- published: 05 Sep 2007
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- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 1934 - Connells
- 1934 - The Conells
I don't know if I care any more.
The silver's hidden under the floor.
It's been there since the Civil War.
Oh I'll be out by 1934.
Agree when they say yes.
Never differ when they say no.
It's only my LOWEST GUESS
THAT I'll be out by 1934.
My mother's never been the same.
My father's a forgotten name.
DON'T YOU BOTH know what for?
I'll be out by 1934.
I don't know if I care any more.
The silver's hidden under the floor.
It's been there since the Civil War.
Oh I'll be out by 1934.
Agree when they say yes.
Never differ when they say no.
It's only my _________________
And I'll be out by 1934.
My mother's never been the same.
My father's a forgotten name.
Torture, don't know what for.
I'll be out by 1934.
Oh I'll be out by 1934.
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Betty Boop Cartoon Banned For Drug Use 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:29
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Laughing Gas! HaHaHa.
http://wn.com/Betty_Boop_Cartoon_Banned_For_Drug_Use_1934
Mystery Liner (1934) - Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:17
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Captain Holling is relieved of command of his ship after he suffers a nervous breakdown. His replacement, Captain Downey, takes over the liner just as it is ...
http://wn.com/Mystery_Liner_1934_Full_Movie
Captain Holling is relieved of command of his ship after he suffers a nervous breakdown. His replacement, Captain Downey, takes over the liner just as it is ...
- published: 16 Jul 2009
- views: 88296
- author: LuckyStrike502
1934 Burlington Pioneer Zephyr
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:57
- Updated: 06 May 2013
In 1934 The Burlington Pioneer Zephyr broke records with its Denver to Chicago run.
http://wn.com/1934_Burlington_Pioneer_Zephyr
In 1934 The Burlington Pioneer Zephyr broke records with its Denver to Chicago run.
- published: 05 Jun 2008
- views: 26850
- author: WearybottomAssociate
Flame of the Pacific, 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:41
- Updated: 03 May 2013
A courtship and wedding in the South Seas. Transferred from an original 35m print. To purchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home...
http://wn.com/Flame_of_the_Pacific,_1934
A courtship and wedding in the South Seas. Transferred from an original 35m print. To purchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home...
- published: 12 Mar 2009
- views: 4005388
- author: travelfilmarchive
Paul Otlet, visioning a web in 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
Paul Otlet, a Belgian bibliographer, pacifist and entrepreneur imagined a day when users would access the database from great distances by means of an "elect...
http://wn.com/Paul_Otlet,_visioning_a_web_in_1934
Paul Otlet, a Belgian bibliographer, pacifist and entrepreneur imagined a day when users would access the database from great distances by means of an "elect...
- published: 17 Jun 2008
- views: 73877
- author: Attila Gárdos
Gertrude Michael - Sweet Marihuana (1934)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 06 May 2013
A "Sweet and Smoking" Production Number from 1934.
http://wn.com/Gertrude_Michael_Sweet_Marihuana_1934
A "Sweet and Smoking" Production Number from 1934.
- published: 24 Mar 2008
- views: 30877
- author: edmundusrex
1934 Hitlerjugend - der Anfang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 05 May 2013
1934. Hitler addresses the Hitlerjugend at the 1934 Nuremberg rally. Excerpt from Triumph of the Will.
http://wn.com/1934_Hitlerjugend_der_Anfang
1934. Hitler addresses the Hitlerjugend at the 1934 Nuremberg rally. Excerpt from Triumph of the Will.
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 34686
- author: skoblinI
Glimpses of Erin 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:36
- Updated: 05 May 2013
A tour of Ireland in the 1930's. Ireland, Eire, Irish, cattle, farmhouse, thatched roof, woman driving horsecart, harvesting hay, hay mounds, hay stacks, chi...
http://wn.com/Glimpses_of_Erin_1934
A tour of Ireland in the 1930's. Ireland, Eire, Irish, cattle, farmhouse, thatched roof, woman driving horsecart, harvesting hay, hay mounds, hay stacks, chi...
- published: 19 Apr 2008
- views: 51467
- author: travelfilmarchive
Bela Lugosi & Boris Karloff: Die schwarze Katze (1934)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:28
- Updated: 03 Jul 2012
Peter und Joan Allison befinden sich auf ihrer Hochzeitsreise in Ungarn, als sie den österreichischen Psychiater Dr. Verdegast kennenlernen. Ein schrecklicher Unfall verschlägt sie auf das einsame, festungsähnliche Schloß des berühmten Architekten Hjalmar Poelzig, das er auf einem ehemaligen Schlachtfeld, dem größten Friedhof der Welt, errichtet hat. Der Hausherr, unheimlich und exzentrisch, mit bizarrem Haarschnitt, schwarz geschminkten Lippen und in kostbare schwarze Seidenroben gehüllt, nimmt sie als Gäste auf. Doch die Allisons bemerken bald, daß zwischen ihrem Reisebegleiter und Poelzig eine fast greifbare Abneigung und ein dunkles Geheimnis stehen. Horror vom Feinsten!
http://wn.com/Bela_Lugosi_Boris_Karloff_Die_schwarze_Katze_1934
Peter und Joan Allison befinden sich auf ihrer Hochzeitsreise in Ungarn, als sie den österreichischen Psychiater Dr. Verdegast kennenlernen. Ein schrecklicher Unfall verschlägt sie auf das einsame, festungsähnliche Schloß des berühmten Architekten Hjalmar Poelzig, das er auf einem ehemaligen Schlachtfeld, dem größten Friedhof der Welt, errichtet hat. Der Hausherr, unheimlich und exzentrisch, mit bizarrem Haarschnitt, schwarz geschminkten Lippen und in kostbare schwarze Seidenroben gehüllt, nimmt sie als Gäste auf. Doch die Allisons bemerken bald, daß zwischen ihrem Reisebegleiter und Poelzig eine fast greifbare Abneigung und ein dunkles Geheimnis stehen. Horror vom Feinsten!
- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 5389
The.Black.Cat.1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 65:31
- Updated: 04 May 2013
http://wn.com/TheBlackCat1934
Free Flight Model Planes in Japan and France 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 26 Apr 2013
Compressed air powered models in Japan and rubber powered models in France filmed in 1934.
http://wn.com/Free_Flight_Model_Planes_in_Japan_and_France_1934
Compressed air powered models in Japan and rubber powered models in France filmed in 1934.
- published: 11 Sep 2007
- views: 49018
- author: Bomberguy
Jack Frost (1934)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:33
- Updated: 26 Apr 2013
ComiColor, Celebrity Productions. Creative Commons license: Public Domain. For more great vintage animation check out www.animationstation.info and subscribe...
http://wn.com/Jack_Frost_1934
ComiColor, Celebrity Productions. Creative Commons license: Public Domain. For more great vintage animation check out www.animationstation.info and subscribe...
- published: 06 Jun 2006
- views: 144343
- author: AnimationStation
The House of Rothschild (1934 full length historical biography movie)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 86:43
- Updated: 06 May 2013
The story of the rise of the Rothschild financial empire founded by Mayer Rothschild and continued by his five sons. From humble beginnings the business grow...
http://wn.com/The_House_of_Rothschild_1934_full_length_historical_biography_movie
The story of the rise of the Rothschild financial empire founded by Mayer Rothschild and continued by his five sons. From humble beginnings the business grow...
- published: 03 Mar 2013
- views: 2686
- author: mbrewerDC
Campeón peruano de 1934: ¿Alianza o Universitario?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 04 May 2013
En este video se va a demostrar que todo el problema que existió en ese año solo corresponde a nivel mediático y nunca fue un tema dirigencial. (lean todo, n...
http://wn.com/Campeón_peruano_de_1934_¿Alianza_o_Universitario?
En este video se va a demostrar que todo el problema que existió en ese año solo corresponde a nivel mediático y nunca fue un tema dirigencial. (lean todo, n...
- published: 22 Nov 2012
- views: 3335
- author: ElPichanjuerguero
Jack Frost (1934) Ub Iwerks Production. Musical Score by Carl Stalling.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 04 May 2013
http://XmasFLIX.com ▻ Like XmasFLIX! ▻ http://facebook.com/XmasFLIX Xmas MP3 ▻ http://XmasTRAX.com ▻ Podcast ▻ http://iXmas.mobi Do you believe in Santa Clau...
http://wn.com/Jack_Frost_1934_Ub_Iwerks_Production_Musical_Score_by_Carl_Stalling
http://XmasFLIX.com ▻ Like XmasFLIX! ▻ http://facebook.com/XmasFLIX Xmas MP3 ▻ http://XmasTRAX.com ▻ Podcast ▻ http://iXmas.mobi Do you believe in Santa Clau...
- published: 09 Nov 2009
- views: 43751
- author: XmasFLIX
Der blutige Februar 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:02
- Updated: 20 Apr 2013
Die Dokumentation zeichnet die politischen Zangenbewegung gegen die Sozialdemokratie nach, die den Weg in die Diktatur des autoritären, christlichen Ständest...
http://wn.com/Der_blutige_Februar_1934
Die Dokumentation zeichnet die politischen Zangenbewegung gegen die Sozialdemokratie nach, die den Weg in die Diktatur des autoritären, christlichen Ständest...
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 3454
- author: GeschichteWelt
Play Augusta In 1934 - The Masters Historic Edition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Updated: 27 Apr 2013
For the first time EVER, experience Augusta National Golf Club as it was in 1934 when it played host to the very first Masters Tournament! Relive history on ...
http://wn.com/Play_Augusta_In_1934_The_Masters_Historic_Edition
For the first time EVER, experience Augusta National Golf Club as it was in 1934 when it played host to the very first Masters Tournament! Relive history on ...
- published: 15 Jan 2013
- views: 19026
- author: EASPORTS
Dames (1934) - title musical sequence
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:50
- Updated: 02 May 2013
Title musical sequence, choreographed by Busby Berkeley. From DAMES (1934, dir. Ray Enright, Busby Berkeley). For more info visit http://alsolikelife.com/sho...
http://wn.com/Dames_1934_title_musical_sequence
Title musical sequence, choreographed by Busby Berkeley. From DAMES (1934, dir. Ray Enright, Busby Berkeley). For more info visit http://alsolikelife.com/sho...
- published: 08 Dec 2007
- views: 57272
- author: alsolikelife
Calling All Cars: Highlights of 1934 / San Quentin Prison Break / Dr. Nitro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:06
- Updated: 07 May 2013
The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) is the police department of the city of Los Angeles, California. The LAPD has been copiously fictionalized in numero...
http://wn.com/Calling_All_Cars_Highlights_of_1934_San_Quentin_Prison_Break_Dr_Nitro
The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) is the police department of the city of Los Angeles, California. The LAPD has been copiously fictionalized in numero...
- published: 22 Dec 2012
- views: 11817
- author: theradioarchive
1934 Yankees vs Tigers at Navin Field - full radio broadcast
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 142:39
- Updated: 07 May 2013
The oldest (virtually) complete radio broadcast of a regular season baseball game known to exist. September 20, 1934, Yankess vs Tigers at Navin Field (Brigg...
http://wn.com/1934_Yankees_vs_Tigers_at_Navin_Field_full_radio_broadcast
The oldest (virtually) complete radio broadcast of a regular season baseball game known to exist. September 20, 1934, Yankess vs Tigers at Navin Field (Brigg...
- published: 16 Feb 2012
- views: 14217
- author: alpineinc1
Midnight (1934)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 72:58
- Updated: 18 Apr 2013
Jury foreman Edward Weldon's questioning leads to the death sentence for Ethel Saxon. His daughter Stella claims to have killed her lover, the gangster Gar B...
http://wn.com/Midnight_1934
Jury foreman Edward Weldon's questioning leads to the death sentence for Ethel Saxon. His daughter Stella claims to have killed her lover, the gangster Gar B...
- published: 06 Jul 2012
- views: 4065
- author: Ashok Sridharan
Meseautó - 1934 - teljes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 90:01
- Updated: 25 Apr 2013
Meseautó - 1934 Rendező - Gaál Béla Szereplők - Kabos Gyula, Perczel Zita, Törzs Jenő, Gombaszögi Ella.
http://wn.com/Meseautó_1934_teljes
Meseautó - 1934 Rendező - Gaál Béla Szereplők - Kabos Gyula, Perczel Zita, Törzs Jenő, Gombaszögi Ella.
- published: 04 May 2012
- views: 48636
- author: Magyar Filmek
1934 Ford Woodie Hot Rod with Swimsuit Bikini Model Melany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 30 Apr 2013
http://www.socalbeachmag.net Check out this top of the line 1934 Ford woodie hot rod photographed at Moonlght State Beach in Encinitas with SoCal Beaches Mag...
http://wn.com/1934_Ford_Woodie_Hot_Rod_with_Swimsuit_Bikini_Model_Melany
http://www.socalbeachmag.net Check out this top of the line 1934 Ford woodie hot rod photographed at Moonlght State Beach in Encinitas with SoCal Beaches Mag...
