Eshu (other names include Exu, Esu Eleggua, Esu Elegbara, Eshu Elegbara, Elegba, Legba, and Eleda) is both an orisha and one of the most well-known deities of the Yoruba mythology and its related New World traditions.

He has a wide range of responsibilities: the protector of travelers, deity of roads, particularly crossroads, the deity with the power over fortune and misfortune, and the personification of death, a psychopomp. Eshu is involved within the Orisa (also spelt Orisha or Orixa)-Ifá system of the Yoruba as well as in African diasporic faiths like Santeria/Lukumi and Candomble developed by the descendants of enslaved West Africans in the Americas, where Eshu was and is still sometimes identified with Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Michael or Santo Niño de Atocha, depending on the situation or location. He is often identified by the number three, and the colours red & black or white & black, and his caminos or paths (compare: avatar) are often represented carrying a cane or shepherd's crook, as well as smoking a pipe.

Eshu is a spirit of Chaos and Trickery, and plays frequently by leading mortals to temptation and possible tribulation in the hopes that the experience will lead ultimately to their maturation. In this way he is certainly a difficult teacher, but in the end is usually found to be a good one. As an example of this, let us look at one of his patakis or stories of the faith. Eshu was walking down a road one day, wearing a hat that was red on one side and black on the other. Sometime after he entered a village which the road went through, the villagers who had seen him began arguing about whether the stranger's hat was black or red. The villagers on one side of the road had only been capable of seeing the black side, and the villagers on the other side had only been capable of seeing the red one. They soon came to blows over the disagreement which caused him to turn back and rebuke them, revealing to them how one's perspective can be as correct as another person's even when they appear to be diametrically opposed to each other. He then left them with a stern warning about how closed-mindedness can cause one to be made a fool. In other versions of this tale, the two halves of the village were not stopped short of extreme violence; they actually annihilated each other, and Eshu laughed at the result, saying "Bringing strife is my greatest joy".

In Brazil, the female counterpart of Exus are called Pomba Gira. Eshus are constantly related to Hermes/Mercury for their heraldic function.

Eshu in different cultures

The veneration of Eshu is widespread in the New World, as well as in Africa, and he is venerated under many different names and attributes:

Exu de Quimbanda: The Exu who is the messenger of the deities in Candomble is not Exu de Quimbanda. Exu de Quimbanda has a few similarities in how he is worshipped, such as in the colours he likes, but he is an entirely different entity, originating among the people of Angola, not the Yoruba of Nigeria. While the Exu de Candomble is an Orisha, the Exu of Quimbanda is like a Lordly or Kingly Spirit, and unlike the Candomble Orishas, he can be "bought" or "controlled" by the Quimbanda practitioner to go and do many sorts of deeds, while the Candomble Exu must only be petitioned. Exu de Quimbanda is a Nkuru, a spirit of the forest, while Exu of Candomble is a universal elemental spirit, the spirit of the crossroads and the divine messenger. The similarities between the two are that they both respond to red and black, they both are fed on the road, and they both are very tricky. Beyond that, the similarities cease.

Eleggua: Eleggua is another name used among Lukumi for Eshu. His divine number is 21.

Legba: In Vodou, Papa Legba is the intermediary between the divine and humanity, while Kalfu is his Petro manifestation.

Lucero: In Palo Mayombe, Lucero (also Nkuyo\Mañunga\Lubaniba) is the deity of balance and guidance through paths.

Esu: In Yorubaland, this is an energy that rose out of the Yangi (sacred red rock) and allows people to communicate with the Irunmole, Orisa, Orunmila, and so on. This is essentially the oldest Esu. Also important in the African diaspora.

"Eshu": in the play A Tempest (1969), by Aimé Césaire of Martinique, Eshu is the virile trickster who comes to sing defiant songs laden with sexual innuendo and add humor to this highly political rewriting of Shakespeare's classic play, The Tempest.

Best Known Exus in the Brazilian traditions

Exu Rei Exu Tranca Rua Exu Tranca Rua das Almas Exu Sete Encruzilhadas Exu Sete Capas Exu Tiriri Exu Veludo Exu de Marabos Exu Zé Pelintra Exu Mirim

Roads of Eshu-Elegba in Lukumi

Eshu-Elegba in Cuban Lukumi tradition has 101 different roads, or manifestations. Some of his most well known are:

Eshu Añiki Eshu Laroye Eshu Alagwana Eshu Kilalu Eshu Bararaki/Bararikikeño Eshu Ocuboro Eshu Afra Eshu Mike Eshu Bi Eshu Tulu Eshu Agosole Eshu Alabode Eshu Beleke Eshu Onibode Eshu Myulu Eshu Otole Eshu Miwa Eshu Osika Eshu Araibode Eshu Yemi Eshu Aye Eshu Ocholforo Eshu Wonke

