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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOAA
Agency overview
Formed	October 3, 1970 (1970-10-03) (41 years ago)
Jurisdiction	Federal government of the United States
Headquarters	Silver Spring, Maryland
Annual budget	US$4.5 billion (2009) US$4.9 billion (est. 2010) US$5.6 billion (est. 2011)
Agency executive	Jane Lubchenco, Administrator
Parent agency	Department of Commerce
Website
noaa.gov

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), pronounced /ˈno(ʊ).ə/, like "Noah," is a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere. NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas and skies, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to improve understanding and stewardship of the environment. In addition to its civilian employees, NOAA research and operations are supported by 300 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps. The current Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere at the Department of Commerce, and the agency's Administrator, is Dr. Jane Lubchenco, nominated by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the United States Senate on March 19, 2009.^[1]

Vision, mission, and goals[link]

U.S. Weather Bureau meteorologists preparing a forecast, early 20th century

NOAA's strategic vision is "an informed society that uses a comprehensive understanding of the role of the oceans, coasts, and atmosphere in the global ecosystem to make the best social and economic decisions."

The agency's mission is "to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment and conserve and manage coastal and marine resources to meet our nation's economic, social, and environmental needs."

In support of its vision and mission, NOAA has four goals to guide its suite of operations. Each goal corresponds to activities focusing on ecosystems, climate, weather and water, and commerce and transportation. Specifically, NOAA operates to:

• Ensure the sustainable use of resources and balance competing uses of coastal and marine ecosystems, recognizing both their human and natural components.
• Understand changes in climate, including global climate change and the El Niño phenomenon, to ensure that Americans can plan and respond properly.
• Provide data and forecasts for weather and water cycle events, including storms, droughts, and floods.
• Provide weather, climate, and ecosystem information to make sure individual and commercial transportation is safe, efficient, and environmentally sound.

Purpose and function[link]

Two NOAA WP-3D Orions.

NOAA plays several specific roles in society, the benefits of which extend beyond the US economy and into the larger global community:

• A Supplier of Environmental Information Products. NOAA supplies information to its customers and partners pertaining to the state of the oceans and the atmosphere. This is clearly manifest in the production of weather warnings and forecasts through the National Weather Service, but NOAA's information products extend to climate, ecosystems, and commerce as well.

• A Provider of Environmental Stewardship Services. NOAA is also the steward of U.S. coastal and marine environments. In coordination with federal, state, local, tribal, and international authorities, NOAA manages the use of these environments, regulating fisheries and marine sanctuaries as well as protecting threatened and endangered marine species.

• A Leader in Applied Scientific Research. NOAA is intended to be a source of accurate and objective scientific information in the four particular areas of national and global importance identified above: ecosystems, climate, weather and water, and commerce and transportation.

Recognizing that it is essential that we understand the challenges that we face as part of the Earth system in order to create appropriate solutions, NOAA conducts an end-to-end sequence of activities, beginning with scientific discovery and resulting in a number of critical environmental services and products. The five "fundamental activities" are:

• Monitoring and observing Earth systems with instruments and data collection networks.
• Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data.
• Assessing and predicting the changes of these systems over time.
• Engaging, advising, and informing the public and partner organizations with important information.
• Managing resources for the betterment of society, economy and environment.

History and organizational structure[link]

Seal of the NOAA Commissioned Corps

NOAA was formed on October 3, 1970, after Richard Nixon proposed creating a new department to serve a national need "… for better protection of life and property from natural hazards … for a better understanding of the total environment … [and] for exploration and development leading to the intelligent use of our marine resources …" NOAA formed a conglomeration of three existing agencies that were among the oldest in the federal government. They were the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, formed in 1807; the Weather Bureau, formed in 1870; and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, formed in 1871. NOAA was established within the Department of Commerce via the Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1970. With its ties to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, NOAA celebrated 200 years of service in 2007.

NOAA works toward its mission through six major line offices, in addition to more than a dozen staff offices:^[2]

Line Offices

Staff Offices

• Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology
• Office of Marine and Aviation Operations
• NOAA Central Library

NOAA Corps[link]

NOAA research and operational activities are supported by a uniformed service, the NOAA Corps. They are a commissioned officer corps of men and women who operate NOAA ships and aircraft, and serve in scientific and administrative posts.

