Coordinates: 51°30′36″N 0°35′35″W / 51.51°N 0.593056°W / 51.51; -0.593056

Slough
The Slough Trading Estate
Slough  Slough shown within Berkshire
Population borough	119,070 (2001)
Urban area	141,848 [1]
OS grid reference	SU978797
- London	22 mi (35 km) E
Unitary authority	Slough
Ceremonial county	Berkshire
Region	South East
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	SLOUGH
Postcode district	SL1-SL3
Dialling code	01753
Police	Thames Valley
Fire	Royal Berkshire
Ambulance	South Central
EU Parliament	South East England
UK Parliament	Slough
Website	www.slough.gov.uk
List of places: UK • England • Berkshire

Slough ⁱ/ˈslaʊ/ is a borough and unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Royal Berkshire, England. The town straddles the A4 Bath Road (it becomes the Great West Road closer to London) and the Great Western Main Line, 22 miles (35 km) west of central London. At the 2001 census, the population of Slough was 119,070 (est. 122,000 in 2006) and the borough area was the most ethnically diverse local authority area outside London in the United Kingdom.^[2] Slough has the highest proportion of religious adherents in England.^[3]

Historically, the larger part of the present-day Slough area was formerly in Buckinghamshire with a small part of the borough originally in Middlesex. Slough is home to the Slough Trading Estate, which, coupled with extensive transport links, makes it an important business centre in South East England. It is the largest industrial estate in single private ownership in Europe.^[4]

Location[link]

Slough is at grid reference SU978797, just west of Greater London. Nearby towns are Windsor to the south, Maidenhead to the west, Uxbridge to the northeast and Beaconsfield to the north.

Most of the area that now makes up Slough was traditionally part of Buckinghamshire.^[5] The town developed by the expansion and amalgamation of villages along the Great West Road. Over the years Slough has expanded greatly, incorporating a number of different villages. Original villages that are now suburbs of Slough include Chalvey, Cippenham, Colnbrook, Langley, Poyle, Upton, and Wexham.

Other areas of the town include Brands Hill, Britwell, Huntercombe, Manor Park, Salt Hill, Upton Lea, and Windsor Meadows. The urban area (but not the borough council area) merges into the neighbouring parishes of Burnham, Datchet, Farnham Royal, and Stoke Poges.

Climate[link]

The nearest Met Office weather observing station to Slough is London Heathrow Airport, about 5 miles east of Slough town centre. This part of the Thames Valley is notable for generally having the warmest daytime summer temperatures on average in the British Isles. Typically, according to 1971–2000 normals, the warmest day of the year will reach 30.8 °C (87.4 °F),^[6] and 23.4 days^[7] will reach at least 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above. The record high of 37.9 °C (100.2 °F) was recorded on the 10th August 2003.^[8] Before this, the record, set in August 1990, stood at 36.5 °C (97.7 °F).^[9] 34.3 nights will record an air frost (minimum of −0.1 °C (31.8 °F) or below) according to the 1971–2000 period. Heathrow's record minimum temperature of −13.2 °C (8.2 °F)) was set in January 1963.^[10] More recently, the temperature fell to −9.4 °C (15.1 °F) in December 2010.^[11]

The Slough area also appears to be one of the sunniest inland areas of the United Kingdom, with sunshine quotients steadily increasing over the latter part of the 20th century and early 21st century. The 1961–1990 period averaged 1516 hours,^[12] the 1971–2000 period 1572 hours,^[13] and estimates of the 1981–2010 period suggest annual sunshine will average around 1626 hours.^[14] 2003 was the sunniest year on record when, coincidentally, just over 2003 hours^[15] of sunshine were recorded.

Generally snowfall, occurring most years, owing to Slough's sheltered southerly location and low altitude. Rainfall is also low compared to most of the British Isles with under 600 mm (23.62 in) annually, and 105 days^[16] reporting over 1 mm of rain.

History[link]

Former GWR locomotive 6664 photographed near the engine shed at Slough, October 1955.

