Vilnius ([ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs] (
listen); see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 554,060 (838, 852 together with Vilnius County) as of 2011.[1] It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County. The first known written record of Vilnius as the Lithuanian capital is known from Gediminas' letters in 1323. Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies.
The name of the city originated from the Vilnia River.[2] The city has also been known by many derivate spellings in various languages throughout its history. The most notable non-Lithuanian names for the city include: Polish: Wilno, Belarusian: Вiльнюс, Вiльня, German: Wilna, Latvian: Viļņa, Russian: Вильнюс, Yiddish: ווילנע (Vilne). An older Russian name was Вильна / Вильно (Vilna/Vilno),[3][4] although Вильнюс (Vilnius) is now used. The names Wilno, Wilna and Vilna have also been used in older English, German, French and Italian language publications. The name Vilna is still used in Finnish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Hebrew.
Vilnius elderates have also names in other languages.
Historian Romas Batūra identifies the city with Voruta, one of the castles of Mindaugas, crowned in 1253 as King of Lithuania. During the reign of Vytenis a city started to emerge from a trading settlement and the first Franciscan Catholic church was built. The city was first mentioned in written sources in 1323, when the Letters of Grand Duke Gediminas were sent to German cities inviting German members of the Jewish community to settle in the capital city, as well as to Pope John XXII. These letters contain the first unambiguous reference to Vilnius as the capital; Old Trakai Castle had been the earlier seat of the court of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. According to legend, Gediminas dreamt of an iron wolf howling on a hilltop and consulted a pagan priest for its interpretation. He was told: "What is destined for the ruler and the State of Lithuania, is thus: the Iron Wolf represents a castle and a city which will be established by you on this site. This city will be the capital of the Lithuanian lands and the dwelling of their rulers, and the glory of their deeds shall echo throughout the world".[5] The location offered practical advantages: it lay within the Lithuanian heartland at the confluence of two navigable rivers, surrounded by forests and wetlands that were difficult to penetrate. The duchy had been subject to intrusions by the Teutonic Knights.[6]
Lithuanian territories over time
Gediminas expanded the Grand Duchy through warfare along with strategic alliances and marriages. At its height it covered the territory of modern-day Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Transnistria, and portions of modern-day Poland and Russia. His grandchildren Vytautas the Great and Jogaila, however, fought civil wars. During the Lithuanian Civil War of 1389–1392, Vytautas besieged and razed the city in an attempt to wrest control from Jogaila. The two later settled their differences; after a series of treaties culminating in the 1569 Union of Lublin, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was formed. The rulers of this federation held either or both of two titles: Grand Duke of Lithuania or King of Poland. In 1387, Jogaila granted Magdeburg rights to the city.
The city underwent a period of expansion. The Vilnius city walls were built for protection between 1503 and 1522, comprising nine city gates and three towers, and Sigismund August moved his court there in 1544.
Its growth was due in part to the establishment of Alma Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Iesu by King Stefan Bathory in 1579. The university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centres of the region and the most notable scientific centre of the Commonwealth. During its rapid development, the city was open to migrants from the territories of the Grand Duchy and further. A variety of languages were spoken: Lithuanian, Polish, Ruthenian, Russian, Old Slavonic, Latin, German, Yiddish, Hebrew and Turkic; the city was compared to Babylon.[6] Each group made its unique contribution to the life of the city, and crafts, trade, and science prospered.
The 17th century brought a number of setbacks. The Commonwealth was involved in a series of wars, collectively known as The Deluge. During the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), Vilnius was occupied by Russian forces; it was pillaged and burned, and its population was massacred. During the Great Northern War it was looted by the Swedish army. An outbreak of bubonic plague in 1710 killed about 35,000 residents; devastating fires occurred in 1715, 1737, 1741, 1748, and 1749.[6] The city's growth lost its momentum for many years, but the population rebounded, and by the beginning of the 19th century its population reached 20,000.
La Grande Armée in Vilnius during its retreat
The fortunes of the Commonwealth declined during the 18th century. Three partitions took place, dividing its territory among the Russian Empire, the Habsburg Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia. After the third partition of April 1795, Vilnius was annexed by the Russian Empire and became the capital of the Vilna Governorate. During Russian rule, the city walls were destroyed, and, by 1805, only the Gate of Dawn remained. In 1812, the city was taken by Napoleon on his push towards Moscow, and again during the disastrous retreat. The Grande Armée was welcomed in Vilnius, since its inhabitants expected Tsar Alexander I to grant the country autonomy in response to Napoleon's promises to restore the Commonwealth. Thousands of soldiers died in the city during the retreat; the mass graves were uncovered in 2002.[6]
Following the November Uprising in 1831, Vilnius University was closed and Russian repressions halted the further development of the city. Civil unrest in 1861 was suppressed by the Imperial Russian Army.[7]
During the January Uprising in 1863, heavy fighting occurred within the city, but was brutally pacified by Mikhail Muravyov, nicknamed The Hangman by the population because of the number of executions he organized. After the uprising, all civil liberties were withdrawn, and use of the Polish[8] and Lithuanian languages was banned.[9] Vilnius had a vibrant Jewish population: according to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 154,500, Jews constituted 64,000 (so around 41% percent).[10] During the early 20th century, the Lithuanian-speaking population of Vilnius constituted only a small minority, with Polish, Yiddish, and Belarusian speakers comprising the majority of the city's population.[11]
During World War I, Vilnius and the rest of Lithuania was occupied by the German Army from 1915 until 1918. The Germans found a city that appeared to be Polish, and their commander referred to it as "the jewel of the Polish crown".[12] The Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuanian independence from any affiliation to any other nation, was issued in the city on 16 February 1918. After the withdrawal of German forces, the city was briefly controlled by Polish self-defence units which were driven out by advancing Soviet forces. Vilnius changed hands again during the Polish-Soviet War and the Lithuanian Wars of Independence: it was taken by the Polish Army, only to fall to the Soviet forces again. Shortly after its defeat in the battle of Warsaw, the retreating Red Army, in order to delay the Polish advance, ceded the city to Lithuania after signing the Soviet-Lithuanian Treaty on 12 July 1920.[13]
Poland and Lithuania both perceived the city as their own. The League of Nations became involved in the subsequent dispute between the two countries. The League-brokered the Suwałki Agreement on 7 October 1920. Although neither Vilnius or the surrounding region was explicitly addressed in the agreement, numerous historians have described the agreement as allotting Vilnius to Lithuania.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] On 9 October 1920, the Polish Army surreptitiously, under General Lucjan Żeligowski, seized Vilnius during an operation known as Żeligowski's Mutiny. The city and its surroundings were designated as a separate state, called the Republic of Central Lithuania. On 20 February 1922 after the highly contested election in Central Lithuania, the entire area was annexed by Poland, with the city becoming the capital of the Wilno Voivodship (Wilno being the name of Vilnius in Polish). Kaunas then became the temporary capital of Lithuania. Lithuania vigorously contested the Polish annexation of Lithuania, and refused diplomatic relations with Poland. The predominant languages of the city were still Polish and, to a lesser extent, Yiddish.
