayo Kaan, bodybuilder (d. 2002)
- Martin Ritt, American director (d. 1990)
- March 3 – Asger Jorn, Danish painter (d. 1973)
- March 4
- Ward Kimball, American cartoonist (d. 2002)
- Robert R. Wilson, American physicist, sculptor and architect (d. 2000)
- March 6 – Kiril Kondrashin, Russian conductor (d. 1981)
- March 8 – Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Russian physicist (d. 1987)
- March 13 – Edward "Butch" O'Hare, American pilot (d. 1943)
- March 14
- Bill Owen, English actor (Last of the Summer Wine's 'Compo') (d. 1999)
- Abdias do Nascimento, Brazilian actor, artist and politician (d. 2011)
- March 17 – Sammy Baugh, American football player (d. 2008)
- March 19 – Jay Berwanger, American football player (d. 2002)
- March 25 – Norman Borlaug, American agricultural scientist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2009)
- March 26 – William Westmoreland, American Vietnam War general (d. 2005)
- March 27 – Budd Schulberg, American screenwriter (d. 2009)
- March 28 – Edmund Muskie, American politician (d. 1996)
- March 30 – Sonny Boy Williamson I, American musician (d. 1948)
- March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
April[link]
- April 2
- Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
- Hans Wegner, Danish furniture designer (d. 2007)
- April 3 – Sam Manekshaw, Field Marshal of Indian Army (d. 2008)
- April 4
- Marguerite Duras, French author and director (d. 1996)
- Frances Langford, American singer and actress (d. 2005)
- April 8
- María Félix, Mexican actress (d. 2002)
- Claire Martin, Canadian author
- April 9 – Nouhak Phoumsavanh, President of Laos (d. 2008)
- April 11 – Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 2003)
- April 12
- Armen Alchian, American author and economist
- Adriaan Blaauw, Dutch astronomer (d. 2010)
- April 13 – Orhan Veli, Turkish poet (d. 1950)
- April 21 – James Henry Quello, American Federal Communications Commissioner (d. 2010)
- April 22
- Jan de Hartog, Dutch writer (d. 2002)
- Baldev Raj Chopra, Indian film director (d. 2008)
- April 26
- Bernard Malamud, American author (d. 1986)
- Lilian Rolfe, French-born World War II heroine (d. 1941)
- April 28 – Michel Mohrt, French author and historian (d. 2011)
- April 30 – Dorival Caymmi, Brazilian songwriter (d. 2008)
May[link]
- May 3 – Martín de Riquer, Spanish writer and Romantic scholar
- May 8 – Romain Gary, Russian-born writer and diplomat (d. 1980)
- May 9 – Hank Snow, Canadian country musician (d. 1999)
- May 12
- Bertus Aafjes, Dutch poet (d. 1993)
- Howard K. Smith, American journalist (d. 2002)
- May 13
- Joe Louis, American boxer (d. 1981)
- Phil Drabble, British author and television personality (d. 2007)
- May 14
- Hideko Maehata, Japanese swimmer (d. 1995)
- Corneliu Coposu, Romanian politician (d. 1995)
- May 16 – Edward T. Hall, American anthropologist (d. 2009)
- May 18
- Boris Christoff, Bulgarian opera singer (d. 1993)
- Alla Bayanova, Russian singer (d. 2011)
- May 19
- Go Seigen, Japanese Go player
- Max Perutz, Austrian-born molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2002)
- Alex Shibicky, Canadian hockey player (d. 2005)
- May 20 – Avraham Shapira, head of the Rabbinical court of Jerusalem and the Supreme Rabbinic Court; rosh yeshiva of Mercaz HaRav (d. 2007)
- May 22
- Vance Packard, American social critic and author (d. 1996)
- Sun Ra, American musician (d. 1993)
- Edward Arthur Thompson, British historian (d. 1994)
- May 24
- Arthur A. Link, American politician (d. 2010)
- George Tabori, Hungarian writer and director (d. 2007)
- May 26 – Frankie Manning, American choreographer and dancer (d. 2009)
- May 28 – W. G. G. Duncan Smith, British World War II pilot (d. 1996)
- Late May, exact date unknown – Tenzing Norgay, Nepalese/Tibetan mountaineer (d. 1986)
- May 31 – Akira Ifukube, Japanese classical music/film composer (d. 2006)
June[link]
- June 11 – Trammell Crow, American developer (d. 2009)
- June 15
- Yuri Andropov, Soviet leader (d. 1984)
- Saul Steinberg, Romanian-born cartoonist (d. 1999)
- June 18 – E. G. Marshall, American actor (d. 1998)
- June 19 – Alan Cranston, U.S. Senator (d. 2000)
- June 21 – William Vickrey, Canadian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
- June 24 – Frances Oldham Kelsey, American Food and Drug Administration reviewer
- June 26 – Doc Williams, American musician (d. 2011)
- June 29 – Rafael Kubelík, Czech-born conductor (d. 1996)
July[link]
- July 2
- Frederick Fennell, American conductor (d. 2004)
- Ethelreda Leopold, American film actress (d. 1998)
- July 5 – Gerda Gilboe, Danish actress (d. 2009)
- July 6 – Vincent J. McMahon, professional wrestling promoter (d. 1988)
- July 8
- Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (d. 2010)
- Sarah P. Harkness, American architect
- July 10
- Charles Donnelly, Irish poet (d. 1937)
- Joe Shuster, Canadian-born comic book author (d. 1992)
- July 11 – Aníbal Troilo, Argentine tango musician (d. 1975)
- July 14 – George Putnam, American reporter and talk show host (d. 2008)
- July 15
- Hammond Innes, English author (d. 1998)
- Akhtar Hameed Khan, pioneer of microcredit in developing countries (d. 1999)
- Gavin Maxwell, Scottish naturalist and author (d. 1969)
- July 19
- John Kenneth Macalister, Canadian World War II hero (d. 1944)
- Marius Russo, American baseball player (d. 2005)
- July 20
- Charilaos Florakis, Greek Communist leader (d. 2005)
- Masa Niemi, Finnish actor (d. 1960)
- Ersilio Tonini, Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
- July 23 – Virgil Finlay, American artist (d. 1971)
- July 24 – Ed Mirvish, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 2007)
- July 25 – Lionel Van Deerlin, American politician (d. 2008)
- July 29 – Irwin Corey, American actor and comic
- July 30 – Lord Killanin, Irish president of the International Olympic Committee (d. 1999)
August[link]
- August 2 – Beatrice Straight, American actress (d. 2001)
- August 5 – Parley Baer, American actor (d. 2002)
- August 9
- Tove Jansson, Finnish author (d. 2001)
- Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)
- Gordon Cullen, British Architect (d. 1994)
- August 10
- Jeff Corey, American actor and drama teacher (d. 2002)
- Ken Annakin, British film director (d. 2009)
- August 11 – Hugh Martin, American composer (d. 2011)
- August 15 – Paul Rand, American graphic designer (d. 1996)
- August 17
- Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr., American lawyer and politician (d. 1988)
- Gabrielle Weidner, Belgian World War II heroine (d. 1945)
- August 26 – Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (d. 1984)
- August 27 – Heidi Kabel, German actress (d. 2010)
- August 30 – Julie Bishop, American actress (d. 2001)
September[link]
- September 5
- Sor Isolina Ferré, Puerto Rican Catholic nun (d. 2000)
- Nicanor Parra, Chilean poet
- September 7 – James Van Allen, American physicist (d. 2006)
- September 10 – Robert Wise, American film producer (d. 2005)
- September 11 – Pavle, Patriarch of Serbia, leader of the Serbian Orthodox Church (d. 2009)
- September 12
- Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (d. 1999)
- Janusz Zurakowski, Polish-born pilot (d. 2004)
- September 13 – Ralph Rapson, American architect (d. 2008)
- September 14
- Robert McCloskey, American children's author/illustrator (d. 2003)
- Clayton Moore, American actor (The Lone Ranger) (d. 1999)
- September 15
- Creighton Williams Abrams, U.S. Vietnam War general (d. 1974)
- Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentinian writer (d. 1999)
- Jens Otto Krag, Danish politician, Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1978)
- September 16 – Allen Funt, American television show host (Candid Camera) (d. 1999)
- September 17 – Thomas J. Bata, Czech-born businessman (d. 2008)
- September 18 – Jack Cardiff, British cinematographer, director, and photographer (d. 2009)
- September 20
- Kenneth More, English actor (d. 1982)
- Ken Hechler, American politician
- September 21 – Bob Lido, American singer and musician (d. 2000)
- September 23
- Omar Ali Saifuddin III, Sultan of Brunei (d. 1986)
- Bethsabée de Rothschild, English philanthropist and patron of dance (d. 1999)
- September 26 – Jack LaLanne, American fitness, exercise and nutritional expert (d. 2011)
October[link]
- October 1 – Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian, writer, and Librarian of Congress (d. 2004)
- October 2 – Jack Parsons, American rocket engineer (d. 1952)
- October 4 – Jim Cairns, Australian politician (d. 2003)
- October 6 – Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian explorer (d. 2002)
- October 8 – Henry C. Pearson, American abstract and modernist painter (d. 2006)
- October 10 – Tommy Fine, baseball player (d. 2005)
- October 14
- Raymond Davis Jr., American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)
- Dick Durrance, American skier (d. 2004)
- October 16 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan (d. 2007)
- October 17 – Jerry Siegel, American comic book author (d. 1996)
- October 21 – Martin Gardner, American writer (d. 2010)
- October 25
- John Berryman, American poet (d. 1972)
- Maudie Prickett, American actress (d. 1976)
- October 26 – Jackie Coogan, American actor (d. 1984)
- October 27 – Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (d. 1953)
- October 28
- Jonas Salk, American medical scientist (d. 1995)
- Richard Laurence Millington Synge, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
- Glenn Robert Davis, U.S. Congressman (d. 1988)
- October 30 – Anna Wing, English actress (EastEnders)
November[link]
- November 1 – Moshe Teitelbaum, Hassidic rabbi (d. 2006)
- November 2 – Johnny Vander Meer, baseball player (d. 1997)
- November 5 – Alton Tobey, American artist (d. 2005)
- November 6
- Jonathan Harris, American actor (Lost in Space) (d. 2002)
- Leonard Miall, British broadcaster and television personality (d. 2005)
- November 8
- George Dantzig, American mathematician (d. 2005)
- Norman Lloyd, American actor, producer and director
- November 10 – Tod Andrews, American actor (d. 1972)
- November 11 – Howard Fast, American novelist and television writer (d. 2003)
- November 13 – Alberto Lattuada, Italian film director (d. 2005)
- November 20 – Charles Berlitz, American author (d. 2003)
- November 23
- Roger Avon, English actor (d. 1998)
- George Dunn, American actor (d. 1982)
- November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player (d. 1999)
December[link]
- December 2
- Ray Walston, American actor (d. 2001)
- Bill Erwin, American actor (d. 2010)
- December 7 – Alberto Castillo, Argentine tango singer and actor (d. 2002)
- December 10 – Dorothy Lamour, American actress and singer (d. 1996)
- December 12 – Patrick O'Brian, British novelist (d. 2000)
- December 14 – Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (d. 2003)
- December 15 – Anatole Abragam, French physicist (d. 2011)
- December 19 – Dietrich Hrabak, German World War II flying ace (d. 1995)
- December 24 – Herbert Reinecker, German writer (d. 2007)
- December 26 – Richard Widmark, American actor (d. 2008)
- December 28 – Bidia Dandaron, Buddhist author and teacher in the USSR (d. 1974)
- December 29 – Billy Tipton, American musician (d. 1989)
- December 30 – Bert Parks, American singer and actor (Miss America Pageant) (d. 1992)
Deaths[link]
January–June[link]
- January 8 – Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier and politician and Confederate soldier (b. 1823)
- January 11 – Carl Jacobsen, Danish brewer and patron of the arts (b. 1842)
- January 13 – Valentin Zubiaurre, Spanish composer and professor of the Madrid Royal Conservatory (b. 1837)
- January 18 – Georges Picquart, French general and politician (b. 1854)
- January 20 – Federico Degetau, Puerto Rican politician (b. 1862)
- February 24 – Joshua Chamberlain, American Civil War general (b. 1828)
- February 25 – John Tenniel, English illustrator (b. 1820)
- March 1 – Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (b. 1845)
- March 6 – George Washington Vanderbilt II, American businessman (b. 1862)
- March 12 – George Westinghouse, American entrepreneur (b. 1846)
- March 16 – Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)
- March 19 – Giuseppe Mercalli, Italian volcanologist (b. 1850)
- March 25 – Frédéric Mistral, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)
- April 1 – Rube Waddell, American baseball player (b. 1876)
- April 2 – Paul von Heyse, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)
- April 7 – Mohammad Ayyub Khan, Emir of Herat, Emir of Kandahar, Afghan military leader (b. 1855)
- April 19 – Empress Shōken, empress-consort of the Meiji Emperor (b. 1849)
- April 26 – Eduard Suess, Austrian geologist (b. 1831)
- May 2 – John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, husband of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom (b. 1845)
- May 8 – Seth Edulji Dinshaw, Pakistani philanthropist
- May 23 – Gustav Hamel, pioneer aviator, carried first airlmail (b. 1889)
- May 26 – Jacob Riis, Danish-American social reformer (b. 1849)
- June 11 – Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1848)
- June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)
- June 21 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)
- June 28
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (assassinated) (b. 1863)
- Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, wife of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (assassinated) (b. 1868)
July–December[link]
- July 2 – Joseph Chamberlain, British politician (b. 1836)
- July 17 – Luis Uribe, Chilean naval hero (b. 1847)
- July 31 – Jean Jaurès, French pacifist (assassinated) (b. 1859)
- August 4 – Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (b. 1848)
- August 6 – Ellen Louise Wilson, First Lady of the United States (b. 1860)
- August 8
- Martin-Paul Samba, Cameroonian rebel leader (executed)
- Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, Cameroonian resistance leader (executed)
- August 12 – John Philip Holland, Irish developer of the submarine (b. 1840)
- August 20 – Pope Pius X (b. 1835)
- August 30 – Aleksander Samsonov, Russian general (b. 1859)
- September 3 – Albéric Magnard, French composer (b. 1865)
- September 8 – Hans Leybold, German nihilist poet (b. 1892)
- September 11 – Ismail Gasprinski, Crimean Tatar intellectual (b. 1851)
- September 22 – Alain-Fournier, French writer (b. 1886)
- September 26 – August Macke, German painter (b. 1887)
- September 28 – Richard Warren Sears, American founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company (b. 1863)
- October 1 – Kitty Lange Kielland, Norwegian painter (b. 1843)
- October 10 – King Carol I of Romania (b. 1839)
- November 1 – Christopher Cradock, British admiral (b. 1862)
- November 2 – Heinrich Burkhardt, German mathematician (b. 1861)
- November 3 – Georg Trakl, Austrian poet (b. 1887)
- November 11 – A. E. J. Collins, British cricketer and soldier (b. 1885)
- November 12 – Augusto dos Anjos, Brazilian poet (b. 1884)
- November 14 – Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts of Kandahar, British field marshal (b. 1832)
- November 19 – Robert Jones Burdette, American minister and sentimental humorist (b. 1844)
- November 21 – Thaddeus C. Pound, American businessman and politician (b. 1833)
- December 1 – Alfred Thayer Mahan, United States Navy admiral and American geostrategist and historian (b. 1840)
- December 8 – Maximilian von Spee, German admiral (b. 1861)
- December 24 – John Muir, American naturalist (b. 1838)
Date unknown[link]
- John Robert Sitlington Sterrett, American classical scholar and archeologist (b. 1851)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Max von Laue
- Chemistry- Theodore William Richards
- Medicine – Robert Bárány
- Literature – not awarded
- Peace – not awarded
References[link]
http://wn.com/1914
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Monty Python | |
|---|---|
|
275px Front row: Terry Jones, John Cleese, Michael Palin |
|
| Medium | Television, film, theatre, audio recordings, books |
| Nationality | British[1] |
| Years active | 1969–1983 |
| Genres | Satire, surreal humour, dark comedy |
| Influences | The Goons, Spike Milligan, Peter Cook |
| Influenced | Douglas Adams, Eddie Izzard, George Carlin, Vic and Bob, Steve Pemberton, Matt Stone, Trey Parker, Matt Groening |
| Notable works and roles | Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969–1974) And Now for Something Completely Different (1971) Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974) Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979) Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982) Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) |
| Members | Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin |
| Website | PythOnline |
Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons)[2][3] was a British surreal comedy group who created Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the BBC on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, spawning touring stage shows, films, numerous albums, several books and a stage musical as well as launching the members to individual stardom. The group's influence on comedy has been compared to The Beatles' influence on music.[4][5]
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, was conceived, written and performed by members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Loosely structured as a sketch show, but with an innovative stream-of-consciousness approach (aided by Gilliam's animation), it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style and content.[6][7] A self-contained comedy team responsible for both writing and performing their work, the Pythons' creative control allowed them to experiment with form and content, discarding rules of television comedy. Their influence on British comedy has been apparent for years, while in North America it has coloured the work of cult performers from the early editions of Saturday Night Live through to more recent absurdist trends in television comedy. "Pythonesque" has entered the English lexicon as a result.
In a 2005 UK poll to find The Comedian's Comedian, three of the six Pythons members were voted by fellow comedians and comedy insiders to be among the top 50 greatest comedians ever: Cleese at #2, Idle at #21, and Palin at #30.[8]
Contents |
[edit] Before Flying Circus
Palin and Jones met at Oxford University, where they performed together with the Oxford Revue. Cleese and Chapman met at Cambridge. Idle was also at Cambridge, but started a year after Cleese and Chapman. Cleese met Gilliam in New York while on tour with the Cambridge University Footlights revue Cambridge Circus (originally entitled A Clump of Plinths). Chapman, Cleese and Idle were members of the Footlights, which at that time also included the future Goodies (Tim Brooke-Taylor, Bill Oddie and Graeme Garden), and Jonathan Lynn (co-writer of Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister). During Idle's presidency of the Club, feminist writer Germaine Greer and broadcaster Clive James were members. Recordings of Footlights revues (called "Smokers") at Pembroke College include sketches and performances by Idle and Cleese. They are kept in the archives of the Pembroke Players, along with tapes of Idle's performances in some of the college drama society's theatrical productions.
