The sea at La Jolla, California in the Gulf of Catalina

A sea generally refers to a large body of salt water, but the term is used in other contexts as well. Most commonly, it means a large expanse of saline water connected with an ocean, and is commonly used as a synonym for ocean.^[1] It is also used sometimes to describe a large saline lake that lacks a natural outlet, such as the Caspian Sea.

Arctic (belonging to the Arctic Ocean) and Antarctic (Southern Ocean) seas, as well as some other seas freeze in winter. This occurs below the freezing point of pure water, at about -1.8 °C (28.8 °F). Frozen salt water becomes sea ice.^[2]

History[link]

Phoenician (yellow) and Greek (red) colonies in the Mediterranean in the 1st millennium BC

Humans navigated seas from antiquity. Ancient Egyptians and Phoenicians navigated the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Hannu was the first see explorer of whom there is any information. He sailed along the Red Sea and further to the Arabian Peninsula and the African Coast around 2750 BC.^[3] In the 1st millennium BC, Phoenicians and Greeks established colonies all over the Mediterranean, including its outlets like the Black Sea. The seas along the eastern and the southern Asian coast were used by Arabs and Chinese for navigation, and the North Sea and the Baltic Sea were known to Europeans in Roman times. Other seas were not used for navigation in the antiquity and were actually discovered.

The White Sea was known to Novgorodians and used for navigation since not later that the 13th century.^[4] Pomors, living at the White Sea coast, also sailed to Svalbard, but the Barents Sea got its name later, due to the 16th century Dutch expedition headed by Willem Barentsz. Other seas in Arctic Russia were explored in connection with the search of the Northern Sea Route. In the first half of the 17th century the Kara Sea was already used on a regular basis for navigation between the city of Arkhangelsk and the mouth of the Ob River and upstream to the city of Mangazeya (Mangazeya Trade Route) and to the mouth of the Yenisei River (Yenisey Trade Route).^[5] In 1648, Semyon Dezhnev led an expedition down the Kolyma River, around the cape now known as Cape Dezhnev, and to the mouth of the Anadyr River.^[6] By the end of the 17th century, the seas along what is now Arctic and Pacific coasts of Russia were already discovered, although the systematic description and reliable mapping of the coast line only started in the 18th century, and the geographical locations of all islands were only established in the first half of the 20th century, when aviation was employed.

List of seas[link]

[edit] Atlantic Ocean

[edit] Mediterranean Sea

Aegean Sea Mirtoon Sea Sea of Crete Thracian Sea Adriatic Sea

Alboran Sea Balearic Sea Catalan Sea Cilician Sea

Gulf of Sidra Ionian Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea

Ligurian Sea Sea of Sardinia Sea of Sicily Tyrrhenian Sea

[edit] Baltic Sea

Archipelago Sea Bay of Bothnia Bothnian Sea

Central Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland

Gulf of Riga Oresund Strait Sea of Åland

Archipelago Sea

Others[link]

Argentine Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea[7] Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea

Chesapeake Bay Davis Strait Denmark Strait English Channel Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine

Gulf of Mexico Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Venezuela Irish Sea Labrador Sea Marmara Sea[7]

North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Azov[7] Sea of the Hebrides Wadden Sea

[edit] Arctic Ocean

Amundsen Gulf Baffin Bay Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea

East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Hudson Bay James Bay Kara Sea Kara Strait

Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea White Sea

Beaufort Sea

[edit] Southern Ocean

Amundsen Sea Bass Strait Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea

Davis Sea D'Urville Sea Drake Passage Great Australian Bight Gulf St Vincent

King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea

Scotia Sea Somov Sea Spencer Gulf Weddell Sea

[edit] Indian Ocean

Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal

Gulf of Aden Gulf of Oman

Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf

Red Sea Timor Sea

[edit] Pacific Ocean

Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea (also known as the Mindanao Sea) Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea

Chilean Sea Sea of Chiloé Coral Sea East China Sea Flores Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortéz) Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Thailand

Halmahera Sea Java Sea Koro Sea Molucca Sea Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk

Seto Inland Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea

[edit] Landlocked seas

Some large inland lakes, usually brackish, are called "seas".