Lithuanians at the time, were a tiny minority, less then 10% of the population.
Under Polish rule, the city saw a period of fast development.[23] Vilnius University was reopened under the name Stefan Batory University and the city's infrastructure was improved significantly. By 1931, the city had 195,000 inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in Poland with varied industries, such as Elektrit, a factory that produced radio receivers.
World War II began with the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. The secret protocols of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact had partitioned Lithuania and Poland into German and Soviet spheres of interest. On 19 September 1939, Vilnius was seized by the Soviet Union (which invaded Poland on 17 September). At first, the city was incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR, as the city was a centre for Belarusian culture and politics for over a century. The heads of Soviet Belarus moved to the city, Belarusian Language schools were opened, as well as a newspaper (Вiленская праўда — The Wilno Pravda).[24] These actions were encouraged by Soviet Union leaders until it was decided to use Vilnius as one of the pretexts to begin interfering in Lithuanian internal affairs. The USSR and Lithuania concluded a mutual assistance treaty on 10 October 1939, with which the Lithuanian government accepted the presence of Soviet military bases in various parts of the country. On 28 October 1939, the Red Army withdrew from the city to its suburbs (to Naujoji Vilnia) and Vilnius was given over to Lithuania. A Lithuanian Army parade took place on 29 October 1939 through the city centre. The Lithuanians immediately attempted to Lithuanize the city, for example by Lithuanizing Polish schools.[25] However, the whole of Lithuania was annexed by the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940 following a June ultimatum from the Soviets demanding, among other things, that unspecified numbers of Red Army soldiers be allowed to enter the country for the purpose of helping to form a more pro-Soviet government. After the ultimatum was issued and Lithuania further occupied, a Soviet government was installed with Vilnius as the capital of the newly created Lithuanian SSR. Up to 40,000 of the city's inhabitants were subsequently arrested by the NKVD and sent to gulags in the far eastern areas of the Soviet Union.[citation needed] The Soviets devastated city industries, moving the major Polish radio factory Elektrit, along with a part of its labour force, to Minsk in Belarus, where it was renamed the Vyacheslav Molotov Radio Factory, after Stalin's Minister of Foreign Affairs.
On 22 June 1941, the Germans launched Operation Barbarossa against the Soviet Union. Vilnius was captured on 24 June.[26] Two ghettos were set up in the old town centre for the large Jewish population — the smaller one of which was "liquidated" by October. The larger ghetto lasted until 1943, though its population was regularly deported in roundups known as "Aktionen". A failed ghetto uprising on 1 September 1943 organized by the Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje (the United Partisan Organization, the first Jewish partisan unit in German-occupied Europe),[citation needed] was followed by the final destruction of the ghetto. During the Holocaust, about 95% of the 265,000-strong Jewish population of Lithuania was murdered by the German units and Lithuanian Nazi collaborators, many of them in Paneriai, about 10 km west of the old town centre (see the Ponary massacre).
In July 1944, Vilnius was taken from the Germans by the Soviet Army and the Polish Armia Krajowa (see Operation Ostra Brama and the Vilnius Offensive). The NKVD arrested the leaders of the Armia Krajowa after requesting a meeting. Shortly afterwards, the town was once again incorporated into the Soviet Union as the capital of the Lithuanian SSR.
The war had irrevocably altered the town — most of the predominantly Polish and Jewish population had been either exterminated during the German occupation or deported to Siberia during the first Soviet occupation. Many of the surviving inhabitants, particularly members of the intelligentsia, were now targeted and deported to Siberia in the beginning of the second Soviet occupation. The majority of the remaining population was compelled to relocate to Communist Poland by 1946, and Sovietization began in earnest. Only in the 1960s did Vilnius begin to grow again, following an influx of rural Lithuanian and Polish population from neighbouring regions and well as from other areas of the Soviet Union (particularly Russians and Belarusians). Microdistricts were built in the elderates of Šeškinė, Žirmūnai, Justiniškės and Fabijoniškės.
