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Little Nemo

Flip

King Morpheus

The Imp

The Princess

Little Nemo is the main fictional character in a series of weekly comic strips by Winsor McCay that appeared in the New York Herald and William Randolph Hearst's New York American newspapers from October 15, 1905 – July 23, 1911 and September 3, 1911 – July 26, 1914; respectively.

The strip was first called Little Nemo in Slumberland and then In the Land of Wonderful Dreams when it changed papers. A brief revival of the original title occurred from 1924-27.

Characters and story[link]

The original set-up of the comic revolved around the nightly dreams of a little boy named Nemo (meaning "nobody" in Latin). The purpose of his early dreams was to reach 'Slumberland', the realm of King Morpheus, who wanted him as a playmate for his daughter, the Princess. The last panel in each strip was always one of Nemo waking up, usually in or near his bed, and often being scolded (or comforted) by one of the grownups of the household after crying out in his sleep and waking them. In the earliest strips, the dream event that woke him up would always be some mishap or disaster that seemed about to lead to serious injury or death, such as being crushed by giant mushrooms, being turned into a monkey, falling from a bridge being held up by "slaves", or gaining 90 years in age. Later on, when Nemo finally did reach Slumberland, he was constantly being woken up by Flip, a character who originally wore a hat that had 'Wake Up' written on it. Flip would go on to be one of the comic's seminal characters. Other notable recurring characters included: Dr. Pill, The Imp, the Candy Kid and Santa Claus as well as the Princess and King Morpheus.

Although a comic strip, it was far from a simple children's fantasy; it was often dark, surreal, threatening, and even violent.

The "Slumberland" of the title soon acquired a double meaning, referring not only to Morpheus's fairy kingdom, but to the state of sleep itself: Nemo would have dream-adventures in other imaginary lands, on the Moon and Mars, and in our own "real" world, made fantastic by the dream-state.

The strip was not a great popular success in its time. Most readers preferred the slapstick antics of such strips as Katzenjammer Kids, Happy Hooligan, and Buster Brown to the surreal fantasy of Nemo, and other comic strips like Krazy Kat. However, during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the strip received more recognition. Woody Gelman discovered many of the original strips at a cartoon studio where McCay's son worked in 1966.^[1] Many of the original drawings that Gelman recovered were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A. Hyatt Mayor. In 1973, Gelman would publish a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy.^[1] Among the most noticeable of its qualities were its intricate visual style — often with high levels of background detail — its vivid colours, fast pace of movement from panel to panel and the huge variety of strange characters and scenery.

Certain episodes of the strip are particularly famous. Any list of these would have to include the Night of the Living Houses (said to be the first comic strip to enter the collection of the Louvre) wherein Nemo and a friend are chased down a city street by a gang of tenement houses on legs; the Walking Bed, in which Nemo and Flip ride over the rooftops on the increasingly long limbs of Nemo's bed (see illustration); and the Befuddle Hall sequence, wherein Nemo and his friends attempt to find their way out of a funhouse environment of a Beaux-Arts interior turned topsy-turvy. McCay's mastery of perspective, and the extreme elegance of his line work, make his visions graphically wondrous. The eccentric dialogue is delivered in a dreamy deadpan, and often appears to be hastily jammed into tiny word balloons that can scarcely contain it. A typical line: "Whoever named this place Befuddle Hall knew his business! I am certainly befuddled."

The strips, along with most of the rest of McCay's works, fell into the public domain in most of the world on January 1, 2005, 70 years after McCay's death (see Copyright and the EU's Directive harmonizing the term of copyright protection for details). All of the works published before 1923 are in the public domain in the United States. The complete set of Little Nemo strips is available in a single volume from Taschen: Little Nemo 1905-1914 (ISBN 3-8228-6300-9), leaving out only the later revival from the 1920s, which is still under copyright in the U.S.

