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Year 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar.

Events[link]

January–February[link]

January 1: first Rose Bowl college American football game.

Andrew Carnegie

• January
  • In France, Alfred Loisy writes L'évangile et l'Eglise, which inaugurates the Modernist Crisis.
  • International Bureau of the American Republics is established.
• January 1
  • The first college football bowl game, the Rose Bowl between Michigan and Stanford, is held in Pasadena, California.
  • Nurses Registration Act 1901 comes into effect in New Zealand, making it the first country in the world to require state registration of nurses. On January 10, Ellen Dougherty becomes the world's first registered nurse.
• January 8 – A train collision in the New York Central Railroad's Park Avenue Tunnel kills 17, injures 38, and leads to increased demand for electric trains and let to the banning of Steam locomotives in the state.
• January 23 – A snowstorm at Mount Hakkoda, northern Honshu, Japan, kills 199 during a military training exercise.
• January 28 – The Carnegie Institution is founded in Washington, DC with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie.
• February 11 – Police and universal suffrage demonstrators are involved in a physical altercation in Brussels.
• February 15 – The Berlin U-Bahn underground is opened.
• February 18 – U.S. President Roosevelt prosecutes the Northern Securities Company for violation of the Sherman Act.

March–April[link]

• March 6 – Real Madrid: Real Madrid was founded.
• March 7 – Second Boer War: South African Boers win their last battle over British forces, with the capture of a British general and 200 of his men.
• March 10 – A Circuit Court prevents Thomas Edison from having a monopoly on motion picture technology.
• April 2 – Electric Theatre, the first movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles, California.
• April 13 – A new car speed record of 74 mph (119 km/h) is set in Nice, France, by Leon Serpollet.
• April 19 – A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000.
• April 26 – Hibernian FC won the Scottish Cup 1–0 against Glasgow Celtic FC, the last time in their history they have won the competition.

May–June[link]

May 8: Mount Pelée erupts.

• May 5 – The Commonwealth Public Service Act creates Australia's Public Service.
• May 8 – In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre and killing over 30,000.
• May 13 – Alfonso XIII of Spain begins his reign.
• May 20 – Cuba gains independence from the United States.
• May 29 – Lord Rosebery opens London School of Economics.
• May 31 – The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.

May 15: Lyman Gilmore plane.

• June 2 – The Anthracite Coal Strike begins in the United States.
• June 15 – The New York Central railroad inaugurates the 20th Century Limited passenger train between Chicago and New York City, New York.
• June 16 – Australia: Female British subjects (with the exception of Asians, Aborigines and Africans) win the vote with the Uniform Franchise Act.
• June 17 – Norwich City Football Club is formed.
• June 26 – Edward VII institutes The Order.

July–August[link]

• July 8 – Service of Reclamation within U.S. Geological Survey.
• July 10 – The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, PA kills 112 miners.
• July 11
  • Lord Salisbury retires as British prime minister.
  • The Order of the Garter is conferred on Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
• July 14 – St Mark's Campanile in Venice collapses.
• July 21 – Fluminense Football Club is founded in Rio de Janeiro.
• August 1 – 100 miners die in a pit explosion in Wollongong, Australia.
• August 9 – Edward VII is crowned King of the United Kingdom.
• August 22 – Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first American President to ride in an automobile when he rides in a Columbia Electric Victoria through Hartford, Connecticut.
• August 24 – A statue of Joan of Arc was unveiled in Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier.
• August 30 – In Martinique, Mount Pelée erupts again, destroying the town of Morne-Rouge causing 1000 deaths.

September–October[link]

• October 16 – The first Borstal (youth offenders' institution) opens in Borstal, Kent, U.K.
• October 21 – In the United States, a five month strike by the United Mine Workers ends.

November–December[link]

• November 30 – American Old West: The second-in-command of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch gang, Kid Curry Logan, is sentenced to 20 years hard labor.
• December–February 1903 – Venezuela Crisis, in which Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela in order to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims. This prompts the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
• December 10 – The first Aswan Dam on The Nile is completed.
• December 30 – Discovery Expedition: Scott, Shackleton and Wilson reach the furthest southern point reached thus far by man, south of 82°S.

Date unknown[link]

• Nathan B. Stubblefield demonstrates his mobile phone device in Kentucky.
• The insurrection ends in the Philippines.
• Capital of French Indochina moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin).
• Completion of Paul Doumer Bridge linking both sections of Hanoi.
• The Potawatomi Zoo (the oldest zoo in Indiana) opens in South Bend.

