Biopsy
Intervention
Brain biopsy
ICD-10-PCS	0?D???X (without force), 0?B???X (with force)
MeSH	D001706
OPS-301 code:	1-40...1-49 (without incision) 1-50...1-58 (with incision)

A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon or an interventional radiologist involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the histological architecture of the tissue’s cells, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy.

Etymology[link]

Biopsy is of Greek origin, coming from the words bio, meaning life, and opsia, meaning to see.

French dermatologist Ernest Besnier introduced the word “biopsy” to the medical community in 1879.^[1]

History[link]

This section requires expansion.

One of the earliest diagnostic biopsies was developed by the Arab physician Abulcasim (1013–1107). A needle was used to puncture a goiter, and the material issuing was characterized.^{[2][verification needed]}

Conditions identified with biopsies[link]

Cancer[link]

Lung biopsy in a case of suspected lung cancer under control of computer tomography.

When cancer is suspected, a variety of biopsy techniques can be applied. An excisional biopsy is an attempt to remove an entire lesion. When the specimen is evaluated, in addition to diagnosis, the amount of uninvolved tissue around the lesion, the surgical margin of the specimen is examined to see if the disease has spread beyond the area biopsied. "Clear margins" or "negative margins" means that no disease was found at the edges of the biopsy specimen. "Positive margins" means that disease was found, and a wider excision may be needed, depending on the diagnosis.

When intact removal is not indicated for a variety of reasons, a wedge of tissue may be taken in an incisional biopsy. In some cases, a sample can be collected by devices that "bite" a sample. A variety of sizes of needle can collect tissue in the lumen (core biopsy). Smaller diameter needles collect cells and cell clusters, fine needle aspiration biopsy.^[3]

Pathologic examination of a biopsy can determine whether a lesion is benign or malignant, and can help differentiate between different types of cancer. In contrast to a biopsy that merely samples a lesion, a larger excisional specimen called a resection may come to a pathologist, typically from a surgeon attempting to eradicate a known lesion from a patient. For example, a pathologist would examine a mastectomy specimen, even if a previous nonexcisional breast biopsy had already established the diagnosis of breast cancer. Examination of the full mastectomy specimen would confirm the exact nature of the cancer (subclassification of tumor and histologic "grading") and reveal the extent of its spread (pathologic "staging").

Precancerous conditions[link]

For easily detected and accessed sites, any suspicious lesions may be assessed. Originally, this was skin or superficial masses. X-ray, then later CT, MRI, and ultrasound along with endoscopy extended the range.

Inflammatory conditions[link]

This section requires expansion.

A biopsy of the temporal arteries is often performed for suspected vasculitis. In inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), frequent biopsies are taken to assess the activity of disease and to assess changes that precede malignancy.^[4]

Biopsy specimens are often taken from part of a lesion when the cause of a disease is uncertain or its extent or exact character is in doubt. Vasculitis, for instance, is usually diagnosed on biopsy.

• Kidney disease: Biopsy and fluorescence microscopy are key in the diagnosis of alterations of renal function. The immunofluorescence plays vital role in the diagnosis of Crescentic glomerulonephritis.

• Infectious disease: Lymph node enlargement may be due to a variety of infectious or autoimmune diseases.

• Metabolic disease: Some conditions affect the whole body, but certain sites are selectively biopsied because they are easily accessed. Amyloidosis is a condition where degraded proteins accumulate in body tissues. In order to make the diagnosis, the gingival.

• Transplantation: Biopsies of transplanted organs are performed in order to determine that they are not being rejected or that the disease that necessitated transplant has not recurred.

• Fertility: A testicular biopsy is used for evaluating the fertility of men and find out the cause of a possible infertility, e.g. when sperm quality is low, but hormone levels still are within normal ranges.^[5]

Biopsied sites[link]

Analysis of biopsied material[link]

After the biopsy is performed, the sample of tissue that was removed from the patient is sent to the pathology laboratory. A pathologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing diseases (such as cancer) by examining tissue under a microscope. When the laboratory (see Histology) receives the biopsy sample, the tissue is processed and an extremely thin slice of tissue is removed from the sample and attached to a glass slide. Any remaining tissue is saved for use in later studies, if required. The slide with the tissue attached is treated with dyes that stain the tissue, which allows the individual cells in the tissue to be seen more clearly. The slide is then given to the pathologist, who examines the tissue under a microscope, looking for any abnormal findings. The pathologist then prepares a report that lists any abnormal or important findings from the biopsy. This report is sent to the physician who originally performed the biopsy on the patient.