- published: 21 Sep 2009
- views: 439226
- author: SoCalBeachesMagazine
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
10 May 2013
The sophistication of a global network of thieves who drained cash machines around the globe of an astonishing $45 million in mere hours sent ripples through the security world, not merely for the size of the operation and ease with which it was carried out, but also for the threat that more such thefts may be in store ... Law enforcement agencies from more than a dozen nations were involved in the investigation, U.S ... (Read More ... The U.S ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Family Handout courtesy WOIO-TV
08 May 2013
CLEVELAND - In the years after his friend's daughter vanished while walking home from school, Ariel Castro handed out fliers with the 14-year-old's photo and performed music at a fundraiser held in her honor. When neighbors gathered for a candlelight vigil just a year ago to remember the girl, Castro was there too, comforting the girl's mother ... He would not say who the father was ... The house was always locked, he said ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: US Govt. Defense Threat Reduction Agency
10 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Perhaps a backlash against newly arrived non-indigenous immigrants is justifiable, especially in reference to the recent Boston Marathon Bombing. And maybe there are a few non-native immigrants that take advantage of social uplift programs, or that commit crimes. But generally speaking, the United States of America has always been a nation of immigrants ... citizenship which took seven years....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / /Tony Dejak
10 May 2013
An Ohio prosecutor has said he will seek aggravated murder charges, which could carry the death penalty, against a former Cleveland school bus driver accused of kidnapping and raping three women during a decade of captivity in his house ... Cuyahoga County prosecutor Timothy McGinty told a news conference that his office intends to pursue charges of kidnapping and sexual assault as well as aggravated murder ... First public appearance ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
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Stockhouse
11 May 2013
SAN DIEGO and NORTH BERGEN, N.J., May 10, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Shareholder rights attorneys at Robbins Arroyo LLP announce that a purchaser of Vitamin Shoppe, Inc. (NYSE ... District Court for the District of New Jersey. The complaint alleges that Vitamin Shoppe and certain of its officers and directors violated the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 between May 8, 2012 and February 25, 2013 (the "Class Period"). ... Contact.....(size: 3.2Kb)
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noodls
11 May 2013
(Source. Oncolytics Biotech Inc). 05/10/2013 17.30.00 Oncolytics Biotech® Inc. Announces Director Election Results from its Annual and Special Meeting of Shareholders. CALGARY, May 10, 2013 /CNW/ - Oncolytics Biotech Inc. (TSX. ONC, NASDAQ ... About Oncolytics Biotech Inc ... www.oncolyticsbiotech.com. This press release contains forward-looking statements, within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ... (noodl....(size: 3.9Kb)
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Stockhouse
11 May 2013
District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaint alleges that Delcath and certain of its officers and directors violated the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 between April 21, 2010 and May 2, 2013 (the "Class Period"). Delcath operates as a specialty pharmaceutical and medical device company focusing on the field of ......(size: 4.6Kb)
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noodls
11 May 2013
(Source. Lihua International Inc) Lihua International Reports First Quarter 2013 Financial Results. First Quarter Revenue Increases 29.1% Year-over-Year to $218.2 Million ... (NASDAQ ... March 31,. 2013 ... This press release contains certain statements that may be deemed to be "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended....(size: 20.2Kb)
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noodls
10 May 2013
(Source. Reserve Bank of India) Date . 10 May 2013 Money Market Operations as on May 09, 2013 (Amount in ` crore, Rate in per cent) Volume Wtd.Avg.Rate Range (One Leg) A. Overnight Segment (I+II+III+IV). 103,690.14. 7.28. 6.30-7.80 I. Call Money. 19,901.22. 7.31. 6.30-7.35 II. CBLO. 53,738.00. 7.25 ... - ... ^ Under Section 17(4-J) of the RBI Act 1934. ~ Under Section 17(3-A) of the RBI Act 1934....(size: 2.8Kb)
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noodls
10 May 2013
(Source. Horsham District Council). 09 May 2013. Please find a news item from Horsham District Council's Horsham Museum and Art Gallery. ... The exhibitions, 'The Artist as a Young Man. Bainbridge Copnall in Horsham, 1913-1934' and 'Abstract adventurer ... . Bainbridge Copnall came to Horsham with his father, the celebrated photographer ... ... ... Bainbridge Copnall in Horsham, 1913-1934' and 'Abstract Adventurer ... distributed by....(size: 3.9Kb)
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The Independent
10 May 2013
When Shamshad Begum entered the British Raj-era film business as a playback singer, that term had not been coined. She was one of an uncredited band of behind-the-scenes vocalists who sang words through actors' lips as they mimed to pre-recorded songs ... Punjabi-language film took off slowly from 1934 ... born Amritsar, Punjab, British India 14 April 1919; married 1934 Ganpat Lal Batto (died 1955; one daughter); died Mumbai 23 April 2013. ....(size: 4.5Kb)
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Stockhouse
10 May 2013
This Press Release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are based upon current expectations or beliefs, as well as a number of assumptions about future events, including matters ......(size: 1.5Kb)
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LA Daily News
10 May 2013
By Dennis McCarthy, Columnistdailynews.com. Posted. 05/09/2013 04.58.28 PM PDT. May 10, 2013 12.5 AM GMTUpdated. 05/09/2013 05.04.38 PM PDT ... No, it never does. And, yes, her story is what I'm looking for today ... Which she didn't ... Sonia was born in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, in 1934 ... Big money....(size: 1.6Kb)
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Stockhouse
10 May 2013
The complaint alleges violations of federal securities laws, Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5, including allegations of issuing a series of material or false misrepresentations to the market which had the effect of artificially inflating the market price during the ......(size: 1.6Kb)
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Business Wire
10 May 2013
JEFFERSON CITY, Mo.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Hawthorn Bancshares of Jefferson City, MO (NASDAQ ... About Hawthorn Bancshares ... Statements made in this press release that suggest Hawthorn Bancshares' or management's intentions, hopes, beliefs, expectations, or predictions of the future include "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ... Contacts ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
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The Times of India
10 May 2013
LONDON. A pair of sandals formerly owned by Mahatma Gandhi is to go under the hammer in Britain later this month. Auction house Mullock's said the battered leather shoes, due to be sold on May 21, were expected to fetch up to £15,000 ($23,000, 18,000 euros) despite being "in a bad state" ... The auction house said the sandals had come from Gandhi's home in Juhu, western India, where he lived between 1917 and 1934 ... mc-kjl/gj/boc. ....(size: 2.2Kb)
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The Hollywood Reporter
10 May 2013
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. Email Print Comments ... Donato Sardella/Getty Images for EIF. Jamie Tisch and James Ferragamo at an Unforgettable Evening on May 2 in Los Angeles ... The Wallis Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts will be comprised of two distinct buildings off Little Santa Monica Bolevard in Beverly Hills — the historic 1934 Italianate-style Beverly Hills Post office and the new 500-seat, state-of-the-art Goldsmith theater ... 0 ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
This article is about the year 1934.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1900s 1910s 1920s – 1930s – 1940s 1950s 1960s |
| Years: | 1931 1932 1933 – 1934 – 1935 1936 1937 |
| 1934 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1934 MCMXXXIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2687 |
| Armenian calendar | 1383 ԹՎ ՌՅՁԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6684 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 90–91 |
| Bengali calendar | 1341 |
| Berber calendar | 2884 |
| British Regnal year | 23 Geo. 5 – 24 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2478 |
| Burmese calendar | 1296 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7442–7443 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸酉年十一月十六日 (4570/4630-11-16) — to —
甲戌年十一月廿五日(4571/4631-11-25) |
| Coptic calendar | 1650–1651 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1926–1927 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5694–5695 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1990–1991 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1856–1857 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5035–5036 |
| Holocene calendar | 11934 |
| Iranian calendar | 1312–1313 |
| Islamic calendar | 1352–1353 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 9 (昭和9年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4267 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 23 民國23年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2477 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1934 |
Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1
- Alcatraz becomes a prison.
- International Telecommunication Union.
- Nazi Germany passes the "Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring".
- January 7 – The first Flash Gordon comic strip is published.
- January 10 – Marinus van der Lubbe is executed in Germany.
- January 13 – The Candidate of Science degree is established in the USSR.
- January 20 – The Japanese company Fuji Photo Film is established.
- January 24
- The new Constitution of Estonia enters into force.
- Einstein visits the White House.
- January 26
- The Apollo Theater opens in Harlem, New York City.
- The 10 year German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact is signed by Germany and the Second Polish Republic.
- The Republic of Austria abolishes the jury trial by decree.[1]
February[link]
- February 6 – French political crisis: The French far right leagues rally in front of the Palais Bourbon, in an attempted coup against the Third Republic.
- February 9
- Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia have formed the Balkan Pact.
- Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France.
- February 12 – The Export-Import Bank is incorporated.
- February 12–February 16 – Austrian Civil War
- February 16 – Commission of Government sworn in as form of direct rule for the Dominion of Newfoundland.
- February 21 – Augusto César Sandino is assassinated in Managua by the National Guard.
- February 22 – Frank Capra's It Happened One Night, starring Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert, is released. It becomes a smash hit and the first of Capra's great screen classics. It becomes the first film to win all 5 of the major Academy Awards – Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Picture. Gable and Colbert receive their only Oscars for this film.
- February 23 – Léopold III becomes King of Belgium.
March[link]
- March 1 – Manchuria becomes Manchukuo, following an invasion by the Japanese.
- March 3
- John Dillinger escapes from jail in Crown Point, Indiana, using a wooden pistol.
- Erich Franke invents the wire bearing (today wire race bearing) and files a patent application.
- March 8 – Prince Sigvard of Sweden loses his titles because of his marriage.
- March 12 – Konstantin Päts and general Johan Laidoner stage a coup in Estonia, and ban all political parties.
- March 13 – John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson and their gang rob the First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa.
- March 20
- All the police forces in Germany come under the command of Heinrich Himmler.
- The Great Hakodate fire kills at least 2,166 people in southern Hokkaido, Japan.
- March 24 – The Philippine Commonwealth becomes established allowing for more self-government from the United States.
April[link]
- April 1 – Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker kill 2 young highway patrolmen near Grapevine, Texas.
- April 6 – Rudyard Kipling and William Butler Yeats are awarded the Gothenburg Prize for Poetry.
- April 12
- U.S. publication of the novel Tender Is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald
- The worlds largest ever recorded surface wind speed of 231 miles per hour was recorded on the summit of Mt. Washington NH.
- April 19 – Surgeon R.K. Wilson allegedly photographs the Loch Ness Monster.
- April 22 – John Dillinger and two others shoot their way out of an FBI ambush in northern Wisconsin.
- April 28 – FA Cup: Manchester City beat Portsmouth 2 – 1 at Wembley Stadium
- April 30 – The first S-train line in Copenhagen is opened. The Line started in Klampenborg and ended in Frederiksberg.
May[link]
- May 1 – The May Constitution of 1934 heralds the beginning of the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria
- May 5 – The first Three Stooges short, Woman Haters, is released.
- May 7 – The Pearl of Lao Tzu, 24 x 14 cm, is found in a giant clam off Palawan, Philippines.
- May 11 – Dust Bowl: A strong 2-day dust storm removes massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst dust storms of the Dust Bowl.
- May 15
- The United States Department of Justice offers a $25,000 reward for John Dillinger.
- Kārlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.
- May 19 – Kimon Georgiev stages a coup d'etat in Bulgaria.
- May 23 – A team of police officers, led by former Texas Ranger Frank Hamer, ambush bank robbers Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow near Gibsland, Louisiana, killing them both.
- May 24
- Tomáš Masaryk is re-elected president of Czechoslovakia.
- The 5-day "Battle of Toledo" starts during the Auto-Lite strike in Toledo, Ohio.
- May 28 – Near Callander, Ontario, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne, becoming the first quintuplets to survive infancy.
- May 29 – May 31 – The Confessional Synod of the German Evangelical Church meets in Barmen, Germany to write the Barmen Declaration.
June[link]
- June 6 – New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
- June 9 – The animated short The Wise Little Hen, directed by Bert Gillett for the Silly Symphonies series, and featuring the debut of Donald Duck, is released.
- June 10 – Italy beats Czechoslovakia 2–1 after extra time to win the 1934 World Cup.
- June 12 – Political parties are banned in Bulgaria.
- June 14 – Max Baer defeats champion Primo Carnera for the world heavyweight boxing title.
- June 18 – The Indian Reorganization Act is enacted.
- June 27
- The Emir of Yemen and ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty.
- The Canberra Times documents the attack of an unknown spider species upon the Chilean town of Antofagasta.[2]
- June 28 – Division of Grazing created within the Department of the Interior.
- June 30
- The Nazi SA camp Oranienburg becomes a national camp, taken over by the SS.
- Night of the Long Knives: Nazis purge the SA.
July[link]
- July 1
- Bureau of Air Commerce under Department of Commerce.
- The world famous Brookfield Zoo opens in Brookfield, Illinois.
- The Hays Office censorship code for motion pictures goes into full effect in the United States.
- July 10 – German Social Democrat and author Erich Mühsam is killed in Oranienburg concentration camp.
- July 17 – The North Dakota Supreme Court declares Lieutenant Governor Ole H. Olson the legitimate governor and tells William Langer to resign. Langer proceeds to declare North Dakota independent. He revokes the declaration after the Supreme Court justices meet him.
- July 22 – Outside Chicago's Biograph Theatre, "Public Enemy No. 1" John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents.
- July 25 – Austrian Nazis assassinate chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss during a failed coup attempt.
August[link]
- August 2 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany, becoming head of state as well as Chancellor.
- August 8 – The Wehrmacht swears a personal oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler.
- August 13 – The comic strip Li'l Abner is first published in US newspapers.
- August 19
- The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio.
- In a referendum, 90% of the German population approves of Hitler's assumption of presidential powers as Führer and Reichskanzler.
- August 25 – Anti-union vigilantes seize the town of McGuffey, Ohio, during the Hardin County onion pickers strike.
September[link]
- September 5–10 – 8th Nuremberg Rally
- September 8 – Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner Morro Castle kills 134 people.
- September 19
- The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations.
- Bruno Richard Hauptmann is arrested in connection with the Lindbergh kidnapping case.
- September 21 – A typhoon in Honshū, Japan kills 3,036 people, and destroys the temple, schools, and other buildings in Osaka.
- September 22 – A gas explosion at Gresford Colliery in Wrexham, north-east Wales kills 266 miners and rescuers, one of Britain's worst coal mining disasters.
- September 28
- Afghanistan joins the League of Nations.
- A trial for the custody of young Gloria Vanderbilt begins; it lasts seven weeks and ends with a compromise.
- September 29 – Stanley Matthews makes his England debut, beginning a record 23-year international career.
October[link]
- October 2 – A tornado in Osaka and Kyoto kills 1,660, injures 5,400, and destroys the rice harvest.
- October 5 – Miners rebel in Asturias, Spain (see Asturian miners' strike of 1934).
- October 6 – Catalonian separatists rebel in Spain.
- October 9 – King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Louis Barthou are assassinated during the king's state visit in Marseilles.
- October 16 – The Long March of the Chinese Communists begins.
- October 22 – Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd is shot and killed by FBI agents near East Liverpool, Ohio.
November[link]
- November 13 – The Italian government decrees that teachers must wear a military or party uniform in a class.
- November 21
- The MCC makes an ultimately controversial decision to alter the lbw rule so a batsman can be lbw to a ball pitching outside off stump. The change is later blamed for many problems developing during the 1950s, primarily negative bowling outside leg stump to a field of short-leg fieldsmen.
- Cole Porter's musical Anything Goes, starring Ethel Merman, premieres in New York City.
- November 23 – An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden discovers an Italian garrison at Walwal, which lays well within Ethiopian territory. This encounter leads to the Abyssinia Crisis.