On 11 March 1990, the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian SSR announced its secession from the Soviet Union and intention to restore an independent Republic of Lithuania. As a result of these declarations, on 9 January 1991, the Soviet Union sent in troops. This culminated in the 13 January attack on the State Radio and Television Building and the Vilnius TV Tower, killing at least fourteen civilians and seriously injuring 700 more. The Soviet Union finally recognised Lithuanian independence in August 1991. The current Constitution, as did the earlier Lithuanian Constitution of 1922, mentions that ..."the capital of the State of Lithuania shall be the city of Vilnius, the long-standing historical capital of Lithuania".
Vilnius has been rapidly transformed, and the town has emerged as a modern European city. Many of its older buildings have been renovated, and a business and commercial area is being developed into the New City Centre, expected to become the city's main administrative and business district on the north side of the Neris river. This area includes modern residential and retail space, with the municipality building and the 129-metre (423') Europa Tower as its most prominent buildings. Vilnius was selected as a 2009 European Capital of Culture, along with Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. Its 2009 New Year's Eve celebration, marking the event, featured a light show said to be "visible from outer space".[27] In preparation, the historical centre of the city was restored, and its main monuments were renewed.[28] The global economic crisis led to a drop in tourism which prevented many of the projects going ahead to their planned extent, and allegations of corruption and incompetence were made against the organisers,[29][30] while tax increases for cultural activity led to public protests[31] and the general economic conditions sparked riots.[32] In 2011, Arturas Zuokas was elected Mayor, returning to the position after a previous conviction for bribery.[33]
Vilnius is situated in southeastern Lithuania (54°41′N 25°17′E / 54.683°N 25.283°E / 54.683; 25.283) at the confluence of the Vilnia and Neris Rivers. Lying close to Vilnius is a site some claim to be the Geographical Centre of Europe. This location is the only one listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the geographical centre of Europe.[34]
Vilnius lies 312 kilometres (194 mi) from the Baltic Sea and Klaipėda, the chief Lithuanian seaport. Vilnius is connected by highways to other major Lithuanian cities, such as Kaunas (102 km/63 mi away), Šiauliai (214 km/133 mi away) and Panevėžys (135 km/84 mi away). The city's off-centre location can be attributed to the changing shape of the nation's borders through the centuries; Vilnius was once not only culturally but also geographically at the centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The current area of Vilnius is 402 square kilometres (155 sq mi). Buildings occupy 29.1% of the city; green spaces occupy 68.8%; and waters occupy 2.1%.[35]
The climate of Vilnius is humid continental or hemiboreal (Köppen climate classification Dfb).[36] Temperature records have been kept since 1777.[37] The average annual temperature is 6.1 °C (43 °F); in January the average temperature is−4.9 °C (23 °F), in July it is 17.0 °C (63 °F). The average precipitation is about 661 millimetres (26.02 in) per year.
Summers can be hot, with temperatures above thirty degrees Celsius throughout the day. Night-life in Vilnius is in full swing at this time of year, and outdoor bars, restaurants and cafés become very popular during the daytime.
Winters can be very cold, with temperatures rarely reaching above freezing — temperatures below negative 25 degrees Celsius (-13 °F) are not unheard-of in January and February. Vilnius's rivers freeze over in particularly cold winters, and the lakes surrounding the city are almost always permanently frozen during this time of year. A popular pastime is ice-fishing, whereby fishermen drill holes in the ice and fish with baited hooks.
| Climate data for Vilnius, Lithuania |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
−3.5
(25.7) |
−1.7
(28.9) |
3.3
(37.9) |
10.7
(51.3) |
18.2
(64.8) |
21.1
(70) |
22.1
(71.8) |
21.6
(70.9) |
16.4
(61.5) |
10.2
(50.4) |
3.5
(38.3) |
−0.5
(31.1) |
10.1
(50.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
−8.7
(16.3) |
−7.6
(18.3) |
−3.8
(25.2) |
1.6
(34.9) |
7.5
(45.5) |
10.8
(51.4) |
12.3
(54.1) |
11.5
(52.7) |
7.7
(45.9) |
3.4
(38.1) |
−0.9
(30.4) |
−5.2
(22.6) |
3.4
(36.4) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
41
(1.61) |
38
(1.49) |
39
(1.53) |
46
(1.81) |
62
(2.44) |
77
(3.03) |
78
(3.07) |
72
(2.83) |
65
(2.56) |
53
(2.09) |
57
(2.24) |
55
(2.17) |
683
(26.9) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours |
36 |
71 |
117 |
164 |
241 |
231 |
219 |
217 |
140 |
94 |
33 |
25 |
1,588 |
| Source: The World Meteorological Organization[38] |
|
Changing ethnic composition of Vilnius
|
| Year |
Lithuanians |
% |
Poles |
% |
Russians |
% |
Jews |
% |
Belarussians |
% |
Others |
% |
TOTAL |
| 1897[39] |
3,131
|
2
|
47,795
|
30.1
|
30,967
|
20
|
61,847
|
40
|
6,514
|
4.2
|
10,792
|
6.9
|
154,532
|
| 1931[40] |
1,579
|
0.8
|
128,600
|
65.5
|
7,400
|
3.8
|
54,600
|
27.8
|
1,700
|
0.9
|
4,166
|
2.1
|
196,345
|
| 1959[41] |
79,400
|
34
|
47,200
|
20
|
69,400
|
29
|
16,400
|
7
|
14,700
|
6
|
|
|
236,100
|
| 2001[42] |
318,510
|
57.5
|
104,446
|
18.9
|
77,698
|
14.1
|
|
0.5
|
22,555
|
4.1
|
30,695
|
5.5
|
553,904
|
