B vitamin supplement tablets

B vitamins are a group of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. The B vitamins were once thought to be a single vitamin, referred to as vitamin B (much as people refer to vitamin C or vitamin D). Later research showed that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. In general, supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific name of each vitamin (e.g., B₁, B₂, B₃ etc.).

List of B vitamins[link]

• Vitamin B₁ (thiamine)
• Vitamin B₂ (riboflavin)
• Vitamin B₃ (niacin or niacinamide)
• Vitamin B₅ (pantothenic acid)
• Vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, or pyridoxamine, or pyridoxine hydrochloride)
• Vitamin B₇ (biotin)
• Vitamin B₉ (folic acid)
• Vitamin B₁₂ (various cobalamins; commonly cyanocobalamin in vitamin supplements)

Health benefits[link]

The B vitamins are necessary to:

• Support and increase the rate of metabolism^{[citation needed]}
• Maintain healthy skin, hair and muscle tone^{[citation needed]}
• Enhance immune and nervous system function^{[citation needed]}
• Promote cell growth and division, including that of the red blood cells that help prevent anemia
• Reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer - one of the most lethal forms of cancer^[1] - when consumed in food, but not when ingested in vitamin tablet form.^[2][3]

All B vitamins are water-soluble, and are dispersed throughout the body. Most of the B vitamins must be replenished regularly, since any excess is excreted in the urine.^[4] This can result in the urine produced being a neon green-yellow colour.

B vitamins have also been hypothesized to reduce the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.^[5]

B vitamin deficiency[link]

Several named vitamin deficiency diseases may result from the lack of sufficient B-vitamins. Deficiencies of other B vitamins result in symptoms that are not part of a named deficiency disease.

B vitamin toxicity[link]

Although most B vitamins are eliminated regularly in the urine, taking large doses of certain B vitamins may produce harmful effects.

B vitamin sources[link]

B vitamins are found in whole unprocessed foods. Processed carbohydrates such as sugar and white flour tend to have lower B vitamin than their unprocessed counterparts. B vitamins are particularly concentrated in meat such as turkey and tuna, in liver and meat products.^[14] Good sources for B vitamins include kombucha, whole grains, potatoes, bananas, lentils, chili peppers, tempeh, beans, nutritional yeast, brewer's yeast, and molasses. Although the yeast used to make beer results in beers being a source of B vitamins,^[15] their bioavailability ranges from poor to negative as drinking ethanol inhibits absorption of thiamine (B₁),^[16][17] riboflavin (B₂),^[18] niacin (B₃),^[19] biotin (B₇),^[20] and folic acid (B₉).^[21][22] In addition, each of the preceding studies further emphasizes that elevated consumption of beer and other ethanol-based drinks results in a net deficit of those B vitamins and the health risks associated with such deficiencies.

The B₁₂ vitamin is of note because it is not available from plant products, making B₁₂ deficiency a concern for vegans. Manufacturers of plant-based foods will sometimes report B₁₂ content, leading to confusion about what sources yield B₁₂. The confusion arises because the standard US Pharmacopeia (USP) method for measuring the B₁₂ content does not measure the B₁₂ directly. Instead, it measures a bacterial response to the food. Chemical variants of the B₁₂ vitamin found in plant sources are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body. This same phenomenon can cause significant over-reporting of B₁₂ content in other types of foods as well.^[23]

Vitamin B may also be delivered by injection to reverse deficiencies.^[24]

Another popular means of increasing one's vitamin B intake is through the use of dietary supplements. B vitamins are also commonly added to energy drinks, many of which have been marketed with large amounts of B vitamins^[25] with claims that this will cause the consumer to "sail through your day without feeling jittery or tense."^[25] Nutritionists, such as Case Western University Professor Hope Barkoukis, dismiss these claims: "It's brilliant marketing, but it doesn't have any basis [in fact]."^[25]

While B vitamins do "help unlock the energy in foods," just about everyone in America already gets all of the B vitamins they could possibly need in their diets.^{[citation needed]} In general, extra B vitamins are just flushed out of the system, although everyone's limit of absorption is different in regards to B complex vitamins, and no one knows how much is needed on an individual basis of these vitamins…"^[25] The elderly and athletes may need to supplement their intake of B₁₂ and other B vitamins due to problems in absorption and increased needs for energy production. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetics may also be advised to supplement thiamine based on high prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration and increased thiamine clearance associated with diabetes.^[26] Also, Vitamin B₉ (folic acid) deficiency in early embryo development has been linked to neural tube defects. Thus, women planning to become pregnant are usually encouraged to increase daily dietary folic acid intake and/or take a supplement.^[27] However, for "most typical consumers of energy supplements or drinks, B vitamins are nothing more than a 'gimmick'."^[25]

Related nutrients[link]

Many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins because they were believed to be vitamins at one time. They are not considered vitamins anymore and the numbers that were assigned to them now form the "gaps" in the true series of B-complex vitamins described above (e.g. there is no vitamin B₄). Some of them, though not essential to humans, are essential in the diets of other organisms; others have no known nutritional value and may even be toxic under certain conditions.