Aral Sea Caspian Sea

Dead Sea Sea of Galilee

Great Salt Lake Salton Sea

List of seas by surface area[link]

No.	Name of the Water Body	Surface area (sq.mi)	Surface area (sq.km)
1	Philippine Sea	2,000,000	5,177,762
2	Coral Sea	1,850,000	4,791,000
3	Arabian Sea	1,491,130	3,862,000
4	South China Sea	1,351,936	3,500,000
5	Weddell Sea	1,081,548	2,800,000
6	Caribbean Sea	1,063,000	2,754,000
7	Mediterranean Sea	965,000	2,500,000
8	Tasman Sea	900,000	2,330,000
9	Bering Sea	873,000	2,260,100
10	Bay of Bengal	838,970	2,172,000

Rank	Body of water	Square miles (square kilometres)
1	Pacific Ocean	64,196,000 sq mi (166,270,000 km2)
2	Atlantic Ocean	33,400,000 sq mi (87,000,000 km2)
3	Indian Ocean	28,400,000 sq mi (74,000,000 km2)
4	Southern Ocean	20,327,000 sq mi (52,650,000 km2)
5	Arctic Ocean	5,100,000 sq mi (13,000,000 km2)
6	Arabian Sea	1,491,000 sq mi (3,860,000 km2)
7	South China Sea	1,148,000 sq mi (2,970,000 km2)
8	Caribbean Sea	971,000 sq mi (2,510,000 km2)
9	Mediterranean Sea	969,000 sq mi (2,510,000 km2)
10	Bering Sea	873,000 sq mi (2,260,000 km2)
11	Bay of Bengal	838,612 sq mi (2,172,000 km2)
12	Gulf of Mexico	582,000 sq mi (1,510,000 km2)
13	Sea of Okhotsk	537,000 sq mi (1,390,000 km2)
14	Sea of Japan	391,000 sq mi (1,010,000 km2)
15	Hudson Bay	282,000 sq mi (730,000 km2)
16	East China Sea	257,000 sq mi (670,000 km2)
17	Andaman Sea	218,100 sq mi (565,000 km2)
18	Red Sea	175,000 sq mi (450,000 km2)
19	Black Sea	168,500 sq mi (436,000 km2)
20	North Sea	165,000 sq mi (430,000 km2)
21	Baltic Sea	147,000 sq mi (380,000 km2)
22	Yellow Sea	113,500 sq mi (294,000 km2)
23	Persian Gulf	88,800 sq mi (230,000 km2)
24	Adriatic Sea	60,000 sq mi (160,000 km2)
25	Gulf of California	59,000 sq mi (150,000 km2)

Bodies of water which are missing from this table, and their approximate areas, include:

• Philippine Sea (2,000,000 sq mi)
• Coral Sea (1,849,800 sq mi)
• Sargasso Sea (roughly 1,400,000 sq mi)
• Weddell Sea (1,080,000 sq mi)
• Tasman Sea (900,000 sq mi)
• Gulf of Alaska (592,000 sq mi)
• Barents Sea (542,000 sq mi)
• Greenland Sea (465,000 sq mi)
• Mozambique Channel (roughly 425,000 sq mi)
• Argentine Sea (386,000 sq mi)
• Ross Sea (370,000 sq mi)
• East Siberian Sea (361,000 sq mi)
• Scotia Sea (350,000 sq mi)
• Kara Sea (340,000 sq mi)
• Solomon Sea (280,000 sq mi)
• Laptev Sea (276,000 sq mi)
• Baffin Bay (266,000 sq mi)
• Arafura Sea (250,000 sq mi)
• Timor Sea (235,000 sq mi)
• Chukchi Sea (225,000 sq mi)
• Norwegian Sea (222,000 sq mi)
• Gulf of Aden (205,000 sq mi)
• Beaufort Sea (184,000 sq mi)
• Banda Sea (180,000 sq mi)
• Gulf of Thailand (roughly 146,000 sq mi)
• Caspian Sea (142,800 sq mi)
• Java Sea (124,000 sq mi)
• Gulf of Carpentaria (120,000 sq mi)
• Celebes Sea (110,000 sq mi)
• Sulu Sea (100,000 sq mi)
• Flores Sea (93,000 sq mi)
• Bay of Biscay (86,000 sq mi)
• Aegean Sea (83,000 sq mi)
• Molucca Sea (77,000 sq mi)
• Gulf of Saint Lawrence (60,000 sq mi)
• This list is incomplete.