The first recorded uses of the name occur as Slo in 1196, Sloo in 1336, and Le Slowe, Slowe or Slow in 1437. It first seems to have applied to a hamlet between Upton to the east and Chalvey to the west, roughly around the "Crown Crossroads" where the road to Windsor (now the A332) met the Great West Road.^[19] The Domesday Survey of 1086 refers to Upton, and a wood for 200 pigs, worth £15. During the 13th century, King Henry III had a palace at Cippenham. Parts of Upton Court were built in 1325, while St Mary the Virgin Church^[20] in Langley was probably built in the late 11th or early 12th century, though it has been rebuilt and enlarged several times.

From the mid-17th century, stagecoaches began to pass through Slough and Salt Hill, which became locations for the second stage to change horses on the journey out from London. By 1838 and the opening of the Great Western Railway, Upton-cum-Chalvey's parish population had reached 1,502. In 1849, a branch line was completed from Slough station to Windsor and Eton Central railway station, opposite Windsor Castle, for the Queen's convenience.

Slough has 96 listed buildings.^[21] There are

• 4 Grade I: St Laurence's Church (Upton), St Mary the Virgin Church (Langley),^[20] Baylis House and Godolphin Court
• 7 Grade II: St Mary's Church (Upton-cum-Chalvey), Upton Court, the Kederminster and Seymour Almshouses in Langley, St Peter's Church (Chalvey), The Ostrich Inn (Colnbrook), and King John's Palace (Colnbrook)
• Grade II listed structures include four milestones: Beech, Oak and Linden Houses at Upton Hospital, and Slough station

1918 saw a large area of agricultural land to the west of Slough developed as an army motor repair depot, used to store and repair huge numbers of motor vehicles coming back from the battlefields of the First World War in Flanders. In April 1920, the Government sold the site and its contents to the Slough Trading Co. Ltd. Repair of ex-army vehicles continued until 1925, when the Slough Trading Company Act was passed allowing the company (renamed Slough Estates Ltd) to establish an Industrial Estate.^[22] Spectacular growth and employment ensued, with Slough attracting workers from many parts of the UK and abroad.

After the Second World War, several further large housing developments arose to take large numbers of people migrating from war-damaged London.

Current developments[link]

Artist's impression of the Heart of Slough Project

In the 21st century, Slough has seen major redevelopment of the town centre. Old buildings are being replaced with new offices and shopping complexes. Tesco has replaced an existing superstore with a larger Tesco Extra. The Heart of Slough Project is a plan for the large-scale redevelopment of the town centre as a focus and cultural quarter for the creative media, information and communications industries. It will create a mixed-use complex, multi-functional buildings, visual landmarks and a public space in the Thames Valley. Recommendations for the £400 million project have been approved,^[23] and planning approval was given by Slough Borough Council's planning committee on 9 July 2009.^[24] Work began in 2010 for completion in 2018.^[25]

The newly refurnished entrance to the Queensmere Shopping Mall.

In December 2009, two key components of the project were signed: the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA) signed its agreement to provide £11m of funding for infrastructure, and Thames Valley University (TVU) courses which are due to remain in the town have found a new home at The Centre in Farnham Road, Slough.^[26] In parallel to the town centre redevelopment plan, SEGRO (owner of the Slough Trading Estate) plans to spend £600 million over the next 20 years on the trading estate. This is intended to create environmentally sustainable buildings, open green spaces, two hotels, a conference centre, cafés, restaurants, and better transport facilities to improve links to Slough town centre and the surrounding residential areas. It is claimed that the plan will create more than 4,100 new jobs and contribute around £100m a year to Slough's economy.^[27] If both plans go ahead in their current forms, nearly £1 billion will be spent on redeveloping Slough over the next 20 years.