Python members appeared in and/or wrote the following shows before Monty Python's Flying Circus. The Frost Report is credited as first uniting the British Pythons and providing an environment in which they could develop their particular styles:
- I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again (radio) (1964–1973) [Cleese: cast member & writer] – [Idle and Chapman: writers]
- The Frost Report (1966–1967) [Cleese: cast member and writer] – [Idle: writer of Frost's monologues] – [Chapman, Palin and Jones: writers]
- At Last the 1948 Show (1967) [Chapman and Cleese: writers and cast members] – [Idle: writer]
- Twice a Fortnight (1967) [Palin and Jones: cast members and writers]
- Do Not Adjust Your Set (1967–1969) [Idle, Jones, and Palin: cast members & writers] – [Gilliam: animation]
— Bonzo Dog Band: musical interludes] - We Have Ways of Making You Laugh (1968) [Idle: cast member & writer] – [Gilliam: animation]
- How to Irritate People (1968) [Cleese and Chapman: cast members & writers] – [Palin: cast member]
- The Complete and Utter History of Britain (1969) [Palin and Jones: cast members & writers]
- Doctor in the House (1969) [Cleese & Chapman: writers]
Several featured other important British comedy writers or performers of the future, including Marty Feldman, Jonathan Lynn, David Jason and David Frost, as well as members of other future comedy teams, Ronnie Corbett and Ronnie Barker (the Two Ronnies), and Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie (the Goodies).
Following the success of Do Not Adjust Your Set, originally intended to be a children's programme, with adults, ITV offered Palin, Jones, Idle and Gilliam their own series together. At the same time Cleese and Chapman were offered a show by the BBC, which had been impressed by their work on The Frost Report and At Last The 1948 Show. Cleese was reluctant to do a two-man show for various reasons, including Chapman's supposedly difficult personality. Cleese had fond memories of working with Palin and invited him to join the team. With the ITV series still in pre-production, Palin agreed and suggested the involvement of his writing partner Jones and colleague Idle—who in turn suggested that Gilliam could provide animations for the projected series. Much has been made of the fact that the Monty Python troupe is the result of Cleese's desire to work with Palin and the chance circumstances that brought the other four members into the fold.[9]
[edit] Monty Python's Flying Circus
Main article: Monty Python's Flying Circus
Development of the series[link]
The Pythons had a definite idea about what they wanted to do with the series. They were admirers of the work of Peter Cook, Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller and Dudley Moore on Beyond the Fringe, and had worked on Frost, which was similar in style. They enjoyed Cook and Moore's sketch show Not Only... But Also. One problem the Pythons perceived with these programmes was that though the body of the sketch would be strong, the writers would often struggle to then find a punchline funny enough to end on, and this would detract from the overall sketch quality. They decided that they would simply not bother to "cap" their sketches in the traditional manner, and early episodes of the Flying Circus series make great play of this abandonment of the punchline (one scene has Cleese turn to Idle, as the sketch descends into chaos, and remark that "This is the silliest sketch I've ever been in"—they all resolve not to carry on and simply walk off the set). However, as they began assembling material for the show, the Pythons watched one of their collective heroes, Spike Milligan, recording his groundbreaking series Q5 (1969). Not only was the programme more irreverent and anarchic than any previous television comedy, Milligan would often "give up" on sketches halfway through and wander off set (often muttering "Did I write this?"). It was clear that their new series would now seem less original, and Jones in particular became determined the Pythons should innovate.
After much debate, Jones remembered an animation Gilliam had created for Do Not Adjust Your Set called Beware of the Elephants, which had intrigued him with its stream-of-consciousness style. Jones felt it would be a good concept to apply to the series: allowing sketches to blend into one another. Palin had been equally fascinated by another of Gilliam's efforts, entitled Christmas Cards, and agreed that it represented "a way of doing things differently". Since Cleese, Chapman and Idle were less concerned with the overall flow of the programme, it was Jones, Palin and Gilliam who became largely responsible for the presentation style of the Flying Circus series, in which disparate sketches are linked to give each episode the appearance of a single stream-of-consciousness (often using a Gilliam animation to move from the closing image of one sketch to the opening scene of another).
Writing started at 9 am and finished at 5 pm. Typically, Cleese and Chapman worked as one pair isolated from the others, as did Jones and Palin, while Idle wrote alone. After a few days, they would join together with Gilliam, critique their scripts, and exchange ideas. Their approach to writing was democratic. If the majority found an idea humorous, it was included in the show. The casting of roles for the sketches was a similarly unselfish process, since each member viewed himself primarily as a 'writer', rather than an actor desperate for screen time. When the themes for sketches were chosen, Gilliam had carte blanche to decide how to bridge them with animations, using a camera, scissors, and airbrush.
While the show was a collaborative process, different factions within Python were responsible for elements of the team's humour. In general, the work of the Oxford-educated members (Jones and Palin) was more visual, and more fanciful conceptually (e.g., the arrival of the Spanish Inquisition in a suburban front room), while the Cambridge graduates' sketches tended to be more verbal and more aggressive (for example, Cleese and Chapman's many "confrontation" sketches, where one character intimidates or hurls abuse, or Idle's characters with bizarre verbal quirks, such as The Man Who Speaks In Anagrams). Cleese confirmed that "most of the sketches with heavy abuse were Graham's and mine, anything that started with a slow pan across countryside and impressive music was Mike and Terry's, and anything that got utterly involved with words and disappeared up any personal orifice was Eric's".[10] Gilliam's animations, meanwhile, ranged from the whimsical to the savage (the cartoon format allowing him to create some astonishingly violent scenes without fear of censorship).
Several names for the show were considered before Monty Python's Flying Circus was settled upon. Some were Owl Stretching Time, Toad Elevating Moment, A Bucket, a Horse and a Spoon, Vaseline Review and Bun, Wackett, Buzzard, Stubble and Boot. Flying Circus stuck when the BBC explained it had printed that name in its schedules and was not prepared to amend it. Many variations on the name in front of this title then came and went (popular legend holds that the BBC considered Monty Python's Flying Circus to be a ridiculous name, at which point the group threatened to change their name every week until the BBC relented). "Gwen Dibley's Flying Circus" was named after a woman Palin had read about in the newspaper, thinking it would be amusing if she were to discover she had her own TV show. "Baron Von Took's Flying Circus" was considered as an affectionate tribute to Barry Took, the man who had brought them together. Arthur Megapode's Flying Circus was suggested, then discarded.
There are differing, somewhat confusing accounts of the origins of the Python name although the members agree that its only "significance" was that they thought it sounded funny. In the 1998 documentary Live At Aspen during the US Comedy Arts Festival, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute, the group implied that "Monty" was selected (Eric Idle's idea) as a gently-mocking tribute to Field Marshal Lord Montgomery, a legendary British general of World War II; requiring a "slippery-sounding" surname, they settled on "Python". On other occasions Idle has claimed that the name "Monty" was that of a popular and rotund fellow who drank in his local pub; people would often walk in and ask the barman, "Has Monty been in yet?", forcing the name to become stuck in his mind. The name Monty Python was later described by the BBC as being "envisaged by the team as the perfect name for a sleazy entertainment agent".[11]
Style of the show[link]
Flying Circus popularised innovative formal techniques, such as the cold open, in which an episode began without the traditional opening titles or announcements.[12] An example of this is the "It's" man: Palin, outfitted in Robinson Crusoe garb, making a tortuous journey across various terrains, before finally approaching the camera to state, "It's...", only to be then cut off by the title sequence and theme music. On several occasions the cold open lasted until mid show, after which the regular opening titles ran. Occasionally the Pythons tricked viewers by rolling the closing credits halfway through the show, usually continuing the joke by fading to the familiar globe logo used for BBC continuity, over which Cleese would parody the clipped tones of a BBC announcer. On one occasion the credits ran directly after the opening titles. Because of their dislike of finishing with punchlines, they experimented with ending the sketches by cutting abruptly to another scene or animation, walking offstage, addressing the camera (breaking the fourth wall), or introducing a totally unrelated event or character. A classic example of this approach was the use of Chapman's "Colonel" character, who walked into several sketches and ordered them to be stopped because things were becoming "far too silly." Another favourite way of ending sketches was to drop a cartoonish "16-ton weight" prop on one of the characters when the sketch seemed to be losing momentum, or a knight in full armour (played by Terry Gilliam) would wander on-set and hit characters over the head with a rubber chicken,[13] before cutting to the next scene. Yet another way of changing scenes was when John Cleese, usually outfitted in a dinner suit, would come in as a radio commentator and make the formal and determined announcement, "And now for something completely different."
The Python theme music is The Liberty Bell, a march by John Philip Sousa, which was chosen, among other reasons, because the recording was in the public domain.[12]
The use of Gilliam's surreal, collage stop motion animations was another innovative intertextual element of the Python style. Many of the images Gilliam used were lifted from famous works of art, and from Victorian illustrations and engravings. The giant foot which crushes the show's title at the end of the opening credits is in fact the foot of Cupid, cut from a reproduction of the Renaissance masterpiece Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time by Bronzino. This foot, and Gilliam's style in general, are visual trademarks of the series.
The Pythons used the British tradition of cross-dressing comedy by donning frocks and makeup and playing female roles themselves while speaking in falsetto. Generally speaking, female roles were played by a woman (usually Carol Cleveland) only when the scene specifically required that the character be sexually attractive (although sometimes they used Idle for this). In some episodes and later in Monty Python's Life of Brian they took the idea one step further by playing women who impersonated men (in the stoning scene).
Many sketches are well-known and widely quoted. "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Spam", "Nudge Nudge", "The Spanish Inquisition", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Cheese Shop" and "The Ministry of Silly Walks" are just a few examples.
Introduction to North America[link]
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) added Monty Python’s Flying Circus to its national September 1970 fall lineup.[14] They aired the 13 episodes of Series 1, which had first run on the BBC the previous fall (October 1969 to January 1970), as well as the first 6 episodes of Series 2 only a few weeks after they first appeared on the BBC (September to November 1970).[14] The CBC dropped the show when it returned to regular programming after the Christmas 1970 break, choosing to not place the remaining 7 episodes of series 2 on the January 1971 CBC schedule.[14] Within a week the CBC received hundreds of calls complaining of the cancellation, and more than 100 people staged a demonstration at the CBC’s Montreal studios.[14]
Time-Life Films had the right to distribute all BBC-TV programs in the United States, however they had decided that British comedy simply would not work in America. Therefore, it was not worth the investment to convert the Python episodes from the European PAL standard to the American NTSC standard.
Sketches from Monty Python’s Flying Circus were introduced to American audiences in August 1972, with the release of the Python movie And Now for Something Completely Different, featuring sketches from series 1 and 2 of the television show. This 1972 release met limited box office success.
In the summer of 1974 Ron Devillier, the program director for non-profit PBS television station KERA in Dallas, Texas, started airing episodes of Monty Python’s Flying Circus. Ratings shot through the roof, providing an encouraging sign to the other 100 PBS stations that had signed up to begin airing the show in October 1974—exactly 5 years after their BBC debut. There was also cross-promotion from FM radio stations across the country, whose airing of tracks from the Python LPs had already introduced American audiences to this bizarre brand of comedy. The popularity on PBS resulted in the 1974 re-release of the 1972 "...Completely Different" movie, with much greater box office success.
The ability to show Monty Python’s Flying Circus under the American NTSC standard had been made possible by the commercial actions of American television producer Greg Garrison. Garrison produced the NBC series The Dean Martin Comedy World, which ran during the summer of 1974. The concept was to show clips from comedy shows produced in other countries, including tape of the Python sketches "Bicycle Repairman" and "The Dull Life of a Stockbroker". Payment for use of these two sketches was enough to allow Time-Life Films to convert the entire Python library to NTSC standard, allowing for the sale to the PBS network stations who then brought the entire show to US audiences.
With the popularity of Python throughout the rest of the 1970s and through most of the 1980s, PBS stations looked at other British comedies, leading to UK shows such as Are You Being Served? gaining a US audience, and leading, over time, to many PBS stations having a "British Comedy Night" which airs many popular UK comedies.[15]
[edit] End of Flying Circus
Having considered the possibility at the end of the second series, Cleese left the Flying Circus at the end of the third. He later explained that he felt he no longer had anything fresh to offer the show, and claimed that only two Cleese-and-Chapman-penned sketches in the third series ("Dennis Moore" and the "Cheese Shop") were truly original, and that the others were bits and pieces from previous work cobbled together in slightly different contexts.[9] He was also finding Chapman, who was at that point in the full throes of alcoholism, difficult to work with. According to an interview with Idle, "It was on an Air Canada flight on the way to Toronto, when John (Cleese) turned to all of us and said 'I want out.' Why? I don't know. He gets bored more easily than the rest of us. He's a difficult man, not easy to be friendly with. He's so funny because he never wanted to be liked. That gives him a certain fascinating, arrogant freedom."[16]
The rest of the group carried on for one more "half" series before calling a halt to the programme in 1974. The name Monty Python's Flying Circus appears in the opening animation for series four, but in the end credits the show is listed as simply "Monty Python". Despite his official departure from the group, Cleese supposedly made a (non-speaking) cameo appearance in the fourth series, but never appeared in the credits as a performer. Several episodes credit him as a co-writer since some sketches were recycled from scenes cut from the Holy Grail script. While the first three series contained 13 episodes each, the fourth ended after six.
[edit] Life after the Flying Circus
Filmography[link]
[edit] And Now for Something Completely Different (1971)
Main article: And Now for Something Completely Different
The Pythons' first feature film (directed by Ian MacNaughton, reprising his role from the television series). It was composed of sketches from the first two seasons of the Flying Circus, reshot on a low budget (and often slightly edited) for cinema release. Material selected for the film includes: "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Hell's Grannies", "Self-Defence Class", "How Not To Be Seen" and "Nudge Nudge". Financed by Playboy's UK executive Victor Lownes, it was intended as a way of breaking Monty Python into America, and although it was ultimately unsuccessful in this, the film did good business in the UK (this still being in the era before home video would make it much more accessible to view the material again). The group did not consider the film a success.
[edit] Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974)
Main article: Monty Python and the Holy Grail
In 1974, between production on the third and fourth seasons, the group decided to embark on their first "proper" feature film, containing entirely new material. Monty Python and the Holy Grail was based on Arthurian Legend and was directed by Jones and Gilliam. Again, the latter also contributed linking animations (and put together the opening credits). Along with the rest of the Pythons, Jones and Gilliam performed several roles in the film, but it was Chapman who took the lead as King Arthur. Cleese returned to the group for the film, feeling that the group were once again breaking new ground. Holy Grail was filmed on location, in picturesque rural areas of Scotland, with a budget of only £229,000; the money was raised in part with investments from rock groups such as Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull and Led Zeppelin—and UK music industry entrepreneur Tony Stratton-Smith (founder and owner of the Charisma Records label, for which the Pythons recorded their comedy albums).
The backers of the film wanted to cut the famous Black Knight scene (in which the Black Knight loses his limbs in a duel) but it was eventually kept in the movie.[17]
[edit] Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
Main article: Monty Python's Life of Brian
Following the success of Holy Grail, reporters asked for the title of the next Python film, despite the fact that the team had not even begun to consider a third one. Eventually, Idle flippantly replied "Jesus Christ – Lust for Glory", which became the group's stock answer once they realised that it shut reporters up. However, they soon began to seriously consider a film lampooning the New Testament era in the same way Holy Grail had lampooned Arthurian legend. Despite them all sharing a distrust of organised religion, they agreed not to mock Jesus nor his teachings directly. Instead, they decided to write a satire on credulity and hypocrisy among the followers of someone who had been mistaken for the "Messiah," but who had no desire to be followed as such. Chapman was cast in the lead role of Brian.
The focus therefore shifted to a separate individual born at the same time, in a neighbouring stable. When Jesus appears in the film (first, as a baby in the stable, and then later on the Mount, speaking the Beatitudes), he is played straight (by actor Kenneth Colley) and portrayed with respect. The comedy begins when members of the crowd mishear his statements of peace, love and tolerance. ("I think he said, 'Blessed are the cheesemakers.'")
Directing duties were handled solely by Jones, having amicably agreed with Gilliam that Jones' approach to film-making was better suited for Python's general performing style. Holy Grail's production had often been stilted by their differences behind the camera. Gilliam again contributed two animated sequences (one being the opening credits) and took charge of set design. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, the finances being provided this time by former Beatle George Harrison, who together with Denis O'Brien formed the production company Hand-Made Films for the movie. He had a cameo role as the 'owner of the Mount.'
Despite its subject matter attracting controversy, particularly upon its initial release, it has (together with its predecessor) been ranked among the greatest comedy films. A Channel 4 poll in 2005 ranked Holy Grail in sixth place, with Life of Brian at the top.[18]
[edit] Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982)
Main article: Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl
Filmed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles during preparations for The Meaning of Life, this was a concert film (directed by Terry Hughes) in which the Pythons performed sketches from the television series in front of an audience. The released film also incorporated footage from the German television specials (the inclusion of which gives Ian MacNaughton his first on-screen credit for Python since the end of Flying Circus) and live performances of several songs from the troupe's then-current Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album.