Nomenclature[link]

• The Sea of Galilee is a small freshwater lake with a natural outlet, which is called Lake Tiberias or Lake Kinneret on modern Israeli maps, but its original name remains in use.
• The Sea of Cortés is more commonly known as the Gulf of California.
• The Dead Sea is actually a lake, as is the Caspian Sea and the mainly dried up Aral Sea.

See also[link]

• Oceanography
• European Atlas of the Seas
• Inlet
• International Maritime Organization
• List of places on land with elevations below sea level
• Pole of inaccessibility: the locations farthest from any coastline
• Marine debris
• Sea level
• Sea level rise
• Sea salt
• Seven Seas
• Borders of the oceans

References[link]

1. ^ "Sea - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sea. Retrieved 2012-03-13. 
2. ^ "Sea ice (ice formation)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 2012 [last update]. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/939404/sea-ice. Retrieved 5 March 2012. 
3. ^ "The Ancient World - Egypt". marinersmuseum.org. Mariners' Museum. 2012 [last update]. http://www.marinersmuseum.org/education/ancient-world-egypt. Retrieved 5 March 2012. 
4. ^ "Зацепились за Моржовец" (in Russian). Русское географическое общество. 2012 [last update]. http://www.rgo.ru/2010/08/zacepilis-za-morzhovec/. Retrieved 5 March 2012. 
5. ^ Урванцев, Н. Н. (1969). "История открытия и освоения медно-никелевых руд Сибирского Севера" (in Russian). Moscow: Недра. http://library.ikz.ru/hronologiya-osvoeniya-sibiri/Mangazeya. Retrieved 7 March 2012. 
6. ^ Howgego, Ray (2001 [last update]). "Discoverers Web: Dezhnev". win.tue.nl. http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/dezhnev.html. Retrieved 7 March 2012. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} often treated as part of Mediterranean Sea

External links[link]

Look up sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Seas

• Oceans at the Open Directory Project
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

v t e Earth's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Bering Strait Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Fram Strait Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Kara Strait Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea Davis Strait Denmark Strait English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay James Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Saint Lawrence Seaway Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Strait of Malacca Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Flores Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Java Sea Koro Sea Makassar Strait Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Mawson Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea

lez:Гьуьл

Jorge Drexler
Jorge Drexler performing in Santiago, Chile on September 25, 2010.
Background information
Birth name	Jorge Abner Drexler Prada
Born	(1964-09-21) September 21, 1964 (age 47)
Origin	Uruguay
Website	Official Site

Jorge Drexler (born Jorge Abner Drexler Prada; September 21, 1964) is an Uruguayan musician, actor, and doctor specialized on otolaryngology.

In 2004 Drexler won wide acclaim after becoming the first Uruguayan ever to win an Academy Award. He won for composing the song "Al Otro Lado del Río" from The Motorcycle Diaries.

Early life[link]

Drexler was born in Montevideo.^[1] His father, a German Jew, fled to Uruguay with his family at the age of four to escape the Holocaust.^[2] His mother is a Christian of mixed Spanish, French and Portuguese descent.^[2] Drexler was raised Jewish, but embraces Christian tradition as well.^[2]

Like much of his family, he studied medicine and became an otolaryngologist ear, nose and throat specialist.^[3] Drexler began playing piano at age five, before attending guitar and composition classes.^[4] Although he had an interest in music, he became a doctor like both of his parents.^[5] He attended medical school in Montevideo.^[2] During his time in medical school, Drexler took a break to hitchhike through Brazil.^[2]

He also studied music and recorded two albums, which were only released in Uruguay.