Births[link]

January–February[link]

• January 1 – Buster Nupen, South African cricketer (d. 1977)
• January 2 – Dan Keating, Irish republican (d. 2007)
• January 9
  • Rudolph Bing, Austrian-born opera manager (d. 1997)
  • Josemaría Escrivá, Spanish priest (d. 1975)
  • Ann Nixon Cooper, American activist for African-American people's rights (d. 2009)
• January 11 – Maurice Duruflé, French composer (d. 1986)
• January 12 – King Saud of Saudi Arabia (d. 1969)
• January 16 – Eric Liddell, Scottish runner (d. 1945)
• January 20
  • Kevin Barry, Irish republican (d. 1920)
  • Leon Ames, American actor (d 1993)
• January 22 – Daniel Kinsey, American hurdler (d. 1970)
• January 24 – E. A. Speiser, American biblical scholar (d. 1965)
• January 25
  • André Beaufre, French general (d. 1975)
  • Pablo Antonio, Filipino modernist architect (d. 1975)
• January 26 – Menno ter Braak, Dutch author and polemicist (d. 1940)
• January 31
  • Tallulah Bankhead, American actress (d. 1968)
  • Alva Myrdal, Swedish politician, diplomat, and writer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1986)
• February 1 – Langston Hughes, African American writer (d. 1967)
• February 2 – Jane Ising, widow of physicist Ernst Ising (d. 2012)
• February 4
  • Charles Lindbergh, American aviator (d. 1974)
  • Hartley Shawcross, British barrister and politician (d. 2003)
• February 5 – Iwamoto Kaoru, Japanese professional Go player (d. 1999)
• February 6 – George Brunies, American jazz trombonist (d. 1974)
• February 8 – Demchugdongrub, Mongolian politician (d. 1966)
• February 10 – Walter Houser Brattain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
• February 11 – Arne Jacobsen, Danish architect and designer (d. 1971)
• February 19
  • Kay Boyle, American writer (d. 1992)
  • Eddie Peabody, American musician (d. 1970)
• February 20 – Ansel Adams, American photographer (d. 1984)
• February 26 – Albert Anastasia, American gangster (d. 1957)
• February 27
  • Gene Sarazen, American golfer (d. 1999)
  • John Steinbeck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)

March–April[link]

• March 4 – Red Reeder, American soldier and author (d. 1998)
• March 7 – Heinz Rühmann, German actor (d. 1994)
• March 9 – Will Geer, American actor (d. 1978)
• March 15 – Carla Porta Musa, Italian essayist and poet
• March 16 – Leon Roppolo, American jazz clarinetist (d. 1943)
• March 17 – Bobby Jones, American golfer (d. 1971)
• March 19 – Louisa Ghijs, Belgian stage actress and wife of Johannes Heesters (d. 1985)
• March 21 – Son House, American musician (d. 1988)
• March 24 – Thomas Dewey, American politician (d. 1971)
• March 28 – Dame Flora Robson, English actress (d. 1984)
• March 29
  • William Walton, English composer (d. 1983)
  • Marcel Aymé, French writer (d. 1967)
• March 30 – Brooke Astor, American socialite and philanthropist (d. 2007)
• April 4
  • Louise Leveque de Vilmorin, French actress (d. 1969)
  • Stanley G. Weinbaum, American science-fiction author (d. 1935)
• April 8 – Andrew Irvine, British mountaineer (d. 1924)
• April 12 – Louis Beel, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1977)
• April 23 – Halldór Laxness, Icelandic writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)
• April 25 – Werner Heyde, German psychiatrist (d. 1964)
• April 27 – Harry Stockwell, American actor and singer (d. 1984)
• April 30 – Theodore Schultz, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)

May–June[link]

• May 3 – Alfred Kastler, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)
• May 6
  • Max Ophüls, German-born director (d. 1957)
  • Harry Golden, American journalist (d. 1981)
• May 8 – Andre Michael Lwoff, French microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
• May 10
  • Anatole Litvak, Ukrainian-born film director (d. 1974)
  • David O. Selznick, American film producer (d. 1965)
• May 11 – Dick Curtis, American actor (d. 1952)
• May 15 – Richard J. Daley, American politician (d. 1976)
• May 18 – Meredith Willson, American composer (d. 1984)
• May 21
  • Earl Averill, American baseball player (d. 1983)
  • Marcel Lajos Breuer, Hungarian-born architect (d. 1981)
• May 22 – Al Simmons, American baseball player (d. 1956)
• May 31 – Billy Mayerl, English pianist and composer (d. 1959)
• June 2 – Rosa Rio, American organist and composer (d. 2010)
• June 18 – Barbara McClintock, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1992)
• June 22 – Henri Deglane, French wrestler (d. 1975)
• June 26 – Hugues Cuénod, Swiss tenor (d. 2010)
• June 28 – Richard Rodgers, American composer (d. 1979)

July–August[link]

• July 1 – William Wyler, American film director (d. 1981)
• July 4
  • Vince Barnett, American actor (d. 1977)
  • George Murphy, American dancer, actor, and politician (d. 1992)
  • Meyer Lansky, Russian-born mobster (d. 1983)
• July 8
  • Richard Barrett Lowe, American governor of both Guam and American Samoa (d. 1972)
  • Gwendolyn Bennett, American writer (d. 1981)
• July 10 – Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
• July 16 – Alexander Luria, Russian nevropychologist (d. 1977)
• July 28
  • Karl Raimund Popper, Austrian philosopher (d. 1994)
  • Albert Namatjira, Australian painter (d. 1959)
• July 31 – Randolph E. Haugan, American author, editor and publisher (d. 1985)
• August 2 – Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch (d. 1971)
• August 4 – Clara Peller, American actress (d. 1987)
• August 8 – Paul Dirac, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)
• August 9 – Zino Francescatti, French violinist (d. 1991)
• August 10
  • Norma Shearer, Canadian actress (d. 1983)
  • Arne Tiselius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
• August 11
  • Alfredo Binda, Italian cyclist (d. 1986)
  • Lloyd Nolan, American film and television actor (d. 1985)
• August 16 – Georgette Heyer, British writer (d. 1974)
• August 18 – Adamson-Eric, Estonian artist (d. 1968)
• August 19
  • Ogden Nash, American poet (d. 1971)
  • J. B. L. Reyes, Filipino jurist (d. 1994)
• August 22 – Leni Riefenstahl, German film director (d. 2003)
• August 24 – Carlo Gambino, American gangster (d. 1976)
• August 25 – Stefan Wolpe, German-born composer (d. 1972)