[edit] Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
Main article: Monty Python's The Meaning of Life
Python's final film returned to something structurally closer to the style of Flying Circus. A series of sketches loosely follows the ages of man from birth to death. Directed again by Jones solo, The Meaning of Life is embellished with some of Python's most bizarre and disturbing moments, as well as various elaborate musical numbers. The film is by far their darkest work, containing a great deal of black humour, garnished by some spectacular violence (including an operation to remove a liver from a living patient without anaesthetic and the morbidly obese Mr. Creosote exploding over several restaurant patrons). At the time of its release, the Pythons confessed their aim was to offend "absolutely everyone."
Besides the opening credits and the fish sequence, Gilliam, by now an established live action director, no longer wanted to produce any linking cartoons, offering instead to direct one sketch—The Crimson Permanent Assurance. Under his helm, though, the segment grew so ambitious and tangential that it was cut from the movie and used as a supporting feature in its own right. (Television screenings also use it as a prologue.) Crucially, this was the last project that all six Pythons would collaborate on, except for the 1989 compilation Parrot Sketch Not Included, where they are all seen sitting in a closet for four seconds. This would be the last time Chapman appeared on-screen with the Pythons.
[edit] Secret Policeman's Ball benefit shows
Members of Python contributed their services to charitable endeavours and causes—sometimes as an ensemble, at other times as individuals. The cause that has been the most frequent and consistent beneficiary has been the human rights work of Amnesty International. Between 1976 and 1981, the troupe or its members appeared in four major fund-raisers for Amnesty—known collectively as the Secret Policeman's Ball shows—which were turned into multiple films, TV shows, videos, record albums and books. These benefit shows and their many spin-offs raised considerable sums of money for Amnesty, raised public and media awareness of the human rights cause and influenced many other members of the entertainment community (especially rock musicians) to become involved in political and social issues.[19] Among the many musicians who have publicly attributed their activism—and the organisation of their own benefit events—to the inspiration of the work in this field of Monty Python are U2, Bob Geldof, Pete Townshend and Sting.[19] The shows are credited by Amnesty with helping the organisation develop public awareness in the US where one of the spin-off films was a major success.
Cleese and Jones had an involvement (as performer, writer or director) in all four Amnesty benefit shows, Palin in three, Chapman in two and Gilliam in one. Idle did not participate in the Amnesty shows. Notwithstanding Idle's lack of participation, the other five members (together with "Associate Pythons" Carol Cleveland and Neil Innes) all appeared together in the first Secret Policeman's Ball benefit—the 1976 A Poke In The Eye (With A Sharp Stick)—where they performed several Python sketches. In this first show they were collectively billed as Monty Python. (Peter Cook deputised for the errant Idle in one major sketch The Courtroom.) In the next three shows, the participating Python members performed many Python sketches, but were billed under their individual names rather than under the collective Python banner. After a six-year break, Amnesty resumed producing Secret Policeman's Ball benefit shows in 1987 (sometimes with, and sometimes without variants of the iconic title) and by 2006 had presented a total of twelve such shows. The shows since 1987 have featured newer generations of British comedic performers, including many who have attributed their participation in the show to their desire to emulate the Python's pioneering work for Amnesty. (Cleese and Palin made a brief cameo appearance in the 1989 Amnesty show; apart from that the Pythons have not appeared in shows after the first four.)
Going solo[link]
Each member has pursued various film, television and stage projects since the break-up of the group, but often continued to work with one another. Many of these collaborations were very successful, most notably A Fish Called Wanda (1988), written by Cleese, in which he starred along with Palin. The pair also appeared in Time Bandits (1981), a film directed by Gilliam, who wrote it together with Palin. Gilliam directed Jabberwocky (1977), and also directed and co-wrote Brazil (1985) and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), which featured Palin and Idle respectively. Yellowbeard (1983) was co-written by Chapman and featured Chapman, Cleese and Palin alongside many of their English contemporaries, including Peter Cook, Spike Milligan and Marty Feldman.
Palin and Jones wrote the comedic TV series Ripping Yarns (1976–79), starring Palin. Jones also appeared in the pilot episode and Cleese appeared in a non-speaking part in the episode "Golden Gordon". Jones' film Erik the Viking, also has Cleese playing a small part.
In 1996, Terry Jones wrote and directed an adaption of Kenneth Grahame's novel The Wind in the Willows. It featured four members of Monty Python: Jones as Mr. Toad, Idle as Ratty, Cleese as Mr. Toad's lawyer, and Palin as the Sun. Gilliam was considered for the voice of the river.
In terms of numbers of productions, Cleese has the most prolific solo career, having appeared in 59 theatrical films, 22 TV shows or series (including Cheers, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Q's assistant in the James Bond movies, and Will & Grace), 23 direct-to-video productions, six video games, and a number of commercials.[20] His BBC sitcom Fawlty Towers (written by and starring Cleese together with his then-wife Connie Booth), is considered the greatest solo work by a Python since the sketch show finished. It is the only comedy series to rank higher than the Flying Circus on the BFI TV 100's list, topping the whole poll.
Idle enjoyed critical success with Rutland Weekend Television in the mid-1970s, out of which came the Beatles parody The Rutles (responsible for the cult mockumentary All You Need Is Cash), and as an actor in Nuns on the Run (1990) with Robbie Coltrane. Idle has had success with Python songs: "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" went to no. 3 in the UK singles chart in 1991. The song had been revived by Simon Mayo on BBC Radio 1, and was consequently released as a single that year. The theatrical phenomenon of the Python musical Spamalot has made Idle the most financially successful of the troupe post-Python. Written by Idle, it has proved an enormous hit on Broadway, London's West End and also Las Vegas.[21] This was followed by Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy), which repurposes The Life of Brian as an oratorio. For the work's 2007 premiere at the Luminato festival in Toronto (which commissioned the work), Idle himself sang the "baritone-ish" part.
Post-Python reunions[link]
Since The Meaning of Life, their last project as a team, the Pythons have often been the subject of reunion rumours.[21] The final reunion of all six members occurred during the Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python special. The death of Chapman in 1989 (on the eve of their 20th anniversary) put an end to the speculation of any further reunions. There have been several occasions since 1989 when the surviving five members have gathered together for appearances—albeit not formal reunions.
In 1996, Jones, Idle, Cleese and Palin were featured in a film adaptation of The Wind in the Willows, which was later renamed Mr. Toad's Wild Ride.
In 1998 during the US Comedy Arts Festival, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute, the five remaining members along with what was purported to be Chapman's ashes, were reunited on stage for the first time in 18 years.[22] The occasion was in the form of an interview called Monty Python Live At Aspen, (hosted by Robert Klein, with an appearance by Eddie Izzard) in which the team looked back at some of their work and performed a few new sketches.
On 9 October 1999, to commemorate 30 years since the first Flying Circus television broadcast, BBC2 devoted an evening to Python programmes, including a documentary charting the history of the team, interspersed with new sketches by the Monty Python team filmed especially for the event. The program appears, though omitting a few things, on the DVD The Life of Python. Though Idle's involvement in the special is limited, the final sketch marks the only time since 1989 that all surviving members of the troupe appear in one sketch, albeit not in the same room.
In 2002, four of the surviving members, bar Cleese, performed "The Lumberjack Song" and "Sit on My Face" for George Harrison's memorial concert. The reunion also included regular supporting contributors Neil Innes and Carol Cleveland, with a special appearance from Tom Hanks.
In an interview to publicise the DVD release of The Meaning of Life, Cleese said a further reunion was unlikely. "It is absolutely impossible to get even a majority of us together in a room, and I'm not joking," Cleese said. He said that the problem was one of business rather than one of bad feelings.[23] A sketch appears on the same DVD spoofing the impossibility of a full reunion, bringing the members “together” in a deliberately unconvincing fashion with modern bluescreen/greenscreen techniques.
Idle has responded to queries about a Python reunion by adapting a line used by George Harrison in response to queries about a possible Beatles reunion. When asked in November 1989 about such a possibility, Harrison responded: "As far as I'm concerned, there won't be a Beatles reunion as long as John Lennon remains dead." Idle's version of this was that he expected to see a proper Python reunion, "just as soon as Graham Chapman comes back from the dead", but added, "we're talking to his agent about terms."[24]
2003's The Pythons Autobiography By The Pythons, compiled from interviews with the surviving members, reveals that a series of disputes in 1998, over a possible sequel to Holy Grail that had been conceived by Idle, may have resulted in the group's permanent fission. Cleese's feeling was that The Meaning of Life had been personally difficult and ultimately mediocre, and did not wish to be involved in another Python project for a variety of reasons (not least amongst them was the absence of Chapman, whose straight man-like central roles in the original Grail and Brian films had been considered to be essential performance anchorage). Apparently Idle was angry with Cleese for refusing to do the film, which most of the remaining Pythons thought reasonably promising (the basic plot would have taken on a self-referential tone, featuring them in their main 'knight' guises from Holy Grail, mulling over the possibilities of reforming their posse). The book also reveals that a secondary option around this point was the possibility of revitalising the Python brand with a new stage tour, perhaps with the promise of new material. This idea had also hit the buffers at Cleese's refusal, this time with the backing of other members.
March 2005 saw a full, if non-performing, reunion of the surviving cast members at the premiere of Idle's musical Spamalot, based on Monty Python and the Holy Grail. It opened in Chicago and has since played in New York on Broadway, London and numerous other major cities across the world. In 2004, it was nominated for 14 Tony Awards and won three: Best Musical, Best Direction of a Musical for Mike Nichols and Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for Sara Ramirez, who played the Lady of the Lake, a character specially added for the musical. Cleese played the voice of God, played in the film by Chapman.
Owing in part to the success of Spamalot, PBS announced on 13 July 2005, that it would begin to re-air the entire run of Monty Python's Flying Circus and new one-hour specials focusing on each member of the group, called Monty Python's Personal Best.[25] Each episode was written and produced by the individual being honoured, with the five remaining Pythons collaborating on Chapman's programme, the only one of the editions to take on a serious tone with its new material.
Eric Idle and John Cleese appeared on stage together singing "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" with the rest of the performers for the climax of Prince Charles 60th Birthday Show.
In 2009, to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the first episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus, a six part documentary entitled Monty Python: Almost the Truth (The Lawyer's Cut) was released, featuring interviews with the surviving members of the team as well as archive interviews with Graham Chapman and numerous excerpts from the television series and films.
Also in commemoration of the 40th anniversary Idle, Palin, Jones and Gilliam appeared in a production of Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy) at the Royal Albert Hall. The European premiere was held on 23 October 2009.[26] An official 40th anniversary Monty Python reunion event took place in New York City on 15 October 2009 where the Team received a Special Award from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.[27]
In June 2011, it was announced that Monty Python have begun production on their first film project since the Meaning of Life in 1983. Their next film, A Liar's Autobiography, is an animated 3D movie based on the memoir of the late Python member, Graham Chapman, who died in 1989 at the age of 48. A Liar’s Autobiography was published in 1980 and details Chapman's journey through medical school, alcoholism, acknowledgement of his gay identity and the toils of surreal comedy.
Asked what was true in a deliberately fanciful account by Chapman of his life, Terry Jones joked: "Nothing . . . it’s all a downright, absolute, blackguardly lie."
The film will use Chapman's own voice - from a reading of his autobiography shortly before he died of cancer - and entertainment channel EPIX announced that the film will be released in early 2012 in both 2D and 3D formats. Produced and directed by London-based Bill Jones, Ben Timlett and Jeff Simpson, the new film has 15 animation companies working on chapters that will range from three to 12 minutes in length, each in a different style.
John Cleese has recorded new dialogue which will be matched with Chapman’s voice and Michael Palin will voice Chapman’s mother and father. Terry Gilliam plays various roles. Among the original Python group, only Eric Idle has not become involved, though Timlett said the filmmakers are “working on” him.[28]
Python members[link]
Graham Chapman was originally a medical student, joining the Footlights at Cambridge. He completed his medical training and was legally entitled to practice as a doctor. Chapman is best remembered for the lead roles in Holy Grail, as King Arthur, and Life of Brian, as Brian Cohen. He died of spinal and throat cancer on 4 October 1989. At Chapman's memorial service, Cleese delivered an irreverent eulogy that included all the euphemisms for being dead from the Dead Parrot sketch, which they had written.
John Cleese is the oldest Python. He met his future Python writing partner, Graham Chapman, in Cambridge.
Terry Gilliam, an American, was the only member of the troupe of non-British origin.[29] He started off as an animator and strip cartoonist for Harvey Kurtzman's Help! magazine, one issue of which featured Cleese. Moving from the USA to England, he animated features for Do Not Adjust Your Set and was then asked by its makers to join them on their next project: Monty Python's Flying Circus. He co-directed Monty Python and the Holy Grail and directed short segments of other Python films (for instance "The Crimson Permanent Assurance", the short film that appears before The Meaning of Life).
When Monty Python was first formed, two writing partnerships were already in place: Cleese and Chapman, Jones and Palin. That left two in their own corners: Gilliam, operating solo due to the nature of his work, and Eric Idle. Regular themes in his contributions were elaborate wordplay and musical numbers. After Flying Circus, he hosted Saturday Night Live four times in the first five seasons. Idle's initially successful solo career faltered in the 1990s with the failures of his 1993 film Splitting Heirs (written, produced by and starring him) and 1998's An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (in which he starred), which was awarded five Razzies, including 'Worst Picture of the Year'. He revived his career by returning to the source of his worldwide fame, adapting Monty Python material for other media. He also wrote the Broadway musical Spamalot, based on the Holy Grail movie. He also wrote Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy), an oratorio derived from the Life of Brian.
Terry Jones has been described by other members of the team as the “heart” of the operation. Jones had a lead role in maintaining the group's unity and creative independence. Python biographer George Perry has commented that should you "speak to him on subjects as diverse as fossil fuels, or Rupert Bear, or mercenaries in the Middle Ages or Modern China... in a moment you will find yourself hopelessly out of your depth, floored by his knowledge." Many others agree that Jones is characterised by his irrepressible, good-natured enthusiasm. However, Jones' passion often led to prolonged arguments with other group members—in particular Cleese—with Jones often unwilling to back down. Since his major contributions were largely behind the scenes (direction, writing), and he often deferred to the other members of the group as an actor, Jones' importance to Python was often underrated. However, he does have the legacy of delivering possibly the most famous line in all of Python, as Brian's mother Mandy in Life of Brian, "He's not the Messiah, he's a very naughty boy!", a line voted the funniest in film history on two occasions.[30][31]
Michael Palin attended Oxford, where he met his Python writing partner Jones. The two also wrote the series Ripping Yarns together. Palin and Jones originally wrote face-to-face, but soon found it was more productive to write apart and then come together to review what the other had written. Therefore, Jones and Palin's sketches tended to be more focused than that of the others, taking one bizarre situation, sticking to it, and building on it. After Flying Circus, he hosted Saturday Night Live four times in the first ten seasons. His comedy output began to decrease in amount following the increasing success of his travel documentaries for the BBC. Palin released a book of diaries from the Python years entitled Michael Palin Diaries 1969–1979, published in 2007.
Associate Pythons[link]
Several people have been accorded unofficial "Associate Python" status over the years. Occasionally such people have been referred to as the 7th Python, in a style reminiscent of George Martin (or other associates of The Beatles) being dubbed "the Fifth Beatle." The two collaborators with the most meaningful and plentiful contributions have been Neil Innes and Carol Cleveland. Both were present and presented as Associate Pythons at the official Monty Python 25th anniversary celebrations held in Los Angeles in July 1994.
File:CarolCleveland.jpg
Carol Cleveland as the stereotypical "blonde bombshell" in the Marriage Guidance Counsellor sketch.
Neil Innes is the only non-Python besides Douglas Adams to be credited with writing material for the Flying Circus. He appeared in sketches and the Python films, as well as performing some of his songs in Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl. He was also a regular stand-in for absent team members on the rare occasions when they re-created sketches. For example, he took the place of Cleese at the Concert for George. Gilliam once noted that if anyone qualified for the title of the "Seventh Python," it would certainly be Innes. He was one of the creative talents in the off-beat Bonzo Dog Band. He would later portray Ron Nasty of the Rutles and write all of the Rutles' compositions for All You Need is Cash (1978). By 2005, a falling out had occurred between Idle and Innes over additional Rutles projects, the results being Innes' critically acclaimed Rutles "reunion" album The Rutles: Archaeology and Idle's straight-to-DVD The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch, each undertaken without the other's participation. According to an interview with Idle in the Chicago Tribune in May 2005, his attitude is that he and Innes go back "too far. And no further." Innes has remained silent on the dispute.
Carol Cleveland was the most important female performer in the Monty Python ensemble, commonly referred to as the "Python Girl." Originally hired by producer/director John Howard Davies for just the first five episodes of the Flying Circus, she went on to appear in approximately two-thirds of the episodes as well as in all of the Python films, and in most of their stage shows as well. Her common portrayal as the stereotypical "blonde bimbo" eventually earned her the sobriquet "Carol Cleavage" from the other Pythons, but she felt that the variety of her roles should not be described in such a pejorative way.
Other contributors[link]
Cleese's first wife Connie Booth appeared in, amongst others "The Lumberjack Song" and as the "witch" in Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Cleese and Booth later co-wrote and co-starred in Fawlty Towers.
Douglas Adams was "discovered" by Chapman when a version of the Footlights Revue (a 1974 BBC2 television show featuring some of Adams' early work) was performed live in London's West End. In Cleese's absence from the final TV series, the two formed a brief writing partnership, with Adams earning a writing credit in one episode for a sketch called "Patient Abuse". In the sketch, a man who had been stabbed by a nurse arrives at his doctor's office bleeding profusely from the stomach, when the doctor makes him fill out numerous senseless forms before he can administer treatment. He also had two cameo appearances in this season. Firstly, in the episode The Light Entertainment War, Adams shows up in a surgeon's mask (as Dr. Emile Koning, according to the on-screen captions), pulling on gloves, while Palin narrates a sketch that introduces one person after another, and never actually gets started. Secondly, at the beginning of Mr. Neutron, Adams is dressed in a "pepperpot" outfit and loads a missile onto a cart being driven by Terry Jones, who is calling out for scrap metal ("Any old iron..."). Adams and Chapman also subsequently attempted a few non-Python projects, including Out of the Trees. He also contributed to a sketch on the soundtrack album for Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
Stand-up comedian Eddie Izzard, a devoted fan of the group, has occasionally stood in for absent members. When the BBC held a "Python Night" in 1999 to celebrate 30 years of the first broadcast of Flying Circus, the Pythons recorded some new material with Izzard standing in for Idle, who had declined to partake in person (he taped a solo contribution from the US). Izzard hosted a history of the group entitled The Life of Python (1999) that was part of the Python Night and appeared with them at a festival/tribute in Aspen, Colorado, in 1998 (released on DVD as Live at Aspen).