Career[link]

In 1995 he was invited to Madrid by well-known Spanish songwriter Joaquín Sabina, who introduced him to other important Spanish singers. Drexler went to Spain to record the album Vaivén in 1996 with Spanish musicians. Vaivén included some old songs from his previous releases mixed with new compositions. He moved to Spain and recorded another four albums: Llueve (1997), Frontera (1999), Sea (2001) and Eco (2004).

Although he lives most of the year in Spain, his latest three albums were partially recorded in Uruguay with Uruguayan musicians. Juan Campodónico and Carlos Casacuberta, former members of rock band El Peyote Asesino, have produced Drexler's albums since Frontera.

His music is a combination of Uruguayan traditional music (candombe, murga, milonga, tango), bossa nova, pop, jazz and electronic music, which results in very personal compositions with original arrangements. The words also play an important role in his songs. Apart from love, reflections about identity, race and religions are a constant in his work.

Oscar[link]

Drexler's song "Al otro lado del río" appeared in the internationally acclaimed film "The Motorcycle Diaries" (Spanish title: "Diarios de motocicleta"). Though Drexler himself sang the song on the movie soundtrack, it was performed together by Antonio Banderas and Carlos Santana at the Academy Awards ceremony. Upon his winning the Oscar for Best Original Song, Drexler's "speech" consisted mostly of him singing a portion of the song a cappella.^[6]

Personal life[link]

He was married to singer-songwriter Ana Laan until 2005. His girlfriend is Spanish actress/singer Leonor Watling. She gave birth to their son Luca in January 2009. Watling sings in the band Marlango.

Discography[link]

• La luz que sabe robar (Ayui, 1992)
• Radar (Ayui, 1994)
• Vaivén (Virgin, 1996)
• Llueve (Virgin, 1997)
• Frontera (Virgin, 1999)
• Sea (Virgin, 2001)
• Eco (Dro, 2004)
• Eco² (includes 3 bonus tracks + DVD) (Dro, 2005)
• 12 Segundos de Oscuridad (2006)
• La Edad del Cielo (iTunes release) (2007)
• Cara B(2008)(It received a nomination for Best Latin Pop Album at the Grammy Awards of 2009)^[7]
• Amar la Trama (2010)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jorge Drexler

• Jorge Drexler's official site
• Jorge Drexler's Official Label Site - Free music online

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2009)

This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (February 2008)

Born in Johannesburg, South Africa, and raised in Philadelphia, Isakov later moved to Colorado. ^[1] Isakov's voice and guitar style leave a humble presence that has spawned a burgeoning fan base. He has shared the stage with numerous touring artists such as Ani Difranco, Rodrigo y Gabriela, Alexi Murdoch, Brandi Carlile and Fiona Apple. Isakov has performed throughout North America and Europe; and has appeared at music festivals such as South by Southwest, Falcon Ridge Folk Festival, Rocky Mountain Folks Fest, and Telluride Bluegrass Festival.^[2]In 2011, Isakov's songs were featured in film and television productions, including his track "If I Go, I'm Goin'", which was heard in the fourth season of television show Californication on Showtime; and "Big Black Car", which was featured in McDonald's Christmas commercial in Canada.