- 1897: According to the first census in the Russian Empire, in 1897 population of Vilnius was 154,500. The majority of Vilnius population at the time was made up by Jews (61,847) and Poles (47,795). Other groups included Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians (37,992 for all three ethnicities combined), Lithuanians (3,131), Germans (2,170) and Tartars (772).[citation needed]
- 1916: According to the census of 14 December 1916 by the occupying German forces at the time, there were a total of 138,794 inhabitants in Vilnius. This number was made up of the following nationalities: Poles 53.67% (74,466 inhabitants), Jews 41.45% (57,516 inhabitants), Lithuanians 2.09% (2,909 inhabitants), Russians 1.59% (2,219 inhabitants), Germans 0.63% (880 inhabitants), Belarusians 0.44% (644 inhabitants) and others at 0.13% (193 inhabitants).[citation needed]
- 1923: 167,545 inhabitants, including 100,830 Poles and 55,437 Jews.[40]
- 1931: 196,345 inhabitants.[40] A census of 9 December 1931 reveals that Poles made up 65.9% of the total Vilnius population (128,600 inhabitants), Jews 28% (54,600 inhabitants), Russians 3.8% (7,400 inhabitants), Belarusians 0.9% (1,700 inhabitants), Lithuanians 0.8% (1,579 inhabitants), Germans 0.3% (600 inhabitants), Ukrainians 0.1% (200 inhabitants), others 0.2% (approx. 400 inhabitants). (The Wilno Voivodeship in the same year had 1,272,851 inhabitants, of which 511,741 used Polish as their language of communication; many Belarusians lived there.[43])
- 1959: According to the Soviet census, Vilnius had 236,100 inhabitants, of which 34% (79,400) identified themselves as Lithuanian, 29% (69,400) as Russian, 20% (47,200) as Polish, 7% (16,400) as Jewish and 6% (14,700) as Belarusian.[41]
- 1989: According to the Soviet census, Vilnius had 576,700 inhabitants, of which 50.5% (291,500) were Lithuanian, 20% Russian, 19% Polish and 5% Belarusian.[41]
- 2001: According to the 2001 census by the Vilnius Regional Statistical Office, there were 542,287 inhabitants in the Vilnius city municipality, of which 57.8% were Lithuanians, 18.7% Poles, 14% Russians, 4.0% Belarusians, 1.3% Ukrainians and 0.5% Jews; the remainder indicated other nationalities or refused to answer.
Demographic evolution of Vilnius between 1796 and 2010:
Historical population of Vilnius
| Year |
1796 |
1811 |
1818 |
1859 |
1875 |
1897 |
1909 |
1916 |
1919 |
1923 |
1931 |
1939 |
1941 |
| Population |
17,500 |
56,300 |
33,600 |
58,200 |
82,700 |
154,500 |
205,200 |
140,800 |
128,500 |
167,400 |
195,100 |
209,400 |
270,000 |
Historical population of Vilnius
| Year |
1944 |
1959 |
1970 |
1979 |
1985 |
1989 |
2001 |
2003 |
2004 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
| Population |
110,000 |
236,100 |
372,100 |
481,000 |
544,400 |
576,700 |
542,300 |
552,800 |
541,180 |
541,824 |
542,782 |
544,206 |
546,733 |
560,200 |
Vilnius is a cosmopolitan city with diverse architecture. There are 65 churches in Vilnius. Like most medieval towns, Vilnius was developed around its Town Hall. The main artery, Pilies Street, links the Royal Palace with Town Hall. Other streets meander through the palaces of feudal lords and landlords, churches, shops and craftsmen's workrooms. Narrow, curved streets and intimate courtyards developed in the radial layout of medieval Vilnius. Vilnius Old Town, the historical centre of Vilnius, is one of the largest in Europe (3.6 km²). The most valuable historic and cultural sites are concentrated here. The buildings in the old town — there are nearly 1,500 — were built over several centuries, creating a blend of many different architectural styles. Although Vilnius is known as a Baroque city, there are examples of Gothic (e.g. St Anne's Church), Renaissance, and other styles. Their combination is also a gateway to the historic centre of the capital. Owing to its uniqueness, the Old Town of Vilnius was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. In 1995, the world's first bronze cast of Frank Zappa was installed in the Naujamiestis district with the permission of the government.
The Vilnius Castle Complex, a group of defensive, cultural, and religious buildings that includes Gediminas Tower, Cathedral Square, the Royal Palace of Lithuania, and the remains of several medieval castles, is part of the National Museum of Lithuania. Lithuania's largest art collection is housed in the Lithuanian Art Museum. The House of the Signatories, where the 1918 Act of Independence of Lithuania was signed, is now a historic landmark. The Museum of Genocide Victims is dedicated to the victims of the Soviet era.
The Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, named for the author of the first book printed in the Lithuanian language, holds 6,912,266 physical items. The biggest book fair in Baltic States is annually held in Vilnius.[44]
On 10 November 2007, the Jonas Mekas Visual Arts Center was opened by avant-garde film-maker Jonas Mekas. Its premiere exhibition was entitled The Avant-Garde: From Futurism to Fluxus. There are plans to build the Guggenheim-Hermitage museum, designed by Zaha Hadid. The museum would host exhibitions featuring works from Saint Petersburg's Hermitage Museum and the Guggenheim Museums, along with non-commercial avant-garde cinema, a library, a museum of Lithuanian Jewish culture, and collections of works by Jonas Mekas and Jurgis Mačiūnas.
Panorama of old town / view to north
Vilnius Financial Centre at night
Vilnius is the major economic centre of Lithuania and one of the largest financial centres of the Baltic states. Even though it is home to only 15% of Lithuania's population, it generates approximately 25% of Lithuania's GDP.[45]
Vilnius contributed over 10,015 billion litas to the national budget in 2008. That makes about 37% of the budget.