Herschel Park (known as Upton Park until 1949) is currently being relandscaped in a multi-million pound effort to bring it back to its former Victorian era glory.^[28] The park was featured in an episode of the documentary programme Who Do You Think You Are? focusing on the TV presenter Davina McCall.^[29]

£2 million has been set aside to improve disabled access to Slough railway station in preparation for an expected increase in use during the 2012 London Olympics.^[30] Final preparations are under way for the regeneration of the Britwell suburb of Slough. The multi-million pound upgrade will involve tearing down a dilapidated block of flats in Wentworth Avenue and replacing them with new homes, as well as relocating the shopping parade in the street to nearby Kennedy Park.^[31] As part of the Heart of Slough project, construction work on a new bus station began in March 2010 following weeks of demolition work to half of the existing bus station and the removal of Compair House near the railway station; it is expected to be completed by January 2011.^[32][33]

Redevelopment on this scale has been strongly criticised by conservation groups. The Twentieth Century Society has stated that "[A] tragically high quantity of good buildings have been demolished in Slough in recent years, including grand Art-Deco-styled factories by the likes of Wallis Gilbert and high-quality post-war offices. More are to come down as the town tries to erase its past and reinvent itself from scratch. Despite famously heckling Slough, John Betjeman's praise for the Town Hall's architecture as 'a striving for unity out of chaos' in 1948 has never been so relevant as today. C20 believes that the redevelopment of the Town Hall would be an act of vandalism to the civic centre and is supporting the Campaign to Save Slough's Heritage in their request for a review of the decision."^[34]

Governance[link]

Borough of Slough
Geography
Status:	Unitary, Borough
Region:	South East England
Ceremonial County:	Berkshire
Area: - Total	Ranked 334th 32.54 km²
Admin. HQ:
ONS code:	00MD
Demographics
Population: - Total (2010 est.) - Density	Ranked 156th 131,100 4028 / km²
Ethnicity:	62.1% white British 20.7% British South Asian 8.2% Afro British 0.5% British Chinese 3.5% Mixed Race 4.8% Other.
Politics
http://www.slough.gov.uk/
Leadership:	Leader & Cabinet
Executive:	Labour (council Labour)
Mayor of Slough	Councillor Sukhjit Dhaliwal [35]

Boundaries[link]

In 1863, Slough became a local government area for the first time, when a Slough Local Board of Health was elected to represent what is now the central part of the modern Borough. This part of Upton-cum-Chalvey Parish became Slough Urban Sanitary District in 1875 which was succeeded by Slough Urban District in 1894. In 1930, there was a major extension westward of the Urban District, and the area was divided into wards for the first time (the new areas of Burnham, Farnham and Stoke as well as the divisions of the old district Central, Chalvey, Langley and Upton). In 1938, the town received its first Royal Charter and became a Municipal Borough.

Slough was incorporated into Berkshire in the 1974 local government reorganisation. The old Municipal Borough was abolished and replaced by a Non-metropolitan district authority, which was made a Borough by the town's second Royal Charter. Britwell and Wexham Court became part of Slough at this time, with their own parish councils. On 1 April 1995, the Borough of Slough expanded slightly into Buckinghamshire and Surrey, to take in Colnbrook and Poyle, which received a joint parish council. Slough became a unitary authority on 1 April 1998, with the abolition of Berkshire County Council and the 1973–1998 Borough. The present unitary authority was created a Borough by the town's third Royal charter.

Town twinning[link]

Slough is twinned with:

• Montreuil, France (Since 1988)
• Riga, Latvia (Since 2006)^[36]

Demography[link]

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Slough became a haven for unemployed Welsh people, who walked up the Great West Road looking for employment.

The town has a white British population of 62.1%. In the post-war years, immigrants from the Commonwealth, notably Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, India and Pakistan were attracted to the town, settling predominantly in Chalvey.^{[citation needed]}

In the early 1950s, there were a number of Polish refugee camps scattered around the Slough area. As returning to Poland (then in the Soviet Bloc) was not considered an option by many of the wartime refugees, many Polish families decided to settle in Slough, an expanding town seeking committed workers and offering a chance to own homes for those prepared to work hard. In time, a Polish-speaking Roman Catholic Parish was established with its own church building. A new wave of Polish migration to Slough has followed since Poland became part of the European Union.

Slough Council made history by electing the country's first black female mayor, Lydia Simmons, in 1984.

Slough has the highest percentage of Sikh residents in the country, according to the latest national census figures (2001). Sikh residents make up 9.1% of Slough’s population, more than any other local authority. Slough also has the highest percentage of Muslim (13.4%) and Hindu residents (4.5%) in the South East region.