Discography[link]

• Rust Colored Stones (2003)
• Songs for October (2005)
• That Sea, The Gambler (2007)
• This Empty Northern Hemisphere (2009)

Awards[link]

• 2007: Best Singer/Songwriter 2007, Westword
• 2007: winner, Telluride Troubador Competition

Notes[link]

1. ^ http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2009/08/best-of-whats-next-2009-gregory-alan-isakov-musician.html
2. ^ http://www.flaglive.com/flagstafflive_story.cfm?storyID=208132&sid=122

External links[link]

• Official website
• Gregory Alan Isakov on Myspace
• Folk Radio UK Session

Sweeney Todd is a fictional character who first appeared as the murderer of the Victorian penny dreadful The String of Pearls (1846–1847) and he was later introduced as an antihero of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street and its film adaptations. Claims that Sweeney Todd was a historical person^[1][2] are strongly disputed by scholars,^[3][4][5] although there are possible legendary prototypes.^[6]

In the original version of the tale, Todd is a barber who dispatches his victims by pulling a lever while they are in his barber chair, which makes them fall backward down a revolving trapdoor into the basement of his shop, generally causing them to break their necks or skulls. Just in case they are alive, he goes to the basement and "polishes them off" (slitting their throats with his straight razor). In some adaptations, the murdering process is reversed, with Todd slitting the throats of his customers before they are dispatched into the basement via the revolving trapdoor. After Todd has robbed his dead victims of their goods, Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime (in some later versions, his friend and/or lover), assists him in disposing of the bodies by baking their flesh into meat pies, and selling them to the unsuspecting customers of her pie shop. Todd's barber shop is situated at 186 Fleet Street, London, next to St. Dunstan's church, and is connected to Mrs. Lovett's pie shop in nearby Bell Yard by means of an underground passage. In most versions of the story, he and Mrs. Lovett hire an unwitting orphan boy, Tobias Ragg, to serve the pies to customers.

The tale surrounding the character became a staple of Victorian melodrama. Later it was the subject of a 1959 ballet by English composer Sir Malcolm Arnold and, in 1979, a Tony award-winning Broadway musical by Stephen Sondheim. Sweeney Todd has also been featured in several films, the most recent being 2007's Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, directed by Tim Burton and starring Johnny Depp, based on the 1979 musical.

Literary history[link]

Sweeney Todd first appeared in a story entitled The String of Pearls: A Romance. This penny dreadful was published in 18 weekly parts, in Edward Lloyd's The People's Periods and Family Library, issues 7-24, 21 November 1846 to 20 March 1847. It was probably written by James Malcolm Rymer, though Thomas Peckett Prest has also been credited with it; it is likely that each worked on the serial from part to part. Other attributions include Edward P. Hingston, George Macfarren and Albert Richard Smith.^[6][7] In February/March 1847, before the serial was even completed, The String of Pearls was adapted as a melodrama by George Dibden Pitt for the Britannia Theatre in Hoxton. It was in this alternative version of the tale, rather than the original, that Todd acquired his catchphrase: "I'll polish him off".^[6] Neil Gaiman, in a promotional "penny dreadful", identified a number of earlier texts that feed into the Todd story, some dating back to at least the late 17th century.^{[citation needed]}

Another, lengthier, penny part serial was published by Lloyd from 1847/8, with 92 episodes and published in book form in 1850 as The String of Pearls with the subtitle "The Barber of Fleet Street. A Domestic Romance". This expanded version of the story was 732 pages long.^[6] A plagiarised version of this appeared in America c. 1852–53 as Sweeney Todd: or the Ruffian Barber. A Tale of Terror of the Seas and the Mysteries of the City by "Captain Merry" (a pseudonym for American author Harry Hazel (1814–89)).^[6]

In 1875, Frederick Hazleton's c. 1865 dramatic adaptation Sweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls (see below) was published as Vol 102 of Lacy's Acting Edition of Plays.^[6]

A scholarly, annotated edition of the original 1846–47 serial was published in volume form in 2007 by the Oxford University Press under the title of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, edited by Robert Mack.