Currently in Vilnius there are growing local advanced solar and laser technologies manufacturers centres (such as photovoltaic elements and renewable energy producers:Arginta, Precizika, Baltic Solar, high performance lasers manufacturers: Ekspla, Eksma, biotechnological manufacturers (Fermentas Thermo Fisher, Sicor Biotech), which successfully supply their products into global markets. In 2009, in Vilnius there was established Barclays Technology Centre, which is one of four strategic engineering global centres.
The city has many universities. The largest and oldest is Vilnius University in Old Town with 23,000 students. Other major universities include Mykolas Romeris University (19,000 students), Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (13,500 students), and Vilnius Pedagogical University (12,500 students). Specialized higher schools with university status include General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania and Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre. The museum associated with the Vilnius Academy of Fine Arts holds about 12,000 artworks.[citation needed]
The National M. K. Čiurlionis School of Art, European Humanities University, Vilnius Academy of Business Law, Vilnius University International Business School, and ISM University of Management and Economics offer post-secondary degrees in several areas.
Once widely known as Yerushalayim De Lita (the "Jerusalem of Lithuania"), Vilnius since the 18th century, was a world centre for the study of the Torah, and had a large Jewish population. A major scholar of Judaism and Kabbalah centred in Vilnius was the famous Rabbi Eliyahu Kremer, also known as the Vilna Gaon. His students have significant influence among Orthodox Jews in Israel and around the globe. Jewish life in Vilnius was destroyed during the Holocaust; there is a memorial stone dedicated to victims of Nazi genocide located in the centre of the former Jewish Ghetto — now Mėsinių Street. The Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum is dedicated to the history of Lithuanian Jewish life.
The Karaim are a Jewish sect who migrated to Lithuania from the Crimea to serve as a military elite unit in the 14th century. Although their numbers are very small, the Karaim are becoming more prominent since Lithuanian independence, and have restored their kenesa.[46]
Vilnius is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vilnius, with the main church institutions and Archdiocesan Cathedral located here. There are a number of other active Roman Catholic churches in the city, along with small enclosed monasteries and religion schools. Church architecture includes Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical styles, with important examples of each found in the Old Town. Vilnius is considered one of the main centres of the Polish Baroque movement in ecclesiastical architecture. Additionally, Eastern Rite Catholicism has maintained a presence in Vilnius since the Union of Brest. The Baroque Basilian Gate is part of an Eastern Rite monastery.
Vilnius has been home to an Eastern Orthodox Christian presence since the 13th or even the 12th century. A famous Russian Orthodox monastery, named for the Holy Spirit, is located near the Gate of Dawn. St. Paraskeva's Orthodox Church in the Old Town is the site of the baptism of Hannibal, the great-grandfather of Pushkin, by Tsar Peter the Great in 1705. Many Old Believers, who split from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1667, settled in Lithuania. The Church of St. Michael and St. Constantine was built in 1913. Today a Supreme Council of the Old Believers is based in Vilnius.
A number of Protestant and other Christian groups[47] are represented in Vilnius, most notably the Lutheran Evangelicals and the Baptists.
The pre-Christian religion of Lithuania, centred around the forces of nature as personified by deities such as Perkūnas (the Thunder God), is experiencing some increased interest. Romuva established a Vilnius branch in 1991.[48]
Vingis Park, the city's largest, hosted several major rallies during Lithuania's drive towards independence in the 1980s. Concerts, festivals, and exhibitions are held at Sereikiškės Park, near Gediminas Tower. Sections of the annual Vilnius Marathon pass along the public walkways on the banks of the Neris River.
Cathedral Square in Old Town is surrounded by a number of the city's most historically significant sites. Lukiškės Square is the largest, bordered by several municipal buildings. An oversized statue of Lenin in its centre was removed in 1991. Town Hall Square has long been a centre of trade fairs, celebrations, and events in Vilnius, including the Kaziukas Fair. The city Christmas tree is decorated there. State ceremonies are often held in Daukantas Square, facing the Presidential Palace.
Rasos Cemetery, consecrated in 1801, is the burial site of Jonas Basanavičius and other signatories of the 1918 Act of Independence, along with the heart of Polish leader Józef Piłsudski. Two of the three Jewish cemeteries in Vilnius were destroyed during the Soviet era; the remains of the Vilna Gaon were moved to the remaining one. About 18,000 burials have been made in the Bernardine Cemetery, established in 1810; it was closed during the 1970s and is now being restored. Antakalnis Cemetery, established in 1809, contains various memorials to Polish, Lithuanian, German and Russian soldiers, along with the graves of those who were killed during the January Events.
A monument to basketball in Vilnius
Several teams are based in the city. The largest is the basketball club BC Lietuvos Rytas, which participates in European competitions such as the Euroleague and Eurocup, the domestic Lithuanian Basketball League, and the Baltic Basketball League, winning the ULEB Cup (predecessor to the Eurocup) in 2005 and the Eurocup in 2009. Its home arena is the 1,700-seat Lietuvos Rytas Arena; all European matches and important domestic and Baltic matches are played in the 11,000-seat Siemens Arena. Another team participating in LKL is BC Sakalai. The major football team in Vilnius is FK Žalgiris Vilnius of the A Lyga. Only Žalgiris Vilnius has won the A Lyga, doing so on three occasions — in 1991, 1992, and 1999.[citation needed] The city is home to the Lithuanian Bandy Association,[49] Badminton Federation,[50] Canoeing Sports Federation,[51] Baseball Association,[52] Biathlon Federation,[53] Sailors Union,[54] Football Federation,[55] Fencing Federation,[56] Cycling Sports Federation,[57] Archery Federation,[58] Athletics Federation,[59] Ice Hockey Federation,[60] Basketball Federation,[61] Curling Federation,[62] Rowing Federation,[63] Wrestling Federation,[64] Speed Skating Association,[65] Gymnastics Federation,[66] Equestrian Union,[67] Modern Pentathlon Federation,[68] Shooting Union,[69] Triathlon Federation,[70] Volleyball Federation,[71] Tennis Union,[72] Taekwondo Federation,[73] Weightlifting Federation,[74] Table Tennis Association,[75] Skiing Association,[76] Rugby Federation,[77] Swimming Federation.[78]
The river Neris is navigable, but no regular water routes exist.