National Weather Service (NWS)[link]

Seal of the National Weather Service

The National Weather Service (NWS) is tasked with providing "weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy." This is done through a collection of national and regional centers, and more than 120 local weather forecast offices (WFOs). They are charged with issuing weather forecasts, advisories, watches, and warnings on a daily basis. They issue more than 734,000 weather and 850,000 river forecasts, and more than 45,000 severe weather warnings annually. NOAA data is also relevant to the issues of global warming and ozone depletion. The NWS operates NEXRAD, a nationwide network of Doppler weather radars which can detect precipitation and their velocities. Many of their products are broadcast on NOAA Weather Radio, a network of radio transmitters that broadcasts weather forecasts, severe weather statements, watches and warnings 24 hours a day.

National Ocean Service (NOS)[link]

The National Ocean Service (NOS), part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within the U.S. Department of Commerce, is focused on ensuring that ocean and coastal areas are safe, healthy, and productive. NOS scientists, natural resource managers, and specialists serve America by ensuring safe and efficient marine transportation, promoting innovative solutions to protect coastal communities, and conserving marine and coastal places.

The National Ocean Service is composed of program offices, programs, and staff offices:

Program Offices

• Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS)
• NOAA Coastal Services Center (CSC)
• National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS)
• Office of Coast Survey (OCS)
• Office of National Geodetic Survey (NGS)
• Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS)
• Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM)
• Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R)

Programs

• NOAA Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) Program

Staff Offices

• International Program Office (IPO)
• Management and Budget Office (M&B)

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS)[link]

NOAA engineer at work

The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) was created by NOAA to operate and manage the United States environmental satellite programs, and manage the data gathered by the NWS and other government agencies and departments. Data collected by the NWS, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, the Federal Aviation Administration, and meteorological services around the world, are housed at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina. NESDIS also operates the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) in Boulder, Colorado, the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) in Silver Spring, Maryland, the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) and the National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC) which are used internationally by environmental scientists.

NESDIS also runs the:

• Office of Systems Development (OSD)
• Office of Satellite Operations (OSO)
• Office of Satellite Data Processing & Distribution (OSDPD)
• Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) formerly the Office of Research & Applications
• Joint Polar Satellite System Program Office
• GOES-R Program Office
• International & Interagency Affairs Office
• Office of Space Commercialization

The service operates and manages many geosynchronous satellites and polar orbiting satellites. In 1960 TIROS-1, NOAA's first owned and operated geostationary satellite was launched. In 1983 NOAA assumed operational responsibility for LANDSAT satellite system. In 1984 the Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere program (TOGA) program began.

In 1977 the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) deployed the first successful moored equatorial current meter – the beginning of the Tropical Atmosphere/Ocean (TAO) array. In 1979 NOAA's first polar-orbiting environmental satellite was launched.

Current operational satellites include: NOAA-15, NOAA-16, NOAA-17, NOAA-18 and NOAA-19 (launched 2/6/2009).

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)[link]

Fisheries, which was initiated in 1871 to protect, study, manage and restore fish. The NMFS has a marine fisheries research lab in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and is home to one of NOAA's five fisheries science centers.

Its law enforcement agency is the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement based in Silver Spring, Maryland.

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)[link]

NOAA's research, conducted through the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), is the driving force behind NOAA environmental products and services that protect life and property and promote economic growth. Research, conducted in OAR laboratories and by extramural programs, focuses on enhancing our understanding of environmental phenomena such as tornadoes, hurricanes, climate variability, solar flares, changes in the ozone, air pollution transport and dispersion,^[3][4] El Niño/La Niña events, fisheries productivity, ocean currents, deep sea thermal vents, and coastal ecosystem health. NOAA research also develops innovative technologies and observing systems.