See also[link]

• Interventional radiology

References[link]

External links[link]

• Mybiopsyinfo.com - What is a biopsy? How is a biopsy examination performed? This website gives you answers to these and many other questions.
• MyBiopsy.org - Information about biopsy results for patients. This site is created by pathologists, the physicians who diagnose cancer and other diseases by looking at biopsies under a microscope.
• RadiologyInfo - The radiology information resource for patients: Biopsy
• Fine needle aspiration biopsy on Wikisurgery
• Core needle (Trucut) biopsy on Wikisurgery

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010)

The Tongue
Birth name	Xannon Shirley[1]
Also known as	Lil' Teezy, Osama Bin Rappin
Origin	Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Genres	Hip hop
Years active	2004-present
Labels	Elefant Traks[2]
Associated acts	Astronomy Class, Urthboy, The Herd, Ozi Batla, Spit Syndicate, Horrorshow, Hermitude, Thundamentals, Bag Raiders, DJ Skoob, Joyride[disambiguation needed ]
Website	Official Webpage

The Tongue (born Xannon Shirley) is a Sydney music artist signed to Australian independent label Elefant Traks. He has recorded with Dudley Perkins, Ozi Batla, DJ Diaz,^[3] Urthboy, Bertie Blackman, The Bag Raiders, Gift Of Gab (Blackalicious), Katalyst, Braintax, Georgia Anne Muldrow, and Muph & Plutonic.^[4]

He has released an EP (Bad Education), two LPs (Shock And Awe and Alternative Energy) and three mixtapes (Redux,^[5] The Tongue Is Dead and "The Sextape).

Biography[link]

The Tongue is an emcee/songwriter from East Sydney, New South Wales, also known for his live freestyle ability. He represented Australia in the "Battle 4 Supremacy" competition/DVD against New Zealand in 2005 and won the Revolver emcee battle the same year.

As a recording artist, he went on to sign with independent Sydney record label Elefant Traks and immediately embarked on a national tour with The Herd. He has had songs on rotation by national broadcaster Triple J.^[6] To date he has released an EP and two albums. His second album Alternate Energy features production from El Gusto (Hermitude) and M-Phazes.^[7] He has toured extensively around Australia since 2006 and from 2008 to 2010 he also toured as a backup vocalist with Sydney group Astronomy Class (Ozi Batla, Chasm and Sir Robbo). He released three free mixtapes in 2008, 2009 and 2011.^[8]

In 2009, The Tongue hosted and performed on the "Elefant Traks 10th Anniversary Party Live DVD" which was released nationally the same year and showcased the Elefant Traks roster's live show.

He has performed at major Australian festivals including Big Day Out, Good Vibrations, Groovin The Moo, Sydney Festival, Peats Ridge, Sounds Of Spring, Coaster and Park Jam.^[9][10] He has also completed national tours with Drapht and Pharoahe Monch.^[11]

Discography[link]

EP's[link]

• Bad Education - Elefant Traks (2006)^[12]

Albums[link]

• Shock & Awe - Elefant Traks (2007)^[13][14]
• Alternative Energy - Elefant Traks (2010)

Mixtapes[link]

• Redux - (2008)
• The Tongue Is Dead - (2009)
• The Sextape - (2011)^[15]

Compilation appearances[link]

• Triple J Hip Hop Show - (2005) (song: "Counterfeit Cheques")
• Trampled - The Elephant Traks Remix Album - Elefant Traks (2006) (song: "Corruption Dub")
• Elefant Traks 10th Anniversary Party DVD - Elefant Traks (2009)

Guest appearances[link]

• "Wrong One" by Urthboy (The Signal (2007) Elefant Traks)
• "Catch Of The Day Remix" by Bias B (Beemixes (2007) Obese Records)
• "All You Got Remix" by Katalyst (All You Got 12" (2007) Invada Records)
• "Superpowers" by Chasm (Beyond The Beat Tape (2008) Obese Records)
• "Today" by Muph & Plutonic (And Then Tomorrow Came (2009) Obese Records)
• "War Of The Worlds" & "Award Show" by Astronomy Class (Pursuit Of Happiness (2009) Elefant Traks)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Elefant Traks artist profile
• Official website