Alleged historical basis[link]

The original story of Sweeney Todd was quite possibly based on an older urban legend, originally based on dubious pie-fillings.^[6] In Charles Dickens's Pickwick Papers (1836/7), the servant Sam Weller says that a pieman used cats 'for beefsteak, veal and kidney, 'cording to the demand', and recommends that people should buy pies only 'when you know the lady as made it, and is quite sure it ain't kitten.'^[8] Dickens then developed this in Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-4) published two years before the appearance of Sweeney Todd in The String of Pearls (1846-7), a character called Tom Pinch is grateful that his own "evil genius did not lead him into the dens of any of those preparers of cannibalic pastry, who are represented in many country legends as doing a lively retail business in the metropolis".^[9] A similar story, which first appeared in an 1824 publication called The Tell Tale, reported how a barber and wig-maker of the Rue de la Harpe in Paris cut his customers' throats, relieved them of their valuables and then had their bodies made into meat pies, utilising the services of a pastry cook, whose establishment was on the same street.^[6][7]

Claims that Sweeney Todd was a real person were first made in the introduction to the 1850 (expanded) edition of The String of Pearls and have persisted to the present day.^[6] In two books,^[1][2] Peter Haining argued that Sweeney Todd was a historical figure who committed his crimes around 1800. Nevertheless, other researchers who have tried to verify his citations find nothing in these sources to back Haining's claims.^[3][4][5] A check of the website Old Bailey at^[10] for "Associated Records 1674-1834" for an alleged trial in December 1801 and hanging of Sweeney Todd for January 1802 show no reference; the only murder trial for this period is that of a Governor/Lt Col. Joseph Wall who was hanged 28 January 1802 for killing a Benjamin Armstrong on 10 July 1782 on the isle of Gorée, West Africa, and the discharge of a Humphrey White in January 1802.^{[original research?][10]}

A late (1890s) reference to the urban legend of the murdering barber can be found in the poem by the Australian bush poet Banjo Paterson - The Man from Ironbark.

On stage, screen and audio[link]