Vilnius International Airport serves most Lithuanian international flights to many major European destinations.
The Vilnius railway station is an important hub serving direct passenger connections to Moscow and Saint Petersburg as well as being a transit point of Pan-European corridor IX.
Vilnius is the starting point of the Vilnius-Kaunas–Klaipėda motorway that runs across Lithuania and connects the three major cities as well as it is the part of European route E85. The Vilnius-Panevėžys motorway is a branch of the Via-Baltica.
Vilnius has a well-developed public transportation system; 45% of the population take public transport to work.[79] The bus network and the trolleybus network are run by Vilniaus viešasis transportas. There are over 60 bus and 22 trolleybus routes, the trolleybus network is one of the most extensive in Europe. Over 250 buses and 260 trolleybuses transport about 500,000 passengers every workday. Students, elderly, and the disabled receive large discounts (up to 80%) on the tickets. The first regular bus routes were established in 1926, and the first trolleybus were introduced in 1956.
At the end of 2007, a new electronic monthly ticket system was introduced. It is possible to buy an electronic card in shops and newspaper stands and have it credited with an appropriate amount of money. The monthly e-ticket cards may be bought once and credited with an appropriate amount of money in various ways including the Internet. Previous paper monthly tickets were in use until August 2008.[80]
The public transportation system is dominated by the low-floor Volvo and Mercedes-Benz buses as well as Solaris trolleybuses. There are also plenty of the traditional Skoda vehicles built in the Czech Republic still in service, and many of these have been extensively refurbished internally. All is a result of major improvements that started in 2003 when the first brand-new Mercedes-Benz buses were bought. In 2004, a contract was signed with Volvo Buses to buy 90 brand-new 7700 buses over the following three years.
Along with the official public transportation, there are also a number of private bus companies. They charge about the same as the municipal buses and sometimes follow the same routes[citation needed]. There are also a number of different routes, for example from various neighborhoods to the Gariūnai market. In addition, there are about 400 share taxis that are usually faster but less comfortable and more expensive than regular buses.
An electric tram system through the city (Vilnius Tram Project) was proposed in the 2000s; among other features, the proposal included underground bridge under the Neris river. The future of the proposal remains uncertain.[81] Also there is support for monorail transportation system.
Vilnius has signed 40 cooperation agreements with other cities.
 Astana, Kazakhstan Aalborg, Denmark Brussels, Belgium Bratislava, Slovakia Budapest, Hungary[82] Chicago, United States Chişinău, Moldova Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine- Donetsk, Ukraine
 Duisburg, Germany (since 1985) [83][84]
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 Dublin, Ireland Edinburgh, United Kingdom- Erfurt, Germany
 Gdańsk, Poland (since 1998)[85] Guangzhou, China[86] Irkutsk, Russia Joensuu, Finland- Kiev, Ukraine
- Kraków, Poland[87]
- Łódź, Poland
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 Ljubljana, Slovenia- Madison, United States
 Minsk, Belarus- Moscow, Russia
 Nicosia, Cyprus Oslo, Norway Pavia, Italy Piraeus, Greece Reykjavík, Iceland Riga, Latvia
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- Saint Petersburg, Russia
 Salzburg, Austria Stockholm, Sweden Strasbourg, France Taipei, Taiwan[88] Tallinn, Estonia Tbilisi, Georgia[89] Toronto, Canada Valletta, Malta Istanbul, Turkey- Warsaw, Poland[90]
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The city is governed by the Vilnius City Municipality, which includes the nearby town of Grigiškės, three villages, and some rural areas. A 51-member council is elected to four-year terms; the candidates are nominated by registered political parties. As of the 2011 elections, independent candidates also were permitted. The Council elects a mayor, four deputy mayors, and a city clerk at its first meeting.[91] As of April 2011, the mayor of Vilnius is Artūras Zuokas, whose coalition of independent candidates won 12 seats in the Council. Elderships, a state-wide administrative division, function as municipal districts.
The 21 elderships are based on neighbourhoods:
Map of Vilnius elderships. Numbers on the map correspond with numbers in the list
- Verkiai — includes Baltupiai, Jeruzalė, Santariškės, Balsiai, Visoriai
- Antakalnis — includes Valakampiai, Turniškės, Dvarčionys
- Pašilaičiai — includes Tarandė
- Fabijoniškės — includes Bajorai
- Pilaitė
- Justiniškės
- Viršuliškės
- Šeškinė
- Šnipiškės
- Žirmūnai — includes Šiaurės miestelis
- Karoliniškės
- Žvėrynas
- Grigiškės — a separate town included in the Vilnius city municipality
- Lazdynai
- Vilkpėdė — includes Vingis Park
- Naujamiestis — includes bus and train stations
- Senamiestis (Old Town) — includes Užupis
- Naujoji Vilnia — includes Pavilnys, Pūčkoriai
- Paneriai — includes Trakų Vokė, Gariūnai
- Naujininkai — includes Kirtimai, Salininkai, Vilnius International Airport
- Rasos — includes Belmontas, Markučiai
A minor planet 3072 Vilnius discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1978 is named after the city.[92]
- The rural town of Wilno, Ontario, Canada was named after the Polish name for Vilnius in the 1860s. The village of Vilna, Alberta was also named for Vilnius.