Cultural influence[link]
By the time of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Monty Python in 1994, the point was already being made that "the five surviving members had with the passing years begun to occupy an institutional position in the edifice of British social culture that they had once had so much fun trying to demolish".[32] A similar point is made in a 2006 book on the relationship between Monty and philosophy: "It is remarkable, after all, not only that the utterly bizarre Monty Python's Flying Circus was sponsored by the BBC in the first place, but that Monty Python itself grew into an institution of enormous cultural influence"[33] Matt Groening, creator and co-developer of the animated sitcom The Simpsons, names Monty Python as an influence and pays tribute through a couch gag used in seasons five and six.[34]
Space[link]
In 2010 the commercial space company SpaceX, launched a wheel of cheese into low earth orbit and returned it safely to the earth. Elon Musk, CEO and CTO of SpaceX, claimed this was done as a tribute to Monty Python.
World records[link]
On St George's Day, 23 April 2007, the cast and creators of Spamalot gathered in Trafalgar Square under the tutelage of the two Terrys (Jones and Gilliam) to set a new record for the world's largest coconut orchestra. They led 5,567 people "clip-clopping" in time to the Python classic "Always Look On The Bright Side of Life" for the Guinness World Records attempt.[35]
'Pythonesque'[link]
Amongst the more visible cultural influences of Monty Python is the inclusion of terms either directly from, or derived from, Monty Python, into the lexicon of the English language. The most obvious of these is the term 'pythonesque', which has become a byword in surreal humour, and is included in standard dictionaries.[36] Terry Jones commented on his disappointment at the existence of such a term, claiming the initial aim of Monty Python was to create something new and impossible to categorize and that "the fact that Pythonesque is now a word in the Oxford English Dictionary shows the extent to which we failed".[37]
The term has been applied to animations similar to those constructed by Gilliam (e.g. the cut-out style of South Park, whose creators have often acknowledged a debt to Python, including contributing material to the aforementioned 30th anniversary theme night).[38]
Good Eats creator Alton Brown cited Python as one of the influences that shaped how he created the series, as well as how he authors the script for each episode.[39] Recent episodes even include Gilliam-style animations to illustrate key points.
Things named after Monty Python[link]
Beyond a dictionary definition, Python terms have entered the lexicon in other ways.
- The Python programming language by Guido van Rossum is named after the troupe, and Monty Python references are often found in sample code created for that language. Additionally, a 2001 April Fool's Day joke by van Rossum and Larry Wall involving the merger of Python with Perl was dubbed "Parrot" after the Dead Parrot Sketch. The name "Parrot" was later used for a project to develop a virtual machine for running bytecode for interpreted languages such as Perl and Python. Also, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory wrote some spacecraft navigation software in Python, which they dubbed "Monty". There is also a python refactoring tool called bicyclerepair ( [1] ), named after Bicycle Repair Man sketch.
- In 1985, a fossil of a previously unknown species of gigantic prehistoric snake from the Miocene was discovered in Riversleigh, Queensland, Australia. The Australian palaeontologist who discovered the fossil snake was a Monty Python fan, and he gave the snake the taxonomic name of Montypythonoides riversleighensis in honour of the Monty Python team.[40] (Transliterated from Greek Μοντυπυθωνοειδής back to English, Montypythonoides means "like Monty Python".)
- In 2006, Ben & Jerry's, known for their "celebrity flavours", introduced to the lineup "Vermonty Python", a coffee liqueur ice cream with a chocolate cookie crumb swirl and fudge cows. The name "Minty Python" had been suggested before in 1996 in a contest to select the quintessential British ice cream flavor.[41][42]
- In 1999, Black Sheep Brewery released an ale named "Monty Python's Holy
Grail Ale."[43] - The band Toad the Wet Sprocket drew its name from the Eric Idle monologue "Rock Notes" on Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album from 1980.
- The band Boxhamsters, which is the German translation of Brook-Hamster, the winner of the Upper Class Twit of the Year.[44]
- A philosophy lecture series entitled Themes in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy as Reflected in the Work of Monty Python.[45][46]
- The term "spam" in reference to bulk, unsolicited email is derived from the programme's 1970 "Spam" sketch.[47]
- In the book The Reptile Room by "Lemony Snicket", the character Uncle Monty was named after Monty Python, in a joke referring to his obsession with snakes.
- Seven asteroids are named after Monty Python: 9617 Grahamchapman, 9618 Johncleese, 9619 Terrygilliam, 9620 Ericidle, 9621 Michaelpalin, 9622 Terryjones, and 13681 Monty Python .
- The endangered Bemaraha woolly lemur (Avahi cleesei) is named after John Cleese.
- Dead Parrot Society is the title of a comedy CD released in 1993 featuring sketches from Monty Python's Flying Circus as well as Graham Chapman, Peter Cook, John Cleese, Dudley Moore, and The Portsmouth Sinfonia The title is also a play on the 1989 film Dead Poets Society.
Media[link]
Main article: Monty Python mediagraphy
Television[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969–74)
- The show that started the Python phenomenon. See also List of Monty Python's Flying Circus episodes
- Two 45-minute specials made by WDR for West German television. The first was recorded in German, while the second was in English with German dubbing.
- Monty Python's Personal Best (2006)
- Six one-hour specials, each episode presenting the best of one member's work.
Films[link]
There were five Monty Python productions released as theatrical films:
- A collection of sketches from the first and second TV series of Monty Python's Flying Circus purposely re-enacted and shot for film.
- King Arthur and his knights embark on a low-budget search for the Holy Grail, encountering humorous obstacles along the way. Some of these turned into standalone sketches.
- Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
- Brian is born on the first Christmas, in the stable next to Jesus'. He spends his life being mistaken for a messiah.
- A videotape recording directed by Ian MacNaughton of a live performance of sketches. Originally intended for a TV/video special. Transferred to 35mm and given a limited theatrical release in the US.
- An examination of the meaning of life in a series of sketches from conception to death and beyond.
- This film features interviews with all the surviving Python members, along with archive representation for the late Graham Chapman.
- This is an animated film which is based on the memoir of the late Monty Python member, Graham Chapman.
Albums[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus (1970)
- Another Monty Python Record (1971)
- Monty Python's Previous Record (1972)
- The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief (1973)
- Monty Python Live at Drury Lane (1974)
- The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
- Monty Python Live at City Center (1976)
- The Monty Python Instant Record Collection (1977)
- Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
- Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album (1980)
- Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
- The Final Rip Off (1988)
- Monty Python Sings (1989)
- The Monty Python Instant Record Collection, Volume 2 (1991)
- The Ultimate Monty Python Rip Off (1994)
- The Instant Monty Python CD Collection (1994)
- Spamalot (Broadway version of Monty Python and the Holy Grail with Tim Curry as King Arthur) (2005)
- The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album (unreleased)
Theatre[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus – Between 1974 and 1980 (Live at the Hollywood Bowl was released in 1982, but was performed in 1980) the Pythons made three sketch-based stage shows, comprising mainly material from the original television series.
- Monty Python's Spamalot – Written by Idle directed by Mike Nichols, with music and lyrics by John Du Prez and Idle, and starring Hank Azaria, Tim Curry, and David Hyde Pierce, Spamalot is a musical adaptation of the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail. It ran in Chicago from 21 December 2004 to 23 January 2005, and began performances on Broadway on 17 March 2005. It won three Tonys.
- Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy) – The Toronto Symphony Orchestra commissioned Idle and John Du Prez to write the music and lyrics of an oratorio based on Monty Python's Life of Brian. Entitled Not the Messiah, it had its world premiere as part of Luminato, a "festival of arts and creativity" taking place 1–10 June 2007 in Toronto. Not the Messiah was conducted by Peter Oundjian, Music Director of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, who is Idle’s cousin. It was performed by a narrator, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, with guest soloists and choir. According to Idle, "It will be funnier than Handel, though not as good".
Books[link]
- Monty Python's Big Red Book (1971) ISBN 0-413-29520-6.
- The Brand New Monty Python Bok (1973) ISBN 0-7493-1170-3.
- Monty Python and The Holy Grail (book) – Mønti Pythøn ik den Hølie Gräilen (Bøk) (1977) ISBN 0-413-38520-5.
- MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK/ The Life of Brian (1979) ISBN 0-413-46550-0.
- Monty Python's Flying Circus – Just The Words Volume 1 (1989) ISBN 0-413-62540-0.
- Monty Python's Flying Circus – Just The Words Volume 2 (1989) ISBN 0-413-62550-8.
- The Complete Monty Python's Flying Circus Volumes 1 & 2
- The Fairly Incomplete & Rather Badly Illustrated Monty Python Song Book (1994) ISBN 0-413-69000-8
- Michael Palin Diaries 1969–1979
- The Pythons: Autobiography by the Pythons
- The Life of Brian/Jesus (2011) ISBN 978-1-84876-628-0.
Games[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus (1990) a computer game released by Virgin Games for 8-bit systems such as the Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and the Sinclair ZX Spectrum[48]
- Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time (1994) released by 7th Level for PC / DOS
- Monty Python & the Quest for the Holy Grail (1996), official game released by 7th Level. It used footage and imagery from the film, as well as audio clips (some new) and featured an animated version of a scene never filmed entitled "King Brian The Wild".
- Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1997), also released by 7th Level. According to the jewel case description, it's based on the film by the same name, but it's really something completely similar yet entirely different.
- Python-opoly (2007), a Monty Python-themed property game released by Toy Vault Inc.[49]
- Monty Python Fluxx (2008), a card game released by Looney Labs[50]
- Blazing Dragons
See also[link]
- Beyond the Fringe
- List of Monty Python's Flying Circus episodes
- List of recurring characters in Monty Python's Flying Circus
- Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time
- Python (Monty) Pictures
- Spamalot
- The Goodies
- The Goon Show
References[link]
- ^ Gilliam was born American and obtained British citizenship in 1968. In protest at George W. Bush, he renounced his American citizenship in January 2006 and is now only a British citizen. (in German) Kopflos am Potsdamer Platz, DE: Tagesspiegel, 10 February 2006, http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/;art772,2004101, retrieved 15 September 2007
- ^ Wilmut (1980), p. 250.
- ^ The Pythons by 'The Pythons', ISBN 0-7528-5293-0.
- ^ Todd Leopold (11 December 2003). "How Monty Python changed the world". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/TV/12/10/monty.python/index.html. Retrieved 30 March 2007. "Python has been called "the Beatles of comedy,""
- ^ Mark Lewisohn. "Monty Python's Flying Circus". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/m/montypythonsflyi_1299002137.shtml. Retrieved 31 March 2007. "In essence, the Monty Python team are the comedy equivalent of the Beatles."
- ^ 'Holy' Monty Python History Lesson. Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 24 April 2012
- ^ 'Monty Python' Reunion Planned for New Movie. Christian Post. Retrieved 24 April 2012
- ^ "Cook voted 'comedians' comedian'". BBC News. 2 January 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/4141019.stm. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ a b The Pythons Autobiography By The Pythons—Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, Michael Palin, John Chapman, David Sherlock, Bob McCabe—Thomas Dunne Books; Orion, 2003
- ^ Wilmut (1980), p.211
- ^ "BBC – Comedy – Monty Python". http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/montypython/index.shtml.
- ^ a b Museum of Broadcast Communications. "Monty Python's Flying Circus". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/M/htmlM/montypython/montypython.htm.
- ^ Monty Python's Flying Circus Just The Words Volume 1, p33. Methuen, 1990
- ^ a b c d Jamie Bradburn, with reference to Toronto Star article of 1971-02-02 (2011-09-20). "Vintage Toronto Ads: Jack of Hearts’ Flying Circus". St. Joseph Media. http://torontoist.com/2011/09/vintage-toronto-ads-jack-of-hearts-flying-circus/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ David Stewart; David C. Stewart (May 1999). The PBS companion: a history of public television. TV Books. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-57500-050-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=U3S4AAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Richard Ouzounian, "Python still has legs", Toronto Star, 16 July 2006
- ^ Interview with John Cleese on Q-The Podcast with host John Ghomeshi, on 16 July 2009
- ^ "50 Greatest Comedy Films". channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/film/newsfeatures/microsites/G/greatest-comedyfilms/index.html. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ a b Secret Policeman's Ball recruits New York's finest to Amnesty celebration. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2012
- ^ IMDB; as of January 2005; includes pre-release items.
- ^ a b Alan Parker; Mick O'Shea (1 April 2006). And Now For Something Completely Digital: The Complete Illustrated Guide to Monty Python CDs and DVDs. The Disinformation Company. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-932857-31-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=G49bRxbeH1kC&pg=PA68. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Alleen Pace Nilsen; Don Lee Fred Nilsen (2000). Encyclopedia of 20th-century American humor. Oryx Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-57356-218-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=0ufWAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Monty Python reunion 'unlikely', BBC News, 9 September 2003
- ^ Graham Chapman; John Cleese; Terry Gilliam; Eric Idle (15 November 2005). The Pythons Autobiography by the Pythons. Macmillan. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-312-31145-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=3Q-XD02f4oQC&pg=PT328. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Exclusive new Monty Python specials slated to premiere in 2006, PBS, 13 July 2005
- ^ mollyblack wrote: (11 July 2009). "retrieved 6 July 2009". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/monty-python-stars-to-stage-reunion-1733638.html. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "Pythons receive BAFTA Special Award". Bafta.org. 18 October 2009. http://www.bafta.org/access-all-areas/videos/monty-python-special-award,877,BA.html. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
- ^ "Monty Python back for 3D animated film". The Daily Telegraph (London). 28 June 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8602765/Monty-Python-back-for-3D-animated-film.html.
- ^ David Morgan (6 October 2006). "Terry Gilliam Sounds Off, Director Of 'Brazil' Says Current Events Parallel His Cult Movie". CBSNews. http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/06/movies/main2071659.shtml. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Philip French, Mark Kermode, Jason Solomons, Akin Ojumu, and Killian Fox (22 July 2007). "The last laugh: your favourite 50". The Observer (UK). http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,2131880,00.html. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Sarah Womack (19 February 2002). "Life of Brian wins the vote for film's best laughter line". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1385293/Life-of-Brian-wins-the-vote-for-film's-best-laughter-line.html. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Perry, George (1999). The Life of Python. London: Pavilion Books. p. 6. ISBN 1-85793-441-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=J_Zg-9u4yLAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=life+python#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- ^ Hardcastle, G.L., & Reisch, G.A. (2006). "”What’s All This Then?” The Introduction". In Gary L. Hardcastle & George A Reisch. Monty Python and Philosophy: Nudge Nudge, Think Think!. Vol. 19 in Popular Culture and Philosophy series. Chicago: Open Court. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8126-9593-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=monty+python#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Also ISBN 0-8126-9593-3
- ^ "Monty Python's Flying Circus Foot couch gag - Simpsons Wiki". Simpsons.wikia.com. 2011-12-24. http://simpsons.wikia.com/wiki/Monty_Python's_Flying_Circus_Foot_couch_gag. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ BBC-Spamalot cast sets coconut record.
- ^ "Monty Pythonesque." Webster's New Millennium Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.7). Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 23 November 2007. Pythonesque
- ^ Monty Python: Live at Aspen, 1998
- ^ "Monty Python meets South Park". BBC News. 4 October 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/464765.stm. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Marc Berman (27 September 2009). "Mr. TV: Food for Thought". Mediaweek. http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/content_display/community/programming-insider/column/e3icbd5f8a8048766fc980ec4910fe71b25. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
- ^ Monty Python – a Brief History, BBC, 29 January 2002
- ^ "STAN FREBERG HERE – British Ice Cream Flavors:". http://leemichaelwithers.tripod.com/sfh7_16_96.htm. Retrieved 1 October 2010. "Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream has just finished a contest to select the quintessential British ice cream flavor. ... They wanted a kind of "pun" flavor along the lines of their successful American flavor, "Cherry Garcia"--hmm, my favorite. Anyhow, the winner was "Cool Brittania." ... But some of the 7500 losers might have been better. How about this, for British flavors: "Minty Python"? "Jack the Ripple"? Or how about "The Rolling Scones"?"
- ^ "American Scoops Up Prize For Name Of Brit Ben & Jerry's – Orlando Sentinel". Wall Street Journal. 4 July 1996. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1996-07-04/business/9607030986_1_ben-jerry-ice-cream-flavor. Retrieved 1 October 2010. "If Britain were an ice cream, what flavor would it be? Jack the Ripple? Charles and Diana Split? Those names were floated in a contest run by Ben & Jerry's Homemade Inc. to create the quintessential British ice cream flavor, along the lines of its world-famous American flavor, Cherry Garcia."