September–October[link]

• September 7 – Roy Barcroft, American actor (d. 1969)
• September 12 – Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, President of Brazil (d. 1976)
• September 14 – Giorgos Papasideris, Greek singer, composer, and lyricist (d. 1977)
• September 21 – Luis Cernuda, Spanish poet (d. 1963)
• September 22
  • John Houseman, Romanian-born actor and producer (d. 1988)
  • Ruhollah Khomeini, Iranian Shia cleric (d. 1989)
• October 2 – Leopold Figl, former Chancellor of Austria (d. 1965)
• October 3 – Waldo McBurney, America's oldest worker (d. 2009)
• October 5
  • Larry Fine, American actor and comedian (The Three Stooges) (d. 1975)
  • Ray Kroc, American fast food entrepreneur (McDonald's) (d. 1984)
• October 13 – Arna Wendell Bontemps, American writer (d. 1973)
• October 18
  • Miriam Hopkins, American actress (d. 1972)
  • Pascual Jordan, German physicist (d. 1980)
• October 25 – Eddie Lang, American jazz guitarist (d. 1933)
• October 26 – Jack Sharkey, American heavyweight boxing champion (d. 1994)
• October 31 – Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Brazilian poet (d. 1987)

November–December[link]

• November – Peter Pitseolak, Inuit photographer and author (d. 1973)
• November 1 – Eugen Jochum, German conductor (d. 1987)
• November 2 – Princess Mafalda of Savoy (d. 1944)
• November 9 – Anthony Asquith, British film director (d. 1968)
• November 17 – Eugene Wigner, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
• November 19 – Trevor Bardette, American actor (d. 1977)
• November 21 – Mikhail Suslov, Soviet politician (d. 1982)
• November 23 – Victor Jory, Canadian actor (d. 1982)
• December 2 – Wifredo Lam, Cuban artist (d. 1982)
• December 3 – Mitsuo Fuchida, Japanese aviator, naval officer, and Christian evangelist (d. 1976)
• December 5 – Strom Thurmond, American politician (d. 2003)
• December 9 – Margaret Hamilton, American actress (d. 1985)
• December 14 – Frances Bavier, American stage and television actress (d. 1989)
• December 15 – Bernard L. Austin, American admiral (d. 1979)
• December 20 – Prince George, Duke of Kent (d. 1942)
• December 23 – Norman Maclean, American author (d. 1990)
• December 28
  • Mortimer Adler, American philosopher (d. 2001)
  • Shen Congwen, Chinese writer (d. 1988)

Deaths[link]

January–June[link]

• January 11 – Johnny Briggs, English cricketer (b. 1862)
• February 1 – Salomon Jadassohn, German composer and pianist (b. 1831)
• February 15 – Viggo Hørup, Danish politician (b. 1841)
• February 18 – Albert Bierstadt, German-born American painter (b. 1830)
• February 27
  • Harry 'Breaker' Morant, Australian soldiern (executed) (b. 1864)
  • Peter Handcock, Australian soldier (executed) (b. 1869)
• March 26 – Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist (b. 1853)
• April 2 – Esther Hobart Morris, American suffragist judge (b. 1814)
• April 12 – Marie Alfred Cornu, French physicist (b. 1841)
• April 15 – Jules Dalou, French sculptor (b. 1838)
• April 21 – Ethna Carbery, Irish poet (b. 1866)
• May 6
  • Bret Harte, American writer (b. 1836)
  • William T. Sampson, American admiral (b. 1840)
• May 26 – Almon Strowger, American inventor (b. 1839)
• June 10
  • Jacint Verdaguer, Catalan poet (b. 1845)
  • Auguste Schmidt, German educator and activist (b. 1833)
• June 18 – Samuel Butler, British author (b. 1835)
• June 19 – Albert, King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin (b. 1828)

July–December[link]

• July 4 – Swami Vivekananda, Indian religious leader (b. 1863)
• July 6 – Maria Goretti, Italian Catholic saint (b. 1890)
• August 8 – James Tissot, French artist (b. 1836)
• September 5 – Rudolf Virchow, German scientist and politician (b. 1821)
• September 6 – Sir Frederick Augustus Abel, British chemist (b. 1827)
• September 19 – Masaoka Shiki, Japanese haiku poet (b. 1867)
• September 26 – Levi Strauss, inventor of Jeans (b. 1829)
• September 29 – Émile Zola, French author (b. 1840)
• September 30 – James Edward Jouett, American admiral (b. 1826)
• October 25 – Frank Norris, American novelist (b. 1870)
• October 26 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American activist (b. 1815)
• November 4 – Hale Johnson, American politician (b. 1847)
• November 17 – Hugh Price Hughes, Welsh social reformer (b. 1847)
• November 23 – Walter Reed, American army physician (b. 1851)
• December 3 – Robert Lawson, New Zealand architect (b. 1833)
• December 4 – Charles Dow, American journalist, co-founder of Dow Jones & Company (b. 1851)
• December 14 – Julia Grant, wife of President Ulysses S. Grant (b. 1826)
• December 22 – Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German sexologist (b. 1840)
• December 23 – Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1821)

