Hydraulics and other studies^[1]

Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. At a very basic level hydraulics is the liquid version of pneumatics. Fluid mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties. In fluid power, hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of pressurized liquids. Hydraulic topics range through most science and engineering disciplines, and cover concepts such as pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control circuitry, pumps, turbines, hydropower, computational fluid dynamics, flow measurement, river channel behavior and erosion.

Free surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as occurring in rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas. Its sub-field open channel flow studies the flow in open channels.

The word "hydraulics" originates from the Greek word ὑδραυλικός (hydraulikos) which in turn originates from ὕδωρ (hydor, Greek for water) and αὐλός (aulos, meaning pipe).

Ancient and medieval era[link]

Early uses of water power date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, where irrigation has been used since the 6th millennium BC^{[citation needed]} and water clocks had been used since the early 2nd millennium BC^{[citation needed]}. Other early examples of water power include the Qanat system in ancient Persia^{[citation needed]} and the Turpan water system in ancient China^{[citation needed]}.

Greek / Hellenistic world[link]

Greeks continued and sophisticated the construction of water and hydraulic power systems. An example is the construction by Eupalinos, under a public contract, of a watering channel for Samos. An early example of the usage of hydraulic wheel, probably the earliest in Europe, is the Perachora wheel (3rd c. BC).^[2]

Notable is the construction of the first hydraulic automata by Ctesibius (flourished c. 270 BC)^{[citation needed]} and Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–80 AD)^{[citation needed]}. Hero describes a number of working machines using hydraulic power^{[citation needed]}, such as the force pump, which is known from many Roman sites as having been used for raising water and in fire engines^{[citation needed]}.

China[link]

In ancient China there was Sunshu Ao (6th century BC), Ximen Bao (5th century BC), Du Shi (circa 31 AD), Zhang Heng (78 - 139 AD), and Ma Jun (200 - 265 AD), while medieval China had Su Song (1020 - 1101 AD) and Shen Kuo (1031–1095)^{[citation needed]}. Du Shi employed a waterwheel to power the bellows of a blast furnace producing cast iron^{[citation needed]}. Zhang Heng was the first to employ hydraulics to provide motive power in rotating an armillary sphere for astronomical observation^{[citation needed]}.

Sri Lanka[link]

Moat and gardens at Sigirya.

In ancient Sri Lanka, hydraulics were widely used in the ancient kingdoms of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa.^[3] The discovery of the principle of the valve tower, or valve pit, for regulating the escape of water is credited to ingenuity more than 2,000 years ago.^[4] By the first century A.D, several large-scale irrigation works had been completed.^[5] Macro- and micro-hydraulics to provide for domestic horticultural and agricultural needs, surface drainage and erosion control, ornamental and recreational water courses and retaining structures and also cooling systems were in place in Sigiriya, Sri Lanka^{[citation needed]}. The coral on the massive rock at the site includes cisterns for collecting water^{[citation needed]}.

Innovations in Ancient Rome[link]

Aqueduct of Segovia, a 1st Century AD masterpiece.

In Ancient Rome many different hydraulic applications were developed, including public water supplies, innumerable aqueducts, power using watermills and hydraulic mining^{[citation needed]}. They were among the first to make use of the siphon to carry water across valleys^{[citation needed]}, and used hushing on a large scale to prospect for and then extract metal ores^{[citation needed]}. They used lead widely in plumbing systems for domestic and public supply^{[citation needed]}, such as feeding thermae.

Hydraulic mining was used in the gold-fields of northern Spain^{[citation needed]}, which was conquered by Augustus in 25 BC. The alluvial gold-mine of Las Medulas was one of the largest of their mines^{[citation needed]}. It was worked by at least 7 long aqueducts, and the water streams were used to erode the soft deposits, and then wash the tailings for the valuable gold content^{[citation needed]}.

Modern era (c. 1600–1870)[link]

Benedetto Castelli[link]

In 1619 Benedetto Castelli (1576 - 1578–1643), a student of Galileo Galilei, published the book Della Misura dell'Acque Correnti or "On the Measurement of Running Waters", one of the foundations of modern hydrodynamics. He served as a chief consultant to the Pope on hydraulic projects, i.e., management of rivers in the Papal States, beginning in 1626.^[6]

Blaise Pascal[link]

Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) studied fluid hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids^{[citation needed]}. His inventions include the hydraulic press, which multiplied a smaller force acting on a larger area into the application of a larger force totaled over a smaller area, transmitted through the same pressure (or same change of pressure) at both locations^{[citation needed]}. Pascal's law or principle states that for an incompressible fluid at rest, the difference in pressure is proportional to the difference in height and this difference remains the same whether or not the overall pressure of the fluid is changed by applying an external force. This implies that by increasing the pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container, i.e., any change in pressure applied at any point of the fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluids.

Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille[link]

A French physician, Poiseuille researched the flow of blood through the body and discovered an important law governing the rate of flow with the diameter of the tube in which flow occurred.^{[citation needed]}

In the UK[link]

Several cities developed city-wide hydraulic power networks in the 19th century, to operate machinery such as lifts, cranes, capstans and the like. Joseph Bramah^[7] was an early innovator and William Armstrong^[8] perfected the apparatus for power delivery on an industrial scale. In London, the London Hydraulic Power Company^[9] was a major supplier its pipes serving large parts of the West End of London, City and the Docks, but there were schemes restricted to single enterprises such as docks and railway goods yards.

See also[link]

• Affinity laws
• Hydraulic engineering
• Hydraulic mining
• Pneumatics
• International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Rāshid, Rushdī; Morelon, Régis (1996), Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-12410-2. 

External links[link]

The Wikibook School Science has a page on the topic of Hydraulics demonstration

• International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR)
• National Fluid Power Association (NFPA)
• Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics
• The principle of hydraulics
• IAHR media library Web resource of photos, animation & video
• Basic hydraulic equations
• MIT hydraulics course notes

Baby Bash
Baby Bash attending the AVN Awards Show at the Palms Casino Resort, Las Vegas, Nevada on January 9, 2010
Background information
Birth name	Ronnie Ray Bryant[1]
Born	(1975-10-18) October 18, 1975 (age 36) Vallejo, California
Origin	Houston, Texas, United States
Genres	Latin hip hop, pop rap, R&B
Occupations	Singer, songwriter, actor, performer
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1996-present (singing) 2002-present (acting)
Labels	Dope House, Universal, RCA, J, Arista, Bashtown Music Group
Associated acts	Frankie J, South Park Mexican, Akon, Lucky Luciano, T-Pain
Website	www.myspace.com/babybash

Ronnie Ray Bryant (born October 18, 1975), better known by his stage name Baby Bash (formerly Baby Beesh), is a Mexican-American rapper. From 1995 to 1998, he performed under the stage name Baby Beesh, as part of the Vallejo, California group Potna Duece, after which he changed the last part of the name to Bash.^[2] His first album was On Tha Cool, with one of his greatest hits, "Vamanos"... His next album The Smokin' Nephew which included the singles "Suga Suga" and "Shorty Doowop". In 2005, Super Saucy was released, its lead single being "Baby I'm Back", a collaboration with singer Akon. Cyclone followed in 2007, with its title single featuring T-Pain and its follow-up, "What Is It" featuring Sean Kingston, landing on the Billboard charts as well.^[3]

He has frequently contributed to other performers' works, including a spot in the song "Obsession (No Es Amor)" by 3rd Wish released in Europe and later a U.S release with a copy / re- recording of the European version, performed by Frankie J in 2005 and "Doing Too Much" by Paula DeAnda in 2006.

He has collaborated with numerous other artists during his career, such as West Coast rappers B-Legit, C-Bo, Coolio- Da'unda'dogg, E-40^[4] and Mac Dre, R&B singers like Akon, Avant, Natalie, Mario, and Nate Dogg,^[5] and other Latino rappers such as Fat Joe, Nino Brown, Doll-E Girl, Frost,^[4] and Pitbull.^[6] He continues to write lyrics for singers such as Paula DeAnda, Jennifer Hudson and Frankie J.^[7]

Biography[link]

Early life and career beginnings[link]

Ronnie Rey Bryant was born to a Mexican American mother and English-American father. Bryant was raised by his grandmother, and Bryant's father and uncles exposed him to many different types of musical genres. Initially, Bryant wanted to be a professional basketball player.^[2] He planned to play basketball for the junior college he attended in California during the mid-'90s. After tearing his ankle several times and not having it repaired with surgery, he permanently ended the possibility of ever playing basketball at even a semi-professional level.