- ^ "Monty Python's Holy Grail". Blacksheepbrewery.com. http://www.blacksheepbrewery.com/Beers/BottledBeers/HolyGrail.aspx. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ "Boxhamsters". www.boxhamsters.net. http://www.boxhamsters.net. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ Eric Barnes. "Gary L. Hardcastle: Themes in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy as Relfected in the Work of Monty Python". Mtholyoke.edu. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ebarnes/python/python.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ Gary L. Hardcastle & George A Reisch, ed. (2006). Monty Python and Philosophy: Nudge Nudge, Think Think!. Chicago: Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9593-9. Also ISBN 0-8126-9593-3
- ^ "RFC 2635 – DON\x27T SPEW A Set of Guidelines for Mass Unsolicited Mailings and Postings (spam*):". http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2635. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ "Monty Python's Flying Circus on World of Spectrum". Worldofspectrum.org. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0003260. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "Toy Vault web site for Python-opoly, retrieved November 20, 2008". Toyvault.com. http://www.toyvault.com/pythonopoly/index.htm. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "Web site for Monty Python Fluxx". Fluxxgames.com. http://fluxxgames.com/. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
Further reading[link]
- Graham Chapman; Jim Yoakum (1997). Graham Crackers: Fuzzy Memories, Silly Bits, and Outright Lies. Career Press. ISBN 978-1-56414-334-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=8xGcAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Marcia Landy (2005). Monty Python's flying circus. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-3103-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=J1CxIuG-_NkC. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Darl Larsen (2003). Monty Python, Shakespeare, and English Renaissance drama. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1504-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=qVa1Hfh11V0C. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- David Morgan (1999). Monty Python speaks!. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-168-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=aTYcAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Alan Parker; Mick O'Shea (2006). And Now For Something Completely Digital: The Complete Illustrated Guide to Monty Python CDs and DVDs. The Disinformation Company. ISBN 978-1-932857-31-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=G49bRxbeH1kC. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- George Perry (2007). The Life of Python. Pavilion. ISBN 978-1-86205-762-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=J_Zg-9u4yLAC. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Roger Wilmut (1980). From fringe to flying circus: celebrating a unique generation of comedy, 1960–1980. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 978-0-413-46950-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=PzxaAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- The Secret Policeman's Balls, 3-DVD set (2009)
- "The Secret Policeman's Balls DVD Release". Music For Human Rights. 27 January 2009. http://www.musicforhumanrights.org/news/secret-policemans-balls-dvd-release. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- Monty Python: 40 Years of Insanity
- "Monty Python: 40 Years of Insanity". Life.com. 5 October 2009. http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/34232/monty-python-40-years-of-insanity. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- The Life of Python – 20 Greatest Monty Python Sketches (40th Anniversary)
- "The Life of Python – 20 Greatest Monty Python Sketches". Gnews.com. 5 October 2009. http://gnews.com/entertainment/The-Life-of-Python-20-Greatest-Monty-Python-Sketches-110424014489.html. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Monty Python |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Monty Python |
- Pythonline.com – Monty Python's sort-of official site, actively maintained by Eric Idle
- Monty Python – Official YouTube page
- Monty Python Videos – Monty Python's best videos and movies
- 2012 interview with Carol Cleveland, covering Flying Circus and Holy Grail
- Python at ifilm.com
- Pythonisms: Python quotes as figures of speech
- Release of the 3-DVD Secret Policeman's Balls
- 40 Years of Monty Python – photo essay by TIME magazine
- Monty Python Reunion event, New York, 15 October 2009
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| Name | Python, Monty |
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For other people named Charles Chaplin, see Charles Chaplin (disambiguation).
| Sir Charlie Chaplin | |
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 Chaplin as The Tramp, 1915 |
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| Birth name | Charles Spencer Chaplin |
| Born | (1889-04-16)16 April 1889 Walworth, London, England, United Kingdom |
| Died | 25 December 1977(1977-12-25) (aged 88) Vevey, Switzerland |
| Medium | Film, music, mimicry |
| Nationality | British |
| Years active | 1895–1976[1] |
| Genres | Slapstick, mime, visual comedy |
| Influenced | Benny Hill Marcel Marceau The Three Stooges Federico Fellini Milton Berle Peter Sellers Rowan Atkinson Johnny Depp Jacques Tati Woody Allen |
| Spouse |
Mildred Harris (m. 1918–1921) «start: (1918)–end+1: (1922)»"Marriage: Mildred Harris to Charlie Chaplin" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Charlie_Chaplin) 8 children |
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Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, KBE (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, film director and composer best known for his work during the silent film era.[2] He became the most famous film star in the world before the end of World War I. Chaplin used mime, slapstick and other visual comedy routines, and continued well into the era of the talkies, though his films decreased in frequency from the end of the 1920s. His most famous role was that of The Tramp, which he first played in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice in 1914.[3] From the April 1914 one-reeler Twenty Minutes of Love onwards he was writing and directing most of his films, by 1916 he was also producing them, and from 1918 he was even composing the music for them. With Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith, he co-founded United Artists in 1919.[4]
Chaplin was one of the most creative and influential personalities of the silent-film era. He was influenced by his predecessor, the French silent film comedian Max Linder, to whom he dedicated one of his films.[5] His working life in entertainment spanned over 75 years, from the Victorian stage and the music hall in the United Kingdom as a child performer, until close to his death at the age of 88. His high-profile public and private life encompassed both adulation and controversy. Chaplin was identified with left-wing politics during the McCarthy era and he was ultimately forced to resettle in Europe from 1952.
In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Chaplin the 10th greatest male screen legend of all time.[6] In 2008, Martin Sieff, in a review of the book Chaplin: A Life, wrote: "Chaplin was not just 'big', he was gigantic. In 1915, he burst onto a war-torn world bringing it the gift of comedy, laughter and relief while it was tearing itself apart through World War I. Over the next 25 years, through the Great Depression and the rise of Adolf Hitler, he stayed on the job. ... It is doubtful any individual has ever given more entertainment, pleasure and relief to so many human beings when they needed it the most".[7] George Bernard Shaw called Chaplin "the only genius to come out of the movie industry".[8]
Contents |
Early years (1889–1913)[link]
Background and childhood hardship[link]
File:Hannahchaplin.jpg
Hannah Chaplin, mother
Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889 to Hannah Chaplin (née Hannah Harriet Pedlingham Hill, 1865–1928) and Charles Chaplin Sr. (1863–1901). There is no official record of his birth, although Chaplin believed he was born at East Street, Walworth, in South London.[9][note 1] His mother and father had married four years previously, at which time Chaplin Sr. became the legal carer of Hannah's illegitimate son, Sydney John (1885–1965).[12][note 2] At the time of his birth, Chaplin's parents were both entertainers in the music hall tradition: Hannah, the daughter of a shoemaker,[13] had a brief and unsuccessful career under the stage name Lily Harley,[14] while Charles Sr., a butcher's son,[15] worked as a popular singer.[16] The Chaplins became estranged in around 1891;[17] a year later, Hannah gave birth to a third son—George Wheeler Dryden—fathered by music hall entertainer Leo Dryden. The child was taken by Dryden at six months old, and did not re-enter Chaplin's life for 30 years.[18]
Chaplin's childhood was fraught with poverty and hardship, prompting biographer David Robinson to describe his eventual trajectory as "the most dramatic of all the rags to riches stories ever told."[19] His early years were spent with his mother and brother in the London district of Kennington; Hannah had no means of income, other than occasional nursing and dressmaking, and Chaplin Sr. provided no support for his sons.[20] Because of this poverty, Chaplin was sent to a workhouse at seven years old. The council housed him at the Central London District School for paupers, which Chaplin remembered as "a forlorn existence".[21] He was briefly reunited with his mother at nine years old, before Hannah was forced to readmit her family to the workhouse in July 1898. The boys were promptly sent to Norwood Schools, another charity institution.[22]
I was hardly aware of a crisis because we lived in a continual crisis; and, being a boy, I dismissed our troubles with gracious forgetfulness.[23]
—Chaplin on his childhood
In September 1898, Hannah Chaplin was committed to Cane Hill mental asylum—she had developed a psychosis seemingly brought on by malnutrition and an infection of syphilis.[24] Chaplin recalled his anguish at the news: "Why had she done this? Mother, so light-hearted and gay, how could she go insane?"[25] For the two months she was there, Chaplin and his brother were sent to live with their father, whom the young boy scarcely knew.[26] Charles Chaplin Sr. was by then a severe alcoholic, and life with the man was bad enough to provoke a visit from the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.[27] He died two years later, at 37 years old, from cirrhosis of the liver.[28]
Hannah Chaplin entered a period of remission, but in May 1903 became ill again. Chaplin, then 14, had the task of taking his mother to the infirmary.[29] He lived alone for several days, searching for food and occasionally sleeping rough, until his brother Sydney returned from the navy.[30] Hannah Chaplin was released from the asylum eight months later,[31] but in March 1905 her madness returned, this time permanently. "There was nothing we could do but accept poor mother's fate", Chaplin later wrote, and she remained in care until her death in 1928.[32]
Young performer[link]
Chaplin's first stage appearance came at five years old, when he took over from his mother one night in Aldershot. Hannah had been booed off stage, and the manager chose Chaplin, who was standing in the wings, to go on as her replacement. The young boy confidently entertained the crowd, and received laughter and applause.[33] It was an isolated performance, but at nine years old Chaplin became interested in the theatre. He credited his mother, later writing "[she] imbued me with the feeling that I had some sort of talent."[34] Through his father's connections, Chaplin became a member of The Eight Lancashire Lads clog dancing troupe.[35] He began his professional career in this way, as the group toured English music halls from 1899 to 1902.[36] Chaplin worked hard and the act was popular with audiences, but dancing did not satisfy the child and he dreamt of forming a comedy act.[37]
What had happened? It seemed the world had suddenly changed, had taken me into its fond embrace and adopted me.[38]
—Chaplin reflecting on his change in fortunes
By age 13 Chaplin had fully abandoned education.[39][note 3] He supported himself with a range of jobs, but said he "never lost sight of my ultimate aim to become an actor."[41] At 14, shortly after his mother's relapse, he registered with a theatrical agency in London's West End. The manager sensed potential in Chaplin and he was soon on the stage.[42] His first role was a newsboy in H. A. Saintsbury's Jim, a Romance of Cockayne. It opened in July 1903 in Kingston upon Thames, but the show was unsuccessful and it closed after two weeks. Chaplin's comic performance, however, was singled out for praise in many of the reviews.[43] From October 1903 to June 1904, Chaplin toured with Saintsbury in Charles Frohman's production of Sherlock Holmes.[44] He repeated his performance of Billy the pageboy for two subsequent tours,[45] and was so successful that he was called to London to play the role alongside William Gillette, the original Holmes.[note 4] "It was like tidings from heaven", Chaplin recalled.[47] Chaplin starred in the West End production at the Duke of York's Theatre from 17 October to 2 December 1905.[48] He completed one final tour of Sherlock Holmes in early 1906, eventually leaving the play after more than two and a half years.[49]
Vaudeville[link]
Chaplin quickly began work in another role, touring with his brother—who was also pursuing an acting career—in a comedy sketch called Repairs. He left the troupe in May 1906, and joined the vaudeville act Casey's Court Circus.[50] Chaplin's specialism with the company was a burlesque of Dick Turpin and the music hall star "Dr. Bodie". It was popular with audiences and Chaplin became the star of the show. When they finished touring in July 1907, the 18-year-old was an accomplished comedian.[51] Several months of unemployment followed, however, and Chaplin lived a solitary existence while lodging with a family in Kennington. He attempted to develop a solo comedy act, but his Jewish impersonation was poorly received and he performed it only once.[52]
By 1908, Sydney Chaplin had become a star of Fred Karno's prestigious comedy company.[53] In February, he managed to secure a two-week trial for his younger brother. Karno was initially wary, thinking Chaplin a "pale, puny, sullen-looking youngster" who "looked much too shy to do any good in the theatre."[54] But the teenager made an impact on his first night at the London Coliseum, winning more laughs in his small role than the star, and he was quickly signed to a contract. His salary was £3 10s a week.[55][note 5] Chaplin's most successful role with the Karno company was a drunk called the Inebriate Swell, a character recognised by Robinson as "very Chaplinesque".[57] He took it to Paris in the autumn of 1909.[58] In April 1910, he was given the lead role in a new sketch, Jimmy the Fearless, or The Boy 'Ero. It was a big success, and Chaplin received considerable press attention.[59]
Karno selected his new star to join a fraction of the company that toured America; he also signed Chaplin to a new contract, which doubled his pay.[60] The young comedian headed the show and impressed American reviewers, being described as "one of the best pantomime artists ever seen here."[61] The tour lasted 21 months, and the troupe—which also included Stan Laurel of later Laurel and Hardy fame—returned to England in June 1912.[62] Chaplin recalled: "I had a disquieting feeling of sinking back into a depressing commonplaceness", and was therefore "elated" when a new tour began in October.[63]
Entering films (1914–1917)[link]
Beginning with Keystone[link]
Chaplin's second American tour with the Karno company was not particularly successful, as cast members fell sick and audiences failed to grasp the troupe's burlesque humour.[64] They had been there six months when Chaplin's manager received a telegram, asking "Is there a man named Chaffin in your company or something like that" with the request that that this comedian contact the New York Motion Picture Company. A member of NYMPC had seen Chaplin perform (accounts of whom and where vary) and felt that he would make a good replacement for Fred Mace, outgoing star of their Keystone Studios.[65] Chaplin thought the Keystone comedies "a crude mélange of rough and rumble", but liked the idea of working in films and justified, "Besides, it would mean a new life".[66] He met with the company, and a contract was drawn up in July 1913. After some adjustments, Chaplin signed with Keystone on 25 September.[67] The contract stipulated a year's work at $150 a week.[68]
Chaplin (left) in his first film appearance, Making a Living (1914)
The Tramp débuts in Kid Auto Races at Venice (1914), Chaplin's second released film
Chaplin arrived in Los Angeles, home of the Keystone studio, in early December 1913.[69] His boss was Mack Sennett, who initially expressed concern that the 24-year-old looked too young. Chaplin reassured him, "I can make up as old as you like."[70] He was not used in a picture until late January, during which time the comedian attempted to learn the processes of filmmaking.[71] Making a Living marked his film debut, released 2 February 1914. Chaplin strongly disliked the picture, but one review picked him out as "a comedian of the first water."[72] For his second appearance in front of cameras, Chaplin selected the costume with which he became identified. He described the process in his autobiography:
"I wanted everything to be a contradiction: the pants baggy, the coat tight, the hat small and the shoes large ... I added a small moustache, which, I reasoned, would add age without hiding my expression. I had no idea of the character. But the moment I was dressed, the clothes and the makeup made me feel the person he was. I began to know him, and by the time I walked on stage he was fully born."[73]
The film was Mabel's Strange Predicament, but "The Tramp" character, as it became known, debuted to audiences in Kid Auto Races at Venice—shot later but released two days earlier.[74] Chaplin adopted the character permanently, and attempted to make suggestions for the films he appeared in. These ideas were dismissed by his directors.[75] During the filming of his tenth picture he clashed with director Mabel Normand, and was almost released from his contract. Sennett kept him on, however, when a request arrived for more Chaplin films. With an insurance of $1,500 promised in case of failure, Sennett also allowed Chaplin to direct his own film.[76]
Caught in the Rain (issued 4 May 1914), Chaplin's first directed picture, was among Keystone's most successful releases to date. Robinson writes that the comedian already demonstrated "a special mastery of telling stories in images" at this early stage in his career.[77] Chaplin proceeded to direct every short film in which he appeared for Keystone, approximately one per week, which he remembered as the most exciting time of his career.[78] His films introduced a slower, more expressive form of comedy than the typical Keystone farce,[79] and he developed a large fan base.[80] In June, Keystone issued adverts in Britain with the words: "Are you prepared for the Chaplin boom? There has never been so instantaneous a hit as that of Chas Chaplin".[81] In November 1914, Chaplin appeared in the first feature length comedy film, Tillie's Punctured Romance, directed by Sennett. Chaplin only had a supporting role, but the movie's success meant it was pivotal in advancing his career.[82] When Chaplin's contract came up for renewal at the end of the year, he asked for $1,000 a week. Sennett refused this amount as too large, and so the comedian waited to receive an offer from another studio.[83]
Developing with Essanay[link]
The Essanay Film Manufacturing Company sent Chaplin an offer of $1,250 a week with a signing bonus of $10,000. This large amount was irresistible to him, and in late December 1914 he travelled to Chicago to join the studio.[84] Chaplin was unimpressed with the conditions there, and after making one film (His New Job, released 1 February 1915), moved to the company's small studio in Niles, California.[85] There, Chaplin began to form a stock company of regular players, including Leo White, Bud Jamison, Paddy McGuire and Billy Armstrong. In San Francisco he recruited a leading lady—Edna Purviance.[86] She went on to appear in 35 films with Chaplin over eight years.[87] The pair also formed a romantic relationship that lasted into 1917.[88]
Chaplin asserted a high level of control over his pictures, and started to put more time and care into each film.[89] There was a month long wait between the release of his second production, A Night Out, to his third, The Champion.[90] With The Tramp, issued April 1915, Chaplin began to inject greater emotion into his pictures.[91] The use of pathos was developed further with The Bank, released four films and four months later, as Chaplin chose to have a sad ending. Robinson notes that this was an innovation in comedy films, and marked the time when serious critics began to appreciate his work.[92] Chaplin made 14 films for Essanay, the last of which was a parody of Carmen named Burlesque on Carmen (1916). The film was re-cut and expanded by the studio without Chaplin's consent, leading the star to seek an injunction in May 1916. The court dismissed this claim since he had failed to fulfil his contract requirements,[note 6] but Chaplin subsequently ensured that every contract he signed prohibited the alteration of his finished products.[93]