110 of the most famous strips have been reprinted in their original size and colors in the 2005 collection Little Nemo in Slumberland, So Many Splendid Sundays (ISBN 978-0-9768885-9-8), a 16x21 inch hardcover book from Sunday Press Books and its sequel the 2008 collection Little Nemo in Slumberland, Many More Splendid Sundays, Volume 2 (ISBN 978-0976888550) with 110 more images.

Adaptations[link]

The walking bed, July 26, 1908

Theater[link]

An 'operatic spectacle' was based on the strip, with music by Victor Herbert (composer of Babes in Toyland) and lyrics by Harry B. Smith. This lavish production opened on October 20, 1908 in the New Amsterdam Theatre in New York, ran for 111 performances, and closed January 23, 1909. The opera introduced a new character called 'the dancing missionary', who was to appear in several episodes of the comic strip during 1909, and the word whiffenpoof.

In spring 2007, an operatic adaptation of the comic strip was announced to be presented in spring 2009 by the Sarasota Opera, composed by the Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Ned Rorem. However, on 20 July 2008 he annonced that he would not be able to complete it. In January 2010, the company announced that New York composer Daron Hagen and librettist Sandy McClatchy would create the work instead. It will be given its premiere in November 2012.

Films[link]

James Stuart Blackton and Winsor McCay directed a ten-minute short film based on the comic strip, of which two minutes were animated. The film was first released on April 8, 1911.^[2] The first animated effort of McCay, it later achieved the status of an early animated classic. Its on screen title is Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and his Moving Comics, but it is usually referred to as Little Nemo. This version was named to the National Film Registry in December 2009.^[3]

In 1984, Arnaud Sélignac produced and directed a film called Nemo or Dream One, starring Jason Connery, Harvey Keitel and Carole Bouquet. It involves a little boy called Nemo, who wears pajamas and travels to a fantasy world, but otherwise the connection to McCay's strip is a loose one. The fantasy world is a dark and dismal beach, and Nemo encounters characters from other works of fiction rather than those from the original strip. Instead of Flip or the Princess, Nemo meets Zorro, Alice and Jules Verne's Nautilus (which was led by Captain Nemo).

An animated feature film entitled Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (known simply as Nemo in Japan) was finally released in Japan in July 1989 and in the US in 1992. It was directed by Masami Hata and William T. Hurtz from a screenplay by Chris Columbus and Richard Outten. Originally conceived in 1982, this Japanese-American co-production had a long and tumultuous history which included a 1984 pilot by Ghibli director Yoshifumi Kondō.[1]

Though regarded as a commercial failure in the States, it nevertheless went on to be nominated for and won several industry awards for its brilliant animation quality. Upon its initial VHS video release in 1993, it topped the charts for more than a month, selling over 2 million^{[citation needed]} copies. The film was later released on DVD in October 2004^{[citation needed]}, and quickly went out of print the following year. The DVD was once again released in January 2009^{[citation needed]}.

Other media[link]

In 1990, Capcom produced a video game for the NES, titled Little Nemo: The Dream Master (known as Pajama Hero Nemo in Japan), a licensed game based on the 1989 film. The film would not see a US release until 1992, two years after the game's US release, so the game is often thought to be a standalone adaptation of Little Nemo, not related to the film. An arcade game called simply Nemo was also released in 1990.^[4]

Throughout the years, various pieces of Little Nemo merchandise have been produced. In 1941, Rand, McNally & Co. published a Little Nemo children's storybook. Little Nemo in Slumberland in 3-D was released by Blackthorne Publishing in 1987; this reprinted Little Nemo issues with 3-D glasses. A set of 30 Little Nemo postcards was available through Stewart Tabori & Chang in 1996. In 1993, as promotion for the 1989 animated film, Hemdale produced a Collector's Set which includes a VHS movie, illustrated storybook, and cassette soundtrack. In 2001, Dark Horse Comics released a Little Nemo statue and tin lunchbox.