The NOAA Research network consists of 7 internal research laboratories, extramural research at 30 Sea Grant university and research programs, six undersea research centers, a research grants program through the Climate Program Office, and 13 cooperative institutes with academia. Through NOAA and its academic partners, thousands of scientists, engineers, technicians, and graduate students participate in furthering our knowledge of natural phenomena that affect the lives of us all.

The Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) is one of the laboratories in the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. It studies processes and develops models relating to climate and air quality, including the transport, dispersion, transformation and removal of pollutants from the ambient atmosphere. The emphasis of the ARL's work is on data interpretation, technology development and transfer. The specific goal of ARL research is to improve and eventually to institutionalize prediction of trends, dispersion of air pollutant plumes, air quality, atmospheric deposition, and related variables.

National Geodetic Survey[link]

The National Geodetic Survey is the primary surveying organization in the United States.

National Integrated Drought Information System[link]

NOAA is the lead federal agency for the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS).

Program Planning and Integration (PPI)[link]

The Office of Program Planning and Integration was established in June 2002 as the focus for a new corporate management culture at NOAA. PPI was created to address the needs to:

• Foster strategic management among NOAA Line and Staff Offices, Goal Teams, Programs, and Councils,
• Support planning activities through greater opportunities for active participation of employees, stakeholders, and partners,
• Build decision support systems based on the goals and outcomes set in NOAA's strategic plan, and
• Guide managers and employees on program and performance management, the National Environmental Policy Act, and socioeconomic analysis.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[link]

Since 2001 the organization has hosted the senior staff and recent chair, Susan Solomon, of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's working group on climate science.^[5]

Flag[link]

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration flag, flown as a distinguishing mark by all commissioned NOAA ships.

The NOAA flag is a modification of the flag of one of its predecessor organizations, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The Coast and Geodetic Survey's flag, authorized in 1899 and in use until 1970, was blue, with a white circle centered in it and a red triangle centered within the circle. It symbolized the use of triangulation in surveying, and was flown by ships of the Survey.

When NOAA was established in 1970 and the Coast and Geodetic Survey's assets became a part of NOAA, NOAA based its own flag on that of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. The NOAA flag is in essence the Coast and Geodetic Survey flag, with the NOAA logo—a circle divided by the silhouette of a seabird into an upper dark blue and a lower light blue section, but with the "NOAA" legend omitted—centered within the red triangle. NOAA ships in commission display the NOAA flag; those with only one mast fly it immediately beneath the ship's commissioning pennant or the personal flag of a civilian official or flag officer if one is aboard the ship, while multimasted vessels fly it at the masthead of the forwardmost mast.^[6] NOAA ships fly the same ensign as United States Navy ships but fly the NOAA flag as a distinguishing mark to differentiate themselves from Navy ships.

See also[link]

Underwater diving portal

• Center for Environmental Technology (CET)
• Federation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP Federation)
• Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps
• Minerals Management Service
• NOAA's Environmental Real-time Observation Network
• NOAA's Virtual World Program
• Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
• Weather Modification Operations and Research Board
• Office of Naval Research
• United States Naval Research Laboratory
• University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System
• List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy
• National Weather Service Employees Organization

References[link]

External links[link]

• NOAA home page
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration on Facebook
• USNOAAgov on Twitter

v t e Agencies under the United States Department of Commerce Headquarters: Herbert C. Hoover Building · Secretary of Commerce Deputy Secretary of Commerce Economic Development Administration · National Technical Information Service · Minority Business Development Agency · National Telecommunications and Information Administration Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security Bureau of Industry and Security Under Secretary of Commerce for Economic Affairs Economics and Statistics Administration · Bureau of Economic Analysis · Census Bureau Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade International Trade Administration Under Secretary of Commerce and Administrator for NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration · National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology National Institute for Standards and Technology Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property Patent and Trademark Office

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Jane Lubchenco
Undersecretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Incumbent
Assumed office March 20, 2009
President	Barack Obama
Preceded by	William Brennan (Acting)
Personal details
Born	(1947-12-04) December 4, 1947 (age 64) Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Alma mater	Colorado College Harvard University

Dr. Jane Lubchenco (born December 4, 1947)^[1] is a Ukrainian-American environmental scientist and marine ecologist. On March 19, 2009, she was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the first woman to serve as the administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).^[2]

While performing duties as head of NOAA, Dr. Lubchenco, The Wayne and Gladys Valley Professor of Marine Biology and Oregon State University Distinguished Professor of Zoology, has taken a leave of absence from her work at the university.^[3] She grew up in Colorado, received her undergraduate degree from Colorado College in 1969,^[4] received her PhD and taught at Harvard University.