- November 26 – Universal Pictures releases the first film version of Fannie Hurst's novel, Imitation of Life, starring Claudette Colbert and Louise Beavers. It gives Beavers, usually featured in small roles as a maid, her best screen role, and features the largest supporting role played by a black person in a Hollywood film up till then. Its storyline partially revolves around a young mulatto girl rejecting her mother and trying to "pass for white". It is the first Hollywood film to seriously deal with this subject.
- November 27
- A running gun battle between FBI agents and bank robber Baby Face Nelson results in the death of one FBI agent and the mortal wounding of special agent Samuel P. Cowley, who was still able to mortally wound Nelson.
- Bolivian President Daniel Salamanca deposed.
December[link]
- December 1
- In the Soviet Union, Politburo member Sergei Kirov is shot and killed at the Communist Party headquarters in Leningrad by Leonid Nikolaev (it is widely thought that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered this murder).
- In Mexico, Lázaro Cárdenas is inaugurated as President of that country.
- December 5 – Abyssinia Crisis: Ethiopian and Italian troops exchange gunfire. Reported casualties for the Ethiopians are 150, and for the Italians 50.
- December 18 – A low-key fascist conference is held in Moreaux.
- December 24 – Actor Lionel Barrymore begins what will become an annual tradition of the Golden Age of Radio – playing the role of Ebenezer Scrooge in dramatizations of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol. Barrymore continues playing Scrooge on radio until shortly before his death in 1954. He will also make a 78-RPM record album of the classic story, which will later be released on LP.
- December 26 – An American Airlines aircraft crashes in the Adirondack Mountains.
- December 27 – Persia becomes Iran.
- December 29 – Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.
Date unknown[link]
- International Union of National Tourist Propaganda Organizations (IUNTPO).
- The "British Committee for Relations with Other Countries", which will become the British Council, is set up to foster cultural relations.[3]
- The sonoluminescence effect is discovered.
- The GPU becomes the NKVD.
- Abidjan becomes the capital of the French colony of Côte d'Ivoire.
- The U.S. Marines leave Haiti.
- US Congress makes the Philippines a self-governing commonwealth and schedules independence for 1944. Sugar imports are reduced and immigration is limited to 50 Filipino people per year.
- The house Fallingwater in southwestern Pennsylvania is designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
- The Quintette du Hot Club de France is established and produced two of the most famous Jazz instrumental icons Stéphane Grappelli and Django Reinhardt.
- This year is the hottest year in the United States on record.[4]
Births[link]
January–February[link]
- January 7 – Charles Jenkins, American sprinter
- January 9 – Bart Starr, American football player
- January 11 – Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada
- January 12 – Mick Sullivan, English rugby league footballer
- January 13 – Rip Taylor, American comedian
- January 16 – Marilyn Horne, American mezzo-soprano
- January 18 – Raymond Briggs, British writer and illustrator
- January 20
- January 22
- Nolan Strong, Detroit doo-wop singer with The Diablos
- Graham Kerr, British television personality
- Bill Bixby, American actor and director (My Favorite Maritan, The Courtship of Eddie's Father and The Incredible Hulk) (d. 1993)
- January 23 – Lou Antonio, American actor and director
- January 24 – Stanisław Grochowiak, Polish poet and dramatist (d. 1976)
- January 30 – Tammy Grimes, American actress
- February 5 – Hank Aaron, African-American baseball player
- February 7 – Earl King, American musician (d. 2003)
- February 10 – Fleur Adcock, New Zealand poet
- February 11
- Tina Louise, American actress (Gilligan's Island)
- Mary Quant, British fashion designer
- John Surtees, British race car driver
- February 12
- Anne Krueger, American economist
- Bill Russell, African-American basketball player
- February 13 – George Segal, American actor (The Hot Rock)
- February 14
- Michel Corboz, Swiss conductor
- Florence Henderson, American actress (The Brady Bunch)
- February 15 – Niklaus Wirth, Swiss computer scientist
- February 16 – Harold "Hal" & Herbert "Herbie" Kalin, American singers (The Kalin Twins) (d. 2005 and 2006, respectively)
- February 17
- Alan Bates, British actor (d. 2003)
- Barry Humphries, Australian actor and comedian
- February 18 – Ronald F. Marryott, American admiral (d. 2005)
- February 20 – Bobby Unser, American race car driver
- February 21 – Rue McClanahan, American actress (d. 2010)
- February 22
- Sparky Anderson, American baseball manager (d. 2010)
- Van Williams, American actor (The Green Hornet)
- February 23 – Augusto Algueró, Spanish composer (d. 2011)
- February 24
- Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2000)
- Renata Scotto, Italian soprano
- February 27
- Vincent Fourcade, French-born interior designer and socialite (d. 1992)
- Ralph Nader, American consumer activist and presidential candidate
March–April[link]
- March 1
- Jean-Michel Folon, Belgian sculptor (d. 2005)
- Joan Hackett, American actress (d. 1983)
- March 4
- Mario Davidovsky, Argentinian composer
- John Duffey, American bluegrass musician (d. 1996)
- Anne Haney, American actress (d. 2001)
- Barbara McNair, African-American singer and actress (d. 2007)
- Janez Strnad, Slovenian physicist
- March 5
- Daniel Kahneman, Israeli economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- Nicholas Smith, English actor
- March 7
- Franklin Clarke, American football player
- Willard Scott, American television weather reporter (Today Show)
- March 9
- Joyce Van Patten, American actress
- Yuri Gagarin, Russian cosmonaut, first man in space (d. 1968)
- Del Close, American actor, improviser, writer, and teacher (d. 1999)
- March 11 – Sam Donaldson, American reporter (ABC News)
- March 13 – Barry Hughart, American author
- March 14
- Paul Rader, General of The Salvation Army
- Eugene Cernan, American astronaut
- March 16
- Richard Layard, Baron Layard, British economist
- Ray Hnatyshyn, Governor-General of Canada (d. 2002)
- March 20 – Willie Brown, Mayor of San Francisco, California
- March 22
- Orrin Hatch, U.S. Senator from Utah
- Larry Martyn, British comedy actor (Are You Being Served?) (d. 1994)
- March 23 – Mark Rydell, American actor and director
- March 25 – Gloria Steinem, American feminist
- March 26 – Alan Arkin, American actor
- March 31
- Orion Samuelson, American television personality
- Richard Chamberlain, American actor (Dr. Kildare)
- Shirley Jones, American singer and actress (The Partridge Family)
- Carlo Rubbia, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 1
- Rod Kanehl, American baseball player (d. 2004)
- Vladimir Posner, Russian journalist
- Don Hastings, American actor
- April 2
- Paul Joseph Cohen, American mathematician
- Brian Glover, British actor and wrestler (d. 1997)
- April 3 – Jane Goodall, British zoologist
- April 5 – Roman Herzog, former President of Germany
- April 6 – Enrique Álvarez Félix, Mexican actor (d. 1996)
- April 9 – Bill Birch, New Zealand politician
- April 11 – Mark Strand, Canadian-born American poet
- April 14 – Loretta Lynn, American country singer
- April 18 – James Drury, American actor (The Virginian)
- April 24
- Shirley MacLaine, American actress
- Jayakanthan, Tamil writer
- April 25
- Peter McParland, Irish footballer
- Denny Miller, American actor (Wagon Train)
- April 29
- Otis Rush, American musician
- Akira Takarada, Japanese actor
- Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires, President of Cape Verde
May–June[link]
- May 3 – Henry Cooper, British boxer
- May 6 – Richard Shelby, U. S. senator from Alabama
- May 9 – Alan Bennett, British actor and writer
- May 13 – Leon Wagner, American baseball player (d. 2004)
- May 15 – George Roper, British comedian (d. 2003)
- May 18 – Dwayne Hickman, American actor (The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis)
- May 19 – Jim Lehrer, American television journalist for PBS (MacNeil-Lehrer NewsHour)
- May 21 – Bengt I. Samuelsson, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 22 – Peter Nero, American pianist
- May 23 – Robert Moog, American inventor of the synthesizer (d. 2005)
- May 24 – Barry Rose, British choir director and organist
- May 27 – Harlan Ellison, American writer
- May 28 – Dionne quintuplets, Canadian quintuplets
- May 30 – Aleksei Leonov, Russian cosmonaut
- June 1
- Pat Boone, American actor and singer
- Ken Rex McElroy, American murder victim (d. 1981)
- June 3 – Rolland D. McCune, American theologian
- June 4
- Dame Daphne Sheldrick, Kenyan conservationist and author
- Dame Monica Dacon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines schoolteacher, educator and politician
- June 5 – Bill Moyers, American journalist
- June 6 – King Albert II of Belgium
- June 16
- Dame Eileen Atkins, British actress
- William Forsyth Sharpe, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 20 – Samuel Zoll, Massachusetts jurist (d. 2011)
- June 25 – Beatriz Sheridan, Mexican actress and director (d. 2006)
- June 26 – Jeremy Wolfenden, British journalist (d. 1965)
- June 28 – Carl Levin, United States Senator
- June 30 – Harry Blackstone Jr., American magician (d. 1997)
July–August[link]
- July 1
- Jean Marsh,actress
- Jamie Farr, American actor (best known as Klinger on M*A*S*H)
- Sydney Pollack, American film director (d. 2008)
- July 10 – Jerry Nelson, American puppeteer
- July 11 – Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer
- July 12 – Van Cliburn, American pianist
- July 13
- Wole Soyinka, Nigerian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- Aleksei Yeliseyev, Russian cosmonaut
- July 14 – John Tyndall, British politician (d. 2005)
- July 15 – Harrison Birtwistle, British composer
- July 21 – Jonathan Miller, British theatre director
- July 25 – Luang Por Sumedho, Theravada Buddhist representative in the West
- July 28 – Bud Luckey, Pixar animator, a American voice actor
- July 30 – Bud Selig, American Major League Baseball commissioner
- August 2 – Valery Bykovsky, Russian cosmonaut
- August 3 – Jonas Savimbi, Angolan political and rebel leader (d. 2002)
- August 4 – Dallas Green, American baseball manager and executive
- August 5
- Wendell Berry, American novelist, essayist, poet
- Gay Byrne, Irish broadcaster
- August 6 – Billy Boston, Welsh rugby league footballer
- August 15 – Nino Ferrer, French singer (d. 1998)
- August 16
- Diana Wynne Jones, British writer (d. 2011)
- Donnie Dunagan, American actor
- August 18
- Vincent Bugliosi, American prosecutor and author (Helter Skelter)
- Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player (d. 1972)
- August 19 – Renée Richards, American transsexual physician and tennis player
- August 20
- Armi Kuusela, Miss Universe 1952
- Tom Mangold, British journalist and author
- August 22 – Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. Army general
- August 23
- Sonny Jurgensen, American football player
- Barbara Eden, American actress (I Dream of Jeannie)
- August 25
- Eddie Ilarde, Filipino broadcaster and politician
- Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, former President of Iran
- August 26 – Tom Heinsohn, American baseketball player, coach, and broadcaster
- August 30
- Anatoli Solonitsyn, Russian actor (d. 1982)
- Helen Craig, English children's author, illustrator (Angelina Ballerina)
September–October[link]
- September 2
- Dominic Chianese, American actor
- Grady Nutt, American humorist (d. 1982)
- September 4 – Clive Granger, Welsh-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009)
- September 7 – Little Milton, American musician
- September 8 – Peter Maxwell Davies, English composer
- September 10 – Charles Kuralt, American journalist (On The Road) (d. 1997)
- September 15 – Fred Nile, Australian Christian politician
- September 16
- Ronnie Drew, Irish Dubliner Band Singer (d. 2008)
- Elgin Baylor, American basketball player and executive
- September 17
- Binoy Majumdar, Indian Hungryalist Poet.
- Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (d. 1969)
- September 19 – Brian Epstein, English manager of the Beatles (d. 1967)
- September 20
- Sophia Loren, Italian actress
- Takayuki Kubota, martial artist and founder of the Gosoku-ryu style of karate
- September 21 – Leonard Cohen, Canadian poet, novelist and singer/songwriter
- September 22 – Lute Olson, American basketball coach
- September 23 – Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan
- September 24
- Tommy Anderson, Scottish footballer
- Robert Lang, English actor of stage and television (d. 2004)
- September 27
- Beverly Armstrong, American female professional baseball player
- Wilford Brimley, American actor
- September 28 – Brigitte Bardot, French actress, sex symbol of the 1950s and 60's, and animal rights activist
- September 30
- Alan A'Court, English footballer (d. 2009)
- Anna Kashfi, Welsh actress
- October 1
- Chuck Hiller, baseball player (d. 2004)
- Shakeb Jalali Urdu poet (d. 1966)
- October 2 – Earl Wilson, baseball player (d. 2005)
- October 3 – Harold Henning, South African golfer (d. 2004)
- October 4 – Sam Huff, American football player
- October 9 – Jill Ker Conway, Australian-born author
- October 13 – Nana Mouskouri, Greek singer
- October 17 – Rico Rodriguez, Jamaican trombonist
- October 18 – Chuck Swindoll, American evangelist
- October 20
- Michael Dunn, a.k.a. Gary Neil Miller, dwarf American actor and singer (The Wild Wild West) (d. 1973)
- Charles S. Liebman American-Israeli political scientist and author (d. 2003)
- October 30
- Frans Brüggen, Dutch flutist, recorder player, and conductor
- Hamilton Camp, English-American actor (d. 2005)
November–December[link]
- November 1 – Umberto Agnelli, Swiss-born automobile executive (d. 2004)
- November 6 – Barton Myers, American/Canadian architect
- November 7 – Jackie Joseph, American actress
- November 9 – Carl Sagan, American astronomer and television host (Cosmos) (d. 1996)
- November 10 – Joanna Moore, American actress (d. 1997)
- November 12 – Charles Manson, American cult leader and criminal
- November 13 – John Gowans, General of The Salvation Army
- November 15 – Irén Pavlics, Slovene authoress in Hungary
- November 17 – Jim Inhofe, United States Senator
- November 21 – Laurence Luckinbill, American actor
- November 24 – Alfred Schnittke, Volga German composer (d. 1998)
- November 27
- Ammo Baba, Assyrian soccer player
- Gilbert Strang, American mathematician
- November 30 – Lansana Conte, President of Guinea (d. 2008)
- December 2 – Andre Rodgers, American baseball player (d. 2004)
- December 3 – Viktor Gorbatko, Russian cosmonaut
- December 4
- Wink Martindale, American game show host and disc jockey (Tic Tac Dough)
- Victor French, American actor and director (d. 1989)
- December 5 – Joan Didion, American writer
- December 6 – Nick Bockwinkel, American professional wrestler
- December 9
- Judi Dench, British actress
- Junior Wells, American harmonica player (d. 1998)
- December 10 – Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
- December 18 – Boris Volynov, Russian cosmonaut
- December 19
- Aki Aleong, Trinidad and Tobago actor
- Al Kaline, American baseball player
- Rudi Carrell, Dutch singer and entertainer (d. 2006)
- Pratibha Patil, President of India
- December 24 – Stjepan Mesic, former President of Croatia
- December 27 – Larisa Latynina, Russian gymnast
- December 28
- Maggie Smith, British actress
- Yujiro Ishihara, Japanese actor (d. 1987)
- December 29 – Ed Flanders, American actor (St. Elsewhere) (d. 1995)
- December 30
- Joseph P. Hoar, U.S. Marine commander
- John Norris Bahcall, American astrophysicist (d. 2005)
- Del Shannon, American singer (Runaway) (d. 1990)
Date unknown[link]
- Paul Avery, American journalist (d. 2000)
Deaths[link]
January–March[link]
- January 6 – Herbert Chapman, English football manager (b. 1878)
- January 10 – Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (b. 1909)
- January 29 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- February 13 – József Pusztai slovene writer, poet, journalist in Hungary (b. 1864)
- February 17 – King Albert I of Belgium (b. 1875)
- February 23 – Edward Elgar, English composer (Pomp and Circumstance) (b. 1857)
- February 25 – John McGraw, American baseball player (b. 1873)
- March 1 – Charles Webster Leadbeater, English author and Theosophist (b.1854)
- March 15 – Davidson Black, Canadian-born paleoanthropologist (b.1884)
- March 20
- Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Dutch Queen and regent (b.1858)
- Sydney Deane, Australian cricketer and actor (b. 1863)
- March 21 – Lilyan Tashman, American actress (b. 1896)
- March 28 – Mahmoud Mokhtar, Egyptian sculptor (b. 1891)
- March 29 – Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born philanthropist (b. 1867)
April–June[link]
- April 11 – Gerald du Maurier, British actor (b. 1873)
- April 15 – Karl Dane, Danish actor (b. 1886)
- May 17 – Cass Gilbert, American architect (b. 1859)
- May 21 – Lew Cody, American actor (b. 1884)
- May 23
- Clyde Barrow, American outlaw (shot) (b. 1910)
- Bonnie Parker, American outlaw (shot) (b. 1910)
- May 25 – Gustav Holst, English composer (The Planets) (b. 1874)
- May 30 – Togo Heihachiro, Japanese admiral (b. 1848)
- June 8 – Dorothy Dell, American actress (b. 1915)
- June 10 – Frederick Delius, English composer (b. 1862)
- June 11 – Lev Vygotsky, Russian developmental psychologist (b. 1896)
- June 20 – Andrew Jackson Zilker, American philanthropist (b. 1858)
- June 30 – Murdered during the Night of the Long Knives:
- Karl Ernst, Nazi SA leader in Berlin (b. 1904)
- Edmund Heines, Deputy SA leader (b. 1897)
- Gregor Strasser, German politician, early Nazi leader (b. 1892)
- Kurt von Schleicher, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1882)
July–September[link]
- July 2 – Ernst Röhm, Nazi SA Leader (b. 1887)
- July 4
- Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (b. 1867)
- Hayyim Nahman Bialik The Israel's national poet (b. 1873)
- July 8 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (b. 1848)
- July 13 – Kate Sheppard, New Zealand Women's suffrage for voting (b. 1848)
- July 15 – Louis F. Gottschalk, American composer (b. 1864)
- July 22 – John Dillinger, American criminal (b. 1903)
- July 25
- François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (b. 1874)
- Englebert Dolfuss, Chancellor of Austria (assassinated) (b. 1892)
- Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist (b. 1889)
- July 26 – Winsor McCay, American comic creator and animator (b. 1871)
- July 27 – Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (b. 1854)
- July 28
- Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (b. 1868)
- Louis Tancred, South African cricketer (b. 1876)
- Edith Yorke, English actress (b. 1867)
- August 2 – Paul von Hindenburg, German general and politician (b. 1847)
- August 9 – Alfred Steux, Belgian road racing cyclist (b. 1892)
- August 10 – George W. Hill, American director (b. 1895)
- August 13 – Mary Hunter Austin, American writer of fiction and non-fiction (b. 1868)
- August 14 – Raymond Hood, American architect (b. 1881)
- August 17 – Charlotte Gilman, noted American poet and playwright (b. 1860)
- September 2
- Russ Columbo, American singer and actor (b. 1908)
- Alcide Nunez, American musician (b. 1884)
- September 9 – Roger Fry, British artist (b. 1866)
October–December[link]
- October 5 – Jean Vigo, French film director (b. 1905)
- October 9 – Alexander I of Yugoslavia, King of Yugoslavia (b. 1888)
- October 15 – Raymond Poincaré, French President (b. 1860)
- October 17 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1852)
- October 22 – Pretty Boy Floyd, American bank robber (b. 1904)
- October 29 – Lou Tellegen, Dutch actor (b. 1881)
- November 2 – Edmond James de Rothschild, French philanthropist (b. 1845)
- November 10 – Ion Farris, American politician, former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (b. 1878)
- November 16 – Alice Liddell, English schoolgirl, inspiration for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (b. 1852)
- November 22 – Harry Steppe, American vaudeville performer (b. 1888)
- November 27 – Baby Face Nelson, American gangster (b. 1908)
- November 30 – Hélène Boucher, French aviatrix (b. 1908)
- December 1 – Sergei Kirov, Soviet politician (b. 1886)
- December 6 – Duke Charles Michael of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1863)
- December 22 – Wallace Thurman, American writer (b. 1902)
- December 28 – Lowell Sherman, American actor and director (b. 1885)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – awarded to Anabel King
- Chemistry – Harold Clayton Urey
- Physiology or Medicine – George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
- Literature – Luigi Pirandello
- Peace – Arthur Henderson
References[link]
- ^ Vogler, Richard (2005). A World View of Criminal Justice. International and Comparative Criminal Justice. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-0-7546-2467-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=rN90FSGhr-cC&pg=PA237.
- ^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2359868
- ^ "1930s and 1940s". British Council. http://www.britishcouncil.org/history-when-1930s-1940s.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2007/08/1934-and-all-that/
- The 1930s Timeline: 1934 – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
http://wn.com/1934
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Paul Otlet | |
|---|---|
| 200px | |
| Born | 23 August 1868 Belgium |
| Died | 10 December 1944(1944-12-10) (aged 76) |
| Citizenship | Belgium |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Fields | Information science |
| Institutions | Institut International de Bibliographie (now the International Federation for Information and Documentation) |
| Alma mater | Catholic University of Leuven; Université Libre de Bruxelles |
| Known for | one of several people who have been considered the father of information science |
| Influences | Henri La Fontaine, Edmond Picard, Melvil Dewey |
| Influenced | Andries van Dam, Suzanne Briet, Douglas Engelbart, J.C.R. Licklider, Ted Nelson, Tim Berners-Lee, Vannevar Bush, Michael Buckland, Robert M. Hayes, Luciano Floridi, Frederick Kilgour, Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov, S. R. Ranganathan, Gerald Salton, Jesse Shera, Warren Weaver |
Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (French pronunciation: [ɔtle], English: /ɒtˈleɪ/) (23 August 1868 – 10 December 1944) was an author, entrepreneur, visionary, lawyer and peace activist; he is one of several people who have been considered the father of information science, a field he called "documentation". Otlet created the Universal Decimal Classification, one of the most prominent examples of faceted classification. Otlet was responsible for the widespread adoption in Europe of the standard American 3x5 inch index card used until recently in most library catalogs around the world (by now largely displaced by the advent of online public access catalogs (OPAC)). Otlet wrote numerous essays on how to collect and organize the world's knowledge, culminating in two books, the Traité de documentation (1934) and Monde: Essai d'universalisme (1935).
In 1907, following a huge international conference, Henri La Fontaine and Otlet created the Central Office of International Associations, which was renamed to the Union of International Associations in 1910, and which is still located in Brussels. They also created a great international center called at first Palais Mondial (World Palace), later, the Mundaneum to house the collections and activities of their various organizations and institutes.
Otlet was also an idealist and peace activist, pushing internationalist political ideas that were embodied in the League of Nations and its International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (forerunner of UNESCO), working alongside his colleague Henri La Fontaine, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1913, to achieve their ideas of a new world polity that they saw arising from the global diffusion of information and the creation of new kinds of international organization.
Early life and career[link]
Otlet was born in Brussels, Belgium on 23 August 1868, the oldest child of Édouard Otlet (Brussels 13 June 1842-Blaquefort, France, 20 October 1907) and Maria (née Van Mons). His father, Édouard, was a wealthy businessman who made his fortune selling trams around the world. His mother died in 1871 at the age of 24, when Otlet was three. Through his mother, he was related to the Van Mons family, a prosperous family, and to the Verhaeren family, of which Emile Verhaeren was one of the most important Belgian poets.
His father kept him out of school, hiring tutors instead, until he was 11, believing that classrooms were a stifling environment. Otlet, as a child, had few friends, and played regularly only with his younger brother Maurice. He soon developed a love of reading and books.
At the age of 6, a temporary decline in his father's wealth caused the family to move to Paris. At the age of 11, Paul went to school for the first time, a Jesuit school in Paris, where he stayed for the next three years. The family then returned to Brussels, and Paul studied at the prestigious Collège Saint-Michel in Brussels for high school. In 1894, his father became a senator in the Belgian Senate for the Catholic Party (until 1900). His father remarried to Valerie Linden, daughter of famed botanist Jean Jules Linden; the two eventually had five additional children. The family travelled often during this time, going on holidays and business trips to Italy, France and Russia.
Otlet was educated at the Catholic University of Leuven and at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, where he earned a law degree on 15 July 1890. He married his step-cousin, Fernande Gloner, soon afterward, on 9 December 1890. He then clerked with famed lawyer Edmond Picard, a friend of his father's.
Otlet soon became dissatisfied with his legal career, and began to take an interest in bibliography. His first published work on the subject was the essay "Something about bibliography", written in 1892. In it he expressed the belief that books were an inadequate way to store information, because the arrangement of facts contained within them was an arbitrary decision on the part of the author, making individual facts difficult to locate. A better storage system, Otlet wrote in his essay, would be cards containing individual "chunks" of information, that would allow "all the manipulations of classification and continuous interfiling." In addition would be needed "a very detailed synoptic outline of knowledge" that could allow classification of all of these chunks of data.
In 1891, Otlet met Henri La Fontaine, a fellow lawyer with shared interests in bibliography and international relations, and the two became good friends. They were commissioned in 1892 by Belgium's Societé des Sciences sociales et politiques (Society of social and political sciences) to create bibliographies for various of the social sciences; they spent three years doing this. In 1895, they discovered the Dewey Decimal Classification, a library classification system that had been invented in 1876. They decided to try to expand this system to cover the classification of facts that Otlet had previously imagined. They wrote to the system's creator, Melvil Dewey, asking for permission to modify his system in this way; he agreed, so long as their system was not translated into English. They began work on this expansion soon afterwards.
During this time, Otlet and his wife then had two sons, Marcel and Jean, in quick succession.
Otlet founded the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB) in 1895, later renamed as (in English) the International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID).
The Universal Bibliographic Repertory[link]
In 1895, Otlet and La Fontaine also began the creation of a collection of index cards, meant to catalog facts, that came to be known as the "Repertoire Bibliographique Universel" (RBU), or the "Universal Bibliographic Repertory". By the end of 1895 it had grown to 400,000 entries; later it would reach a height of over 15 million.
In 1896, Otlet set up a fee-based service to answer questions by mail, by sending the requesters copies of the relevant index cards for each query; scholar Alex Wright has referred to the service as an "analog search engine".[1] By 1912, this service responded to over 1,500 queries a year. Users of this service were even warned if their query was likely to produce more than 50 results per search.
Otlet envisioned a copy of the RBU in each major city around the world, with Brussels holding the master copy. At various times between 1900 and 1914, attempts were made to send full copies of the RBU to cities such as Paris, Washington, D.C. and Rio de Janeiro; however, difficulties in copying and transportation meant that no city received more than a few hundred thousand cards.
The Universal Decimal Classification[link]
In 1904, Otlet and La Fontaine began to publish their classification scheme, which they termed the Universal Decimal Classification. They completed this initial publication in 1907. The system defines not only detailed subject classifications, but also an algebraic notation for referring to the intersection of several subjects; for example, the notation "31:[622+669](485)" refers to the statistics of mining and metallurgy in Sweden. The UDC is an example of an analytico-synthetic classification, i.e., it permits the linking of one concept to another. Although some have described it as faceted, it is not, though there are some faceted elements in it. A truly faceted classification consists solely of simple concepts; there are many compound concepts listed in the UDC. It is still used by many libraries and bibliographic services outside the English-speaking world, and in some non-traditional contexts such as the BBC Archives.
Personal difficulties and World War I[link]
In 1906, with his father Édouard near death and his businesses falling apart, Paul and his brother and five step-siblings formed a company, Otlet Frères ("Brothers Otlet") to try to manage these businesses, which included mines and railways. Paul, though he was consumed with his bibliographic work, became president of the company. In 1907, Édouard died, and the family struggled to maintain all parts of the business. In April 1908, Paul Otlet and his wife began divorce proceedings. Otlet remarried in 1912, to Cato Van Nederhesselt.
In 1913, La Fontaine won the Nobel Peace Prize, and invested his winnings into Otlet and La Fontaine's bibliographic ventures, which were suffering from lack of funding. Otlet journeyed to the United States in early 1914 to try to get additional funding from the U.S. Government, but his efforts soon came to a halt due to the outbreak of World War I. Otlet returned to Belgium, but quickly fled after it became occupied by the Germans; he spent the majority of the war in Paris and various cities in Switzerland. Both his sons fought in the Belgian army, and one of them, Jean, died during the war in the Battle of the Yser.
Otlet spent much of the war trying to bring about peace, and the creation of multinational institutions that he felt could avert future wars. In 1914, he published a book, "La Fin de la Guerre" ("The End of War") that defined a "World Charter of Human Rights" as the basis for an international federation.