The character and themes from the comic strip Little Nemo were used in a song "Scenes from a Night's Dream" written by Phil Collins and Tony Banks of the progressive rock group Genesis on their 1978 recording, ...And Then There Were Three... Another progressive rock group, from Germany, called Scara Brae also recorded a musical impression of the comic on their rare self titled disc from 1981 (the track was actually recorded 2 years earlier). Their concept piece was revived on the second album by the Greek band Anger Department, oddly called 'The Strange Dreams of A Rarebit Fiend', again after a McCay-comic. Their 'Little Nemo' was chosen for a theatre play, which was suggested for the cultural program for the Olympic Games in 2004.

At Universal's Islands of Adventure, at the Toon Lagoon section, Little Nemo can be seen falling out of his bed near a shop.

"Little Nemo in Slumberland" is also the inspiration for the video of the 1989 song Runnin' Down a Dream by Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers.

Cultural influences[link]

Since its publishing, Little Nemo has had an influence on other artists, including Alan Moore, in Miracleman #4, when the Miracleman family end up in a palace called "Sleepy Town," which has imagery similar to Little Nemo's. In Moore (and J.H. Williams III)'s Promethea, a more direct pastiche - "Little Margie in Misty Magic Land" - showed Moore's inspiration and debt to McCay's landmark 1905 strip. The Sandman series occasionally references Little Nemo as well. Examples include The Sandman: The Doll's House, where an abused child escapes into dreams styled after McCay's comics and using a similar 'wake-up' mechanism, and The Sandman: Book of Dreams (pub. 1996), which features George Alec Effinger's short "Seven Nights in Slumberland" (where Nemo interacts with Neil Gaiman's characters The Endless).

In children's literature, Maurice Sendak has said that this strip inspired his book In the Night Kitchen, and William Joyce included several elements from Little Nemo in his children's book Santa Calls, including appearances by Flip and the walking bed.

In 1984, Italian comic artist Vittorio Giardino started producing a number of few-page stories under the title Little Ego, a parodic adaptation of Little Nemo, in the shape of erotic comics. Although not suitable for children, Giardino's work succeeded in imitating Winsor McCay's exquisite drawing technique, and the level of surrealism was fairly achieved.

The comic strip Cul de Sac includes a strip-within-the-strip, "Little Neuro," a parody of Little Nemo. Neuro is a little boy who hardly ever leaves his bed.

In 2006, electronic artist Daedelus used Little Nemo artwork for his album Denies the Day's Demise.

Collections[link]

• Little Nemo 1905-1906 - Nostalgia Press
• Little Nemo in the Palace of Ice and Further Adventures - Dover, ISBN 0-486-23234-4
• Little Nemo In Slumberland, 1905-07 - Fantagraphics, ISBN 0-930193-63-6
• Little Nemo In Slumberland, 1907-08 - Fantagraphics, ISBN 0-930193-64-4
• Little Nemo In Slumberland, 1908-10 - Fantagraphics, ISBN 1-56097-025-1
• Little Nemo In Slumberland, 1910-11 - Fantagraphics, ISBN 0-560-97045-6, ISBN 1-85286-153-3
• Little Nemo In Slumberland #1 - Blackthorne Publishing, 1986
• Little Nemo In Land of Wonderful Dream, Part 1, 1911-12 - Fantagraphics, ISBN 0-924359-35-8
• Little Nemo In Land of Wonderful Dream, Part 1, 1913-14 - Fantagraphics, ISBN 1-56097-130-4
• Little Nemo, 1924-25 - Fantagraphics, unpublished ?
• Little Nemo, 1926-27 - Fantagraphics, unpublished ?
• Little Nemo, 1905-14 - Evergreen/Taschen, 2000, ISBN 3-8228-6300-9
• Little Nemo in Slumberland: So Many Splendid Sundays (1905–10) - Sunday Press Books, 2005, ISBN 0-9768885-0-5
• Little Nemo in Slumberland: So Many Splendid Sundays, Vol. 2 (1906–24) - Sunday Press Books, 2008, ISBN 0-9768885-5-6
• Best of Little Nemo in Slumberland - Stewart, Tabori, & Chang, ISBN 1-55670-647-2
• Little Nemo in Slumberland, v1 (1905–09) - Checker Books, ISBN 1-933160-21-7
• Little Nemo in Slumberland, v2 (1910–1926) - Checker Books, ISBN 1-933160-22-5