Panorama of the city of Vilnius
- ^ ">>>Teritorija ir gyventojų skaičius. Požymiai: administracinė teritorija — Rodiklių duomenų bazėje". Db1.stat.gov.lt. 2011-03-09. http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010211&PLanguage=0&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=9116&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14=It. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Portrait of the Regions of Lithuania". Vilnius city municipality. http://www.stat.gov.lt/uploads/Reg_port/en/vilniaus_apskritis/vilniaus_miesto_savivaldybe.html. Retrieved 2009-01-10. [dead link]
- ^ Лавринец, Павел (2004-10-20). "Русская Вильна: идея и формула" (in Russian). Балканская Русистика (Вильнюс). http://www.russian.slavica.org/article780.html#_ftn20. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
- ^ "Фон Зукков, По дороге в Вильно" (in Russian). Французы в России. 1812 г. По воспоминаниям современников-иностранцев.. 1–3. Москва: "Задруга". 1912. http://www.hrono.ru/libris/lib_n/12n429.html. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
- ^ "Vilnius legend". Municipality of Vilnius. http://www.vilnius.lt/new/en/gidas.php?open=122&root=1&sub_cat1=127.
- ^ a b c d Laimonas Briedis (2008). Vilnius: City of Strangers. Baltos Lankos. ISBN 978-9955-23-160-8.
- ^ Piotr S. Wandycz, The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795–1918, University of Washington Press, 1974, p. 166.
- ^ Egidijus Aleksandravičius, Antanas Kulakauskas; Carų valdžioje: Lietuva XIX amžiuje ("Lithuania under the reign of Czars in 19th century"); Baltos lankos, Vilnius 1996. Polish translation: Pod władzą carów: Litwa w XIX wieku, Universitas, Kraków 2003, page 90, ISBN 83-7052-543-1
- ^ Dirk Hoerder, Inge Blank, Horst Rössler, "Roots of the transplanted", East European Monographs, 1994, pg. 69 [1]
- ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p. 16
- ^ "A 1909 official count of the city found 205,250 inhabitants, of whom 1.2 percent were Lithuanian; 20.7 percent Russian; 37.8 percent Polish;, and 36.8 percent Jewish. — Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus 1569–1999. Yale University Press 2003, p. 306.
- ^ Senn, Alfred Erich (1966). The Great Powers lithuania and the Vilna Question, 1920–1928. E. J. Brill. p. 6. ISBN B0006BSJTW. http://books.google.com/?id=180UAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q.
- ^ (Polish) Łossowski, Piotr (1995). Konflikt polsko-litewski 1918-1920. Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza. pp. 126–128. ISBN 83-05-12769-9.
- ^ Rawi Abdelal (2001). National Purpose in the World Economy: Post-Soviet States in Comparative Perspective. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8977-8. http://books.google.com/?id=ubX9NdqScJsC&pg=PA89&dq=suwalki+1920. "At the same time, Poland acceded to Lithuanian authority over Vilnius in the 1920 Suwałki Agreement."
- ^ Glanville Price (1998). Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8014-8977-8. http://books.google.com/?id=ubX9NdqScJsC&pg=PA89&dq=suwalki+1920. "In 1920, Poland annexed a third of Lithuania's territory (including the capital, Vilnius) in a breach of the Treaty of Suvalkai of 7 October 1920, and it was only in 1939 that Lithuania regained Vilnius and about a quarter of the territory previously occupied by Poland."
- ^ David James Smith; Artis Pabriks, Aldis Purs, Thomas Lane (2002). The Baltic States. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28580-3. http://books.google.com/?id=YaYbzQQN97EC&pg=RA3-PA31&dq=suwalki+treaty+vilnius. "Fighting continued until the agreement at Suwałki between Lithuania and Poland on 7 October 1920, which drew a line of demarcation which was incomplete but indicated that the Vilnius area would be part of Lithuania"
- ^ Xenia Joukoff Eudin; Harold H. Fisher, Rosemary Brown Jones (1957). Soviet Russia and the West, 1920–1927. Stanford University. ISBN 978-0-8047-0478-6. http://books.google.com/?id=KX2kAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9&dq=xenia+suwalki. "The League effected an armistice, signed at Suwałki, 7 October 1920, by the terms of which the city was to remain under Lithuanian jurisdiction."
- ^ Alfonsas Eidintas; Edvardas Tuskenis, Vytautas Zalys (1999). Lithuania in European Politics. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-22458-5. http://books.google.com/?id=0_i8yez8udgC&pg=PA75&dq=suwalki++vilnius. "The Lithuanians and the Poles signed an agreement at Suwałki on 7 October. Both sides were to cease hostilities and to peacefully settle all disputes. The demarcation line was extended only in the southern part of the front, to Bastunai. Vilnius was thus left on the Lithuanian side, but its security was not guaranteed."
- ^ Hirsz Abramowicz; Eva Zeitlin Dobkin, Jeffrey Shandler, David E. Fishman (1999). Profiles of a Lost World: Memoirs of East European Jewish Life Before World War II. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-2784-5. http://books.google.com/?id=wZI5fWbSaSEC&pg=PA238&dq=suwalki+vilna. "Before long there was a change of authority: Polish legionnaires under the command of General Lucian Zeligowski 'did not agree' with the peace treaty signed with Lithuania in Suwałki, which ceded Vilna to Lithuania."
- ^ Michael Brecher; Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10806-0. http://books.google.com/?id=GjY7aV_6FPwC&pg=PA253&dq=suwalki+vilna. "Mediation by the League Council led to an agreement on the 20th providing for a cease-fire and Lithuania's neutrality in the Polish-Russian War; Vilna remained part of Lithuania. The (abortive) Treaty of Suwałki, incorporating these terms, was signed on 7 October."