Slough's transport links make it a suitable location for those working in London, but looking for more affordable accommodation; as such it attracts a large number of young professionals and families.^[37]

Economy[link]

Slough Trading Estate played a major part in making Slough an important business centre in South East England

The Tesco Extra store, one of the largest in Europe

The private power station for Slough Trading Estate. This has been supplying heat and power to the estate since 1920. In 2007 it was taken over by energy supplier Scottish and Southern Energy.

The Horlicks factory is a local landmark.

Another industrial area close by the east of Slough station, heading towards Paddington.

Before the 19th century, the main businesses of Slough were brickfields and agriculture. The bricks for the building of Eton College were made in Slough. Later, as the Great West Road traffic increased, inns and pubs sprang up along the road to service the passing trade. Until the town developed as an industrial area, nurseries were prominent in the local economy; the Cox's Orange Pippin apple was first raised in Colnbrook (not then within Slough) around 1825, and the dianthus "Mrs Sinkins Pink" was first raised at some point between 1868^[38] and 1883^[39] by John Sinkins, the master of the Eton Union Workhouse,^[40] which lay in Slough.

In the mid-19th century, the only major employer apart from the brickfields was James Elliman, who started as a draper in Chandos Street. In 1847, he changed business and manufactured his Elliman's Embrocation and Royal Embrocation horse liniment at factories in Wellington Street and Chandos Street. Elliman became a major benefactor to the town, and is remembered today in the names of local roads and schools.

In September 1851, William Thomas Buckland, an auctioneer and surveyor from nearby Wraysbury, began livestock sales in a field near the Great Western Road Railway Station belonging to the North Star Inn. Originally held on the first Tuesday of every month, the Cattle Market's popularity soon saw this increased to every Tuesday. A move to Wexham Street was necessitated by the postwar redevelopment of the town. The Slough Cattle Market was run by Messrs Buckland and Sons until its final closure in 1988.^[41]

In 1906, James Horlick, one of the eponymous founders of the malted milk company, opened a purpose-built red-brick factory near Slough Railway Station to manufacture his malted milk product.

Starting in the 1920s, Slough Estates Ltd, the operator of the original Slough Trading Estate, created and operated many more estates in the UK and abroad. The Slough Trading Estate meant that the town was largely insulated from many of the effects of recession. For many years, Slough's economy was mainly manufacturing-based.

In the last 20 or so years, there has been a major shift from a manufacturing to an information-based economy, with the closure of many factories (some of which had been in Slough for many decades). The factories are rapidly being replaced by office buildings. Hundreds of major companies have sited in Slough Trading Estate over the years, with its proximity to London Heathrow Airport and good motorway connections being attractive. In the 1960s, Gerry Anderson's film company was based in Slough, and his Supermarionation series, including Thunderbirds, were filmed there.

The UK headquarters of Mars, Incorporated is based in Slough, the main factory having been created in 1932 by Forrest Mars Sr. after a quarrel with his father, Frank C. Mars. He proceeded to develop and produce the Mars Bar in Slough over 70 years ago. One of the Mars factories has been demolished and a lot of production has moved to the Czech Republic. The European head offices of major IT companies such as Research In Motion, Network Associates, Computer Associates, PictureTel and Compusys (amongst others) are all in the town. O₂ is headquartered in the town across four buildings. The town is also home to the National Foundation for Educational Research, which is housed in The Mere.

Recent new offices include those of Nintendo, Black and Decker, Amazon.co.uk and Abbey Business Centres.^[42] Dulux paints are still manufactured in Slough by AkzoNobel, which bought Imperial Chemical Industries in 2008. The registered office of Furniture Village lies in the town.^[43] Sara Lee's headquarters for the United Kingdom are also in Slough.^{[citation needed]}

The motor trade has long been represented in Slough. Until 1966, Citroën assembled cars in a Liverpool Road factory (later used by Mars Confectionery), and it retains its UK headquarters in the town. Ford built Transit vans at its factory in Langley (a former Hawker Aircraft site) from 1936 to the 1950s^[44]) until the site was redeveloped for housing in the 1990s. Ferrari, Mercedes, Fiat and Maserati now have offices in the town.