• Vitamin B₄: adenine, a nucleobase, is synthesized by the human body.^[28]

• Vitamin B₇: is also known as "vitamin I" of Centanni E. (1935)—also called "Enteral factor"—is a water and alcohol-soluble rice-bran factor that prevents digestive disturbance in pigeons. It governs the anatomical and functional integrity of the intestinal tract. Later found in yeast. Possible candidates for this substance are inositol, niacin (nicotinic acid), and biotin. Carnitine was also claimed to be a candidate but is not soluble in alcohol. Ref: Biochim, e terap. sper. 22:137 (April 30)1935 E. Centenni. Presse med. 51 No6 66-7 1943 R. Jacquot (on enteral B7 in Yeast) et al.
• Vitamin B₈: adenosine monophosphate, or alternately myo-inositol, is synthesized by the human body.^{[citation needed]}
• Vitamin B₁₀: para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
• Vitamin B₁₁: pteryl-hepta-glutamic acid—chick growth factor, which is a form of folic acid. Later found to be one of five folates necessary for humans; also known as vitamin S or factor S.
• Vitamin B₁₃: orotic acid, now known not to be a vitamin.
• Vitamin B₁₄: cell proliferant, anti-anemia, rat growth factor, and antitumor pterin phosphate named by Earl R. Norris. Isolated from human urine at 0.33ppm (later in blood), but later abandoned by him as further evidence did not confirm this. He also claimed this was not xanthopterin.
• Vitamin B₁₅: pangamic acid
• Vitamin B₁₆: dimethylglycine (DMG)
• Vitamin B₁₇: nitrilosides, amygdalin or Laetrile. These substances are found in a number of seeds, sprouts, beans, tubers, and grains. While toxic in large quantities, proponents claim that it is effective in cancer treatment and prevention despite a lack of scientific evidence.^[29]
• Vitamin B₁₈:
• Vitamin B₁₉:
• Vitamin B₂₀: carnitine
• Vitamin B₂₁:
• Vitamin B₂₂: often claimed as an ingredient of Aloe vera extracts but also in many other foods. Claimed by one source to be vitamin B₁₂b-δ.^{[citation needed]}
• Vitamin B_h: biotin
• Vitamin B_m: "mouse factor": also used to designate inositol
• Vitamin B_p: choline^{[dubious – discuss]} Choline is only required for survival of some mutants. Most commonly it is synthesized in vivo de novo.^[30] May be added as supplement especially when methionine supply is limited^[why?]

• Vitamin B_t: L-carnitine
• Vitamin B_v: a type of B₆ but not pyridoxine^{[clarification needed]}
• Vitamin B_w: a type of biotin but not d-biotin^{[clarification needed]}
• Vitamin B_x: para-aminobenzoic acid

Note: B₁₆, B₁₇, B₁₈, B₁₉, B₂₀, B₂₁ & B₂₂ do not appear to be animal factors but are claimed by some naturopaths as human therapeutic factors.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

Raymond Francis Clevenger (born June 6, 1926) was a U.S. Representative from the U.S. state of Michigan.

Clevenger was born in Chicago and attended schools in Oak Park, Illinois, graduating from high school in 1944. He served in the United States Army Medical Corps from July 1944 to July 1946. He resumed his education and attended Roosevelt University in Chicago and the London School of Economics and Political Science. He graduated from Roosevelt University in 1949 and from the University of Michigan Law School in 1952.

He began the practice of law in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan in 1953. He was a delegate to Democratic State Conventions, 1954–1964 and a delegate to the 1956 Democratic National Convention. He practiced law in Illinois, as well as Michigan, and before the United States federal courts and served as Chippewa County Circuit Court Commissioner, 1958-1960. He was a member of the Democratic State Central Committee, 1958-1960. He was also Michigan Corporation and Securities Commissioner, 1961-1963.

In 1964, he defeated incumbent Republican Victor A. Knox to be elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 11th congressional district to the Eighty-ninth Congress, serving from January 3, 1965 to January 3, 1967. He was known as one of the Michigan Five Fluke Freshmen and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1966, and again in 1968, losing both times to Republican Philip Ruppe.