Lubchenco's research interests include biodiversity, climate change, sustainability science, and the state of the oceans. She has received numerous awards, including a MacArthur Fellowship, a Pew Fellowship, eight honorary degrees (including one from Princeton University), the 8th Annual Heinz Award in the Environment (2002),^[5] and the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography (2003). Between 1997 and 1998, she served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Following her confirmation to head NOAA and to serve as Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, Lubchenco declared that science would guide the agency and that she expects it to play a role in developing a green economy.^[2]

Early life and education[link]

Dr. Lubchenco was born on December 4, 1947 in Denver, Colorado as the oldest of six daughters. Her parents were both doctors, but her mother worked part-time to raise her six girls and encourage them to each pursue their own interests. She attended St. Mary’s Academy, a Catholic high school^[6] and set the bar high as an athlete, scholar and leader. After winning the top award at her high school, she had her pick of top colleges and universities, but chose to study at Colorado College in the neighboring small town of Colorado Springs. While enrolled in a summer class at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, she discovered a love for biology and found a passion for “invertebrates and research”. She then made the pivotal decision to attend grad school to further study marine science. She graduated with a B.S. in Biology in 1969^[7] and began attending grad school in the fall at the University of Washington.^[8] Talk amongst her fellow graduate students convinced Jane to begin work on a thesis which combined evolutionary theory and real-world experimentation, which was the hot idea in ecology at the time that we see carried through the rest of her work. Thus, she began investigating into the use of resources and competition among sea stars. While working on researching her thesis, she met fellow grad student Bruce Menge, who was also doing work on sea stars. Jane acted as a field assistant to Menge as he did his research, an action he reciprocated when she began her s a couple of years later, cementing the bond between them. The two were soon married and Jane graduated with her M.S. in Zoology in 1971.^[6] She then moved to Harvard University to pursue her PhD while her husband worked as a professor in at the University of Massachusetts Boston.^[6]

Academic career[link]

After obtaining her PhD in 1975, Dr. Lubchenco worked as an assistant professor at Harvard University until 1977, taking some time in 1976 to complete a visiting professorship at the University of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica.^[6] In 1977, she and her husband moved to Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon, where she spent the next thirty years teaching, moving up from assistant professor (1977–1982) to an associate professor (1982–1988) to full professor in 1988. Dr. Lubchenco served as head of the zoology department from 1989-1992. In 1993, she was made a distinguished professor and in 1995 she was given the title of Wayne and Gladys Valley Professor of Marine Biology. That same year she began her teaching relationship with the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand.^[6] One of most remarkable aspects of Dr. Lubchenco’s position at Oregon State University was the arrangement worked out between Dr. Lubchenco and her husband and the university in 1977. The arrangement made them both part-time professors giving them time to raise a family as well as continue with their now split research on intertidal species.^[7] Dr. Lubchenco remained at Oregon State University until 2009.

Professional career[link]

Dr. Lubchenco accomplished many other things while she was teaching, such as working as a research associate for the Smithsonian Institution from 1978–1984, spending time at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in Santiago, Chile in 1986, as well as spending time at the Institute of Oceanography, Academica Sinica in Qingdao, China in for part of 1987.^[6] In all aspects of her career, Dr. Lubchenco has always put an emphasis on real-world experimentation and communication between the scientific community and the rest of society. She served as President for the Ecological Society of America from 1992–1993 and in 1997 gave an address in which she outlined a social contract to be established between scientists and the public.^[9] In 1998, she founded the Aldo Leopold Leadership Program, which is a training program for ecologists in communicating their research to the media and the policymakers in plain English.^[8] The following year, she co-founded COMPASS or the Communication Partnership for Science and Sea, an organization dedicated to educating the policy makers about the oceanic ecology.^[9]