Transport[link]

Road transport[link]

The Brunel Bus station and car park, opened in 1975^[45] has now been completely demolished as work has started on the Heart of Slough project.^[32]

A First Mercedes-Benz Citaro in the blue "Heathrow 7 Series" livery operates between Cippenham, Maidenhead and Slough to Heathrow Airport

The relief lines at Slough railway station, used for local passenger trains towards Reading (Platform 4, left) and London Paddington (Platform 5, right)

Slough is near London, Heathrow Airport and Surrey, and the town is a travel hub. Many people from Slough work in nearby towns and cities such as Windsor, Reading, London and Maidenhead, and there are large passenger movements in the morning and evening rush hours. Road transport in Slough includes:

• Within Slough: Buses (First, Arriva, Hoppa), Taxis, minicabs and private cars on roads are also used.^[46]
• To Heathrow Airport: First Berkshire bus routes 75, 76 and 77 serve Slough town centre, Langley and Heathrow ^[47] Taxis and minicabs are also available at a higher cost.^[48]
• To London: Buses and Greenline coaches are available, but rail is more generally used.^[49]
• To Birmingham: National Express Coaches provide services from London to Birmingham via Slough.^[50]
• M4^[51]
  • Junction 5 (Langley & Slough East)
  • Junction 6 (Central Slough)
  • Junction 7 (Slough West)
• M25 (Via M4)^[51]
• M40^[51]
• A4^[51]
• A40
• A355^[51]

Rail transport[link]

Slough is served by First Great Western stations at Burnham,^[52] Slough^[53] and Langley.^[54] Slough station is a junction between the Great Western Main Line and the Slough to Windsor & Eton Line for passengers to Windsor.

Slough is planned to be part of the Crossrail Project, a new trans-London rail link now under construction.^[55] The Windsor Link Railway is another proposed railway line that would link Slough to Heathrow Terminal 5 via Wraysbury, Datchet, Windsor and Chalvey.

Sports[link]

Slough has a senior non-League football team, Slough Town F.C., who currently play in the Southern League Division One Midlands, which is the 8th tier of football in England.

Slough Jets a UK hockey team in the English Premier Ice Hockey League.

Slough Hockey Club - Ladies 1st are currently in the Premier league of the British Hockey League. while the mens 1st are in the 2nd Tier.

Slough Rugby Club are currently in the 5th Tier of the Rugby system.

The town has produced many Olympic class athletes as part of the 'Windsor, Slough, Eton and Hounslow Athletics Club' (see List of people from Slough, Berkshire).

Education[link]

Numerous primary and secondary schools serve Slough. These include:

Thames Valley University (Slough Campus) is currently closed due to the Heart of Slough project. The New campus will be opened in 2013 and will be part of University of West London which is the new name for Thames Valley University

Cultural references[link]

Observatory House was given its name because it is the site where astronomer William Herschel lived, and erected his great 40-foot telescope.

Due to is proximity to London, new apartments have been developed in Slough as a place of accommodation for young professionals and families.

• 1597: In Act IV, Scene 5^[56] of Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor, Bardolph is mugged: "so soon as I came beyond Eton, (cozenors) threw me off, from behind one of them, in a slough of mire". This could be a reference to Slough. In the same scene Cole-brooke (Colnbrook) is referenced along with Reading and Maidenhead.
• 1932: (but set in the 26th century) In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, the chimneys of Slough Crematorium, around which Bernard Marx flies, are used to demonstrate the physio-chemical equality of all people.^[57]
• 1937: The poet John Betjeman wrote his poem Slough as a protest against the new town and 850 factories that had arisen in what had been formerly a rural area, which he considered an onslaught on the rural lifestyle:

Come, friendly bombs, and fall on Slough

It isn't fit for humans now

There isn't grass to graze a cow.

Swarm over, death!