[edit] 2001:2002: Savage Dreams and On the Cool

Baby Bash's career began as part of the group Potna Duece in Vallejo, California. He went to Houston in 2000, where he met fellow rapper South Park Mexican.^[8] Prior to his success as a solo artist he, under the name "Baby Beesh", was part of rap groups Potna Deuce and Latino Velvet.^[9] Bash's debut album entitled Savage Dreams was released on the independent label Dope House Records in 2001.^[2] The album features guest performances by SPM, Frost, Jay Tee, Mr. Kee, Don Cisco and Merciless. On tha Cool is the second studio album by American rapper Baby Beesh, released June 11, 2002 on Dope House Records. It was produced by Happy P and Johnny Z. The album features guest performances by SPM, Jay Tee, Russell Lee, Don Cisco, Mr. Shadow and DJ Kane.

[edit] 2003-2005: The Smokin' Nephew, Menage a Trois and Super Saucy

The acclaim he received soon caught the attention of Universal Records, who signed him later that year. In 2003, Baby Bash released his first album on a major label, Tha Smokin' Nephew. It debuted at number 48 on the Billboard 200. Five months after its release, the album was certified Gold by the RIAA. As of March 2005, the album has sold 531,000 copies in the United States. Menage a Trois is an independent label album (fifth album overall) by Baby Bash.

In 2005 Bash released Super Saucy. Super Saucy is the first official studio album (sixth album overall) by Baby Bash released in March 2005. It spawned the hit single, "Baby I'm Back" (featuring Akon) which reached #19 on the Billboard Hot 100. It is also his last release on Universal Records before signing with Arista Records. The album debuted at #11 on the Billboard 200 with 48,000 copies sold in the first week released, becoming Baby Bash's highest charting album to date. He was

[edit] 2006-2011: Cyclone and Bashtown

He recently was featured in Paula DeAnda's first single "Doin' Too Much" from her debut album Paula DeAnda. His third studio album, Cyclone (initially titled Ronnie Rey All Day),^[10] was released in late October 2007. So far, Baby Bash has released three singles off the album: "Mamacita" featuring Marcos Hernandez, "Na Na (The Yummy Song)", and "Cyclone" featuring Mickaël & T-Pain. The month of the album release, Baby Bash became Myspace's #1 Latin artist,^[7] and the single "Cyclone" had over 750,000 digital and ringtone sales prior to the album's release.^[7] Baby Bash completed a film entitled Primos starring Chingo Bling and Danny Trejo. The comedy involves three cousins working in a bakery with dreams of making money, and is slated for a 2010 release.^[7] His major-label debut Tha Smokin' Nephew was well-received by Allmusic,^[11] but his 2007 album Cyclone was given mixed reviews, for example being panned by Rolling Stone magazine.^[12]

Bashtown is the fourth studio album by American hip hop artist Baby Bash. Released on March 22, 2011, it is the first of his albums to be released on Upstairs Records. Bashtown features production from Jim Jonsin, Printz Board, Happy P, Mickaël, J. Lacy, & C-Ballin and features vocal guests E-40, Paul Wall, Slim Thug, & Lloyd among others. According to Baby Bash, the album was entirely recorded in 2010, although many singles and the album were released in 2011. In December 2010, Baby Bash was offered a job as on-air personality for Wild 94.9, a Rhythmic Contemporary commercial radio station in San Francisco, California.^[1] In the same month, it was announced that Bash was endorsing a new energy drink for women named after his 2011 album's single, "Go Girl."^[1] Part of the sales proceeds from the energy drink will be donated to various charities for breast cancer and ovarian cancer research for women.^[1] His latest album Bashtown was released on March 22, 2011, and features guest appearances by Lloyd and E-40.^[1]

[edit] 2011-present: Weedsmoke and arrest

Baby Bash was arrested with Paul Wall the night of September 10, 2011 in El Paso, Texas for possession of marijuana. Both rappers were released the same night on $300 bail.

Baby Bash is also currently working on his upcoming eighth studio album called Weedsmoke, which is scheduled to be released in 2012.^[13]

Discography[link]

• Savage Dreams (2001)
• On tha Cool (2002)
• Tha Smokin' Nephew (2003)
• Menage a Trois (2004)
• Super Saucy (2005)
• Cyclone (2007)
• Bashtown (2011)
• Weedsmoke (2012)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Baby Bash on Myspace