The Mundaneum[link]
Main article: Mundaneum
In 1910, Otlet and La Fontaine first envisioned a "city of knowledge", which Otlet originally named the "Palais Mondial" ("World Palace"), that would serve as a central repository for the world's information. In 1919, soon after the end of World War I, they convinced the government of Belgium to give them the space and funding for this project, arguing that it would help Belgium bolster its bid to house the League of Nations headquarters. They were given space in the left wing of the Palais du Cinquantenaire, a government building in Brussels. They then hired staff to help add to their Universal Bibliographic Repertory. The Palais Mondial was briefly shuttered in 1922, due to lack of support from the government of Prime Minister Georges Theunis, but was reopened after lobbying from Otlet and La Fontaine. Otlet renamed the Palais Mondial to the Mundaneum in 1924. The RBU steadily grew to 13 million index cards in 1927; by its final year, 1934, it had reached over 15 million.[2] Index cards were stored in custom-designed cabinets, and indexed according to the Universal Decimal Classification. The collection also grew to include files (including letters, reports, newspaper articles, etc.) and images, contained in separate rooms; the index cards were meant to catalog all of these as well. The Mundaneum eventually contained 100,000 files and millions of images.
In 1934, the Belgian government again cut off funding for the project, and the offices were closed. (Otlet protested by keeping vigil outside the locked offices, but to no avail.) The collection remained untouched within those offices, however, until 1940, when Germany invaded Belgium. Requisitioning the Mundaneum's quarters to hold a collection of Third Reich art and destroying substantial amounts of its collections in the process, the Germans forced Otlet and his colleagues to find a new home for the Mundaneum. In a large but decrepit building in Leopold Park they reconstituted the Mundaneum as best as they could, and there it remained until it was forced to move again in 1972, well after Otlet's death.
The World City[link]
The World City or Cité Mondiale is a utopian vision by Paul Otlet of a city which like a universal exhibition brings together all the leading institutions of the world.[3] The World City would radiate knowledge to the rest of the world and construct peace and universal cooperation. Otlet’s idea to design a utopian city dedicated to international institutions was largely inspired by the contemporary publication in 1913 by the Norwegian-American sculptor Hendrik Christian Andersen and the French architect Ernest Hébrard of an impressive series of Beaux-Arts plans for a World Centre of Communication (1913). For the design of his World City, Otlet collaborated with several architects. In this way a whole series of designs for the World City was developed. The most elaborated plans were: the design of a Mundaneum (1928) and a World City (1929) by Le Corbusier in Geneva next to the palace of the League of Nations, by Victor Bourgeois in Tervuren (1931) next to the Congo Museum, again by Le Corbusier (in collaboration with Huib Hoste) on the left bank in Antwerp (1933), by Maurice Heymans in Chesapeake Bay near Washington (1935), and by Stanislas Jassinski and Raphaël Delville on the left bank in Antwerp (1941). In these different designs the program of the World City stayed more or less fixed, containing a World Museum, a World University, a World Library and Documentation Centre, Offices for the International Associations, Offices or Embassies for the Nations, an Olympic Centre, a residential area, and a park.
Exploring new media[link]
Otlet integrated new media, as they were invented, into his vision of the networked knowledge-base of the future. In the early 1900s, Otlet worked with engineer Robert Goldschmidt on storing bibliographic data on microfilm (then known as "micro-photography"). These experiments continued into the 1920s, and by the late 1920s he attempted along with colleagues to create an encyclopedia printed entirely on microfilm, known as the Encyclopaedia Microphotica Mundaneum, which was housed in the Mundaneum. In the 1920s and 1930s, he wrote about radio and television as other forms of conveying information, writing in the 1934 Traité de documentation that "one after another, marvellous inventions have immensely extended the possibilities of documentation." In the same book, he predicted that media that would convey feel, taste and smell would also eventually be invented, and that an ideal information-conveyance system should be able to handle all of what he called "sense-perception documents".
Political views and involvement[link]
Otlet was a firm believer in international cooperation to promote both the spread of knowledge and peace between nations. The Union of International Associations, which he had founded in 1907 with Henri La Fontaine, later led to the development of both the League of Nations and the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, which was later merged into UNESCO.
In 1933, Otlet proposed building in Belgium near Antwerp a "gigantic neutral World City" to employ a massive amount of workers, in order to alleviate the unemployment generated by the Great Depression.[4]
Fade into oblivion[link]
Otlet died in 1944, soon before the end of World War II, having seen his major project, the Mundaneum, shuttered, and having lost all his funding sources.
According to Otlet scholar W. Boyd Rayward, "the First World War marked the end of the intellectual as well as sociopolitical era in which Otlet had functioned hitherto with remarkable success," after which Otlet began to lose the support of both the Belgian government and the academic community, and his ideas began to seem "grandiose, unfocused and passe."
In the wake of World War II, the contributions of Otlet to the field of information science were lost sight of in the rising popularity of the ideas of American information scientists such as Vannevar Bush, Douglas Engelbart, Ted Nelson and by such theorists of information organization as Seymour Lubetzky.
Rediscovery[link]
Beginning in the 1980s, and especially after the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s, new interest arose in Otlet's speculations and theories about the organization of knowledge, the use of information technologies, and globalization. His 1934 masterpiece, the Traité de documentation, was reprinted in 1989 by the Centre de Lecture publique de la Communauté française in Belgium.[5] (Neither the Traité nor its companion work, "Monde" (World) has been translated into English so far.) In 1990 Professor W. Boyd Rayward published an English translation of some of Otlet's writings.[6] He also published a biography of Otlet (1975) that was translated into Russian (1976) and Spanish (1996, 1999, and 2005).
In 1985, Belgian academic André Canonne raised the possibility of recreating the Mundaneum as an archive and museum devoted to Otlet and others associated with them; his idea initially was to house it in the Belgian city of Liège. Cannone, with substantial help from others, eventually managed to open the new Mundaneum in Mons, Belgium in 1998. This museum is still in operation, and contains the personal papers of Otlet and La Fontaine and the archives of the various organizations they created along with other collections important to the modern history of Belgium.
Analysis of Otlet's theories[link]
Otlet scholar W. Boyd Rayward has written that Otlet's thinking is a product of the 19th century and the philosophy of positivism, which holds that, through careful study and the scientific method, an objective view of the world can be gained. According to Rayward, his ideas placed him culturally and intellectually in the Belle Époque period of pre-World-War-I Europe, a period of great "cultural certitude".
Otlet's writings have sometimes been called prescient of the current World Wide Web. His vision of a great network of knowledge was centered on documents and included the notions of hyperlinks, search engines, remote access, and social networks—although these notions were described by different names.[7]
See also[link]
- People
- Ideas
- As We May Think
- External memory
- Global brain
- Hypermedia
- Hypertext
- Intelligence amplification
- Project Xanadu
- Victorian Internet
- World Brain
- World Wide Web
- Fields of study
References[link]
- ^ The web that time forgot, Alex Wright, The New York Times, 17 June 2008
- ^ Rayward, W. Boyd. "Visions of Xanadu: Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Hypertext.", Journal of the American Society for Information Science 4(4):235-250. May 1994.
- ^ In 2011 Wouter Van Acker completed his PhD on the visionary schemes and schemas of Paul Otlet.
- ^ Work for All the World, TIME Magazine, 23 January 1933
- ^ Traité De Documentation link to PDF of original manuscript
- ^ International Organisation and Dissemination of Knowledge link to PDF of original manuscript
- ^ Charles van den Heuvel, Building Society, Constructing Knowledge, Weaving the Web. In: W.Boyd Rayward [ed.] European Modernism and the Information Society. Informing the Present, Understanding the Past. Aldershot 2008, pp. 127-153
Bibliography[link]
edited by W. Boyd Rayward
- Van Acker, Wouter. Internationalist Utopias of Visual Education. The Graphic and Scenographic Transformation of the Universal Encyclopaedia in the Work of Paul Otlet, Patrick Geddes, and Otto Neurath. In Perspectives on Science, Vol.19, nr.1 (2011), p.32-80
- Wouter Van Acker and Geert Somsen, 'A Tale of Two World Capitals – the Internationalisms of Pieter Eijkman and Paul Otlet' in: Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire/Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Filologie en Geschiedenis, Vol. 90, nr.4 (2012)
- Wouter Van Acker, Universalism as Utopia. A Historical Study of the Schemes and Schemas of Paul Otlet (1868-1944), Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University Press, Zelzate (2011), ISBN 978-90-8578-459-3
- Buckland, Michael. Paul Otlet, Pioneer of Information Management.
- Ducheyne, Steffen. Paul Otlet's Theory of Knowledge and Linguistic Objectivism, Knowledge Organization 32, 2005, pp. 110–116.
- Heuvel, Charles van den, Building Society, Constructing Knowledge, Weaving the Web. In: W.Boyd Rayward [ed.] European Modernism and the Information Society. Informing the Present, Understanding the Past. Aldershot 2008, pp. 127–153
- Levie, Françoise. L'homme qui voulait classer le monde. Paul Otlet et le Mundaneum, Bruxelles, Les Impressions Nouvelles, 2006.
- Levie, Françoise. The Man Who Wanted to Classify the World, DVD, duration 60 minutes, Memento Production, 2006.
- Rayward, W. Boyd. Bibliography of the works of Paul Otlet.
- Rayward, W. Boyd. Otlet, Paul. International Organization and Dissemination of Knowledge: Selected Essays. (FID 684). Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.
- Rayward, W. Boyd. The Universe of Information: the Work of Paul Otlet for Documentation and international Organization. FID Publication 520; Moscow: Published for the International Federation for Documentation by the All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (Viniti), 1975, 390pp
- Rayward, W. Boyd. Universum informastsii Zhizn' i deiatl' nost' Polia Otle. Trans.R.S. Giliarevesky. Moscow: VINITI, 1976,402pp
- Rayward, W. Boyd. El Universo de la Documentacion: la obra de Paul Otlet sobra documentacion y organizacion internacional. Trans. Pilar Arnau Rived. Madrid: Mundarnau, 1996. 2 ed 1999; 3rd ed 2005
- Wright, Alex. Glut: Mastering Information Through the Ages. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, 2007.
- Wright, Alex. Forgotten Forefather, Boxes & Arrows, 10 November 2003.
- Judge, Anthony Union of International Associations – Virtual Organization. Paul Otlet's 100-year Hypertext Conundrum?
- Zurita Sánchez, Juan Manuel. El paradigma otletiano como base de un modelo para la organización y difusión del conocimiento científico. México, El Author, 2001. Tesina, Colegio de Bibliotecología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UNAM.
- Theater Adhoc, Performance Lecture The Humor and Tragedy of Completeness
- Theater Adhoc, A theatrical insight in the ideals and dilemmas of the world of Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine The Humor and Tragedy of Completeness (mainly in Dutch – translations on request)
- ALEX WRIGHT (17 June 2008). "The Web Time Forgot". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/science/17mund.html?ex=1371441600&en=dcb3569538ca10b7&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink. Retrieved 2008-08-10. , broad coverage of Paul Otlet by the New York Times
External links[link]
- Mundaneum
- Union of International Associations
- Universal Decimal Classification
- Documentary about Paul Otlet (Internet Archive)
- Biographer Boyd Rayward's Paul Otlet page
- Works by or about Paul Otlet in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Paul Otlet Case Study/ Analogous Spaces.Spaces of Information, Intellect and Action
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Otlet, Paul |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | author, entrepreneur, lawyer, peace activist |
| Date of birth | 23 August 1868 |
| Place of birth | Brussels, Belgium |
| Date of death | 10 December 1944 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Paul_Otlet
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Otlet
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Gertrude Michael | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | Lillian Gertrude Michael (1911-06-01)June 1, 1911 Talladega, Alabama, United States |
| Died | December 31, 1964(1964-12-31) (aged 53) Beverly Hills, California, United States |
| Years active | 1932–1961 |
Gertrude Michael (June 1, 1911, Talladega, Alabama – December 31, 1964, Beverly Hills, California) was an American film, stage and television actress.
Born as Lillian Gertrude Michael in Talladega, Alabama, she reportedly graduated from high school at the age of 14. She became a radio singer on the radio. She attended the University of Alabama and Converse College, Cincinnati. Her childhood home in Talladega, Alabama was destroyed by fire in 2007.
In 1929 in Cincinnati she made her stage debut in a stock company. She subsequently appeared on Broadway in Rachel Crothers' Caught Wet (1931). She entered the movies playing Richard Arlen's finaceé in Wayward (1932), but her best-remembered role is probably as Rita Ross in Murder at the Vanities (1934), one of the last pre-Code films, in which she sang an ode to marijuana (Sweet Marijuana).
She had an affair with writer Paul Cain (aka Peter Ruric).[citation needed] After they broke up, Cain wrote the role of the alcoholic lover (based on Michael) in his only novel published during his lifetime, Fast One.[citation needed]
Gertrude Michael died, aged 53, from undisclosed causes, in Beverly Hills, California.