Clevenger was appointed by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson as chairman, Great Lakes Basin Commission, 1967-1968. He later resumed the practice of law and campaigned in 1989 for Mayor of Ann Arbor, Michigan, losing to Republican incumbent Gerald D. Jernigan. He currently resides in Ann Arbor.

References[link]

• Raymond F. Clevenger at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• The Political Graveyard

Jacob Dutton, better known as Jake One, is an American hip hop record producer from Seattle, Washington.^[1][2]

Biography[link]

Dutton grew up in Capitol Hill and moved to the North End of Seattle when he was 15.^[2] He started making music on a Casio keyboard in 1992.^[3] He attended the University of Washington and gave a tape of his music to a friend who worked in a local record store. One of the store's other employees, the DJ Mr. Supreme heard the tape, and when he set up his Conception Records label, he used Dutton to create backing tracks.^[2] The first record he produced was Eclipse's "World Premier".^[3] His early influences included Pete Rock, Dr. Dre, DJ Premier, and Marley Marl.^[4]

He was a part of the G-Unit production team, The Money Management Group. His first album credited to Jake One, White Van Music, was released on October 7, 2008 on Rhymesayers Entertainment, which features contributions from Brother Ali, Young Buck, De La Soul, M.O.P., Freeway, DOOM, Slug, and Keak da Sneak.^[5][6][7]

He has had tracks included on the soundtracks to films such as Get Rich or Die Tryin' (50 Cent's "I Don't Know Officer"), The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift ("Jake Alert"), and Gone Baby Gone. ^[8][9][10]

In 2010, Jake One released two collaborative albums, The Stimulus Package with Freeway and Patience with Truthlive.^[11][12]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

Production[link]

1998

• "World Premier", "No Introduction", "No Introdeezy", "Neva Scared", "Essay on Pseudo-ism", "Thoughts I Generate" (from the Conception Records compilation Walkman Rotation)

1999

• "Eyez on the Prize", "Game Trump Tight" (from the Trump Tight Records compilation Eyez on the Prize)

2001

• "Ice Age" (from the Mix Master Mike compilation album Spin Psycle)
• "Writers Guild", "Odds on Favorite", "All Stars", "The Trade", "Net Worth", "All I Have Left" (from the Boom Bap Project album Circumstance Dictates)
• "Hard Core" (by Kutfather)

2002

• "The Reckoning" (from the Musab album Respect the Life)

2003

• "Ends to Means" (from the DJ Babu album Duck Season Vol. 2)
• "The Sweet Science", "Put Your Hands Up", "We Get Live" (from the Rasco album Escape from Alcatraz)
• "Betta Ask Somebody" (from the G-Unit album Beg for Mercy)
• "Fatal Mistake", "Walk With My Dogs", "Sashay" (from the Sly Boogy album Judgement Day)
• "Super Education Part 2" (from the compilation Lyricist Lounge: West Coast)
• "Feels Good" (from the Krondon Feels Good/The Way A Nigga Think VLS)

2004

• "The Ride of Your Life", "Rat Race", "Flashback", "Up", "To Know You", "Hold On", "In a Minute Doe", "Evolution", "Moonshine" (from the Gift of Gab album 4th Dimensional Rocketships Going Up)
• "Days of Our Lives", "Rock Co.Kane Flow" (from the De La Soul album The Grind Date)
• "Fallback" (from the Kardinal Offishall mixtape Kill Bloodclott Bill)
• "As Long As I'm Alive" (from the Planet Asia album The Grand Opening)
• "Layover", "Step It Up Or Wrap It Up", "Zigga Zigga", "The Schizm", "Chocolate Pop Corn" feat. Choklate", "My Way Home" feat. DJ Topspin (from the Encore album Layover)
• "Viewtiful Flow" (from the Vast Aire album Look Mom...No Hands)
• "Hoe Cakes (Jake One Remix)" (from the MF Doom bonus disc MM..LeftOvers)
• "Let The Drums Speak", "Lookin' For Kessell", "Smack Ya' Back", "The Hard Wizzle", "Gangster Mauriat", "Scream", "Hommula" & "The Return Of Hommie" (from the Jake One Vinyl LP Records Tale Of The Tape (Instrumentals))