Nobel Prizes[link]

• Physics – Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman
• Chemistry – Hermann Emil Fischer
• Medicine – Ronald Ross
• Literature – Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen
• Peace – Élie Ducommun and Charles Albert Gobat

References[link]

• The Annual Cyclopedia ...1902 (1903), highly detailed compilation of facts; worldwide coverage online edition

Scott Joplin
Scott Joplin in June 1903. This picture also appears on the cover of The Cascades from 1904.[1]
Background information
Birth name	Scott Joplin
Born	ca. late 1867 or early 1868 Northeast Texas
Origin	Texarkana, Texas
Died	April 1, 1917 (aged 49) New York City, New York
Genres	Ragtime, march, waltz
Occupations	Composer, pianist, music teacher
Instruments	Piano, guitar, mandolin, cornet, violin, banjo, vocals
Years active	1895–1917

The signature of Scott Joplin.

Scott Joplin (ca. 1867/1868? – April 1, 1917) was an American composer and pianist. Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions, and was later dubbed "The King of Ragtime". During his brief career, Joplin wrote 44 original ragtime pieces, one ragtime ballet, and two operas. One of his first pieces, the Maple Leaf Rag, became ragtime's first and most influential hit, and has been recognized as the archetypal rag.

Joplin was born into a musical African American family of laborers in Northeast Texas, and developed his musical knowledge with the help of local teachers, most notably Julius Weiss. Joplin grew up in Texarkana, where he formed a vocal quartet, and taught mandolin and guitar. During the late 1880s he left his job as a laborer with the railroad, and travelled around the American South as an itinerant musician. He went to Chicago for the World's Fair of 1893, which played a major part in making ragtime a national craze by 1897.

Joplin moved to Sedalia, Missouri in 1894, and earned a living teaching piano and going on tour across the Southern US. In Sedalia, he taught future ragtime composers Arthur Marshall, Scott Hayden and Brun Campbell. Joplin began publishing music in 1895, and publication of his Maple Leaf Rag in 1899 brought him fame and had a profound influence on subsequent writers of ragtime. It also brought the composer a steady income for life. During his lifetime, Joplin did not reach this level of success again and frequently had financial problems.

Joplin moved to St. Louis in 1901, where he continued to compose and publish music, and regularly performed in brothels and bars in the city's red-light district. By the time he had moved to St. Louis, Joplin may have been experiencing discoordination of the fingers, tremors, and an inability to speak clearly, as a result of having contracted syphilis. The score to his first opera, A Guest of Honor, was confiscated in 1903 with his belongings due to his non-payment of bills, and is considered lost.

He continued to compose and publish music, and in 1907 moved to New York City, seeking to find a producer for a new opera. He attempted to go beyond the limitations of the musical form which made him famous, without much monetary success. His second opera, Treemonisha, was not received well at its partially staged performance in 1915.

In 1916, suffering from tertiary syphilis and by consequence rapidly deteriorating health, Joplin descended into dementia. He was admitted to a mental institution in January 1917, and died there three months later at the age of 49.

Joplin's music was rediscovered and returned to popularity in the early 1970s with the release of a million-selling album of Joplin's rags recorded by Joshua Rifkin, followed by the Academy Award–winning movie The Sting which featured several of his compositions, such as "The Entertainer". The opera Treemonisha was finally produced in full to wide acclaim in 1972. In 1976, Joplin was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize.

Early life[link]

Joplin was born in Northeast Texas in 1867, just outside of Texarkana. Joplin was the second of six children born to Giles Joplin, an ex-slave from North Carolina, and Florence Givens, a freeborn African American woman from Kentucky.^[2][3][4] Although for many years his birth date was accepted as November 24, 1868, research has revealed that this is almost certainly inaccurate – the most likely approximate date being the second half of 1867.^[5] The Joplins subsequently moved to Texarkana where Giles worked as a laborer for the railroad while Florence was a cleaner. Joplin was given a rudimentary musical education by his family and from the age of seven he was allowed to play piano while his mother cleaned.^[6]

At some point in the early 1880s, Giles Joplin left the family for another woman, leaving Florence to provide for her children through domestic work. Biographer Susan Curtis speculated that his mother's support of Joplin's musical education was an important causal factor in this separation; his father argued that it took the boy away from practical employment which would have supplemented the family income.^[7]