Gallery[link]

Full Little Nemo in Slumberland strips:

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Little Nemo

• Winsor McCay Biography
• Meeting McCay
• Little Nemo at the Internet Archive
• Internet Movie Database profile of the 1911 short film
• Internet Movie Database profile of the 1984 movie Nemo or Dream One
• Internet Movie Database profile of the 1990 video game
• Internet Movie Database profile of the 1992 feature film
• "Finding 'Little Nemo'" (review of So Many Splendid Sundays!), Douglas Wolk, Salon.com, December 3, 2005.
• Interview with Peter Maresca (editor of So Many Splendid Sundays) and Art Spiegelman from the KCRW radio show Bookworm - excerpt from the book
• Little Nemo digital comic books from Devil's Due Digital.
• "Little Nemo in Comicsland" (Winsor McCay's influence on comics), Jeet Heer, Virginia Quarterly Review, Spring 2006.
• I Love Comix Archive: Little Nemo in Slumberland
• Comic Strip Library - Archive of many strips in high resolution.
• iPhone App - iPhone App

v t e Little Nemo Author Winsor McCay Media Adventures in Slumberland The Dream Master Characters Flip The Imp Nemo King Morpheus

Winsor McCay
Born	(1869-09-26)September 26, 1869 Spring Lake, Michigan
Died	July 26, 1934(1934-07-26) (aged 64) Brooklyn, New York
Occupation	Animator, cartoonist
Parents	Robert McKay and Janet Murray McKay

Winsor McCay (September 26, 1869 – July 26, 1934) was an American cartoonist and animator.

A prolific artist, McCay's pioneering early animated films far outshone the work of his contemporaries, and set a standard followed by Walt Disney and others in later decades. His two best-known creations are the newspaper comic strip Little Nemo in Slumberland, which ran from 1905–1914 and 1924–1927, and the animated cartoon Gertie the Dinosaur, which he created in 1914.

His comic strip work has influenced generations of artists, including creators such as William Joyce, André LeBlanc, Moebius, Maurice Sendak, Chris Ware and Bill Watterson.

Early life[link]

Little Sammy Sneeze

McCay was the son of Robert McKay (later changed to McCay) and Janet Murray McKay; Robert at various times worked as a teamster, a grocer, and a real estate agent. Winsor's exact place and year of birth are uncertain — he claimed to have been born in Spring Lake, Michigan in 1871, but his gravestone says 1869, and census reports state that he was born in Canada in 1867. He was originally named Zenas Winsor McKay, in honor of his father's employer, Zenas G. Winsor. He later dropped the name Zenas.

In 1886, McCay's parents sent him to Cleary's Business College in Ypsilanti, Michigan to learn to be a businessman. While in Ypsilanti, he also received his only formal art training, from John Goodison of Michigan State Normal College (now known as Eastern Michigan University). Goodison taught him the strict application of the fundamentals of perspective, which he put to significant use later in his career. Goodison, formerly a glass stainer, also influenced McCay's bold use of color.

Career[link]

In 1889, McCay moved to Chicago, intending to study at the Art Institute of Chicago, but due to lack of money had to find employment instead. He worked for the National Printing and Engraving Company, producing woodcuts for circus and theatrical posters. Two years later, he moved to Cincinnati, Ohio and went to work as an artist for Kohl and Middleton's Vine Street Dime Museum. While in Cincinnati he married Maude Leonore Dufour. McCay began doing vaudeville chalk talks in 1906.^[1] In his The Seven Ages of Man vaudeville act, he drew two faces and progressively aged them.^[2]

McCay's first major comic strip series was A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle with 43 installments published from January to November 1903 in the Cincinnati Enquirer. The strip was based on poems by George Randolph Chester, then a reporter and editor at the Enquirer. The stories concerned jungle creatures and the ways that they adapted to a hostile world, with individual titles such as How the Elephant Got His Trunk and How the Ostrich Got So Tall.