2005

• "Kaysarasara" feat. Estelle (from the Kardinal Offishall album Fire and Glory)
• "This Is It", "Ice Cold", "Everyday Shit" (from the I Self Devine album Self Destruction)
• "The Time is Now", "Just Another Day", "We Didn't Want You To Know" & "Know The Rep feat. Freddie Foxxx" (from the John Cena album You Can't See Me)
• "Sick Wid' It Is The Crew" feat. E-40 (from the Turf Talk album West Coast Vaccine: The Cure)

2006

• "Wasn't for You" (from the De La Soul album The Impossible: Mission TV Series – Pt. 1)
• "Moonlight Melodic Pt. 2" (from the Planet Asia mixtape The Sickness Part One)
• "Memories" (from the Deep Routed album The Second Coming)
• "Let Go" (from the Joy Denalane album Born & Raised)
• "You Ain't Ready" (from the Yummy Bingham album The First Seed)

2007

• "Down In New York City" (from the Evidence album The Weatherman LP)
• "Clean Up Man", "Buck The World" feat. Lyfe Jennings (from the Young Buck album Buck the World)
• "Movin on Up", "All of Me" (from the 50 Cent album Curtis)
• "Initiated (Nu-Mixx)" feat. Boot Camp Click (from the posthumous 2Pac album Nu-Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2)
• "Don't Kill Me", "Fukk Kramer Radio (Interlude)" (from the Bishop Lamont & DJ Skee mixtape N*gger Noize)
• "It's Over" (from the Freeway album Free at Last)
• "Beast" (from the Guilty Simpson mixtape Stray Bullets)
• "Resist the Temptation feat. Amel Larrieux" (from the posthumous 2Pac album Best of 2Pac)
• "FK 10 (from the Freundeskreis compilation album FK 10-Best Of)
• "North By Northwest" (Jake One Remix) (from the Blue Scholars album Joe Metro EP)
• "Superburn" & "The Squeeze" feat. Smif-n-Wessun (from the Lifesavas album Gutterfly: The Soundtrack)

2008

• "Digital Motown" (from the Kardinal Offishall album Not 4 Sale)
• "4 All My Niggaz" feat. Planet Asia, Mistah F.A.B. & Ya Boy (from the Black Milk & Bishop Lamont album Caltroit)
• "Ready or Not" (from the G-Unit album T.O.S: Terminate on Sight)
• "Shed Thy Blood", "Damn Daddy" (from the Prodigy album Product of the 80's)
• "High Note" (from the Scarface album Emeritus)
• "Differences", "I Can't Decide (Everywhere at Once)" (from the Lyrics Born album Everywhere at Once)
• "Where I Been" (from the Skillz album The Million Dollar Backpack)
• "Count On Free", "Blauh" (from the Freeway mixtape Month Of Madness)
• "City To City (from the Ca$his mixtape Loose Cannon)
• "Catapults (from the Now On album Tomorrow Already)
• "Shake That Shit", "A Lil Sum" (from the Faculty album Phar From Home)

2009

• "Ballskin", "Rap Ambush", "Microwave Mayo", "More Rhymin'" (from the DOOM album Born Like This)
• "Won't Be Long" (from the Rakim album The Seventh Seal)
• "Dream" (from Elzhi mixtape The Leftovers Unmixedtape)
• "The Return", "Wake Up", "Yah Have Mercy" (from the D.Black album Ali'Yah)
• "Get Right" feat. Mistah F.A.B. & Baba Zumbi, "Seasoned" feat. Nightclubber Lang & "Cali" feat. Spank Pops & J Billion (from the Jern Eye album Vision)
• "No Substitute", "Life Line" feat. One Be Lo (from the Supastition album Splitting Image)
• "Back On The Map" feat. Maino (by Skyzoo on The Power Of Words Mixtape hosted by DJ Drama & Statik Selektah)
• "They Don't Know" feat. Mohalyn (by Kaze (rapper) on the First In Flight aka 4Letters Mixtape hosted by DJ Whoo Kid)
• "Poppa's Got A New Gat (Jake One Mix)", "SmArt Peddler (Jake One Mix)", "B-Boy Blues (Jake One Mix)", "Shades of the Dark Continent (Jake One Mix)", "Sahnun's skit (Jake One Mix)", "Why? ft. AQ (Jake One Mix)","Click Click Boom (Jake One Mix)", "Click Click Boom RMX ft Damola, Poet, Ras (Jake One Mix)" (from the Maliq digital album Sleepless In Seattle​/​My Mind On Cap City)