• The String of Pearls (1847) a melodrama by George Dibden Pitt. It opened at Hoxton's Britannia Theatre, and billed as "founded on fact". It was something of a success, and the story spread by word of mouth and took on the quality of an urban legend. Various versions of the tale were staples of the British theatre for the rest of the century.
• Sweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls (c. 1865), a dramatic adaption written by Frederick Hazleton which premiered at the Old Bower Saloon, Stangate Street, Lambeth.^[6]
• "Sweeney Todd, The Barber", a song which assumes its audience knows the stage version and claims that such a character existed in real life. Stanley Holloway, who recorded it in 1956, attributed it to R. P. Weston, a songwriter active from 1906 to 1934.
• Sweeney Todd (1926), the first film version of the story, starring G.A. Baughan in the title role. The film is now lost.
• Sweeney Todd (1928) a silent film starring Moore Marriott as Sweeney Todd and Iris Darbyshire as Mrs. Lovett. This is the first surviving film adaptation.
• Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936), a film version of the Victorian melodrama starring Tod Slaughter as Sweeney Todd and Stella Rho as Mrs. "Lovatt".
• "The Strange Case of the Demon Barber" (8 January 1946), an adaptation of the Sweeney Todd story featured in an episode of the radio drama The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. In this interpretation, an actor playing the character on stage begins to believe he is committing similar murders while sleepwalking, while Holmes and Watson uncover something different that may prove his sanity.
• In 1947, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's CBC Stage Series broadcast a radio adaptation of the Pitt play starring Mavor Moore as Todd, Jane Mallett as Mrs. Lovett, John Drainie as Tobias, Lloyd Bochner as Mark Ingesterie and Arden Kaye as Johanna Oakley. The production was adapted by Ronald Hamilton and directed by Andrew Allan, with original music composed by Lucio Agostini.
• Sweeney Todd (1959), a ballet version performed by the Royal Ballet with music by Malcolm Arnold. The choreography was directed by John Cranko.
• Bloodthirsty Butchers (1970), a horror film with John Miranda as Sweeney Todd and Jane Helay as Maggie Lovett, directed by Andy Milligan.
• "Sweeney Todd" (1970), an episode of the ITV series Mystery and Imagination starring Freddie Jones as Sweeney Todd and Heather Canning as Nellie Lovett. In this adaptation, written by Vincent Tilsey and directed by Reginald Collin, the title character is portrayed as insane rather than evil. Lewis Fiander played Mark Ingesterie with Mel Martin as the heroine Charlotte and Len Jones as Tobias.
• Sweeney Todd (1973), an hour-long TV production by the CBC Television series The Purple Playhouse with Barry Morse as Todd. This was again Pitt's version of the play.
• Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1973), a play by the British playwright Christopher Bond. This version of the story was the first to give Todd a more sympathetic motive: he is a wrongfully imprisoned barber who returns to London after 15 years in an Australian penal colony under the new name Sweeney Todd, only to find that the judge responsible for his imprisonment has raped his young wife and driven her to suicide, and adopted his daughter. He at first plans to kill the judge, but when his prey escapes, he swears revenge on the whole world and begins to slash the throats of his customers. The character's new, tragic backstory was Bond's way of grafting dramatic themes from The Revenger's Tragedy onto Pitt's stage plot.
• Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. A Musical Thriller (1979), the acclaimed musical adaptation of Bond's play by Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler starring Len Cariou as Sweeney Todd (here christened Benjamin Barker) and Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Lovett. George Hearn and Dorothy Loudon later succeeded Cariou and Lansbury in the lead roles. In 1982, the musical was televised on The Entertainment Channel, starring Hearn and Lansbury, and directed by Terry Hughes and Harold Prince. It was produced by RKO Pictures and RKO/Nederlander Productions.
• The Tale of Sweeney Todd (1998), a television movie directed by John Schlesinger, commissioned by British Sky Broadcasting for which Ben Kingsley received a Screen Actors Guild Best Actor nomination for his portrayal of the title role. Joanna Lumley portrayed Mrs. Lovett.
• Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert (2001), a filmed concert version of Sondheim's musical, stars George Hearn as Sweeney Todd/Benjamin Barker, Patti LuPone as Mrs. Lovett, Timothy Nolen as Judge Turpin and Neil Patrick Harris as Tobias.
• In Jersey Girl (2004) Ollie Trinke (Ben Affleck) and his on screen daughter sing "God, That's Good!!" from the Sondheim version for her school play, accompanied by Liv Tyler.
• The second episode of the BBC Radio comedy series 1835, entitled "Haircut, Sir?", written by Jim Poyser and broadcast in June 2004 had aimless aristocrat Viscount Belport (Paul Rider) and his servant Ned (Jason Done) joining the police force under Sir Robert Peel and encountering demon barber Sweeney Todd (Jonathan Keeble) on their first case.
• A Broadway revival of the Sondheim musical, directed by John Doyle, was mounted at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre in 2005. The ten-person cast, who played their own instruments in new orchestrations, consisted of John Arbo (Jonas Fogg; bass player), Donna Lynne Champlin (Pirelli; piano, accordion, flute), Alexander Gemignani (The Beadle; piano, trumpet), Mark Jacoby (Judge Turpin; trumpet, percussion), Diana DiMarzio (Beggar Woman/Lucy Barker; clarinet), Benjamin Magnuson (Anthony Hope; cello, piano), Lauren Molina (Johanna Barker; cello), Manoel Felciano (Tobias; violin, clarinet, piano), Patti LuPone (Mrs. Lovett; tuba, percussion), and Michael Cerveris (Sweeney Todd; guitar). Cerveris, LuPone, and Felciano were all nominated for Tony Awards; the show itself was nominated for Best Revival, and won Tonys for Best Direction and Best Orchestration.
• Sweeney Todd (2006), a BBC television drama version with a screenplay written by Joshua St Johnston and starring Ray Winstone in the title role and Essie Davis as Mrs Lovett.
• Sweeney Todd and the String of Pearls: an Audio Melodrama in Three Despicable Acts (2007), an audio play by Yuri Rasovsky, won three 2008 Audie Awards for best audio drama, best original work and for achievement in production.
• Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) a film directed by Tim Burton, adapted from Sondheim's musical. It stars Johnny Depp as Sweeney Todd, Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Lovett, Alan Rickman as Judge Turpin, and Ed Sanders as Toby. The cast also includes Sacha Baron Cohen as Pirelli and Timothy Spall as Beadle Bamford, Turpin's henchman. The film received two Golden Globe Awards - one for Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical (Johnny Depp), and one for Best Picture, Comedy or Musical. The film was also nominated for three Academy Awards, winning for Art Direction.
• "Demon Sweeney Todd", a song written by the NWOBHM band, Saxon in their album Into The Labyrinth released in 2009
• Sweeney Todd Musical, a 2009 musical rendition by the Repertory Philippines group, starring Audie Gemora in the title role, and Menchu Lauchengco-Yulo as Mrs. Lovett. Gerard Salonga of Filharmonika conducted the orchestra. It was directed by Baby Barredo and Michael Williams.
• Oh My Meat Pie, an episode in the 12th season of Good Eats, an educational cooking show on The Food Network starring Alton Brown. Brown plays his great-grandfather who stumbles upon a pie shop in London run by Mrs. Lovett; they are frequently visited by her neighbor, Mr. Todd, a barber. At one point, Lovett provides Brown with a large tub of ground meat for his recipe of shepherd's pie and is evasive about what type of meat it is.
• "Andy's Play", the third episode in the 7th season of The Office, centers around Andy Bernard's role in a local musical production of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street.
• "Major League of Extraordinary Gentlemen", the seventh episode in the 5th season of Robot Chicken, SpongeBob discovers that Mr. Krabs is killing other sea creatures and baking them into pastries. SpongeBob plays the role of Mark Ingestrie, while Mr. Krabs plays the role of Sweeney Todd.
• Inspired by Sweeney Todd's slaughter and sale of human flesh, the Danish motion picture "The Green Butchers", starring Mads Mikkelsen and Nikolaj Lie Kaas, also features cannibalistic slaughter and sale of meat leading to a booming business mainly based on the human meat, in this instance sold as marinated chicken.
• "Waiting to Exhale", the second episode of the 2nd season of the television series Dexter. When Dexter Morgan asks his colleague Vince Masuka where the best place to hide a corpse is, he ends his extensive answer with "Hell, even meat pies".