During the course of 1915, Chaplin became a cultural phenomenon. Shops were stocked with Chaplin merchandise, he was featured in cartoons and comic strips, and several songs were written about the star.[94] As his Essanay contract came to an end, and fully aware of his popularity, Chaplin requested a $150,000 signing bonus from his next studio. He received several offers, including Universal, Fox, and Vitagraph, the best of which came from the Mutual Film Corporation at $10,000 a week.[95]
Global celebrity with Mutual[link]
A contract was negotiated with Mutual that amounted to $670,000 a year, making Chaplin—at 26 years old—one of the highest paid people in the world.[96] John R. Freuler, the studio President, explained, "We can afford to pay Mr Chaplin this large sum annually because the public wants Chaplin and will pay for him." The comedian made statements to the press in which he claimed money was not his main concern, but that he was "simply making hay while the sun shines."[97]
Mutual gave Chaplin his own Los Angeles studio to work in, which opened in March 1916.[98] He added two key members to his stock company, Albert Austin and Eric Campbell,[99] and embarked on a series of elaborate productions—The Floorwalker, The Fireman, The Vagabond, One A.M. and The Count.[100] For The Pawnshop he recruited the actor Henry Bergman, who was to work with Chaplin for 30 years.[101] Behind the Screen and The Rink finished off Chaplin's releases for 1916. The Mutual contract stipulated that Chaplin release a two-reel film every four weeks, which he had managed to meet. With the new year, however, Chaplin began to demand more time.[102] He made only four more films for Mutual over the next ten months of 1917—Easy Street, The Cure. The Immigrant and The Adventurer.[103] With their careful construction—and in the case of Easy Street and The Immigrant, their social commentary—these films are considered by Chaplin scholars to be among his finest work.[104][105] Later in life, Chaplin referred to his Mutual years as "the happiest period of my career."[106]
Chaplin was the subject of a backlash in the British media for not fighting in World War 1.[107] He defended himself, revealing that he had registered for the draft but was not asked to fight.[108] Despite this campaign Chaplin was a favourite with the troops,[109] and his popularity continued to grow worldwide. The name of Charlie Chaplin was said to be "a part of the common language of almost every country", and according to Harper's Weekly his "little, baggy-trousered figure" was "universally familiar".[110] In 1917, Chaplin imitators were widespread enough for the star to take legal action,[111] and it was reported that nine out of ten men attended costume parties dressed as Chaplin.[112] The same year, a study by the Boston Society for Psychical Research concluded that Chaplin was "an American obsession."[112] The actress Minnie Maddern Fiske wrote in Harper's Weekly that "a constantly increasing body of cultured, artistic people are beginning to regard the young English buffoon, Charles Chaplin, as an extraordinary artist, as well as a comic genius."[110]
First National (1918–1923)[link]
Mutual were patient with Chaplin's decreased rate of output, and the contract ended amicably. The star's primary concern in finding a new distributor was independence; Sydney Chaplin, then his business manager, told the press: "Charlie [must] be allowed all the time he needs and all the money for producing [films] the way he wants ... It is quality, not quantity, we are after."[113] On 17 June 1917, Chaplin signed to complete eight films for First National Exhibitors' Circuit.[114] He chose to build a new studio, situated on five acres of land off Sunset Boulevard, with production facilities of the highest order.[115] It was completed in January 1918,[116] and Chaplin was given freedom over the making of his pictures.[117]
A Dog's Life, released April 1918, was the first film under the new contract. Chaplin paid yet more concern to story construction, and began treating the Tramp as "a sort of Pierrot."[118] The film was described by Louis Delluc as "cinema's first total work of art."[119] Following its completion, Chaplin embarked on the Third Liberty Bond campaign, touring the Unites States for one month to raise money for the Allies of World War One.[120] He also produced a short propaganda film, donated to the government for fund-raising, called The Bond.[121] Chaplin's next release was war-based, placing the Tramp in the trenches for Shoulder Arms. Associates warned him against making a comedy about the war, but he recalled: "Dangerous or not, the idea excited me."[122] It took four months to produce, eventually released in October 1918 at 45 minutes long, and was highly successful.[123]
[edit] Mildred Harris, founding United Artists and The Kid
In September 1918, Chaplin married the 17-year-old actress Mildred Harris. It was a hushed affair conducted at a registry office; Harris had revealed she was pregnant, and the star was eager to avoid controversy.[124] Soon after, this pregnancy was found to be a false alarm.[125] Chaplin's unhappiness with the union was matched by his dissatisfaction with First National.[126] After the release of Shoulder Arms he requested more money from the company, which was refused. Frustrated with their lack of concern for quality,[127] Chaplin joined forces with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, and D. W. Griffith to form a new distribution company—United Artists, established in January 1919.[128] The "revolutionary" arrangement gave the four partners complete control over their pictures, which they were to fund personally.[129] Chaplin was eager to start with the new company, and offered to buy out his contract with First National. They declined this, and insisted that he complete the final six films he owed them.[130]
Chaplin felt that marriage stunted his creativity, and he struggled over the production of his next film, Sunnyside.[131] Mildred was pregnant during this period, and on 7 July 1919 she gave birth to a boy. Norman Spencer Chaplin was born malformed, and died three days later.[132] The event seems to have influenced Chaplin's work, as he planned a film that turned the Tramp into the carer of a young boy.[133] Filming on The Kid began in August 1919, with four-year-old Jackie Coogan his co-star.[134] It soon occurred to Chaplin that it was turning into a large project, so to placate First National he halted production and quickly filmed A Day's Pleasure. Both it and Sunnyside were considered a disappointment by viewers.[135]
The Kid was in production until May 1920.[136] Shortly before this, Chaplin and his wife had separated after 18 months of marriage—they were "irreconcilably mismated", he remembered.[137] Chaplin became fearful that Mildred would claim The Kid as part of the divorce proceedings, so packed the 400,000 feet negative into crates and travelled to Salt Lake City to cut the film in a hotel room.[138] At 68 minutes, it was his longest picture to date. Dealing with issues of poverty and parent–child separation, The Kid is thought to be influenced by Chaplin's own childhood[117] and was the first film to combine comedy and drama.[139] It was released on 6 January 1921 to instant success, and by 1924 had been screened in over 50 countries.[140]
Chaplin spent five months on his next film, the two-reeler The Idle Class.[141] Following its September 1921 release, Chaplin chose to return to England for the first time in almost a decade. He told the press as he arrived, "I felt I had to come home ... I mean to enjoy myself thoroughly, and go to all the old corners that I knew when I was a boy."[142] Robinson writes, "The scenes that awaited him in London were astonishing. His homecoming was a triumph hardly paralleled in the twentieth century".[143] Chaplin was away for five weeks, and later wrote a book about the trip.[144] He subsequently worked to fulfil his First National contract, and released Pay Day, his final two-reeler, in February 1922. The Pilgrim was delayed by distribution disagreements with the studio, and released a year later.[145]
Independent filmmaker (1924–1975)[link]
[edit] A Woman of Paris and The Gold Rush
Having satisfied his First National contract, Chaplin was free to make his first picture for United Artists. In November 1922 he began filming A Woman of Paris, a romantic drama about ill-fated lovers.[146] Chaplin intended it as a star-making vehicle for Edna Purviance,[147] and did not appear in the picture himself other than in a brief, uncredited cameo.[148] Filming took seven months, followed by three months of editing the large negative.[149] A Woman of Paris premièred in September 1923 and was widely acclaimed by critics.[150] The public, however, seemed to have little interest in a Chaplin film without Chaplin, and it was a box-office disappointment. The filmmaker was hurt by this failure—he had long wanted to produce a dramatic film and was proud of the result—and withdrew A Woman of Paris from circulation as soon as he could.[151] During production of the film Chaplin had been involved with the actress Pola Negri, a romantic pairing that received vast media interest. In January 1923 the pair announced their engagement; by July they had separated, leading to speculation that the relationship was a publicity stunt.[152]
For his next film Chaplin returned to comedy. Setting high standards, he told himself, "This next film must be an epic! The Greatest!"[153] A photograph from the 1898 Klondike Gold Rush provided his inspiration.[154] The Tramp was to become a lonely prospector fighting adversity and looking for love amid the historic event. With Georgia Hale his new leading lady, Chaplin began filming the picture in February 1924.[155] It was an elaborate production that included location shooting in the Truckee mountains with 600 extras, extravagant sets, and special effects.[156] The last scene was not shot until May 1925, after 15 months. At a cost of almost $1,000,000,[157] Chaplin felt it was the best film he had made to that point.[158] The Gold Rush opened in August 1925 and earned a profit of $5,000,000.[159] It contains some of Chaplin's most famous gags, such as the "Dance of the Rolls",[160] and he later said it was the film he would most like to be remembered for.[161]
[edit] Lita Grey and The Circus
While making The Gold Rush, Chaplin married for the second time. Mirroring the circumstances of his first union, Lita Grey was a teenage actress—originally set to star in The Gold Rush—whose surprise announcement of pregnancy forced Chaplin into marriage. She was 16 and he was 35, meaning Chaplin could have been charged with de facto rape under Californian law.[162] He therefore arranged a discreet marriage in Mexico on 24 November 1924.[163] When their son, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr, was born on 5 May 1925, Chaplin sent Lita and the child into hiding: it was seen as too close to their wedding, so a fake birth announcement was made to the press at the end of June.[164]
Chaplin was markedly unhappy with the marriage, and spent long hours at the studio to avoid seeing his wife.[165] Soon after The Gold Rush's release he was at work on a new film: The Circus.[166] Chaplin built a story around the idea of walking a tightrope while besieged by monkeys, which became the film's "climactic incident", and turned The Tramp into the accidental star of a circus.[167] David Robinson notes that the film provided "a welcome distraction" from the "wretchedness" of his home life; Lita was pregnant for a second time, frustrating Chaplin and exacerbating difficulties between the pair. Their second son, Sydney Earle Chaplin, was born on 30 March 1926.[168] Filming on The Circus was continuing steadily when a fire broke out on 28 September, destroying the entire set. Although the studio was quickly brought back into operation, it marked the beginning of severe difficulties for Chaplin.[169] In November, Lita took their children and left the family home. Unwilling to allow his film to be drawn into the divorce proceedings, Chaplin announced that production on The Circus had been temporarily suspended.[170]
Lita's lawyers issued their divorce complaint on 10 January 1927. The document, which ran to an exceptional 52 pages, not only sought heavy material gains but was designed to ruin Chaplin's public image. Accusations of infidelity and abuse were bolstered with lurid details of his sexual preferences. Chaplin entered a nervous breakdown, as the story became headline news and pirated copies of the document were read by the public.[171] The star's fanbase was nevertheless strong enough to survive this smear campaign, and he was heartened by declarations of support.[172] Eager to end the case without further scandal, Chaplin's lawyers agreed to a cash settlement of $600,000—the largest awarded by American courts at that time.[173] Production on The Circus resumed, and the film was completed in October 1927.[174] It was released the following January to a positive reception.[175] The Lita affair was soon forgotten,[176] but Chaplin was deeply affected by it: the stress of the ordeal turned his hair white, and his second wife received only a passing mention in his autobiography.[177]
1930s[link]
After the arrival of sound films, Chaplin continued to focus on silent films with a synchronised recorded score, which included sound effects and music with melodies based in popular songs or composed by him;[178] City Lights (1931), and Modern Times (1936) were essentially silent films. City Lights has been praised for its mixture of comedy and sentimentality. Critic James Agee, for example, wrote in Life magazine in 1949 that the final scene in City Lights was the "greatest single piece of acting ever committed to celluloid".
While Modern Times (1936) is a non-talkie, it does contain talk—usually coming from inanimate objects such as a radio or a TV monitor. This was done to help 1930s audiences, who were out of the habit of watching silent films, adjust to not hearing dialogue. Modern Times was the first film where Chaplin's voice is heard (in the nonsense song at the end, which Chaplin both performed and wrote the nonsense lyrics to). However, for most viewers it is still considered a silent film.
Although "talkies" became the dominant mode of film making soon after they were introduced in 1927, Chaplin resisted making such a film all through the 1930s. He considered cinema essentially a pantomimic art. He said: "Action is more generally understood than words. Like Chinese symbolism, it will mean different things according to its scenic connotation. Listen to a description of some unfamiliar object—an African warthog, for example; then look at a picture of the animal and see how surprised you are".[179]
[edit] The Great Dictator
Chaplin's first talking picture, The Great Dictator (1940), was an act of defiance against Nazism. It was filmed and released in the United States one year before the U.S. entry into World War II. Chaplin played the role of "Adenoid Hynkel",[180] Dictator of Tomainia, modelled on German dictator Adolf Hitler, who was only four days his junior and sported a similar moustache. The film also showcased comedian Jack Oakie as "Benzino Napaloni", dictator of Bacteria, a jab at Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.[180]
Paulette Goddard filmed with Chaplin again, depicting a woman in the ghetto. The film was seen as an act of courage in the political environment of the time, both for its ridicule of Nazism, for the portrayal of overt Jewish characters, and the depiction of their persecution. In addition to Hynkel, Chaplin also played a look-alike Jewish barber persecuted by the regime. The barber physically resembled the Tramp character.[180]
At the conclusion, the two characters Chaplin portrayed swapped positions through a complex plot, and he dropped out of his comic character to address the audience directly in a speech[181] denouncing dictatorship, greed, hate, and intolerance, in favour of liberty and human brotherhood.
The film was nominated for Academy awards for Best Picture (producer), Best Original Screenplay (writer) and Best Actor.[182]
McCarthy era[link]
During the era of McCarthyism, Chaplin was accused of "un-American activities" as a suspected communist. J. Edgar Hoover, who had instructed the FBI to keep extensive secret files on him, tried to end his United States residency. FBI pressure on Chaplin grew after his 1942 campaign for a second European front in the war and reached a critical level in the late 1940s, when Congressional figures threatened to call him as a witness in hearings. This was never done, probably from fear of Chaplin's ability to lampoon the investigators.[183] In February 2012 an MI5 file on Chaplin was opened to the public which revealed that the FBI had contacted the British secret service to provide them with information which would enable them to ban Chaplin from the US.[184] In particular, it wanted MI5 to find out where Chaplin was born and pursue suggestions that his real name was Israel Thornstein. MI5 searched, but to no avail. A suggestion that he "may have been born in France" also came to nothing.
In 1952, Chaplin left the US for what was intended as a brief trip home to the United Kingdom for the London premiere of Limelight. Hoover learned of the trip and negotiated with the Immigration and Naturalization Service to revoke Chaplin's re-entry permit. Chaplin decided not to re-enter the United States, writing: "Since the end of the last world war, I have been the object of lies and propaganda by powerful reactionary groups who, by their influence and by the aid of America's yellow press, have created an unhealthy atmosphere in which liberal-minded individuals can be singled out and persecuted. Under these conditions I find it virtually impossible to continue my motion-picture work, and I have therefore given up my residence in the United States."[185]
That Chaplin was unprepared to remain abroad, or that the revocation of his right to re-enter the United States, was a surprise to him, may be apocryphal: An anecdote in some contradiction is recorded during a broad interview with Richard Avedon, celebrated New York portraitist.[186]
Avedon is credited with the last portrait of the entertainer to be taken before his departure to Europe and therefore the last photograph of him as a singularly “American icon”. According to Avedon, Chaplin telephoned him at his studio in New York while on a layover before the final leg of his travel to England. The photographer considered the impromptu self-introduction a prank and angrily answered his caller with the riposte, “If you’re Charlie Chaplin, I’m Franklin Roosevelt!” To mollify Avedon, Chaplin assured the photographer of his authenticity and added the comment, “If you want to take my picture, you'd better do it now. They are coming after me and I won’t be back. I leave ... (imminently).” Avedon interrupted his production commitments to take Chaplin’s portrait the next day, and never saw him again.
Following his exile from the United States, Chaplin made his home in Vevey, Switzerland. His final two films were made in London: A King in New York (1957) in which he starred, wrote, directed and produced; and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), which he directed, produced, and wrote. The latter film stars Sophia Loren and Marlon Brando, and Chaplin made his final on-screen appearance in a brief cameo role as a seasick steward. He also composed the music for both films with the theme song from A Countess From Hong Kong, "This is My Song", reaching number one in the UK as sung by Petula Clark.
Final works[link]
_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg)
Chaplin compiled a film The Chaplin Revue from three First National films A Dog's Life (1918), Shoulder Arms (1918) and The Pilgrim (1923) for which he composed the music and recorded an introductory narration. Chaplin also wrote My Autobiography, between 1959 and 1963, which was published in 1964. He briefly returned to the United States in 1972 to receive an honorary Academy Award.
In his pictorial autobiography My Life In Pictures, published in 1974, Chaplin indicated that he had written a screenplay for his daughter, Victoria; entitled The Freak, the film would have cast her as an angel. According to Chaplin, a script was completed and pre-production rehearsals had begun on the film (the book includes a photograph of Victoria in costume), but were halted when Victoria married. "I mean to make it some day," Chaplin wrote. However, his health declined steadily in the 1970s which hampered all hopes of the film ever being produced.
From 1969 until 1976, Chaplin wrote original music compositions and scores for his silent pictures and re-released them. He composed the scores of all his First National shorts: The Idle Class in 1971 (paired with The Kid for re-release in 1972), A Day's Pleasure in 1973, Pay Day in 1972, Sunnyside in 1974, and of his feature length films, firstly The Circus in 1969 and The Kid in 1971. Chaplin worked with music associate Eric James whilst composing all his scores.
He received a knighthood on 4 March 1975, at the age of 85.[187] Chaplin's last completed work was the score for his 1923 film A Woman of Paris, which was completed in 1976, by which time Chaplin was extremely frail, even finding communication difficult.
Death[link]
Chaplin's robust health began to slowly fail in the late 1960s, after the completion of his final film A Countess from Hong Kong, and more rapidly after he received his Academy Award in 1972. By 1977, he had difficulty communicating, and was using a wheelchair. Chaplin died in his sleep in Vevey, Switzerland on 25 December 1977.[188] Charlie Chaplin was survived by his wife, nine children and 24 grandchildren.[189]
Chaplin was interred in Corsier-Sur-Vevey Cemetery, Switzerland.[190] On 1 March 1978, his corpse was stolen by a small group of Swiss mechanics in an attempt to extort money from his family.[191] The plot failed; the robbers were captured, and the corpse was recovered eleven weeks later near Lake Geneva. His body was reburied under 6 feet (1.8 m) of concrete to prevent further attempts.