According to a family friend, the young Joplin was serious and ambitious studying music and playing the piano after school. While a few local teachers aided him, he received most of his serious music education from Julius Weiss, a German-Jewish music professor who had immigrated to the United States from Germany.^[8] Weiss had studied music at a university in Germany and was listed in town records as a "Professor of music." Impressed by Joplin's talent, and realizing his family's dire straits, Weiss taught him free of charge. He tutored the 11-year-old Joplin until he was 16, during which time he introduced him to folk and classical music, including opera. Weiss helped Joplin appreciate music as an "art as well as an entertainment"^[9] and helped his mother acquire a used piano. According to his wife Lottie, Joplin never forgot Weiss and in his later years, when he achieved fame as a composer, sent his former teacher "gifts of money when he was old and ill," until Weiss died.^[8] At the age of 16 Joplin performed in a vocal quartet with three other boys in and around Texarkana, playing piano. In addition he taught guitar and mandolin.^[9]

Life in the Southern states and Chicago[link]

In the late 1880s, having performed at various local events as a teenager, Joplin chose to give up work as a laborer with the railroad and left Texarkana to become a traveling musician.^[10] Little is known about his movements at this time, although he is recorded in Texarkana in July 1891 as a member of the "Texarkana Minstrels" in a performance that happened to be raising money for a monument to Jefferson Davis, President of the Southern Confederacy.^[11] He was soon to discover that there were few opportunities for black pianists, however; besides the church, brothels were one of the few options for obtaining steady work. Joplin played pre-ragtime 'jig-piano' in various red-light districts throughout the mid-South, and it has been claimed he was in Sedalia and St. Louis during this time.^[12][13]

In 1893 Joplin was in Chicago for the World's Fair. While in Chicago, he formed his first band playing cornet and began arranging music for the group to perform. Although the World's Fair minimised the involvement of African-Americans, black performers still came to the saloons, cafés and brothels that lined the fair. The exposition was attended by 27 million Americans and had a profound effect on many areas of American cultural life, including ragtime. Although specific information is sparse, numerous sources have credited the Chicago World Fair with spreading the popularity of ragtime.^[14] Joplin found that his music, as well as that of other black performers, was popular with visitors.^[15] By 1897 ragtime had become a national craze in American cities, and was described by the St. Louis Dispatch as "a veritable call of the wild, which mightily stirred the pulses of city bred people."^[16]

Life in Missouri[link]

	A 1906 recording of the "Maple Leaf Rag" by the United States Marine Band. This is the first surviving recording of the "Maple Leaf Rag"[17][18][19][20]
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

In 1894 Joplin arrived in Sedalia, Missouri. At first, Joplin stayed with the family of Arthur Marshall, at the time a 13-year old boy but later one of Joplin's students and a rag-time composer in his own right.^[21] There is no record of Joplin having a permanent residence in the town until 1904, as Joplin was making a living as a touring musician.

Front cover of the third edition of the "Maple Leaf Rag" sheet music

There is little precise evidence known about Joplin's activities at this time, although he performed as a solo musician at dances and at the major black clubs in Sedalia, the "Black 400" club and the "Maple Leaf Club". He performed in the Queen City Cornet Band, and his own six-piece dance orchestra. A tour with his own singing group, the Texas Medley Quartet, gave him his first opportunity to publish his own compositions and it is known that he went to Syracuse, New York and Texas. Two businessmen from New York published Joplin's first two works, the songs Please Say You Will, and A Picture of her Face in 1895.^[22] Joplin's visit to Temple, Texas enabled him to have three pieces published there in 1896, including the Crush Collision March which commemorated a planned train crash on the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad on September 15 which he may have witnessed. The March was described by one of Joplin's biographers as a "special... early essay in ragtime".^[23] While in Sedalia he was teaching piano to students who included future ragtime composers Arthur Marshall, Brun Campbell, and Scott Hayden.^[24] In turn, Joplin enrolled at the George R. Smith College, where he apparently studied "advanced harmony and composition". The College records were destroyed in a fire in 1925,^[25] and biographer Edward A. Berlin notes that it was unlikely that a small college for African-Americans would be able to provide such a course.^[26][27][28]

In 1899, Joplin married Belle, the sister-in-law of collaborator Scott Hayden. Although there were hundreds of rags in print by the time the Maple Leaf Rag was published, Joplin was not far behind. His first published rag, Original Rags, had been completed in 1897, the same year as the first ragtime work in print, the Mississippi Rag by William Krell. The Maple Leaf Rag was likely to have been known in Sedalia before its publication in 1899; Brun Campbell claimed to have seen the manuscript of the work in around 1898.^[29] The exact circumstances which led to the Maple Leaf Rag's publication are unknown, and there are a number of different versions of the event which contradict each other. After several unsuccessful approaches to publishers, Joplin signed a contract on 10 August 1899 with John Stillwell Stark, a retailer of musical instruments who later became his most important publisher. The contract stipulated that Joplin would receive a 1% royalty on all sales of the rag, with a minimum sales price of 25 cents.^[30] It is possible that the rag was named after the Maple Leaf Club, although there is no direct evidence to prove the link, and there were many other possible sources for the name in and around Sedalia at the time.^[31]

Scott Joplin House in St Louis, Missouri

There have been many claims about the sales of the Maple Leaf Rag, for example that Joplin was the first musician to sell 1 million copies of a piece of instrumental music.^[28] Joplin's first biographer, Rudi Blesh wrote that during its first six months the piece sold 75,000 copies, and became "the first great instrumental sheet music hit in America".^[32] However, research by Joplin's later biographer Edward A. Berlin demonstrated that this was not the case; the initial print-run of 400 took one year to sell, and under the terms of Joplin's contract with a 1% royalty would have given Joplin an income of $4 (or approximately $112 at current prices). Later sales were steady and would have given Joplin an income which would have covered his expenses; in 1909 estimated sales would have given him an income of $600 annually (approximately $15,520 in current prices).^[33]

The Maple Leaf Rag did serve as a model for the hundreds of rags to come from future composers, especially in the development of classic ragtime.^[34] After the publication of the Maple Leaf Rag, Joplin was soon being described as "King of rag time writers", not least by himself^[35] on the covers of his own work, such as "The Easy Winners" and Elite Syncopations.