Over the course of the next decade, Dr. Lubchenco continued to build bridges of communication between the scientific community and the general public by serving in leadership positions for various groups, both within the scientific community and the American government. She served as president for the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS), the International Council for Science, and as a presidential-appointee for the National Science Board. She served as a member on the Pew Oceans Commission, the Joint Oceans Commission Initiative, the Aspen Institute Arctic Commission, and the Council of Advisors for Google Ocean.^[6][10] Dr. Lubchenco is also an elected member The National Academy of Sciences, The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, The American Philosophical Society, The Royal Society, and The Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, Europe and Chile.^[10]

Recognitions[link]

Due to her work in furthering communication between science and the public via the organizations listed above, Dr. Lubchenco has been the recipient of many awards and honors. She has been awarded 14 honorary doctorates and of her countless publications, eight have been recognized as “Science Citation Classics”.^[11] In addition to these honors, she has been awarded a MacArthur “Genius” Fellowship, the Heinz Award in the Environment (2002), the Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (2003),the Distinguished Service Award from the Society for Conservation Biology (2003), the Environmental Law Institute Award (2004), the Distinguished Scientist Award from the American Institute of Biological Sciences (2004), the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology (2005), the Blue Planet Prize (2011),^[11][12] as well as being named the “2010 Newsmaker of the Year “ by the scientific journal Nature.

Controversies[link]

Her support for some of NOAA's controversial policies, such as limiting fishing in struggling coastal communities through the 2007 Magnuson–Stevens Reauthorization Act, led to some Congressmen calling for her resignation.^[13] Senator Scott Brown asserts that NOAA has abused the fine system of fishermen and have interfered with congressional investigations.^[14] in an Inspector General's report. Representative Barney Frank has also for her resignation due to misconduct at NOAA.^[15]

NOAA[link]

Lubchenco was appointed the head of the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) in 2009 by President Barack Obama as a part of his new “Science Team”.^[11] The NOAA is the nation’s top science agency for climate, oceans, and atmosphere. It has a staff of 12,800 employees, a budget of $4 billion, and is responsible for predicting changes in the Earth’s environment from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun as well as managing and conserving our marine and coastal resources.^[10] Being elected as the undersecretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere, Dr. Lubchenco is both the first woman and the first marine ecologist to occupy the post, which had also been vacant for fourteen years previous to her appointment. This post is her current focus today and she has been the guiding force for it through disasters such as the BP oil spill.^[7] Her current goals as the head of the NOAA include reorienting how the nation responds to environmental issues like rising seas and decreasing fish stocks, to strengthen scientific research and make it more relevant to society, as well as to improve the health of ecosystems and coastal communities.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Dr. Jane Lubchenco Biography at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
• Jane Lubchenco at Oregon State University
• Jane Lubchenco profile at The Heinz Awards
• Jane Lubchenco at WhoRunsGov at The Washington Post
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Jane Lubchenco on Charlie Rose
• Jane Lubchenco at the Internet Movie Database
• Works by or about Jane Lubchenco in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

v t e Obama Administration personnel v t e Cabinet and cabinet-level Office Name Term Office Name Term Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 2009– Secretary of Treasury Timothy Geithner 2009– Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta 2011– Attorney General Eric Holder 2009– Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar 2009– Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack 2009– Secretary of Commerce John Bryson 2011– Secretary of Labor Hilda Solis 2009– Secretary of Health and   Human Services Kathleen Sebelius 2009– Secretary of Education Secretary of Transportation Arne Duncan Ray LaHood 2009– 2009– Secretary of Housing and Urban   Development Shaun Donovan 2009– Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki 2009– Secretary of Energy Steven Chu 2009– Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano 2009– Vice President Joe Biden 2009– White House Chief of Staff Jacob Lew 2012– Director of the Office of Management and   Budget Vacant 2012– Administrator of the Environmental   Protection Agency Lisa Jackson 2009– Ambassador to the United Nations Trade Representative Susan Rice Ron Kirk 2009– 2009– Chair of the Council of Economic   Advisers Alan B. 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