Filmmaking[link]
Method[link]
Chaplin never spoke more than cursorily about his filmmaking methods, claiming such a thing would be tantamount to a magician spoiling his own illusion. In fact, until he began making spoken dialogue films with The Great Dictator in 1940, Chaplin never shot from a completed script. The method he developed, once his Essanay contract gave him the freedom to write for and direct himself, was to start from a vague premise—for example "Charlie enters a health spa" or "Charlie works in a pawn shop." Chaplin then had sets constructed and worked with his stock company to improvise gags and "business" around them, almost always working the ideas out on film. As ideas were accepted and discarded, a narrative structure would emerge, frequently requiring Chaplin to reshoot an already-completed scene that might have otherwise contradicted the story.[192] Chaplin's unique filmmaking techniques became known only after his death, when his rare surviving outtakes and cut sequences were carefully examined in the 1983 British documentary Unknown Chaplin.
This is one reason why Chaplin took so much longer to complete his films than his rivals did. In addition, Chaplin was an incredibly exacting director, showing his actors exactly how he wanted them to perform and shooting scores of takes until he had the shot he wanted. Animator Chuck Jones, who lived near Charlie Chaplin's Lone Star studio as a boy, remembered his father saying he watched Chaplin shoot a scene more than a hundred times until he was satisfied with it.[193] This combination of story improvisation and relentless perfectionism—which resulted in days of effort and thousands of feet of film being wasted, all at enormous expense—often proved very taxing for Chaplin, who in frustration would often lash out at his actors and crew, keep them waiting idly for hours or, in extreme cases, shutting down production altogether.[192]
Themes[link]
Chaplin's political sympathies always lay with the left. His silent films made prior to the Great Depression typically did not contain overt political themes or messages, apart from the Tramp's plight in poverty and his run-ins with the law, but his 1930s films were more openly political. Modern Times depicts workers and poor people in dismal conditions. The final dramatic speech in The Great Dictator, which was critical of following patriotic nationalism without question, was controversial. His 1947 black comedy, Monsieur Verdoux showed a critical view of capitalism, which was met with public scorn. Chaplin's final American film, Limelight, was less political and more autobiographical in nature. His following European-made film, A King in New York (1957), satirised the political persecution and paranoia that had forced him to leave the U.S. five years earlier.
Music[link]
Chaplin wrote or co-wrote the scores and songs for many of his films. "Smile", which he composed for his film, Modern Times, hit number 2 on the UK charts when sung by Nat King Cole in the 1950s.[194] It was also Michael Jackson's favourite song.[195][196] "This Is My Song", written and composed by Chaplin for his film A Countess from Hong Kong, hit number 1 on the UK charts when sung by Petula Clark in the 1960s.[197] In 1973, Chaplin won the Oscar for Best Film Score for his film, Limelight.[198]
Personal life and family[link]
See also: Chaplin family
Chaplin's mother died in 1928 in Glendale, California,[199] seven years after she was brought to the U.S. by her sons. Unknown to Charlie and Sydney until years later, they had a half-brother through their mother. The boy, Wheeler Dryden (1892–1957), was raised abroad by his father but later connected with the rest of the family and went to work for Chaplin at his Hollywood studio.[200] In 1928, Chaplin built the Montecito Inn in Montecito near Santa Barbara as an escape from show business with his closest friends.[201]
The South African duo Locnville, Andrew and Brian Chaplin, are related to Chaplin (their grandfather was Chaplin's first cousin).
Relationships[link]
- Edna Purviance was Chaplin's first major leading lady after Mabel Normand. Purviance and Chaplin were involved in a close romantic relationship during the production of his Essanay and Mutual films in 1916–1917. The romance seems to have ended by 1918, and Chaplin's marriage to Mildred Harris in late 1918 ended any possibility of reconciliation. Purviance would continue as leading lady in Chaplin's films until 1923, and would remain on Chaplin's payroll until her death in 1958. She and Chaplin spoke warmly of one another for the rest of their lives.
-
Mildred Harris: On 23 October 1918, Chaplin, age 29, married the popular child actress, Harris, who was 16 at the time. They had one son, Norman Spencer "The Little Mouse" Chaplin, born on 7 July 1919, who died three days later and is interred under the name The Little Mouse at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood California. Chaplin separated from Harris by late 1919, moving back into the Los Angeles Athletic Club.[202] The couple divorced in November 1920, with Harris getting some of their community property and a US$100,000 settlement.[202] Chaplin admitted that he "was not in love, now that [he] was married [he] wanted to be and wanted the marriage to be a success." During the divorce, Chaplin claimed Harris had an affair with noted actress of the time Alla Nazimova, rumoured to be fond of seducing young actresses.[203]
Mildred Harris, c. 1918–1920
- Pola Negri: Chaplin was involved in a very public relationship and engagement with the Polish actress, Negri, in 1922–23, after she arrived in Hollywood to star in films. The stormy on-off engagement was halted after about nine months, but in many ways it foreshadowed the modern stereotypes of Hollywood star relationships. Chaplin's public involvement with Negri was unique in his public life. By comparison he strove to keep his other romances during this period very discreet and private (usually without success). Many biographers have concluded the affair with Negri was largely for publicity purposes.
- Lita Grey: Chaplin first met Grey during the filming of The Kid. Three years later, at age 35, he became involved with the then 16-year-old Grey during preparations for The Gold Rush in which she was to star as the female lead. They married on 26 November 1924, after she became pregnant (a development that resulted in her being removed from the cast of the film). They had two sons, the actors Charles Chaplin, Jr. (1925–1968) and Sydney Chaplin (1926–2009). The marriage was a disaster, with the couple hopelessly mismatched. The couple divorced on 22 August 1927.[204] Their extraordinarily bitter divorce had Chaplin paying Grey a then-record-breaking US$825,000 settlement, on top of almost one million dollars in legal costs. The stress of the sensational divorce, compounded by a federal tax dispute, allegedly turned his hair white. The Chaplin biographer Joyce Milton asserted in Tramp: The Life of Charlie Chaplin that the Grey-Chaplin marriage was the inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov's 1950s novel Lolita.
-
Paulette Goddard: Chaplin and actress Goddard were involved in a romantic and professional relationship between 1932 and 1940, with Goddard living with Chaplin in his Beverly Hills home for most of this time. Chaplin gave her starring roles in Modern Times and The Great Dictator. Refusal to clarify their marital status is often claimed to have eliminated Goddard from final consideration for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind. After the relationship ended in 1940, Chaplin and Goddard made public statements that they had been secretly married in 1936; but these claims were likely a mutual effort to prevent any lasting damage to Goddard's career. In any case, their relationship ended amicably in 1942, with Goddard being granted a settlement. Goddard went on to a major career in films at Paramount in the 1940s, working several times with Cecil B. DeMille. Like Chaplin, she lived her later life in Switzerland, dying in 1990.
- Joan Barry (1920–??): In 1942, Chaplin had a brief affair with Barry, whom he was considering for a starring role in a proposed film, but the relationship ended when she began harassing him and displaying signs of severe mental illness (not unlike his mother). Chaplin's brief involvement with Barry proved to be a nightmare for him. After having a child, she filed a paternity suit against him in 1943. Although blood tests proved Chaplin was not the father of Barry's child, Barry's attorney, Joseph Scott, convinced the court that the tests were inadmissible as evidence, and Chaplin was ordered to support the child. The injustice of the ruling later led to a change in California law to allow blood tests as evidence. Federal prosecutors also brought Mann Act charges against Chaplin related to Barry in 1944, of which he was acquitted.[205] Chaplin's public image in America was gravely damaged by these sensational trials.[183] Barry was institutionalised in 1953 after she was found walking the streets barefoot, carrying a pair of baby sandals and a child's ring, and murmuring: "This is magic".[206] Chaplin's second wife, Lita Grey, later asserted that Chaplin had paid corrupt government officials to tamper with the blood test results. She further stated that "there is no doubt that she [Carol Ann] was his child."[207]
- Oona O'Neill: During Chaplin's legal trouble over the Barry affair, he met O'Neill, daughter of Eugene O'Neill, and married her on 16 June 1943. He was fifty-four; she had just turned eighteen. The marriage produced eight children; their last child, Christopher, was born when Chaplin was 73 years old. Oona survived Chaplin by fourteen years, and died from pancreatic cancer in 1991.[208]
Children[link]
| Child | Birth | Death | Chaplin's age at time of birth |
Mother | Grandchildren |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norman Spencer Chaplin | 7 July 1919 | 10 July 1919 |
|
Mildred Harris | |
| Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr.[209] | 5 May 1925 | 20 March 1968 |
|
Lita Grey | Susan Maree Chaplin (b 1959) |
| Sydney Earle Chaplin | 31 March 1926 | 3 March 2009 |
|
Stephan Chaplin (b 19xx) | |
| Carol Ann Barry Chaplin (Disputed)[210] | 2 October 1943 |
|
Joan Barry | Unknown | |
| Geraldine Leigh Chaplin | 31 July 1944 |
|
Oona O'Neill | Shane Saura Chaplin (b 1974) Oona Castilla Chaplin (b 1986) |
|
| Michael John Chaplin | 7 March 1946 |
|
Kathleen Chaplin (b. 1975) Dolores Chaplin (b. 1979) Carmen Chaplin (b 19xx) George Chaplin (b 19xx) |
||
| Josephine Hannah Chaplin | 28 March 1949 |
|
Julien Ronet (b. 1980) | ||
| Victoria Chaplin | 19 May 1951 |
|
Aurélia Thiérrée (b. 1971) James Thiérrée (b. 1974) |
||
| Eugene Anthony Chaplin | 23 August 1953 |
|
Kiera Chaplin (b. 1982) | ||
| Jane Cecil Chaplin | 23 May 1957 |
|
Orson Salkind (b. 1986) Osceola Salkind (b. 1994) |
||
| Annette Emily Chaplin | 3 December 1959 |
|
|||
| Christopher James Chaplin | 6 July 1962 |
|
Awards and recognition[link]
File:Charlie Chaplin 2207447904 crop.jpg
Statue of Chaplin in Leicester Square, London
Chaplin was knighted in 1975 at the age of 85 as a Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II.[211][212] The honour had been first proposed in 1931. Knighthood was suggested again in 1956, but was vetoed after a Foreign Office report raised concerns over Chaplin's purported communist views and his moral behaviour in marrying two 16-year-old girls; it was felt that honouring him would damage both the reputation of the British honours system and relations with the United States.[213]
Among other recognitions, Chaplin was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1970; that he had not been among those originally honoured in 1961 caused some controversy.[214] Chaplin's Swiss mansion is to be opened as a museum tracing his life from the music halls in London to Hollywood fame.[215][216]
A statue of Charlie Chaplin was made by John Doubleday, to stand in Leicester Square in London. It was unveiled by Sir Ralph Richardson in 1981.[217] A bronze statue of him is at Waterville, County Kerry, as he and his family spent long holidays in The Butler Arms Hotel during the 1960s.[218]
Academy Awards[link]
Chaplin received three Academy Awards in his lifetime: one for Best Original Score, and two Honorary Awards. However, during his active years as a filmmaker, Chaplin expressed disdain for the Academy Awards; his son Charles Jr wrote that Chaplin invoked the ire of the Academy in the 1930s by jokingly using his 1929 Oscar as a doorstop.[219] This may help explain why City Lights and Modern Times, considered by several polls to be two of the greatest of all motion pictures,[220][221] were not nominated for a single Academy Award.
- The 1st Academy Awards ceremony: When the first Oscars were awarded on 16 May 1929, the voting audit procedures that now exists had not yet been put into place, and the categories were still very fluid. Chaplin's The Circus was set to be heavily recognised, as Chaplin had originally been nominated for Best Production, Best Director in a Comedy Picture, Best Actor and Best Writing (Original Story). However, the Academy decided to withdraw his name from all the competitive categories and instead give him a Special Award "for versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing and producing The Circus". The only other film to receive a Special Award that year was The Jazz Singer.[222]
- The 13th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1941, The Great Dictator was nominated for five awards, including two for Chaplin: Best Writing and Best Actor. Chaplin lost out on both counts. For writing, he lost to Preston Sturges for The Great McGinty, and for acting to James Stewart for The Philadelphia Story.
- The 20th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1948, Chaplin's screenplay for Monsieur Verdoux was nominated, but the award went instead to Sidney Sheldon for The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer.
- The 44th Academy Awards ceremony: Chaplin's second Oscar was awarded forty-three years after his first, in 1972. Chaplin came out of exile to accept the Honorary Award for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century". Stepping onto the stage of the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Chaplin received the longest standing ovation in Academy Award history, lasting a full twelve minutes.[223]
- The 45th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1973, Chaplin's film Limelight was honoured with an Oscar for Best Original Score. Though the film had originally been released in 1952, due to Chaplin's political difficulties at the time, the film did not play for one week in Los Angeles, and thus did not meet the criterion for nomination until it was re-released in 1972.
Chaplin's American business partner, who helped promote and release his films in the U.S., was Mo Rothman (1919–2011). Rothman is also credited with urging Chaplin to end his self-imposed exile and visit the U.S. to appear and be honoured both by the Lincoln Center Film Society in New York and then at Hollywood's Academy Awards in 1972.[224]
Legacy[link]
Chaplin's "tramp" character is possibly the most imitated on all levels of entertainment. The influence of his 'Tramp' character could be seen on other artists and media providers. Beginning early on there were many tributes, and parodies made. E. C. Segar's 1916 comic strip "Charlie Chaplin's Comedy Capers" is an early example.[225] Segar's 'Chaplin' comics would later be collected in 1917 into five books, precursors of the later comic book format.[226] Two different animated cartoon series also starred 'Charlie' a tramp character, the first a series of nine shorts from 1916 by Movca Film Service.[227] And later ten films[228] by the Pat Sullivan Studio from 1918–1919, which would later use the 'Charlie/Charley' gestures to create Felix the Cat, the character made one later appearance in one of Felix's 1923 cartoons "Felix in Hollywood".[229]
- From 1917 to 1918, silent film actor Billy West made more than 20 films as a comedian precisely imitating Chaplin's tramp character, makeup and costume.[230]
- The third of composer Karl Amadeus Hartmann's 1929–30 composition Wachsfigurenkabinett: Fünf kleine Opern (Waxworks: Five Little Operas) is entitled 'Chaplin-Ford-Trot', and features the character of Charlie Chaplin (in a speaking rather than operatic role).
- Shree 420 and Awaara main characters are heavily influenced by The Tramp.
- Kamal Haasan moulded his character "Chaplin Chellappa" on Chaplin in the Tamil film Punnagai Mannan[231]
- In 1985, Chaplin was honoured with his image on a postage stamp of the United Kingdom, and in 1994 he appeared on a United States postage stamp designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld.
- John Woo directed a parody film of Chaplin's "The Kid" called Hua ji shi dai (1981), also known as "Laughing Times."
- A minor planet, 3623 Chaplin, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina in 1981, is named after Chaplin.[232]
- In 1992, a film was made about Chaplin's life entitled Chaplin, directed by Oscar-winner Richard Attenborough, and starring Robert Downey, Jr., in an Oscar-nominated performance, and Geraldine Chaplin playing the part of Charlie Chaplin's mother, her own grandmother.
- In 2001, British comedian Eddie Izzard played Chaplin in Peter Bogdanovich's film, The Cat's Meow, which speculated about the still-unsolved death of producer Thomas H. Ince during a yachting party thrown by William Randolph Hearst, of which Chaplin was a guest.
- In 2002, on a UK poll broadcast by the BBC, Chaplin was ranked number 66 on a list of the 100 Greatest Britons.[233]
- In 2010 the New York Guitar Festival commissioned a number of contemporary artists to compose new scores for some of Chaplin's silent films. The artists included Justin Vernon of Bon Iver, Marc Ribot, David Bromberg, Alex de Grassi and Chicha Libre.[234]
- On 15 April 2011, a day before his 122nd birthday anniversary, Google celebrated this with a special Google Doodle video on its global and other country-wide homepages.[235]
Filmography and current rights issues[link]
Main article: Charlie Chaplin filmography
Chaplin wrote, directed, and starred in dozens of feature films and short subjects. Highlights include The Immigrant (1917), The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931), Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator (1940), all of which have been selected for inclusion in the National Film Registry. Three of these films made the AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies and AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) lists: The Gold Rush, City Lights, and Modern Times.
A listing of the dozens of Chaplin films and alternate versions can be found in the Ted Okuda-David Maska book Charlie Chaplin at Keystone and Essanay: Dawn of the Tramp. Thanks to The Chaplin Keystone Project, efforts to produce definitive versions of Chaplin's pre-1918 short films have come to a successful end: after ten years of research and clinical international cooperation work, 34 Keystone films have been fully restored and published in October 2010 on a 4-DVD box set. All twelve Mutual films were restored in 1975 by archivist David Shepard and Blackhawk Films, and new restorations with even more footage were released on DVD in 2006.
Today, nearly all of Chaplin's output is owned by Roy Export S.A.S. in Paris, which enforces the library's copyrights and decides how and when this material can be released. French company MK2 acts as worldwide distribution agent for the Export company. In the U.S. as of 2010, distribution is handled under license by Janus Films, with home video releases from Criterion Collection, affiliated with Janus.