After the Joplins' move to St. Louis in early 1900, they had a baby daughter who died only a few months after birth. Joplin's relationship with his wife was difficult as she had no interest in music. They eventually separated and then divorced.^[36] About this time, Joplin collaborated with Scott Hayden in the composition of four rags.^[37] It was in St. Louis that Joplin produced some of his best-known works, including The Entertainer, March Majestic, and the short theatrical work The Ragtime Dance.

In June 1904, Joplin married Freddie Alexander of Little Rock, Arkansas, the young woman to whom he had dedicated The Chrysanthemum. She died on September 10, 1904 of complications resulting from a cold, ten weeks after their wedding.^[35] Joplin's first work copyrighted after Freddie's death, Bethena, was described by one biographer as "an enchantingly beautiful piece that is among the greatest of ragtime waltzes".^[38]

During this time, Joplin created an opera company of 30 people and produced his first opera A Guest of Honor for a national tour. It is not certain how many productions were staged, or even if this was an all-black show or a racially mixed production. During the tour, either in Springfield, Illinois, or Pittsburg, Kansas, someone associated with the company stole the box office receipts. Joplin could not meet the company's payroll or pay for its lodgings at a theatrical boarding house. It is believed that the score for A Guest of Honor was lost and perhaps destroyed because of non-payment of the company's boarding house bill.^[39]

Later years[link]

Front cover of the "Wall Street Rag" (1909) sheet music

In 1907, Joplin moved to New York City, which he believed was the best place to find a producer for a new opera. After his move to New York, Joplin met Lottie Stokes, whom he married in 1909.^[37] In 1911, unable to find a publisher, Joplin undertook the financial burden of publishing Treemonisha himself in piano-vocal format. In 1915, as a last-ditch effort to see it performed, he invited a small audience to hear it at a rehearsal hall in Harlem. Poorly staged and with only Joplin on piano accompaniment, it was "a miserable failure", the public being not yet ready for "crude" black musical forms, so different from the style of European grand opera of that time.^[40] The audience, including potential backers, was indifferent and walked out.^[36] Scott writes that "after a disastrous single performance ... Joplin suffered a breakdown. He was bankrupt, discouraged, and worn out." He concludes that few American artists of his generation faced such obstacles: "Treemonisha went unnoticed and unreviewed, largely because Joplin had abandoned commercial music in favor of art music, a field closed to African Americans."^[24] In fact, it was not until the 1970s that the opera received a full theatrical staging.

In 1914, Joplin and Lottie self-published his "Magnetic Rag" using the name the "Scott Joplin Music Company" which had been formed the previous December.^[41] Biographer Vera Brodsky Lawrence speculates that Joplin was aware of his advancing deterioration due to syphilis and was "consciously racing against time." In her sleeve notes on the 1992 Deutsche Grammophon release of Treemonisha she notes that he "plunged feverishly into the task of orchestrating his opera, day and night, with his friend Sam Patterson standing by to copy out the parts, page by page, as each page of the full score was completed."^[40]

Death[link]

By 1916, Joplin was suffering from tertiary syphilis and a resulting descent into madness.^[42][43] In January 1917, he was admitted to Manhattan State Hospital, a mental institution.^[35] He died there on April 1, 1917 of dementia.^[40][44] After Joplin's death at the age of just 49, from advanced syphilis, he was buried in a pauper's grave that remained unmarked for 57 years. His grave at Saint Michaels Cemetery in East Elmhurst was finally given a marker in 1974.^[45]

Works[link]

	Maple Leaf Rag played by a Wikipedian in 2008 The Entertainer played by a Wikipedian
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The combination of classical music, the musical atmosphere present around Texarkana (including work songs, gospel hymns, spirituals and dance music) and Joplin's natural ability has been cited as contributing significantly to the invention of a new style which blended both African-American musical styles with European forms and melodies, and which first became celebrated in the 1890s: ragtime.^[7]

When Joplin was learning the piano, serious musical circles condemned ragtime because of its association with the vulgar and inane songs "cranked out by the tune-smiths of Tin Pan Alley."^[46] As a composer Joplin refined ragtime, elevating it above the low and unrefined form played by the "wandering honky-tonk pianists... playing mere dance music" of popular imagination.^[47] This new art form, the classic rag, combined Afro-American folk music's syncopation and nineteenth-century European romanticism, with its harmonic schemes and its march-like tempos.^[37][48] In the words of one critic, "ragtime was basically... an Afro-American version of the polka, or its analog, the Sousa-style march."^[49] With this as a foundation, Joplin intended his compositions to be played exactly as he wrote them – without improvisation.^[24] Joplin wrote his rags as "classical" music in miniature form in order to raise ragtime above its "cheap bordello" origins and produced work which opera historian Elise Kirk described as "...more tuneful, contrapuntal, infectious, and harmonically colorful than any others of his era."^[12]