References

External links

Ifa Orisa in Ukraine

Attributes and Music of Eshu

Cleansings and Ewe Orisa Esu (Sacred Herbs of the Orisa Esu)

Two webcomics depicting Eleggua as a superhero

Category:Brazilian mythology Category:Yoruba mythology Category:Crossroads mythology Category:Trickster gods Category:Death gods Category:Fortune gods Category:Santería

Name	Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta
Names	Santo (Saint)El Santo (The Saint)Santo, el Enmascarado de Plata (Saint, the Silver Masked Man)Rudy GuzmánEl Hombre Rojo (The Red Man)El Demonio Negro (The Black Demon)El Murcielago II (The Bat II)
Real height
Real weight
Birth date
Death date	February 05, 1984
Birth place	Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico
Debut	1934 or 1935
Retired

Rodolfo Guzmán Huerta (September 23, 1917 - February 5, 1984), more widely known as El Santo (the Saint), was a Mexican Luchador enmascarado (Spanish for masked professional wrestler), film actor, and folk icon. El Santo, along with Blue Demon and Mil Máscaras, is one of the most famous and iconic of all Mexican luchadores, and has been referred to as one of "the greatest legends in Mexican sports" Guzmán's son followed him into wrestling as El Hijo del Santo, or 'Son of Santo'.

Biography

Born in Tulancingo in the Mexican state of Hidalgo, to Jesús Guzmán Campuzano and Josefina Huerta (Márquez) de Guzmán as the fifth of seven children, Rodolfo came to Mexico City in the 1920s, where his family settled in the Tepito neighbourhood. He practiced baseball and American football, and then became interested in wrestling. He first learned Ju-Jitsu, then classical wrestling.

El Santo

In the early 1940s, Guzmán married María de los Ángeles Rodríguez Montaño (Maruca), a union that would produce 10 children; their names were Alejandro, María de los Ángeles, Héctor Rodolfo, Blanca Lilia, Víctor Manuel, Miguel Ángel, Silvia Yolanda, María de Lourdes, Mercedes, and the youngest child Jorge, who also became a famous wrestler in his own right, El Hijo del Santo (Son of Santo). In 1942, Rodolfo's manager, Don Jesús Lomelí, was putting together a new team of wrestlers, all dressed in silver, and wanted Rodolfo to be a part of it. He suggested three names, El Santo (The Saint), El Diablo (The Devil), or El Angel (The Angel), and Rodolfo chose the first one. On 26 June, aged 24, he wrestled at the Arena Mexico for the first time as El Santo, although he later was known simply as "Santo". Under this new name he quickly found his style.

One of Santo's greatest matches was in 1952, when he fought a tag-team known as Los Hermanos Shadow (which consisted of famed luchadors Blue Demon and the Black Shadow). Santo beat and unmasked Black Shadow in the ring, which triggered Blue Demon's decision to become a técnico, as well as a legendary feud between Blue Demon and Santo that culminated in Santo's defeat in a well-publicized series of matches in 1952 and again in 1953. Although they appeared together in a number of action/adventure films, their rivalry never really ended in later years since Santo always remembered his defeat at Blue Demon's hands.

Retirement

By the early 1980s El Santo slowed down his in ring activities leading up to his inevitable retirement. His farewell tour was announced for August and September 1982. the first of three events took place on August 22, 1982 at the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City. On that night El Santo teamed up with El Solitario to take on Villano III and Rokambole in a match that naturally saw the legends win. After the match Villano and Rokamble lifted El Santo up on their shoulders as he received the adulation of the sold out arena. The following Sunday El Santo appeared at Arena México where he teamed up with Gran Hamada to defeat Villano I and Scorpio, Jr. In his last match ever El Santo teamed up with Gory Guerrero who came out of retirement to reform "La Pareja Átomica" as they teamed up with Huracán Ramirez and El Solitario. Their opponents included one of El Santo's biggest rivals in Perro Aguayo as well as El Signo, Negro Navarro and El Texano. True to the legend of El Santo he won his last match and retired as the hero he always portrayed in the ring and on the screen. His retirement tour was also used to introduce Santo's son Jorge as the next generation El Santo as he was ringside at each show wearing the silver mask and being introduced as El Hijo del Santo.