Notes and references[link]
- Notes
- ^ An MI5 investigation in 1952 was unable to find any record of Chaplin's birth.[10] Chaplin biographer David Robinson notes that it is not surprising that his parents failed to register the birth: "It was easy enough, particularly for music hall artists, constantly moving (if they were lucky) from one town to another, to put off and eventually forget this kind of formality; at that time the penalties were not strict or efficiently enforced."[9] In 2011 a letter sent to Chaplin in the 1970s came to light which claimed that he had been born in a Gypsy caravan at Black Patch Park in Smethwick, Staffordshire. Chaplin's son Michael has suggested that the information must have been significant to his father in order for him to retain the letter.[11]
- ^ Sydney was born when Hannah Chaplin was 19; his biological father cannot be known for sure. Hannah Chaplin later told her sons that he was a bookmaker named Hawkes, but this cannot be verified. Sydney's birth certificate and baptismal records omit the name of the father.[13]
- ^ In the years Chaplin was touring with The Eight Lancashire Lads, his mother ensured that he still attended school.[40]
- ^ William Gillette co-wrote the Sherlock Holmes play with Arthur Conan Doyle, and had been starring in it since its New York opening in 1899. He had come to London in 1905 to appear in a new play, Clarice. Its reception was poor, and Gillette decided to add an "after-piece" called The Painful Predicament of Sherlock Holmes. This short play was what Chaplin originally came to London to appear in. After three nights, however, Gillette chose to close Clarice and replace it with Sherlock Holmes. Chaplin had so pleased Gillette with his performance in The Painful Predicament that he was kept on as Billy for the full play.[46]
- ^ £3 10s was a considerable amount in 1908. Using the Retail Price Index, in 2012 this would be equivalent to a salary of £285 a week. Based on average earnings at that time, however, it held an "economic power" equivalent to £2,540.[56]
- ^ In July 1915, Chaplin had agreed to produce ten two-reel films for Essanay by the start of 1916. He completed only six films in this period, leading the court to conclude that extending Burlesque on Carmen to four reels was justified.
- References
- ^ "Trivia for A Woman of Paris: A Drama of Fate (1923)". Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://imdb.com/title/tt0014624/trivia. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
- ^ Obituary Variety Obituaries, 28 December 1977.
- ^ Blanke, David (2002). The 1910s. American popular culture through history (illustrated ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-313-31251-9.
- ^ Haupert, Michael (2006). The Entertainment Industry. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-32173-3.
- ^ Kelly, Shawna (2008). Aviators in Early Hollywood (illustrated ed.). Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7385-5902-5.
- ^ "AFI's 100 YEARS...100 STARS". American Film Institute. Wed, 16 June 1999. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822055357/http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/stars.aspx. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ Sieff, Martin.Washington Times -Books 21 December 2008
- ^ Walsh, John (25 November 2009). "The Big Question: Does Charlie Chaplin merit a museum in his honour, and what is his legacy? – News, People". The Independent (UK). Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/the-big-question-does-charlie-chaplin-merit-a-museum-in-his-honour-and-what-is-his-legacy-1826871.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 10.
- ^ "MI5 files: Was Chaplin really a Frenchman and called Thornstein?". The Telegraph. 17 February 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/9086510/MI5-files-Was-Chaplin-really-a-Frenchman-and-called-Thornstein.html. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplain was 'born into a Midland gipsy family'". Express and Star. 18 February 2011. http://www.expressandstar.com/news/2011/02/18/charlie-chaplin-was-born-into-midland-gipsy-family/. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Robinson, p. 4 for marriage, p. 3. for Sydney's birth, p. 19 for Charles Chaplin Sr.'s legal responsibility over Sydney.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 3.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 5–7.
- ^ Weissman, p. 10.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 9–10, 12.
- ^ Robinson, p. 13.
- ^ Robinson, p. 15.
- ^ Robinson, p. xv.
- ^ Robinson, p. 16.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 29 for quote; Robinson, p. 19 for factual details.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 24–26.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 10.
- ^ Weissman, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 33.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 15, 33.
- ^ Robinson, p. 27.
- ^ Robinson, p. 36.
- ^ Robinson, p. 27 for remission, p. 40 for infirmary admission.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 71–72 for living alone, pp. 73–74 for Sydney's return.
- ^ Robinson, p. 41.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 88; Robinson, pp. 55–56 for factual details.
- ^ Robinson, p. 17; Chaplin, p. 18.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 41.
- ^ Louvish, p. 21.
- ^ Louvish, p. 25.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 44.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 77.
- ^ Robinson, p. 39.
- ^ Louvish, p. 19.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 76.
- ^ Robinson. pp. 44–45.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 46–47; Louvish, p. 26.
- ^ Robinson, p. 45 for being cast in the role; pp. 49–51 for tour.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 53, 58.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 59–60.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 89.
- ^ Robinson, p. 685.
- ^ Robinson, p. 63.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 64–68; Chaplin, p. 94.
- ^ Robinson, p. 68.
- ^ Robinson, p. 71 for Karno's reputation: "Fred Karno's Speechless comedians, though, were supreme of their kind".
- ^ Robinson, p. 76, covers Sydney Chaplin's contract and success with Karno and details of how he introduced Charlie to the company.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 76–77.
- ^ "Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present". Measuring Worth. http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ Robinson, p. 82.
- ^ Robinson, p. 81.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 84–85.
- ^ Robinson, p. 88.
- ^ Robinson, p. 91 says Chaplin was the American company's "leading comedian"; p. 92 for reviews.
- ^ Robinson, p. 95.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 133–134 for quotations, Robinson p. 96 for factual details.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Robinson, p. 102.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Robinson, p. 103.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 139.
- ^ Robinson, p. 107.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 141.
- ^ Robinson, p. 108.
- ^ Robinson, p. 110.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 145.
- ^ Robinson, p. 113.
- ^ Robinson, p. 120: "Mabel swept aside Chaplin's suggestions, just as Lehrman and Nichols had done." This refers to Mabel Normand, Henry Lehrman and George Nichols, who directed Chaplin's early films.
- ^ Robinson, p. 121.
- ^ Robinson, p. 123.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 153, 157.
- ^ Robinson, p. 113.
- ^ Robinson, p. 125.
- ^ Robinson, p. 130.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Robinson, p. 131.
- ^ Robinson, p. 135.
- ^ Robinson, p. 137.
- ^ Robinson, p. 138.
- ^ Robinson, p. 139.
- ^ Robinson, p. 141 for beginning of relationship, p. 219 for end of relationship.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 165; Robinson, pp. 140, 143.
- ^ Robinson, p. 143.
- ^ Robinson, p. 142.
- ^ Robinson, p. 146.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 149–150; Chaplin, p. 173.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Robinson, p. 156.
- ^ Robinson, p. 160: "No person in the world other than a king or an emperor – unless perhaps Charlie Schwab of the US Steel Corporation – had ever received even half that salary."
- ^ Robinson, pp. 159, 162.
- ^ Robinson, p. 164.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 165–166.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 169–173.
- ^ Robinson, p. 175.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 179–180.
- ^ Robinson, p. 191.
- ^ ""The Happiest Days of My Life": Mutual". Charlie Chaplin. British Film Institute. http://chaplin.bfi.org.uk/resources/bfi/biog/biog.php?fid=biog6. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ Robinson, p. 191; Louvish, p. 104.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 188.
- ^ Robinson, p. 185.
- ^ Robinson, p. 186.
- ^ Robinson, p. 187.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 210.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 215–216.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 213.
- ^ Robinson, p. 221.
- ^ Robinson, p. 223.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 203; Robinson, pp. 225–226.
- ^ Robinson, p. 228.
- ^ a b "Independence Won: First National". Charlie Chaplin. British Film Institute. http://chaplin.bfi.org.uk/resources/bfi/biog/biog.php?fid=biog7. Retrieved 05 May 2012.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 208.
- ^ Robinson, p. 229.
- ^ Robinson, p. 237; p. 241 says he returned in early May.
- ^ Robinson, p. 244.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 218.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 241–245.
- ^ Robinson, p. 246.
- ^ Robinson, p. 248.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 246–247 for marriage unhappiness: "Chaplin found himself, without any pleasure, a married man."
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 219–220.
- ^ Robinson, p. 267.
- ^ Robinson, p. 269.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 223.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 248–249.
- ^ Robinson, p. 251.
- ^ Robinson, p. 252.
- ^ Robinson, p. 253.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 255–253.
- ^ Robinson, p. 261.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 235; Robinson, p. 259.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 262–263.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 233–234.
- ^ Robinson, p. 265.
- ^ Robinson, p. 269.
- ^ Robinson, p. 280.
- ^ Robinson, p. 282.
- ^ Robinson, p. 291.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 295–300.
- ^ Robinson, p. 310.
- ^ Robinson, p. 302.
- ^ Robinson, p. 311–312.
- ^ Robinson, p. 318.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 318–320.
- ^ Robinson, p. 322 covers the box office failure and Chaplin's reaction; p. 302 writes that A Woman of Paris fulfilled an "old ambition" to produce a dramatic film.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 325–329.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 299.
- ^ Robinson, p. 334.
- ^ Robinson, p. 337.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 340–345.
- ^ Robinson, p. 354 for last scene; p. 358 for cost.
- ^ Robinson, p. 357.
- ^ Robinson, p. 358.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 339, 353.
- ^ Robinson, p. 334.
- ^ Robinson, p. 346.
- ^ Robinson, p. 348.
- ^ Robinson, p. 355.
- ^ Robinson, p. 350.
- ^ Robinson, p. 360.
- ^ Robinson, p. 161.
- ^ Robinson, p. 368.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 369–370.
- ^ Robinson, p. 371.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 372–374.
- ^ Robinson, p. 375.
- ^ Robinson, p. 378.
- ^ Robinson, p. 381.
- ^ Robinson, p. 382.
- ^ Robinson, p. 383.
- ^ Robinson, p. 377 for Lita's brief autobiography mention; p. 381 for hair: "At the height of the troubles with Lita his hair had gone white overnight: Henry Bergman remembered the shock when the changed Chaplin arrived at the studio one morning."
- ^ "Chaplin as a composer". CharlieChaplin.com. http://www.charliechaplin.com/biography/articles/205-Chaplin-as-a-composer.
- ^ Monday, 9 Feb 1931 (9 February 1931). "Cinema: The New Pictures: Feb. 9, 1931". TIME. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741027-1,00.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
- ^ a b c The Great Dictator at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "The speech of the Great Dictator". Vagabundia.net. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.vagabundia.net/dictator.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ "The Great Dictator (1940)". Movies.yahoo.com. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800072595/awards. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ a b Whitfield, Stephen J., The Culture of the Cold War, page 187-192
- ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (17 February 2012). "MI5 spied on Charlie Chaplin after FBI asked for help to banish him from US". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/feb/17/mi5-spied-on-charlie-chaplin. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "Names make news. Last week these names made this news". TIME. 27 April 1953. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818302-2,00.html.
- ^ Richard Avedon: Darkness and Light (1996) American Masters, PBS
- ^ "Those Were the Days". Express and Star. http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1950-75/1975.html. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin Dead at 88; Made the Film an Art Form.". New York Times. 26 December 1977, Monday. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/03/30/reviews/chaplin-obit.html. Retrieved 21 August 2007. "Charlie Chaplin, the poignant little tramp with the cane and comic walk who almost single-handedly elevated the novelty entertainment medium of motion pictures into art, died peacefully yesterday at his home in Switzerland. He was 88 years old."
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin's grandchildren" (in French). Illustre.ch. 2010-09-01. http://www.illustre.ch/Charlie-Chaplin-Charlot_56924_.html. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ "Henri Langlois (1914–1977) – Find A Grave Memorial". findagrave.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1234. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
- ^ "Chaplin Body Stolen From Swiss Grave. Vehicle Apparently Used. British Envoy 'Appalled'.". New York Times. 3 March 1978, Friday. "The body of Charlie Chaplin was stolen last night or early today from the grave where it was buried two months ago in a small cemetery in the Swiss village of Corsier-surVevey, overlooking the eastern end of Lake Geneva."
- ^ a b Unknown Chaplin at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Jones, Chuck. Chuck Amuck: The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist. Avon Books, ISBN 978-0-380-71214-4)
- ^ http://www.everyhit.com/searchsec.php
- ^ "Michael Jackson: Actress Brooke Shields cries for Jacko". Mirror Online. 2009-07-07. http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/michael-jackson-actress-brooke-shields-405145. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ "Brooke Shields: 'Michael Jackson's laugh was the sweetest and purest of anyone I have ever known'". NewJerseyNewsroom.com. 2009-07-07. http://www.newjerseynewsroom.com/movies/brooke-shields-michael-jacksons-laugh-was-the-sweetest-and-purest-of-anyone-i-have-ever-known. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ "British Record Charts". Petula Clark.net. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.petulaclark.net/chartsbritish.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
- ^ Limelight (1952) – Awards
- ^ Chaplin, Lita Grey; Vance, Jeffrey (1998). Wife of the life of the party. The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series. 61 (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8108-3432-3.
- ^ Mehran, Hooman. "Chaplin's writing and directing collaborators". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://chaplin.bfi.org.uk/programme/essays/collaborators.html. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ Hotka, Thomas Carl (11 March 2010). West of the East Coast. AuthorHouse. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4490-8277-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ab6Dts2rH1wC&pg=PA143. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ a b Maland, Charles J. (1991). Chaplin and American Culture. Princeton University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-691-02860-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=hJhaiT7B04AC.
- ^ Zimmerman, Bonnie (1999). Lesbian Histories and Cultures. Routledge. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-8153-1920-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC.
- ^ "International Herald Tribune. 23 August 2002. 1927:Chaplin Divorce Settled: In our pages: 100, 75 and 50 years ago". International Herald Tribune. 23 August 2002. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/23/opinion/23iht-edold_ed3__57.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
- ^ "Mann & Woman". Time (magazine). 3 April 1944. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,850389,00.html. Retrieved 21 August 2007. "Auburn-haired Joan Barry, 24, who wandered from her native Detroit to New York to Hollywood in pursuit of a theatrical career, became a Chaplin protegee in the summer of 1941. She fitted into a familiar pattern. Chaplin signed her to a $75-a-week contract, began training her for a part in a projected picture. Two weeks after the contract was signed she became his mistress. Throughout the summer and autumn, Miss Barry testified last week, she visited the ardent actor five or six times a week. By midwinter her visits were down to "maybe three times a week". By late summer of 1942, Chaplin had decided that she was unsuited for his movie. Her contract ended."
- ^ "Just Like the Movies". Time (magazine). 17 August 1953. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,858217,00.html. Retrieved 21 August 2007. "Another Chaplin ex-protegee, 33-year-old Joan Barry, who won a 1946 paternity suit against the comedian, was admitted to Patton State Hospital (for the mentally ill) after she was found walking the streets barefoot, carrying a pair of baby sandals and a child's ring, and murmuring: "This is magic, my god"."
- ^ Mandarano, Matthew. "Cult Movies – Joan Barry: The Most (In)famous Actress to Never Appear on Screen". Alternativereel.com. http://www.alternativereel.com/includes/articles/display_article.php?id=00075. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin marries Oona O’Neill". New York: A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/6/16?catId=12. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
- ^ Or Charles Spencer Chaplin III because his grandfather was called Charles Spencer Chaplin, Sr., and his father could have been called Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr.
- ^ Mandarano, Matthew. "Cult Movies - Joan Barry: The Most (In)famous Actress to Never Appear on Screen - Joan Berry". Alternativereel.com. http://www.alternativereel.com/includes/articles/display_article.php?id=00075. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 46444. p. 8. 31 December 1974. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
- ^ "Comic genius Chaplin is knighted". BBC. 4 March 1975. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/4/newsid_2794000/2794107.stm. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ Reynolds, Paul (21 July 2002). "Chaplin knighthood blocked". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2141391.stm. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ Gregory Paul Williams, The Story of Hollywood: An Illustrated History, page 311. storyofhollywood.com, 2006, ISBN 978-0-9776299-0-9. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9W4R_CZtFe8C&pg=PA311&dq=charlie+chaplin+Hollywood+Walk+of+Fame&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=charlie%20chaplin%20Hollywood%20Walk%20of%20Fame&f=false. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin museum to open in Swiss mansion". The Guardian (UK). 23 November 2009. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/nov/23/charlie-chaplin-museum-swiss-mansion. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ "Chaplin". chaplinmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.chaplinmuseum.com/. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ Haining 1982, p. 201.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival". http://www.chaplinfilmfestival.com/.
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- ^ Vitello, Paul (26 September 2011). "Mo Rothman Dies at 92; Revived Interest in Charlie Chaplin". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/movies/mo-rothman-dies-at-92-revived-interest-in-charlie-chaplin.html?_r=1&hpw. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
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Sources[link]
- Chaplin, Charles (2003 [First published 1964]). My Autobiography. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-141-01147-5.
- Louvish, Simon (2010 [First published 2009]). Chaplin: The Tramp's Odyssey. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23796-2.
- Robinson, David (1986 [First published 1985]). Chaplin: His Life and Art. London: Paladin. ISBN 0-586-08544-0.
- Weissman, Stephen (2009). Chaplin: A Life. London: JR Books. ISBN 987-1-906779-50-4.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Charlie Chaplin |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Charlie Chaplin |
- Charlie Chaplin at the Internet Movie Database
- Charles Chaplin at the TCM Movie Database
- Charlie Chaplin at AllRovi
- Charlie Chaplin Website
- Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival Website
- The Charlie Chaplin Archive
- Chaplin A Life: 40 Photo-Essays
- Films by, about or starring Charlie Chaplin at the Internet Archive
- Obituary, NY Times, 26 December 1977 Chaplin's Little Tramp, an Everyman Trying to Gild Cage of Life, Enthralled World
- The TIME 100: Charlie Chaplin Archived, May 2011.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Chaplin, Charlie |
| Alternative names | Chaplin, Charles Spencer, Jr. (full name) |
| Short description | English actor and director |
| Date of birth | (1889-04-16)16 April 1889 |
| Place of birth | Walworth, London, England |
| Date of death | 25 December 1977(1977-12-25) |
| Place of death | Vevey, Switzerland |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