His strips Little Nemo and Dreams of a Rarebit Fiend, published under the pseudonym "Silas",^[3] were both set in the dreams of their characters and featured fantasy art that attempted to capture the look and feel of dreams. McCay's cartoons were never overwhelmingly popular, but always had a strong following because of his expressive graphic style. Newspaper pages were physically much larger in that time and McCay usually had a half a page to work with. For fantasy art in comics, his only rival was Lyonel Feininger, who went on to have a career in the fine arts after his comics days were over.

McCay also created a number of animated short films, in which every single frame of each cartoon (with each film requiring thousands of frames) was hand-drawn by McCay and occasionally his assistants. McCay went on vaudeville tours with his films. He presented lectures and did drawings; then he interacted with his animated films, performing such tricks as holding his hand out to "pet" his animated creations.

Gertie the Dinosaur

The star of McCay's groundbreaking animated film Gertie the Dinosaur is classified by film and animation historians as the first cartoon character created especially for film to display a unique, realistic personality. In the film, Gertie causes trouble and cries when she is scolded, and finally she gives McCay himself a ride on her back as he steps into the movie picture.

In addition to a series of cartoons based on his popular "rarebit" gags, McCay also created The Sinking of the Lusitania, a depiction of the attack on the maritime ship. The propaganda cartoon contained a message that was meant to inspire America to enter World War I.

Death and legacy[link]

McCay died in 1934 and was buried at the Cemetery of the Evergreens in Brooklyn.

In 1966 Woody Gelman discovered many of the original Little Nemo strips at a cartoon studio where Bob McCay, Winsor's son, had worked.^[4] Many of the original drawings that Gelman recovered were displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art under the direction of curator A. Hyatt Mayor. In 1973, Gelman would publish a collection of Little Nemo strips in Italy.^[4]

Comic strips[link]

• A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle (1903)
• Little Sammy Sneeze (1904 to 1906)
• Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (1904–13)
• The Story of Hungry Henrietta (1905)
• A Pilgrim's Progress (1905 to 1910)
• Little Nemo in Slumberland (1905 to 1914, 1924–1927) (1911-1914 under the title In the Land of Wonderful Dreams)
• Poor Jake (1909 to 1911)

Filmography[link]

Actors Benefit for Crippled Children, Winsor McCay sketching, 1908

• Little Nemo (1911) also titled Winsor McCay, the Famous Cartoonist of the N.Y. Herald and His Moving Comics
• How a Mosquito Operates (1912) also titled The Story Of A Mosquito
• Gertie the Dinosaur (1914)
• The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918)
• Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend: Bug Vaudeville (1921)
• Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend: The Pet (1921)
• Dreams of the Rarebit Fiend: The Flying House (1921)
• The Centaurs (1921)
• Gertie on Tour (1921)
• Flip's Circus (1921)
• The Barnyard Performance (1922-27?) also titled Performing Animals and A Midsummer's Nightmare

Books and collections[link]