However, on the centenary of the poet's birth, the daughter of the poet apologised for the poem. Candida Lycett-Green said her father "regretted having ever written it". During her visit, Mrs Lycett-Green presented Mayor of Slough David MacIsaac with a book of her father's poems. In it was written: "We love Slough".^[58]

• 1979: Slough is mentioned by name in the hit single "The Eton Rifles" by The Jam from the album Setting Sons, in the line "There's a row going on down near Slough"
• 1991: Film Buddy's Song with externals filmed mainly on the Britwell Estate and the Farnham Road (A355) released.
• 1996: The Tiger Lillies' album The Brothel to the Cemetery includes a track called "Slough", probably inspired by Betjeman's poem. The lyrics to the chorus are:

Drop a bomb on Slough, Drop a bomb on Slough

Drop a bomb on Slough, Drop a bomb on Slough

• 1998: The song "Costa del Slough" by the rock band Marillion posits the town as a post-global warming coastal resort, possibly in a reference to the comedian Spike Milligan having presented Slough on TV as a holiday resort.

Crossbow House features in the opening sequences and some of the filming for popular BBC comedy "The Office".

• 2001, 2002, 2003: The BBC comedy series The Office is set in the sales office of a paper company in Slough, presenting it as a depressing post-industrial wasteland. The character David Brent comments on Betjeman's poem in the series, which also appears on the inside sleeve of the video and DVD of Series 1. In the US version, the office is located on "Slough Avenue" in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
• 2004: Slough is mentioned on the ABC series Lost in the episode "Homecoming" of Season 1. In a flashback of Charlie's life, a woman he knows says her father is away purchasing a paper company in Slough. It is possible that this is a reference to The Office.
• 2009: In episode 8, Series 1 of The Legend of Dick and Dom a CBBC show, the characters find themselves in modern day Slough.

Negative perceptions[link]

Upton Court Park plays host to many carnivals and fun fairs during the summer. The Slough Mela held annually takes place here.

Home to the Slough Jets, Slough Ice Arena is a local attraction.

• Slough has a strong rivalry with the nearby town of Staines-upon-Thames. Both are near Heathrow and vie for out-of-town businesses moving from London.^{[citation needed]}
• According to research by the Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) in 2006, Slough is England's least tranquil area.^[59]
• Slough has been the subject of much derision. Some references are mentioned above. However, the BBC aired a four-part series called "Making Slough Happy", where a team of experts attempted to bring happiness to the whole town. Despite complaints by some residents who said the series was not representative of the diversity of Slough, the sample "50" did provide a cross-section of Slough, with different ethnic minorities and age groups represented.^{[citation needed]} However, most of the criticism was seen to come from people within Slough, while the majority of people outside Slough thought it was quite good; overall it did make a big impact and raised people's awareness of Slough as a whole.^[60]
• Slough-raised comedian Jimmy Carr said: "I grew up in Slough in the 1970s, if you want to know what Slough was like in the 1970s, go there now".
• The Slough Sewage Treatment Works between M4 Junction 6 and 7 sometimes releases malodorous fumes detectable to drivers on the nearby M4 motorway, a phenomenon known colloquially as The Slough Stench. The plant was built between 1936-38.^[61]
• Slough was recently the subject of a documentary by the BBC's Panorama series, entitled: "Immigration – how we lost count".^[62] It highlighted recent growth in the immigrant population.
• The Sky TV programme Road Wars regularly featured Slough and highlighted its narcotics problem.^[63]
• Slough has a relatively high crime rate, with figures for all crime statistic categories above the English average and figures for several categories more than double the English average.^[64] According to British Crime Survey statistics, Slough has the worst rate of crime amongst the 15 most comparable other areas, and Slough is the least safe Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership area in the whole of the Thames Valley and South East England.^[65] Slough has the highest level of reported anti-social behaviour in the Thames Valley Police area.^[65]

Gallery[link]

See also[link]

• List of people from Slough, Berkshire
• Cippenham Moat

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Fraser, Maxwell (1973). The History of Slough. Slough Corporation. ISBN 978-0-904164-00-8. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Slough

• Slough travel guide from Wikitravel
• Slough Borough Council
• Slough Community Information Weblinks from Slough Libraries
• Slough History Online
• Slough Arts Info
• Proud to be Slough
• Slough Council for Voluntary Services
• Volunteer Centre Slough
• Slough Community Leisure
• Slough Towntalk
• Langley & Iver Rotaract – a social & community group for 18-30 year olds

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