Death

Just over a year after his retirement El Santo was a guest on Contrapunto, a Mexican television program and, completely without warning, removed his mask just enough to expose his face, in effect bidding his fans goodbye. It is the only documented case of Santo ever removing his mask in public. Santo died from a heart attack on February 5, 1984, at 9:40 p.m., a week after his Contrapunto TV appearance. As per his wishes, he was buried wearing his famous silver mask. His funeral is considered one of the biggest in Mexican history as fans and friends flocked to see "el Enmascarado de Plata" (the Silver-Masked Man) one last time. After his death a statue of El Santo was erected in his home town of Tulancingo and other statues have been created since then.

Legacy

The legend of El Santo lives on to this very day both inside and outside the wrestling ring. Santo's youngest son with his first wife, Jorge carries on the legend of the Silver Mask, wrestling as El Hijo del Santo wearing the silver mask, cape and outfit that is very close to what his father used to wear. While El Hijo del Santo is not as big an icon as his father he is considered a more technically proficient wrestler. Santo contra los zombies (Santo vs. The Zombies, 1961) aka Invasion of the Zombies (dubbed in English) Santo contra el rey del crimen (Santo vs. The King of Crime, 1961) Santo en el hotel de la muerte (Santo In The Hotel of Death, 1961) Santo contra el cerebro diabolico (Santo vs. the Diabolical Brain, 1962) Santo contra las mujeres vampiro (Santo vs. The Vampire Women, 1962) aka Samson vs. the Vampire Women (dubbed in English) Santo en el museo de cera (Santo In The Wax Museum, 1963) aka Samson in the Wax Museum (dubbed in English) Santo contra el estrangulador (Santo vs. The Strangler, 1963) El espectro del estrangulador (Santo vs. The Ghost of the Strangler, 1963) Blue Demon contra el poder satánico (Blue Demon vs. Satanic Power, 1964) (cameo appearance) Santo en Atacan las brujas (Santo in The Witches Attack, 1964) aka Santo en la casa de las brujas El hacha diabólica (Santo in The Diabolical Axe, 1964) Santo en los profanadores de tumbas (Santo in The Grave Robbers, 1965) Santo en el Barón Brakola (Santo in Baron Brakola, 1965) Santo contra la invasión de los marcianos (Santo vs. The Martian Invasion, 1966) Santo contra los villanos del ring (Santo vs. The Villains of the Ring, 1966) (Santo's last B&W; film) Santo en Operación 67 (Santo in Operation 67, 1966) (Santo's first color film) Santo en el tesoro de Moctezuma (Santo in The Treasure of Moctezuma, 1967) Santo en el tesoro de Drácula (Santo in Dracula's Treasure, 1968) aka The Vampire and Sex (a separate adult-rated version) Santo contra Capulina (Santo vs. Capulina, 1968) Santo contra Blue Demon en la Atlántida (Santo vs. Blue Demon in Atlantis, 1969) Santo y Blue Demon contra los monstruos (Santo and Blue Demon vs. the Monsters, 1969) Santo y Blue Demon en el mundo de los muertos (Santo and Blue Demon in the World of the Dead, 1969) Santo contra los cazadores de cabezas (Santo vs. The Headhunters, 1969) Santo frente a la muerte (Santo Faces Death, 1969) aka Santo vs. the Mafia Killers Santo contra los jinetes del terror (Santo Vs The Terror Riders, 1970) aka The Lepers and Sex (a separate adult-rated version) Santo en la venganza de las mujeres vampiro (Santo in the Revenge of the Vampire Women, 1970) Santo contra la mafia del vicio (Santo vs. The Mafia of Vice, 1970) aka Mission Sabotage Santo en la venganza de la momia (Santo in the Mummy's Revenge, 1970) Santo en Las momias de Guanajuato (Santo in The Mummies of Guanajuato, 1970) (co-starring Mil Mascaras and Blue Demon) Santo en el misterio de la perla negra (Santo in the Mystery of the Black Pearl, 1971) aka The Caribbean Connection (this film was released in Spain in 1971, but was only released in Mexico in 1975) Santo contra la hija de Frankenstein (Santo vs. Frankenstein's Daughter, 1971) Santo en Misión suicida (Santo in Suicide Mission, 1971) Santo contra los asesinos de otros mundos (Santo vs. the Killers from Other Worlds, 1971) aka Santo vs. the Living Atom Santo y el tigresa en el aguila real (Santo and the Tigress in the Royal Eagle, 1971) Santo y Blue Demon contra Drácula y el Hombre Lobo (Santo and Blue Demon Vs. Dracula and the Wolf Man, 1972) Santo contra los secuestradores (Santo Vs. The Kidnappers, 1972) Santo contra la magia negra (Santo vs. Black Magic, 1972) Santo y Blue Demon en las bestias del terror (Santo and Blue Demon in the Beasts of Terror, 1972) Santo contra las lobas (Santo vs. The She-Wolves, 1972) Santo en Anónimo mortal (Santo in Anonymous Death Threat, 1972) Santo y Blue Demon contra el doctor Frankenstein (Santo and Blue Demon Vs Dr. Frankenstein, 1973) Santo contra el doctor Muerte (Santo Vs Dr. Death, 1973) aka Santo strikes again, aka ''The Masked Man Strikes Again" (one of only four Santo films that was dubbed in English) Santo en la venganza de la llorona (Santo in the Revenge of the Crying Woman, 1974) (co-starring boxing champ Mantequilla Napoles) Santo en Oro negro (Santo in Black Gold, 1975) aka La Noche de San Juan Santo en el Misterio en las Bermudas (Santo in The Bermuda Mystery, 1977) (co-starring Blue Demon and Mil Mascaras) Santo en la frontera del terror (Santo at the Border of Terror, 1979) aka Santo vs. the White Shadow Santo contra el asesino de televisión (Santo vs the TV Killer, 1981) Chanoc y el hijo del Santo contra los vampiros asesinos (Chanoc and Son of Santo vs. The Killer Vampires, 1981) (cameo appearance) Santo en el puño de la muerte (Santo in Fist of Death, 1982) Santo en la furia de los karatekas (Santo in Fury of the Karate Experts, 1982)