Contents |
Partial filmography[link]
- Wayward (1932)
- Unashamed (1932)
- Sailor Be Good (1933)
- A Bedtime Story (1933)
- Night of Terror (1933)
- Ann Vickers (1933)
- I'm No Angel (1933)
- Cradle Song (1933)
- Search for Beauty (1934)
- Bolero (1934)
- George White's Scandals (1934) (uncredited)
- Hold That Girl (1934)
- I Believed in You (1934)
- The Witching Hour (1934)
- Murder at the Vanities (1934)
- Murder on the Blackboard (1934)
- The Notorious Sophie Lang (1934)
- Cleopatra (1934)
- Father Brown, Detective (1934)
- It Happened in New York (1935)
- Four Hours to Kill! (1935)
- The Last Outpost (1935)
- Till We Meet Again (1936)
- Woman Trap (1936)
- The Return of Sophie Lang (1936)
- Second Wife (1936)
- Forgotten Faces (1936)
- Make Way for a Lady (1936)
- Mr. Dodd Takes the Air (1937)
- Sophie Lang Goes West (1937)
- Star of the Circus (1938)
- Hidden Power (1939)
- Just Like a Woman (1939)
- Parole Fixer (1940)
- Women in Bondage (1943)
- Allotment Wives (1945)
- Flamingo Road (1949)
- Caged (1950)
- Women's Prison (1955)
Television appearances[link]
- Sea Hunt .... Mrs. Friedrich (1 episode, 1961)
- Perry Mason .... Helen Rucker (1 episode, 1958)
- Schlitz Playhouse of Stars (3 episodes, 1952–1957)
- The 20th Century-Fox Hour .... Kate (1 episode, 1957)
- The New Adventures of Charlie Chan .... Joyce Fenton (1 episode, 1957)
- Cameo Theatre (1 episode, 1955)
- Four Star Playhouse .... Fanny (1 episode, 1955)
- The Ford Television Theatre .... Belle (1 episode, 1954)
- Private Secretary .... Hollywood Star (1 episode, 1954)
- The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse .... Coralee (1 episode, 1954)
- Crown Theatre with Gloria Swanson (1 episode, 1954)
- Meet Corliss Archer ... Mrs. Wilson (1 episode)
- Cavalcade of America .... Major Pauline Cushman (1 episode)
References[link]
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gertrude Michael |
- Gertrude Michael at the Internet Movie Database
- Gertrude Michael at the Internet Broadway Database
- Gertrude Michael at AllRovi
- Gertrude Michael at Find a Grave
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Michael, Gertrude |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | June 1, 1911 |
| Place of birth | Talladega, Alabama, United States |
| Date of death | December 31, 1964 |
| Place of death | Beverly Hills, California, United States |
http://wn.com/Gertrude_Michael
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Michael
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Bela Lugosi | |
|---|---|
 Bela Lugosi in 1920 |
|
| Born | Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó (1882-10-20)20 October 1882 Lugos, Austria-Hungary (now Lugoj, Romania) |
| Died | 16 August 1956(1956-08-16) (aged 73) Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Cause of death | Heart attack |
| Resting place | Holy Cross Cemetery |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1917–1956 |
| Spouse | Ilona Szmick (1917–1920) (divorced) Ilona von Montagh (1921–1924) (divorced) Beatrice Weeks (1929–1929) (divorced) Lillian Arch (1933–1953) (divorced) 1 child[1] Hope Lininger (1955–1956) (his death) |
| Children | Bela George Lugosi |
| Parents | István Blaskó (father) Paula de Vojnich (mother) |
| Website | |
| http://www.lugosi.com | |
Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó (20 October 1882 – 16 August 1956), commonly known as Bela Lugosi, was a Hungarian actor of stage and screen.[2] He was best known for having played Count Dracula in the Broadway play and subsequent film version, as well as having starred in several of Ed Wood's low budget films in the last years of his career.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Lugosi, the youngest of four children,[3] was born as Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó in Lugos (at the time part of Austria–Hungary, now Lugoj in Romania), to Paula de Vojnich and István Blaskó, a banker.[4] He later based his last name on his hometown.[3] He and his sister Vilma were raised in a Roman Catholic family.[5] At the age of 12, Lugosi dropped out of school.[3] He began his acting career probably in 1901 or 1902. His earliest known performances are from provincial theaters in the 1903–1904 season, playing small roles in several plays and operettas.[6] He went on to Shakespeare plays and other major roles. Moving to Budapest in 1911, he played dozens of roles with the National Theater of Hungary in the period 1913–1919. Although Lugosi would later claim that he "became the leading actor of Hungary's Royal National Theater", almost all his roles there were small or supporting parts.[7]
During World War I, he served as an infantry lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian Army from 1914 to 1916. There he rose to the rank of captain in the ski patrol and was awarded a medal for being wounded at the Russian front.[3]
Due to his activism in the actors union in Hungary during the time of the Hungarian Revolution of 1919, he was forced to flee his homeland.[3] He first went to Vienna, Austria, and then settled in Berlin, Germany, in the Langestrasse where he continued acting.[3] Eventually, he traveled to New Orleans, United States as a crewman aboard a merchant ship.[3]
Career[link]
Early films[link]
Lugosi's first film appearance was in the 1917 movie Az ezredes (known in English as The Colonel). When appearing in Hungarian silent films he used the stage name Arisztid Olt. Lugosi made 12 films in Hungary between 1917 and 1918 before leaving for Germany. Following the collapse of Béla Kun's Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919, leftists and trade unionists became vulnerable. Lugosi was proscribed from acting due to his participation in the formation of an actors’ union. In exile in Germany, he began appearing in a small number of well received films, including adaptations of the Karl May novels, Auf den Trümmern des Paradieses (On the Brink of Paradise), and Die Todeskarawane (The Caravan of Death), opposite the ill-fated Jewish actress Dora Gerson. Lugosi left Germany in October 1920, intending to emigrate to the United States, and entered the country at New Orleans in December 1920. He made his way to New York and was legally inspected for immigration at Ellis Island in March 1921.[8] He declared his intention to become a U.S. citizen in 1928, and on June 26, 1931, he was naturalized.[9]
On his arrival in America, the 6 foot 1 inch (1.85 m), 180 lb. (82 kg) Béla worked for some time as a laborer, then entered the theater in New York City's Hungarian immigrant colony. With fellow Hungarian actors he formed a small stock company that toured Eastern cities, playing for immigrant audiences. He acted in his first Broadway play, The Red Poppy, in 1922. Three more parts came in 1925–1926, including a five-month run in the comedy-fantasy The Devil in the Cheese.[10] His first American film role came in the 1923 melodrama The Silent Command. Several more silent roles followed, as villains or continental types, all in productions made in the New York area.
[edit] Dracula
Lugosi was approached in the summer of 1927[11] to star in a Broadway production of Dracula adapted by Hamilton Deane and John L. Balderston from Bram Stoker's novel. The Horace Liveright production was successful, running 261 performances before touring. He was soon called to Hollywood for character parts in early talkies.
Despite his critically acclaimed performance on stage, Lugosi was not Universal Pictures’ first choice for the role of Dracula when the company optioned the rights to the Deane play and began production in 1930. A persistent rumor asserts that director Tod Browning's long-time collaborator, Lon Chaney, was Universal's first choice for the role, and that Lugosi was chosen only due to Chaney's death shortly before production. This is questionable, because Chaney had been under long-term contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer since 1925, and had negotiated a lucrative new contract just before his death.
Chaney and Browning had worked together on several projects (including four of Chaney's final five releases), but Browning was only a last-minute choice to direct the movie version of Dracula after the death of director Paul Leni, who was originally slated to direct.
Typecasting[link]
Through his association with Dracula (in which he appeared with minimal makeup, using his natural, heavily accented voice), Lugosi found himself typecast as a horror villain in such movies as Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Raven, and Son of Frankenstein for Universal, and the independent White Zombie. His accent, while a part of his image, limited the roles he could play.
Lugosi did attempt to break type by auditioning for other roles. He lost out to Lionel Barrymore for the role of Rasputin in Rasputin and the Empress; C. Henry Gordon for the role of Surat Khan in Charge of the Light Brigade; Basil Rathbone for the role of Commissar Dimitri Gorotchenko in Tovarich (a role Lugosi had played on stage). He did play the elegant, somewhat hot-tempered Gen. Nicholas Strenovsky-Petronovich in International House.
Regardless of controversy, five films at Universal — The Black Cat, The Raven, The Invisible Ray, Son of Frankenstein, Black Friday (plus minor cameo performances in 1934's Gift of Gab) and two at RKO Pictures, You'll Find Out and The Body Snatcher — paired Lugosi with Boris Karloff. Despite the relative size of their roles, Lugosi inevitably got second billing, below Karloff. Lugosi's attitude toward Karloff is the subject of contradictory reports, some claiming that he was openly resentful of Karloff's long-term success and ability to get good roles beyond the horror arena, while others suggested the two actors were — for a time, at least — good friends. Karloff himself in interviews suggested that Lugosi was initially mistrustful of him when they acted together, believing that the Englishman would attempt to upstage him. When this proved not to be the case, according to Karloff, Lugosi settled down and they worked together amicably (though some have further commented that Karloff's on-set demand to break from filming for mid-afternoon tea annoyed Lugosi).
Universal tried to give Lugosi more heroic roles, as in The Black Cat, The Invisible Ray, and a romantic role in the adventure serial The Return of Chandu, but his typecasting problem was too entrenched for those roles to help.
Lugosi addressed his plea to be cast in non-horror roles directly to casting directors through his listing in the 1937 Players Directory, published by the Motion Picture Academy, in which he (or his agent) calls the idea that he is only fit for horror films "an error."[12]
Career path[link]
A number of factors worked against Lugosi's career in the mid-1930s. Universal changed management in 1936, and because of a British ban on horror films, dropped them from their production schedule; Lugosi found himself consigned to Universal's non-horror B-film unit, at times in small roles where he was obviously used for "name value" only. Throughout the 1930s, Lugosi, experiencing a severe career decline despite popularity with audiences (Universal executives always preferred his rival Karloff), accepted many leading roles from independent producers like Nat Levine, Sol Lesser, and Sam Katzman. These low-budget thrillers indicate that Lugosi was less discriminating than Karloff in selecting screen vehicles, but the exposure helped Lugosi financially if not artistically. Lugosi tried to keep busy with stage work, but had to borrow money from the Actors' Fund to pay hospital bills when his only child, Bela George Lugosi, was born in 1938.
His career was given a second chance by Universal's Son of Frankenstein in 1939, when he played the character role of Ygor, who uses the Monster for his own revenge, in heavy makeup and beard. The same year saw Lugosi playing a straight character role in a major motion picture: he was a stern commissar in MGM's comedy Ninotchka, starring Greta Garbo. This small but prestigious role could have been a turning point for the actor, but within the year he was back on Hollywood's Poverty Row, playing leads for Sam Katzman. These horror, comedy and mystery B-films were released by Monogram Pictures. At Universal, he often received star billing for what amounted to a supporting part. The Gorilla (1939) had him playing straight man to Patsy Kelly, in a role she told author Boze Hadleigh was her finest role.
Ostensibly due to injuries received during military service, Lugosi developed severe, chronic sciatica. Though at first he was treated with pain remedies such as asparagus juice, doctors increased the medication to opiates. The growth of his dependence on pain-killers, particularly morphine and methadone, was directly proportional to the dwindling of screen offers. In 1943, he finally played the role of Frankenstein's monster in Universal's Frankenstein Meets the Wolfman, which this time contained dialogue (Lugosi's voice had been dubbed over that of Lon Chaney, Jr., from line readings at the end of 1942's The Ghost of Frankenstein because Ygor's brain had been transplanted into the Monster). Lugosi continued to play the Monster with Ygor's consciousness but with groping gestures because the Monster was now blind. Ultimately, all of the Monster's dialogue and all references to his sightlessness were edited out of the released film, leaving a strange, maimed performance characterized by unexplained gestures and lip movements with no words coming out. He also came to recreate the role of Dracula a second and last time on film in Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein in 1948. By this time, Lugosi's drug use was so notorious that the producers were not even aware that Lugosi was still alive, and had penciled in actor Ian Keith for the role.
Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein was Bela Lugosi's last "A" movie. For the remainder of his life he appeared — less and less frequently — in obscure, low-budget features. From 1947 to 1950, he performed in summer stock, often in productions of Dracula or Arsenic and Old Lace, and during the rest of the year made personal appearances in a touring "spook show" and on television. While in England to play a six-month tour of Dracula in 1951, he co-starred in a lowbrow movie comedy, Mother Riley Meets the Vampire (also known as Vampire over London and My Son, the Vampire). Upon his return to America, Lugosi was interviewed for television, and revealed his ambition to play more comedy, though wistfully noting, "Now I am the boogie man." Independent producer Jack Broder took Lugosi at his word, casting him in a jungle-themed comedy, Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla. Another opportunity for comedy came in September 1949 when Milton Berle invited Lugosi to appear in a sketch on Texaco Star Theater.[13] Lugosi memorized the script for the skit, but became confused on the air when Berle began to ad lib.[14]
Working with Ed Wood[link]
Late in his life, Bela Lugosi again received star billing in movies when filmmaker Ed Wood, a fan of Lugosi, found him living in obscurity and near-poverty and offered him roles in his films, such as an anonymous narrator in Glen or Glenda and a Dr. Frankenstein-like mad scientist in Bride of the Monster. During post-production of the latter, Lugosi decided to seek treatment for his drug addiction, and the premiere of the film was said to be intended to help pay for his hospital expenses. According to Kitty Kelley's biography of Frank Sinatra, when the entertainer heard of Lugosi's problems, he helped with expenses and visited at the hospital. Lugosi would recall his amazement, since he did not even know Sinatra.[15]
During an impromptu interview upon his exit from the treatment center in 1955, Lugosi stated that he was about to go to work on a new Ed Wood film, The Ghoul Goes West. This was one of several projects proposed by Wood, including The Phantom Ghoul and Dr. Acula. With Lugosi in his famed Dracula cape, Wood shot impromptu test footage, with no storyline in mind, in front of Tor Johnson's home, a suburban graveyard and in front of Lugosi's apartment building on Carlton Way. This footage ended up in Plan 9 from Outer Space, which was mostly filmed after Lugosi's death. Wood hired Tom Mason, his wife's chiropractor, to double for Lugosi in additional shots.[16] Mason is thinner than Lugosi, and in every shot covers the lower half of his face with his cape, as Lugosi sometimes did in Abbott & Costello Meet Frankenstein.
Following his treatment, Lugosi made one final film, in late 1955, The Black Sleep, for Bel-Air Pictures, which was released in the summer of 1956 through United Artists with a promotional campaign that included several personal appearances. To his disappointment, however, his role in this film was of a mute, with no dialogue.
Personal life[link]
In 1917, Lugosi married Ilona Szmick. The couple divorced in 1920, reputedly over political differences with her parents.
In 1929, Lugosi took his place in Hollywood society and scandal when he married wealthy San Francisco widow Beatrice Weeks, but she filed for divorce four months later. Weeks cited actress Clara Bow as the "other woman".[17]
In 1933 he married 19-year-old Lillian Arch, the daughter of Hungarian immigrants. They had a child, Bela G. Lugosi, in 1938.[18]
Lillian and Béla divorced in 1953,[1] at least partially because of Béla's jealousy over Lillian taking a full-time job as an assistant to Brian Donlevy on the sets and studios for Donlevy's radio and television series Dangerous Assignment[19] — Lillian eventually did marry Brian Donlevy, in 1966.
Lugosi married Hope Lininger, his fifth wife, in 1955. She had been a fan of his, writing letters to him when he was in hospital recovering from addiction to Demerol. She would sign her letters 'A dash of Hope'.