It has been speculated that Joplin's achievements were influenced by his classically trained German music teacher Julius Weiss, who may have brought a polka rhythmic sensibility from the old country to the 11-year old Joplin.^[50] As Curtis put it "The educated German could open up the door to a world of learning and music of which young Joplin was largely unaware."^[46]

Joplin's first, and most significant hit, the "Maple Leaf Rag", was described as the "archetype" of the classic rag, influencing subsequent rag composers for at least 12 years after its initial publication thanks to its rhythmic patterns, melody lines, and harmony,^[34] although with the exception of Joseph Lamb they generally failed to enlarge upon it.^[51]

[edit] Treemonisha

Treemonisha (1911)

The opera's setting is a former slave community in an isolated forest near Joplin's childhood town Texarkana in September 1884. The plot centers on an 18 year old woman Treemonisha who is taught to read by a white woman, and then leads her community against the influence of conjurers who prey on ignorance and superstition. Treemonisha is abducted and is about to be thrown into a wasps' nest when her friend Remus rescues her. The community realizes the value of education and the liability of their ignorance before choosing her as their teacher and leader.^[52][53][54]

Joplin wrote both the score and the libretto for the opera, which largely follows the form of European opera with many conventional arias, ensembles and choruses. In addition the themes of superstition and mysticism which are evident in Treemonisha are common in the operatic tradition, and certain aspects of the plot echo devices in the work of the German composer Richard Wagner (of which Joplin was aware); a sacred tree under which Treemonisha is found recalls the tree from which Siegmund takes his enchanted sword in Die Walküre, and the retelling of the heroine's origins echos aspects of the opera Siegfried. In addition, African-American folk tales also influence the story, with the wasp nest incident being similar to the story of Br'er Rabbit and the briar patch.^[55]

Treemonisha is not a ragtime opera because Joplin employed the styles of ragtime and other black music sparingly, using them to convey "racial character", and to celebrate the music of his childhood at the end of the 19th century. The opera has been seen as a valuable record of rural black music from late 19th century re-created by a "skilled and sensitive participant".^[56]

Berlin speculates about parallels between the plot and Joplin's own life. He notes that Lottie Joplin (the composer's third wife) saw a connection between the character Treemonisha's wish to lead her people out of ignorance, and a similar desire in the composer. In addition, it has been speculated that Treemonisha represents Freddie, Joplin's second wife, because the date of the opera's setting was likely to have been the month of her birth.^[57]

At the time of the opera's publication in 1911, the American Musician and Art Journal praised it as "an entirely new form of operatic art".^[58] Later critics have also praised the opera as occupying a special place in American history, with its heroine "a startlingly early voice for modern civil rights causes, notably the importance of education and knowledge to African American advancement."^[59] Curtis's conclusion is similar: "In the end, Treemonisha offered a celebration of literacy, learning, hard work, and community solidarity as the best formula for advancing the race."^[54] Berlin describes it as a "fine opera, certainly more interesting than most operas then being written in the United States", but later states that Joplin's own libretto showed the composer "was not a competent dramatist" with the book not up to the same quality as the music.^[60]

Performance skills[link]

	"Pleasant Moments – Ragtime Waltz" – played by Scott Joplin (April 1916) An April 1916 Piano Roll recording of Scott Joplin. Thought lost until discovered by a collector in New Zealand in 2006.[61] "Maple Leaf Rag" – played by Scott Joplin (June 1916) A June 1916 Piano Roll recording of Scott Joplin for The Aeolian Company.
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Joplin's skills as a pianist were described in glowing terms by a Sedalia newspaper in 1898, and fellow ragtime composers Arthur Marshall and Joe Jordan both said that he played the instrument well.^[37] However, the son of publisher John Stark stated that Joplin was a rather mediocre pianist and that he composed on paper, rather than at the piano. Artie Matthews recalled the "delight" the St. Louis players took in outplaying Joplin.^[62]

While Joplin never made an audio recording, his playing is preserved on seven piano rolls for use in mechanical player pianos. All seven were made in 1916. Of these, the six released under the Connorized label show evidence of significant editing,^[63] probably by William Axtmann, the staff arranger at Connorized.^[64] Berlin theorizes that by the time Joplin reached St. Louis he may have been experiencing discoordination of the fingers, tremors and an inability to speak clearly, symptoms of syphilis, the disease that took his life in 1917.^[65] The second roll recording of "Maple Leaf Rag" on the UniRecord label from June 1916 was described by biographer Blesh as "... shocking... disorganized and completely distressing to hear."^[66] While there is disagreement among piano-roll experts about the accuracy of the reproduction of a player's performance,^{[67][68][69][70]} Berlin notes that the "Maple Leaf Rag" roll was "painfully bad" and likely to be the truest record of Joplin's playing at the time. The roll, however, does not reflect his abilities earlier in life.^[63]

Legacy[link]

Nonpareil (1907)