In wrestling

Finishing moves

:*La de a Caballo (Camel clutch)

Signature moves

:*Plancha :*Suicide dive

Championships and accomplishments

Empresa Mundial de Lucha Libre

:*Mexican National Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time) |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo ||El Gladiador || Mexico City || || |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Benny Galant || Mexico City || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Espanto I || Mexico City || || |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Dick Angelo || Unknown || || |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || René Guajardo || Unknown || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Jorge Allende || Unknown || ||   |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo || Perro Aguayo || Unknown || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo || Bobby Lee || Mexico City || || |----- align="center" |Hair || El Santo ||Bobby Lee || Mexico City || ||   |----- align="center" |Mask || El Santo ||El Remolino || Ciudad Obregón, Sonora || ||   |}

References

;General ;Specific

External links

The Films of El Santo, El Enmascarado De Plata

Santo and friends

Santo-biography with emphasis on his film work on (re)Search my Trash

Category:1917 births Category:1984 deaths Category:Mexican film actors Category:Mexican professional wrestlers Category:People from Hidalgo

Name	George E. New
Caption	George New
Birthdate	November 27, 1894
Birthplace	Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Deathdate	February 14, 1963
Deathplace	Milwaukee, WI
Nationality	American
Field	Painter, Etcher

Dr. George Edward New (1894–1963) was an etcher and portrait artist whose work garnered him international prestige. He is best known for a portrait of General Billy Mitchell, made from World War II photographs.

Early years

George New was born November 27, 1894, in a Bethlehem, Pennsylvania suburb. In his early years he traveled with family and attended a number of prep schools on the east coast. A fishing expedition to Wisconsin, with his father, fostered his love for the state which he would eventually call home. New served in World War One on the French side, he was awarded the French Croix de Guerre after sustaining numerous injuries. After the war he finished his education in France and then was involved in archaeological expeditions in North Africa, and Asia.

Milwaukee

From 1936 until 1941 he was a sort of artist in residence and informal lecturer on the Mount Mary College campus in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, although he never had faculty status. He also lectured occasionally at Marquette University.Dr. New taught art and art appreciation at Mount Mary College and lectured on history of art and cultural anthropology at Marquette University. New was awarded an Honorary Degree from Mount Mary College in 1937 and a Pere Marquette award from Marquette in 1957.

Later life

New suffered a paralytic stroke on December 26, 1956, from which he never fully recovered. In his later years New continued to etch, but not at the rate prior to his stroke. He died on February 14, 1963. He was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Racine, Wisconsin on February 20, 1963.

Artwork

One of George New's most widely known etchings was a portrait of General Billy Mitchell. Other etchings were acquired by the Library of Congress in Washington DC, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and museums in Paris and London. He is responsible for a number of etchings featuring prominent buildings of Midwestern campuses including Northwestern University, Notre Dame University, the University of Chicago, Marquette University, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. New also painted a number of portraits; these included Federal Judge F. Ryan Duffy, Col. Phillp Westfahl, and the last Czar of Russia.

Name Controversy

Due to his eccentric stories some have questioned if George New was his true name. In a number of letters after his death the possibility of a name change was raised. However, there is no actual evidence to confirm this.

Archival Collections

George E. New Papers at Marquette University.

See also

Marquette University

Marquette University Special Collections and University Archives

References

Category:1894 births Category:1963 deaths Category:Artists from Wisconsin Category:American painters