Death[link]
Lugosi died of a heart attack on August 16, 1956, while lying on a couch in his Los Angeles home. He was 73.[20] The rumor that Lugosi was clutching the script for The Final Curtain, a planned Ed Wood project, at the time of his death is not true.[21]
Lugosi was buried wearing one of the Dracula Cape costumes, per the request of his son and fourth wife, in the Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Contrary to popular belief, Lugosi never requested to be buried in his cloak; Bela G. Lugosi confirmed on numerous occasions that he and his mother, Lillian, actually made the decision but believed that it is what his father would have wanted.[22]
Legacy[link]
In 1979, the Lugosi v. Universal Pictures decision by the California Supreme Court held that Bela Lugosi's personality rights could not pass to his heirs, as a copyright would have. The court ruled that under California law any rights of publicity, including the right to his image, terminated with Lugosi's death.[23][24]
In Tim Burton's 1994 Ed Wood, Lugosi is played by Martin Landau who received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. According to Bela G. Lugosi (his son), Forrest Ackerman, Dolores Fuller and Richard Sheffield, Lugosi never used profanity, owned small dogs, or slept in coffins. The film fabricated much about the Hungarian actor.
Three Lugosi projects were featured on the television show Mystery Science Theater 3000. The Corpse Vanishes appeared in episode 105, the serial The Phantom Creeps throughout season two and the Ed Wood production Bride of the Monster in episode 423.
An episode of Sledge Hammer titled "Last of the Red Hot Vampires" was a homage to Bela Lugosi; at the end of the episode, it was dedicated to "Mr. Blaskó".
In 2001, BBC Radio 4 broadcast There Are Such Things by Steven McNicoll and Mark McDonnell. Focusing on Lugosi and his well-documented struggle to escape from the role that had typecast him, the play went on to receive the Hamilton Dean Award for best dramatic presentation from the Dracula Society in 2002.
A statue of Lugosi can be seen today on one of the corners of the Vajdahunyad Castle in Budapest.
The Ellis Island Immigration Museum in New York City features a live, 30-minute play that focuses on Lugosi's illegal entry into the country and then his arrival at Ellis Island to enter the country legally.[25]
The cape Lugosi wore in the 1931 film Dracula still survives today in the ownership of Universal Studios.
The theatrical play Lugosi - a vámpír árnyéka (Lugosi - the Shadow of the Vampire, in Hungarian) is based on Lugosi's life, telling the story of his life as he becomes typecast as Dracula and as his drug addiction worsens. He was played by one of Hungary's most renowned actors, Ivan Darvas.
Andy Warhol's 1963 silkscreen The Kiss depicts Lugosi from Dracula about to bite into the neck of co-star Helen Chandler, who played Mina Harker. A copy sold for $798,000 at Christie's in May 2000.[26]
Lugosi was also the subject of "Bela Lugosi's Dead", the first single by English rock band Bauhaus. It was released in August 1979 and it is often considered to be the first gothic rock record.
Bela Lugosi was a charter member of the Screen Actors Guild.
Filmography[link]
Main article: Bela Lugosi filmography
References[link]
- ^ a b "Divorced.". Time. July 27, 1953. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,936129,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-21. "Bela Lugosi, 68, veteran Hollywood cinemonster (Dracula); by his third wife, Lillian Arch Lugosi, 41, on the ground that his 'unfounded jealousy' constituted mental cruelty; after 20 years of marriage, one son; in Los Angeles."
- ^ Obituary Variety, August 22, 1956, page 63.
- ^ a b c d e f g Osborn, Jennifer (editor); Milano, Roy (photo captions) (2006). Monsters: A Celebration of the Classics from Universal Studios. New York AKA N.Y: Del Ray Books, imprint of Random House, Inc.. p. 38. ISBN 0-345-48685-4. Referenced information is from an essay in the book written by his son Bela G. Lugosi.
- ^ IMdb and Biography Channel
- ^ Rhodes, Gary (1997). Lugosi: His Life in Films, on Stage, and in the Hearts of Horror Lovers. ISBN 0-7864-0257-1. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0-7864-0257-1&id=Aueo3mOrIKIC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&ots=PFzGZNPZXt&dq=%22Bela+Lugosi%22+CATHOLIC&sig=y0MXm3vsaiq-PqF0p8odUBBA5Bo.
- ^ Arthur Lennig, The Immortal Count, University Press of Kentucky, 2003, p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8131-2273-1.
- ^ Arthur Lennig, The Immortal Count, University Press of Kentucky, 2003, pp. 25–26, 28–29. ISBN 978-0-8131-2273-1.
- ^ Passenger list of the S.S. Graf Tisza Istvan, port of New Orleans, 4 December 1920, with later notation.
- ^ Ancestry.com. Selected U.S. Naturalization Records — Original Documents, 1790–1974 (World Archives Project) [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 2009.
- ^ Bela Lugosi, Internet Broadway Database.
- ^ Rhodes, Gary Don (1997). "Stage Appearances" (Google Books). Lugosi: his life in films, on stage, and in the hearts of horror lovers. p. 169. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Aueo3mOrIKIC&pg=PA169. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ^ Michael Mallory. Universal Studios Monsters: A Legacy of Horror, 2009, Universe, p. 63. ISBN 978-0-7893-1896-1.
- ^ Star Theater Episode Guide
- ^ Weaver, Tom (2004). Science Fiction and Fantasy Film Flashbacks: Conversations with 24 Actors, Writers, Producers and Directors from the Golden Age. McFarland. pp. 160. ISBN 0-7864-2070-7.
- ^ Kelley, Kitty (1987). His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra. Bantam Books. pp. 248. ISBN 0-553-26515-6.
- ^ Nuzum, Eric. "Bela Lugosi's Legacy". Lost. http://www.lostmag.com/issue18/lugosi.php. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ Arthur Lennig, The Immortal Count, University Press of Kentucky, 2003, p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8131-2273-1.
- ^ "Friedemann O’Brien Goldberg & Zarian Names Bela G. Lugosi Of Counsel". Metropolitan News-Enterprise. http://www.metnews.com/articles/bela021402.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-20. "Bela G. Lugosi, a well-known Los Angeles trial and entertainment lawyer and son of the actor famed for his portrayals of Count Dracula, has become of counsel to the downtown office of Friedemann O’Brien Goldberg & Zarian."
- ^ Arthur Lennig, The Immortal Count, University Press of Kentucky, 2003, p. 393. ISBN 978-0-8131-2273-1.
- ^ "Bela Lugosi Dies. Created Dracula. Portrayer of Vampire Role or Stage and Screen Was Star in Budapest Began Career in 1900". Associated Press in The New York Times. August 17, 1956, Friday. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40D15FC3954157A93C5A81783D85F428585F9. Retrieved 2007-07-21. "August 16, 1956 Bela Lugosi, who won, international stage and screen fame in the title role of Bram Stoker's mystery, "Dracula," died tonight."
- ^ Rhodes, Gary Don (1997). Lugosi: His Life in Films, on Stage, and in the Hearts of Horror Lovers. McFarland. pp. 36. ISBN 0-7864-0257-1.
- ^ Bela G. Lugosi states this in "The Road to Dracula", a documentary supplement in the DVD "Dracula -(1931)" [Universal Studios Classic Monster Collection, Universal DVD #903 249 9.11]
- ^ "Lugosi v. Universal Pictures, 603 P.2d 425 (Cal. 1979).". FindLaw. http://library.findlaw.com/1998/Feb/1/130405.html. Retrieved 2007-02-14. "In this decision preceding (and precipitating) the Legislature's enactment of Section 990, the California Supreme Court held that rights of publicity were not descendible in California. Bela Lugosi's heirs, Hope Linninger Lugosi and Bela George Lugosi, sued to enjoin and recover profits from Universal Pictures for licensing Lugosi's name and image on merchandise reprising Lugosi's title role in the 1931 film Dracula. The California Supreme Court faced the question whether Bela Lugosi's film contracts with Universal included a grant of merchandising rights in his portrayal of Count Dracula, and the descendibility of any such rights. Adopting the opinion of Justice Roth for the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, the court held that the right to exploit one's name and likeness is personal to the artist and must be exercised, if at all, by him during his lifetime. Lugosi, 603 P.2d at 431."
- ^ California's descendibility statute for rights of publicity, Civil Code Section 990, was enacted in 1988, and Lugosi's estate now licenses the commercial use of his name and image. The right of publicity in some states endures for 50, 70, 75, or 100 years past the death of the celebrity.
- ^ "Visiting the Ellis Island Immigration Museum". ellisisland.org. http://www.ellisisland.org/genealogy/ellis_island_visiting.asp.
- ^ Christies: Andy Warhol (1928-1987): The Kiss (Bela Lugosi)
Further reading[link]
- Bela Lugosi: Dreams and Nightmares by Gary D. Rhodes, with Richard Sheffield, (2007) Collectables/Alpha Video Publishers, ISBN 0-9773798-1-7 (hardcover)
- The Immortal Count: The Life and Films of Bela Lugosi by Arthur Lennig (2003), ISBN 0-8131-2273-2 (hardcover)
- Bela Lugosi (Midnight Marquee Actors Series) by Gary Svehla and Susan Svehla (1995) ISBN 1-887664-01-7 (paperback)
- Bela Lugosi: Master of the Macabre by Larry Edwards (1997), ISBN 1-881117-09-X (paperback)
- Films of Bela Lugosi by Richard Bojarski (1980) ISBN 0-8065-0716-0 (hardcover)
- Sinister Serials of Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi and Lon Chaney, Jr. by Leonard J. Kohl (2000) ISBN 1-887664-31-9 (paperback)
- Vampire over London: Bela Lugosi in Britain by Frank J. Dello Stritto (2000) ISBN 0-9704269-0-9 (hardcover)
- Lugosi: The Man Behind the Cape by Robert Cremer (1976) ISBN 0-8092-8137-6 (hardcover)
- Bela Lugosi: Biografia di una metamorfosi by Edgardo Franzosini (1998) ISBN 88-459-1370-8
External links[link]
- Official website
- Bela Lugosi at the Internet Movie Database
- More information at PORT.hu
- Bela Lugosi at AllRovi[dead link]
- Bela Lugosi at the Internet Broadway Database
- Bela Lugosi at Find a Grave
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lugosi, Bela |
| Alternative names | Blaskó, Béla Ferenc Dezső |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | October 20, 1882 |
| Place of birth | Lugos, Austria–Hungary (now Lugoj, Romania) |
| Date of death | August 16, 1956 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
http://wn.com/Bela_Lugosi
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Boris Karloff | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | William Henry Pratt (1887-11-23)23 November 1887 Honor Oak, London, England, UK |
| Died | 2 February 1969(1969-02-02) (aged 81) Midhurst, Sussex, England, UK |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1909–69 |
| Spouse | Grace Harding (1910-1913; divorced) Olive de Wilton (1915; divorced) Montana Laurena Williams (1920; divorced) Helene Vivian Soule (1924-1928; divorced) Dorothy Stine (1928-1946; divorced) Evelyn Hope Helmore (1946-1969; his death) |
William Henry Pratt (23 November 1887 – 2 February 1969), better known by his stage name Boris Karloff, was an English actor.[1]
Karloff is best remembered for his roles in horror films and his portrayal of Frankenstein's monster in Frankenstein (1931), Bride of Frankenstein (1935), and Son of Frankenstein (1939). His popularity following Frankenstein was such that for a brief time he was billed simply as "Karloff" or "Karloff the Uncanny." His best-known non-horror role is as the Grinch, as well as the narrator, in the animated television special of Dr. Seuss’s How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966).
Contents |
Early years[link]
Karloff was born at 36 Forest Hill Road, Honor Oak, London, England, where a blue plaque can now be seen. His parents were Edward John Pratt, Jr. and Eliza Sarah Millard. His paternal grandparents were Edward John Pratt, an Anglo-Indian,[citation needed] and Eliza Julia (Edwards) Pratt, a sister of Anna Leonowens (whose tales about life in the royal court of Siam [now Thailand] were the basis of the musical The King and I). The two sisters were also of Anglo-Indian heritage.[2]
Karloff grew up in Enfield. He was the youngest of nine children, and following his mother's death was brought up by his elder siblings. He later attended Enfield Grammar School before moving to Uppingham School and Merchant Taylors' School, and went on to attend King's College London where he studied to go into the consular service. He dropped out in 1909 and worked as a farm labourer and did various odd jobs until he happened into acting.[3] His brother, Sir John Thomas Pratt, became a distinguished British diplomat.[4] Karloff was bow-legged, had a lisp, and stuttered as a young boy.[5] He conquered his stutter, but not his lisp, which was noticeable all through his career.
Career[link]
In 1909, Pratt travelled to Canada and began appearing in stage shows throughout the country; and some time later changed his professional name to "Boris Karloff". Some have theorized that he took the stage name from a mad scientist character in the novel The Drums of Jeopardy called "Boris Karlov". However, the novel was not published until 1920, at least eight years after Karloff had been using the name on stage and in silent films (Warner Oland played "Boris Karlov" in a movie version in 1931). Another possible influence was thought to be a character in the Edgar Rice Burroughs fantasy novel H. R. H. The Rider which features a "Prince Boris of Karlova", but as the novel was not published until 1915, the influence may be backward, that Burroughs saw Karloff in a play and adapted the name for the character. Karloff always claimed he chose the first name "Boris" because it sounded foreign and exotic, and that "Karloff" was a family name. However, his daughter Sara Karloff publicly denied any knowledge of Slavic forebears, "Karloff" or otherwise. One reason for the name change was to prevent embarrassment to his family. Whether or not his brothers (all dignified members of the British foreign service) actually considered young William the "black sheep of the family" for having become an actor, Karloff himself apparently worried they did feel that way. He did not reunite with his family until 1933, when he went back to England to make The Ghoul, extremely worried that his siblings would disapprove of his new, macabre claim to world fame. Instead, his elder brothers jostled for position around their "baby" brother and happily posed for publicity photographs with him.
Karloff joined the Jeanne Russell Co. in 1911 and performed in towns like Kamloops, British Columbia and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. After the devastating Regina, Saskatchewan, Regina Cyclone of 30 June 1912, Karloff and other performers helped with cleanup efforts.[6] He later took a job as a railway baggage handler and joined the Harry St. Clair Co., that performed in Minot, North Dakota for a year, in an opera house above a hardware store.
Due to the years of difficult manual labour in Canada and the U.S. while trying to establish his acting career, he suffered back problems for the rest of his life. Because of his health, he did not fight in World War I.