Joplin and his fellow ragtime composers rejuvenated American popular music, fostering an appreciation for African American music among European Americans by creating exhilarating and liberating dance tunes, changing American musical taste. "Its syncopation and rhythmic drive gave it a vitality and freshness attractive to young urban audiences indifferent to Victorian proprieties... Joplin's ragtime expressed the intensity and energy of a modern urban America."^[24]

Joshua Rifkin, a leading Joplin recording artist, wrote that "a pervasive sense of lyricism infuses his work, and even at his most high-spirited, he cannot repress a hint of melancholy or adversity... He had little in common with the fast and flashy school of ragtime that grew up after him."^[71] Joplin historian Bill Ryerson adds that "In the hands of authentic practitioners like Joplin, ragtime was a disciplined form capable of astonishing variety and subtlety... Joplin did for the rag what Chopin did for the mazurka. His style ranged from tones of torment to stunning serenades that incorporated the bolero and the tango."^[36] Biographer Susan Curtis wrote that Joplin's music had helped to "revolutionise American music and culture" by removing Victorian restraint.^[72]

Composer and actor Max Morath found it striking that the vast majority of Joplin's work did not enjoy the popularity of the Maple Leaf Rag, because while the compositions were "of increasing lyrical beauty and delicate syncopation" they remained "obscure" and "unheralded" during his lifetime.^[51] Joplin apparently realized that his music was ahead of its time: As music historian Ian Whitcomb mentions that Joplin "opined that Maple Leaf Rag would make him 'King of Ragtime Composers' but he also knew that he would not be a pop hero in his own lifetime. 'When I'm dead twenty-five years, people are going to recognize me,' he told a friend." Just over thirty years later he was recognized, and later historian Rudi Blesh would write a large book about ragtime, which he dedicated to the memory of Joplin.^[47]

Although he was penniless and disappointed at the end of his life, Joplin set the standard for ragtime compositions and played a key role in the development of ragtime music. And as a pioneer composer and performer, he helped pave the way for young black artists to reach American audiences of both races. After his death, jazz historian Floyd Levin noted: "those few who realized his greatness bowed their heads in sorrow. This was the passing of the king of all ragtime writers, the man who gave America a genuine native music."^[73]

Revival[link]

After his death in 1917, Joplin's music and ragtime in general waned in popularity as new forms of musical styles, such as jazz and novelty piano, emerged. Even so, jazz bands and recording artists such as Tommy Dorsey in 1936, Jelly Roll Morton in 1939 and J. Russell Robinson in 1947 released recordings of Joplin compositions. "Maple Leaf Rag" was the Joplin piece found most often on 78 rpm records.^[74]

In the 1960s, a small-scale reawakening of interest in classic ragtime was underway among some American music scholars such as Trebor Tichenor, William Bolcom, William Albright and Rudi Blesh. Audiophile Records released a two record set, The Complete Piano Works of Scott Joplin, The Greatest of Ragtime Composers, performed by Knocky Parker, in 1970.^[75]

In 1968, Bolcom and Albright interested Joshua Rifkin, a young musicologist, in the body of Joplin's work. Together, they hosted an occasional ragtime-and-early-jazz evening on WBAI radio.^[76] In November 1970, Rifkin released a recording called Scott Joplin: Piano Rags^[77] on the classical label Nonesuch. It sold 100,000 copies in its first year and eventually became Nonesuch's first million-selling record.^[78] The Billboard "Best-Selling Classical LPs" chart for September 28, 1974 has the record at number 5, with the follow-up "Volume 2" at number 4, and a combined set of both volumes at number 3. Separately both volumes had been on the chart for 64 weeks. In the top 7 spots on that chart, 6 of the entries were recordings of Joplin's work, three of which were Rifkin's.^[79] Record stores found themselves for the first time putting ragtime in the classical music section. The album was nominated in 1971 for two Grammy Award categories: Best Album Notes and Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra). Rifkin was also under consideration for a third Grammy for a recording not related to Joplin, but at the ceremony on March 14, 1972, Rifkin did not win in any category.^[80] He did a tour in 1974, which included appearances on BBC Television and a sell-out concert at London's Royal Festival Hall.^[81] In 1979 Alan Rich in the New York Magazine wrote that by giving artists like Rifkin the opportunity to put Joplin's music on disk Nonesuch Records "created, almost alone, the Scott Joplin revival."^[82]

In January 1971, Harold C. Schonberg, music critic at the New York Times, having just heard the Rifkin album, wrote a featured Sunday edition article entitled "Scholars, Get Busy on Scott Joplin!"^[83] Schonberg's call to action has been described as the catalyst for classical music scholars, the sort of people Joplin had battled all his life, to conclude that Joplin was a genius.^[84] Vera Brodsky Lawrence of the New York Public Library published a two-volume set of Joplin works in June 1971, entitled The Collected Works of Scott Joplin, stimulating a wider interest in the performance of Joplin's music.

In mid-February 1973 under the direction of Gunther Schuller, The New England Conservatory Ragtime Ensemble recorded an album of Joplin's rags taken from the period collection "Standard High-Class Rags" called Joplin: The Red Back Book. The album won a Grammy Award as Best Chamber Music Performance in that year, and went on to become Billboard magazine's Top Classical Album of 1974.^[85] The group subsequently recorded two more albums for Golden Crest Records: More Scott Joplin Rags in 1974 and The Road From Rags To Jazz in 1975.