Winsor McCay's World War I poster urging Americans to buy Liberty Bonds

• Dreams of a Rarebit Fiend Dover, ISBN 0-486-21347-1
• Little Nemo in the Palace of Ice and Further Adventures Dover, ISBN 0-486-23234-4
• The Complete Little Nemo in Slumberland, Vol. I: 1905-1907 Fantagraphics ISBN 0-930193-63-6
• The Complete Little Nemo in Slumberland, Vol. II: 1907-1908 Fantagraphics ISBN 0-930193-64-4
• The Complete Little Nemo in Slumberland, Vol. III: 1908-1910 Fantagraphics ISBN 1-56097-025-1
• The Complete Little Nemo in Slumberland, Vol. IV: 1910-1911 Fantagraphics ISBN 1-56097-045-6
• The Complete Little Nemo in Slumberland, Vol. V: In the Land of Wonderful Dreams, Part 1: 1911-12 Fantagraphics ISBN 0-924359-35-8
• The Complete Little Nemo in Slumberland, Vol. VI: In the Land of Wonderful Dreams, Part 2: 1913-14 Fantagraphics ISBN 1-56097-130-4
• Little Nemo 1905-1914 Taschen, ISBN 3-8228-6300-9
• The Best of Little Nemo in Slumberland Stewart, Tabori, & Chang, ISBN 1-55670-647-2
• Little Nemo in Slumberland: So Many Splendid Sundays Sunday Press ISBN 0-9768885-0-5
• Little Nemo in Slumberland: Many More Splendid Sundays Sunday Press ISBN 0-9768885-5-6
• Winsor McCay: Early Works, Vol. 1 Checker, ISBN 0-9741664-0-5 (“Tales of the Rarebit Fiend” and “Little Sammy Sneeze”)
• Winsor McCay: Early Works, Vol. 2 Checker, ISBN 0-9741664-7-2 (More “Tales of the Rarebit Fiend” and “Little Sammy Sneeze,” “Centaurs,” “Hungry Henrietta,” and editorial illustrations.)
• Winsor McCay: Early Works, Vol. 3 Checker, ISBN 0-9741664-9-9 (More “Tales of the Rarebit Fiend” (1907), “Little Sammy Sneeze,” “A Pilgrim’s Progress,” (1907) and editorial illustrations from New York period.)
• Winsor McCay: Early Works, Vol. 4 Checker, ISBN 0-9753808-1-8 (more Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (early 1908), A Pilgrim’s Progress (early 1908), various Little Sammy Sneezes, and New York American editorial cartoons.)
• Winsor McCay: Early Works, Vol. 5 Checker, ISBN 0-9753808-2-6 (Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (late 1908), A Pilgrim’s Progress (late 1908), Phoolish Phillip (all), Hungry Henrietta (all), and New York American editorial cartoons.)
• Winsor McCay: Early Works, Vol. 6 Checker, ISBN 1-933160-05-5 (“Mr Goodenough”, Dream of the Rarebit Fiend (late 1908), A Pilgrim’s Progress (late 1908), and New York American editorial cartoons.)
• Winsor McCay: Early Works, Vol. 7 Checker, ISBN 1-933160-05-5 (illustrations from New York editorial period, and collection of comic strips.)
• Winsor McCay: Early Works, Vol. 8 Checker, ISBN 1-933160-06-3
• Winsor McCay: Early Works, Vol. 9 Checker, ISBN 978-1-933160-07-8
• Daydreams and Nightmares Fantagraphics, ISBN 1-56097-569-5
• Little Sammy Sneeze Sunday Press ISBN 0-9768885-4-8

References[link]

Sources[link]

• John Canemaker (2005). Winsor McCay: His Life and Art. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-5941-0. 
• Ohio State University (1 June 2006). "Cartoon Library Acquires McCay Collection" (PDF). University Libraries New Notes. http://www.lib.ohio-state.edu/sites/staff/Newsnotes/nn060601.pdf. 
• Leonard Maltin (1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons; Revised and Updated. Plume Books. ISBN 0-452-25993-2. 
• "The Cartoonist Group: Background About Winsor McCay;". http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/properties/daydream/about.php/. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Winsor McCay

• Spring Lake District Library "The Talented Winsor McCay"
• The Fales Library of NYU's guide to the David C. Bohnett Collection of Winsor McCay Drawings
• Meeting McCay
• Winsor McCay at the Internet Movie Database on Internet Movie Database
• (French) Little Nemo in Slumberland Anniversary Special
• Winsor McCay's The Centaurs.
• Comic Strip Library has a complete collection of out-of-copyright Little Nemo pages

v t e Little Nemo Author Winsor McCay Media Adventures in Slumberland The Dream Master Characters Flip The Imp Nemo King Morpheus