Hollywood[link]
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Once Karloff arrived in Hollywood, he made dozens of silent films, but work was sporadic, and he often had to take up manual labour such as digging ditches or delivering construction plaster to earn a living. A number of his early major roles were in film serials, such as The Masked Rider (1919), in Chapter 2 of which he can be glimpsed onscreen for the first time, The Hope Diamond Mystery (1920) and King of the Wild (1930). In these early roles he was often cast as an exotic Arabian or Indian villain. A key film which brought Karloff recognition was The Criminal Code (1931), a prison drama in which he reprised a dramatic part he had played on stage. Another significant role in the fall of 1931 saw Karloff play a key supporting part as an unethical newspaper reporter in Five Star Final, a harshly critical film about tabloid journalism which was nominated for an Oscar as Best Picture of 1931-32.
Stardom[link]
The role of Frankenstein's monster in Frankenstein (1931) made Karloff a star. The bulky costume with four inch platform boots made it an arduous role but the costume and torturously administered makeup produced the classic image. The costume was a job in its self for Karloff with the shoes weighing 13 pounds each, and Karloff having to sleep in between two books in order for him to not ruin his monster makeup. Universal Studios now owns the copyright to the makeup designed by Jack Pierce. Boris was lucky to get the part, as it had supposedly been offered to Bela Lugosi, who declined it. A year later, Karloff played another iconic character, Imhotep in The Mummy. The Old Dark House (with Charles Laughton) and the starring role in The Mask of Fu Manchu quickly followed. These films all confirmed Karloff's newfound stardom.
The 5'11" (1.80 m) brown-eyed Karloff played a wide variety of roles in other genres besides horror. He was memorably gunned down in a bowling alley in the 1932 film Scarface. He played a religious World War I soldier in the 1934 John Ford epic The Lost Patrol.
However, horror remained Karloff's primary genre, and he gave a string of lauded performances in 1930s Universal horror films, including several with Lugosi, his main rival as heir to Lon Chaney, Sr.'s status as the top horror film star. After earning fame in Frankenstein, Karloff played Frankenstein's monster in two other films, Bride of Frankenstein (1935) and Son of Frankenstein (1939), with the latter also featuring Lugosi. Karloff would revisit the Frankenstein mythos in several later films as well, starring with the role of the villainous Dr. Niemann in House of Frankenstein (1944), in which the Monster was played by Glenn Strange.
Karloff returned to the role of the "mad scientist" in 1958's Frankenstein 1970, as Baron Victor von Frankenstein II, the grandson of the original inventor. The finale reveals that the crippled Baron has given his own face (i.e. Karloff's) to the Monster. The actor appeared at a celebrity baseball game as the Monster in 1940, hitting a gag home run and making catcher Buster Keaton fall into an acrobatic dead faint as the Monster stomped into home plate. Norman Z. McLeod filmed a sequence in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty with Karloff in the Monster make-up, but it was deleted. Karloff donned the headpiece and neck bolts for the final time in 1962 for a Halloween episode of the TV series Route 66, but the episode featured Karloff playing himself, who, within the story, was playing "the Monster".
While the long, creative partnership between Karloff and Lugosi never led to a close mutual friendship (though their legendary "feud" was just an act for publicity), it produced some of the actors' most revered and enduring productions, beginning with The Black Cat. Follow-ups included Gift of Gab (1934), The Raven (1935), The Invisible Ray (1936), Black Friday (1940), You'll Find Out (also 1940), and The Body Snatcher (1945). During this period, he also starred with Basil Rathbone in Tower of London (1939).
From 1945 to 1946, Karloff appeared in three films for RKO produced by Val Lewton: Isle of the Dead, The Body Snatcher, and Bedlam. In a 1946 interview with Louis Berg of the Los Angeles Times, Karloff discussed his three-picture deal with RKO, his reasons for leaving Universal Pictures and working with producer Lewton. Karloff left Universal because he thought the Frankenstein franchise had run its course. The latest installment was what he called a "'monster clambake,' with everything thrown in — Frankenstein, Dracula, a hunchback and a 'man-beast' that howled in the night. It was too much. Karloff thought it was ridiculous and said so." Berg continues, "Mr. Karloff has great love and respect for Mr. Lewton as the man who rescued him from the living dead and restored, so to speak, his soul."[7]
During this period, Karloff was also a frequent guest on radio programmes, whether it was starring in Arch Oboler's Chicago-based Lights Out productions (most notably the episode "Cat Wife") or spoofing his horror image with Fred Allen or Jack Benny.
An enthusiastic performer, he returned to the Broadway stage in the original production of Arsenic and Old Lace in 1941, in which he played a homicidal gangster enraged to be frequently mistaken for Karloff. Although Frank Capra cast Raymond Massey in the 1944 film, which was shot in 1941, while Karloff was still appearing in the role on Broadway, Karloff reprised the role on television with Tony Randall and Tom Bosley in a 1962 production on the Hallmark Hall of Fame. Somewhat less successful was his work in J. B. Priestley's play The Linden Tree. He also appeared as Captain Hook in the play Peter Pan with Jean Arthur. He was nominated for a Tony Award for his work opposite Julie Harris in The Lark, by the French playwright Jean Anouilh about Joan of Arc, which was also reprised on Hallmark Hall of Fame.
In later years, Karloff hosted and acted in a number of television series, most notably Thriller, Out of This World, and The Veil, the last of which was never broadcast and only came to light in the 1990s. In the 1960s, Karloff appeared in several films for American International Pictures, including The Comedy of Terrors, The Raven, and The Terror. the latter two directed by Roger Corman, and Die, Monster, Die!. He also featured in Michael Reeves' second feature film The Sorcerers (1966).
During the 1950s Karloff appeared on British TV in the series Colonel March of Scotland Yard, in which he portrayed John Dickson Carr's fictional detective Colonel March who was known for solving apparently impossible crimes.
Karloff, along with H. V. Kaltenborn, was a regular panelist on the NBC game show, Who Said That?, which aired between 1948 and 1955. Later, as a guest on NBC's The Gisele MacKenzie Show, Karloff sang "Those Were the Good Old Days" from Damn Yankees, while Gisele MacKenzie performed the solo, "Give Me the Simple Life". On The Red Skelton Show, Karloff guest starred along with horror actor Vincent Price in a parody of Frankenstein, with Red Skelton as the monster "Klem Kadiddle Monster." In 1966, Karloff also appeared with Robert Vaughn and Stefanie Powers in the spy series The Girl from U.N.C.L.E., in the episode "The Mother Muffin Affair." Karloff performed in drag as the titular Mother Muffin. That same year he also played an Indian Maharajah on the adventure series The Wild Wild West ("The Night of the Golden Cobra"). In 1967, he played an eccentric Spanish professor who thinks he's Don Quixote in a whimsical episode of I Spy ("Mainly on the Plains").
In the mid-1960s, Karloff gained a late-career surge of American popularity when he narrated the made-for-television animated film of Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas, and also provided the voice of the Grinch, although the song, "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" was sung by American voice actor Thurl Ravenscroft. The film first broadcast in 1966. Karloff later received a Grammy Award in the spoken word category after the story was released as a record. Because Ravenscroft was uncredited for his contribution to How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, his performance of the song was often mistakenly attributed to Karloff.
In 1968 he starred in Targets, a film directed by Peter Bogdanovich about a young man who embarks on a spree of killings carried out with handguns and high powered rifles. The film starred Karloff as retired horror film actor, Byron Orlok, a thinly disguised version of himself—facing an end of life crisis, resolved through a confrontation with the gunman.
Karloff ended his career by appearing in four low-budget Mexican horror films: The Snake People, The Incredible Invasion, The Fear Chamber, and House of Evil. This was a package deal with Mexican producer Luis Vergara. Karloff's scenes were directed by Jack Hill and shot back to back in Los Angeles in the spring of 1968. The films were then completed in Mexico. All four were released posthumously, with the last, The Incredible Invasion, not released until 1971, two years after Karloff's death.
Cauldron of Blood, shot in Spain in 1967 and starring Karloff and Viveca Lindfors, was also released after Karloff's death.
Spoken word[link]
Karloff recorded the title role of Shakespeare's Cymbeline for the Shakespeare Recording Society (Caedmon Audio). The recording was originally published in 1962. It is very rare today, although a download of it is available from audible.com.
Karloff is also heard as the narrator of Sergei Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf with the Vienna State Opera Orchestra under Mario Rossi. The performance from the LP era is still available as a CD.
Records Karloff made for the children's market included Three Little Pigs and Other Fairy Stories, Tales of the Frightened (volume 1 and 2), Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories and, with Cyril Ritchard and Celeste Holm, Mother Goose Nursery Rhymes,[8] and Lewis Carroll's The Hunting of the Snark.[9]
In 1968 he played occult expert Prof. Marsh in The Crimson Cult (Curse of the Crimson Altar).
Personal life[link]
Although he played many sinister characters on screen, Karloff was known in real life as a very kind gentleman who gave generously, especially to children's charities. Beginning in 1940, Karloff dressed up as Father Christmas every Christmas to hand out presents to physically disabled children in a Baltimore hospital.[10]
Despite living and working in the United States for many years, Karloff never became a naturalised American citizen, and he never legally changed his name to "Boris Karloff." He signed official documents "William H. Pratt, a.k.a. Boris Karloff."
Karloff was a charter member of the Screen Actors Guild, and was especially outspoken regarding working conditions on sets that actors were expected to deal with in the mid-1930s, some of which were extremely hazardous. In 1931, Boris Karloff took out insurance against premature aging that might be caused by his fright make-up.[11]
He married six times and had one child, daughter Sara Karloff, by his fifth wife.
Death[link]
Boris Karloff lived out his final years in England at his cottage, 'Roundabout,' in the Hampshire village of Bramshott. After a long battle with arthritis and emphysema, he contracted pneumonia, succumbing to it in King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, Sussex on 2 February 1969. He was cremated, following a requested low-key service, at Guildford Crematorium, Godalming, Surrey, where he is commemorated by a plaque in the Garden of Remembrance. A memorial service was held at St Paul's, Covent Garden (the Actors' Church), London, where there is also a plaque.[12]
However, even death could not put an immediate halt to Karloff's media career. Four Mexican films for which Karloff shot his scenes in Los Angeles were released over a two-year period after he had died. They were dismissed, by critics and fans alike, as undistinguished efforts. Also, during the run of Thriller, Karloff lent his name and likeness to a comic book for Gold Key Comics based upon the series. After Thriller was cancelled, the comic was retitled Boris Karloff's Tales of Mystery. An illustrated likeness of Karloff continued to introduce each issue of this publication for nearly a decade after the real Karloff died; the comic lasted until the early 1980s.
Legacy[link]
For his contribution to film and television, Boris Karloff was awarded two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 1737 Vine Street for motion pictures, and 6664 Hollywood Boulevard for television.[13]
Karloff was featured by the U.S. Postal Service as Frankenstein's Monster and the Mummy in its series "Classic Monster Movie Stamps" issued in September 1997.[14]
In 2010, writer and actor Mark Gatiss interviewed Sara Karloff about her father's career for his BBC documentary series A History of Horror.[15]
On 24 January 2011 a new, authorised, biography – Boris Karloff: More Than a Monster by Stephen Jacobs – was published in the UK by Tomahawk Press. The book was published in Canada and the U.S. on 14 March 2011. In April 2012 it was announced as the winner of the 2012 Rondo Award for 'Book of the Year'.
The Batman villain Clayface (aka Basil Karlo) was inspired by Boris Karloff and his career.[16]
Filmography[link]
Further information: Boris Karloff filmography
References[link]
- ^ Obituary Variety, 5 February 1969, page 71.
- ^ Anna and the King: The Real Story of Anna Leonowens. Produced by Kevin Burns. A&E, 1999
- ^ "Boris Karloff". This Is Your Life. season 6. 20 November 1957. NBC. http://www.archive.org/details/TIYL_Boris_Karloff. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
- ^ Jacobs, Stephen (Spring 2007). "Karloff in Saskatchewan". Saskatchewan History 59 (1). ISSN 00364908. OCLC 2443952.
- ^ Nollen, Scott A.; Sara Jane Karloff (1999). Boris Karloff: A Gentleman's Life. Baltimore: Midnight Marquee Press. pp. 18. ISBN 1-887664-23-8.
- ^ Waiser, William A. (2005). Saskatchewan: A New History. Calgary: Fifth House. ISBN 1-894856-43-0.
- ^ Louis Berg (12 May 1946). "Farewell to Monsters". The Los Angeles Times: p. F12. http://www.whiskeyloosetongue.com/articles/history/karloff.pdf. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
- ^ Deborah Stead (11 June 1989). "Children's Books; Play me a Story: it's tape time". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/11/books/children-s-books-play-me-a-story-it-s-tape-time.html?pagewanted=2. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
- ^ The Hunting of the Snark by Lewis Carroll, read by Boris Karloff, Saland Publishing / IODA, 2008
- ^ "Boris Karloff". Current Biography: 454–56. 1941. ISSN 00113344.
- ^ "Mad Hollywood Contracts". BBC H2G2
- ^ "Role Changed His Life; Boris Karloff, Master Horror-Film Actor, Dies". The New York Times. Tuesday 4 February 1969.
- ^ Lindsay, Cynthia (1995). Dear Boris. New York: Proscenium Publishers. ISBN 0-87910-076-1. http://books.google.com/?id=hCwwSbrQ_y0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ "Classic Monster Movie Stamps". United States Postal Service. 12 January 2008. http://lonchaney.com/usps-stamps/classic-movie-monster-stamps/. Retrieved 30 March 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "A History of Horror with Mark Gatiss: Episode 1 – Film Reel Reviews". Film Reel. 10 November 2010. http://hagiblog.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/a-history-of-horror-with-mark-gatiss-episode-1-film-reel-reviews/.
- ^ "Frankenstein (1931) Trivia". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0021884/trivia. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Boris Karloff |
- Boris Karloff at the Internet Broadway Database
- Boris Karloff at the Internet Movie Database
- Karloff's birthplace
- Boris Karloff at Find a Grave
- Vertlieb's Views: Boris Karloff
- Literature on Boris Karloff
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Karloff, Boris |
| Alternative names | Pratt, William Henry |
| Short description | Actor |
| Date of birth | 1887-11-23 |
| Place of birth | Camberwell, London, England, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | 2 February 1969(1969-02-02) (aged 81) |
| Place of death | Midhurst, Sussex, England, UK |
http://wn.com/Boris_Karloff
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Karloff
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