2010

• "Rock Star" (performed by Freeway on the UeRadioLive.com Mixtape)
• "Salute" (from the T.I. album No Mercy)
• "Armed & Dangerous" (from the Cypress Hill album Rise Up)
• "Escalators", "Beautiful Music" (from the upcoming Freeway album Diamonds in the Ruff)
• "Troublemakers" (from the Ghostface Killah album Apollo Kids)
• "C Scrolls" (from the Canibus album C of Tranquility)
• "One Of These Kids", "High School Sweet Heart" (from the JFK of Grayskul album Building Wings On The Way Down)
• "All That Fire" (from the J.Pinder Code Red EP)
• "Cry For Help" (by Fatal Lucciauno)
• "This Is That Fire", "L's Up!" (from the Spaceman mixtape Earthlings Greatings - The Mixtape)
• "Yes Indeed" (from the Kida mixtape The Endemic)
• "I Wanna B W/U", "I've Lost Myself" feat. Joyo Velarde & "Pushed Aside/Pulled Apart" feat. Lateef the Truthspeaker (from the Lyrics Born album As U Were)
• "All The Way Live" (by Esinchill of Digital Underground)

2011

• "Toyz N Da Hood" feat. Bootsy Collins, "Gangbang Rookie" feat. Pilot (from the Snoop Dogg album Doggumentary)
• "I Ain't Gonna Say Nothing" (by Slim da Mobster)
• "Against the Wall" (by Ca$his)
• "Armor Of God", "Armorgeddon (Shit On You)" & "Proof" (from the upcoming Vakill album Armor Of God)
• "Undergods Roll" (from the Undergods (Canibus & Keith Murray) album In Gods We Trust - Crush Microphones To Dust)
• "Lockjaw" (from the Elemental Zazen album Nothing to loose but change)
• "Lookin' Back feat. Devin the Dude" (from the E-40 album Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift)
• "Snappa Pow feat. Peedi Peedi", "Listen" (from the upcoming Freeway album Diamonds in the Ruff)
• "Seven Deuces" (by Joell Ortiz)
• "Warm Ups" (by Fatal Lucciauno)
• "Mister Rogers" (by Grynch)
• "Henny & Gingerale" (by Mayer Hawthorne)
• "Holy One" feat. Zion. T (from the Loquence The Black Band album)
• "Ghetto Life" (by Jigg)
• "666" feat. State Property & Meek Mill & "She Makes Me Feel Alright Remix" feat. Wale & Mayer Hawthorne (from the Freeway mixtape The Intermission)
• "Back Against The Wall" feat. Dr. Dre & Sly (from the Slim da Mobster's street album War Music hosted by DJ Whoo Kid)
• "Find One" (by MontageOne feat. Jake One)
• "Real Thing", "Just Flow" (by Longshot & Jake One)
• "Fight Night" (from The LF Daze mixtape The Bronze Age)
• "French Inhale" feat. Mike Posner & "Let's Go Study" (from the Snoop Dogg & Wiz Khalifa collaborative soundtrack Mac & Devin Go to High School)
• "Daddy Was A Sailorman" (by Esinchill of Digital Underground)
• "Over Broil" (from The Roc C album Stoned Genius)
• "Body On It" (from 50 Cent mixtape The Big 10)
• "Reality Check" feat. Dice (by AD)
• "North Pole" (from the Avatar Young Blaze mixtape Danny Brako)

2012

• "Writer's Block" (by Brother Ali)
• "Amazing" feat. J.Pinder (by Fatal Lucciauno)
• "Rap Life" (from the Sol album Yours Truly)
• "The Message (E​.​P​.​)" (entire album) (by Fatal Lucciauno)
• "Trill 4.0" (by Chase N. Cashe)
• "So Far" feat. Brother Ali & Shaprece, "Perspective" (from the Grynch album Perspectives)
• "Shine On", "Electric Energy", "I'll Be Around" feat. Phonte & Stokley Williams, "Haunted Housebroken" feat. Aby Wolf & "Bite Marked Heart" (from the Brother Ali EP The Bite Marked Heart)
• "The Grinder" (from the Wiz Khalifa mixtape Taylor Allderdice)
• "Should Have Never (Jake One remix)" feat. Bilal (by Joy Denalane)
• "Patience" feat. Big K.R.I.T. & Che Blaq (by AD)
• "The World As It Is" & "As It Can Be" (from the I Self Devine album The Sound Of Low Class Amerika)
• "Not A Day Goes By" (by Brother Ali)
• "Lay Down (Smoked)" feat. Ned The Wino (from the 50 Cent mixtape The Lost Tape hosted by DJ Drama)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jake One at MySpace
• Jake One's blog
• Jake One at Discogs
• Jacob Dutton - Swiss charts
• Jake One discography at UndergroundHipHop.com