Comics[link]

The character of Sweeney Todd is presented as a villain in Marc Andreyko's Manhunter series, where he appears as a ghost which possesses men (causing them to resemble him) and murders women. A supporting character, Obsidian, is shown to be a fan of Sondheim's musical.

Neil Gaiman and Michael Zulli were to have created a Sweeney Todd adaptation for Taboo, published by Steve Bissette and Tundra, but only completed a prologue.

Classical Comics, a UK publisher creating graphic novel adaptations of classical literature, has produced a full colour paperback Sweeney Todd The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Sweeney Todd (176 pages, November 2010, Original Text, ISBN 978-1-906332-79-2, Quick Text, ISBN 978-1-906332-80-8, forthcoming) with script adaptation by Sean M. Wilson, linework by Declan Shalvey; colouring by Jason Cardy & Kat Nicholson and lettering by Jim Campbell.

Rhyming slang[link]

In rhyming slang, Sweeney Todd is the Flying Squad (a branch of the UK's Metropolitan Police), hence the television series The Sweeney.

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street edited by Robert Mack (2007). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-922933-3
• Robert Mack (2008) The Wonderful and Surprising History of Sweeney Todd: The Life and Times of an Urban Legend. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-9791-8
• Rothman, Irving N. "Stephen Sondheim's Sweeney Todd (1979). In The Barber in Modern Jewish Culture (2008). 365-76. ISBN-13: 978-0-7734-5072-1

External links[link]

• The String of Pearls etext of the 1846/47 penny dreadful that first featured Sweeney Todd
• BBC Radio 4 Extra - 1835: 2. Haircut, Sir?