- ^ Raymond Leslie Buell (2007). Poland — Key to Europe. Alfred Knopf, republished by Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-4564-1. http://books.google.com/?id=-KcfGbrKptoC. "Clashes subsequently took place with Polish troops, leading to the armistice at Suwałki in October 1920 and the drawing of the famous Curzon Line under League mediation, which allotted Vilna to Lithuania."
- ^ George Slocombe (1970). Mirror to Geneva. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8369-1852-6. http://books.google.com/?id=k_oC5vZEBXcC&pg=PA262&dq=suwalki+1920. "Zeligowski seized the city in October, 1920, in flagrant violation not only of the Treaty of Suwałki signed by Poland and Lithuania two days earlier, but also of the covenant of the newly created League of Nations."
- ^ "Eastern Poland". London: Polish Research Centre. 1941. http://felsztyn.tripod.com/id17.html. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
- ^ "Это вам не 1939 год" (in Russian). Родина (Москва: ООО «Родина МЕДИА»). September 2006. http://www.istrodina.com/rodina_articul.php3?id=1998&n=102.
- ^ Josef Krauski, Education as Resistance: The Polish Experience of Schooling During the War, in Roy Lowe, Education and the Second World War : studies in schooling and social change, Falmer Press, 1992, ISBN 0-7507-0054-8, Google Print, p. 130
- ^ Yitzhak Arad, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 4, p. 1572
- ^ "Cultural capitals of Europe". Chicago Tribune. 11 January 2009. http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/chi-cultural-capitals-0111_rjan11,0,6197408.story?page=2&track=rss. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ O. Niglio, Restauri in Lituania. Vilnius Capitale della Cultura Europea 2009,PDF (810 KB) in "Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony", 1, 2006
- ^ Greenhalgh, Nathan. "Capital of Culture: success or failure?". http://balticreports.com/?p=7374. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "A.Gelūnas: prokuratūra nusikaltimo rengiant Bjork koncertą neįžvelgė". http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/agelunas-prokuratura-nusikaltimo-rengiant-bjork-koncerta-neizvelge.d?id=36556461. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ "Vilnius: artists protest ‘breakdown of culture’ in EU cultural capital". cafebabel.com. http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/video/110/vilnius-protests-artists-tax-cultural-capital-eu.html.
- ^ Burke, Jason (2009-01-18). "Eastern Europe braced for a violent 'spring of discontent'". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/18/eu-riots-vilinius.
- ^ "Zuokas bows to public pressure". http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/21771/.
- ^ [2] The geographical Centre of Europe
- ^ "The City". City of Vilnius. http://google.com/search?q=cache:KutOX0Ym7O8J:www.vilnius.lt/newvilniusweb/index.php/252/+vilnius+area+hectares&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=15&gl=us&client=firefox-a. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
- ^ Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated". Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. DOI:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
- ^ Raymond S. Bradley, Philip D. Jones (1995). Climate Since A.D. 1500. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-12030-2. http://books.google.com/?id=Wha4DwRa2wgC&pg=PA248&dq=vilnius+temperature+record.
- ^ "(English) Weather Information for Vilnius". http://www.worldweather.org/105/c00204.htm. Retrieved Dec 12 2006.
- ^ (Russian) г. Вильна Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г.
- ^ a b c Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol. 20, Leipzig 1935, p. 348.
- ^ a b c Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations, p. 92-93, 2003 New Haven & London, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-10586-5
- ^ Vilnius Regional Statistical Office
- ^ Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol. 20, Leizig 1935, pp. 347–348.
- ^ Vilnius Book Fair. Retried in 2009-02-14
- ^ "Investment". City of Vilnius. http://www.vilnius.lt/new/en/investicijos.php. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
- ^ "New Life in Karaim Communities". Euronet.nl. http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/karaim22.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-06. [dead link]
- ^ "By Location". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_186.html. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
- ^ Gabriel Ignatow (2007). Transnational Identity Politics and the Environment. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-2015-6. http://books.google.com/?id=2Z3zQ9gPsSAC&pg=PA103&dq=romuva+vilnius.
- ^ "Federation of International Bandy-About-About FIB-National Federations-Lithuania-Lithuania". Internationalbandy.com. http://www.internationalbandy.com/viewNavMenu.do?menuID=61. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos badmintono federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/86. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos baidarių ir kanojų irklavimo federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/85. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos beisbolo asociacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/84. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos biatlono federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/83. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos buriuotojų sąjunga | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/81. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos futbolo federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/77. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos fechtavimo federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/78. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos dviračių sporto federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/80. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos lankininkų federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/68. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos lengvosios atletikos federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/69. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos ledo ritulio federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/70. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos krepšinio federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/71. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos kerlingo federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/72. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos irklavimo federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/73. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos imtynių federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/74. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos greitojo čiuožimo asociacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/75. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos gimnastikos federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/76. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos žirginio sporto sąjunga | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/54. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos šiuolaikinės penkiakovės federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/55. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- ^ "Lietuvos šaudymo sporto sąjunga | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/56. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Lietuvos triatlono federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/59. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Lietuvos tinklinio federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/60. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Lietuvos teniso sąjunga | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/61. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Lietuvos taekwondo (wtf) federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/62. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Lietuvos sunkiosios atletikos federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/63. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Lietuvos stalo teniso asociacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/64. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Lietuvos nacionalinė slidinėjimo asociacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/65. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Lietuvos regbio federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/537. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Lietuvos plaukimo federacija | LTOK". Ltok.lt. http://www.ltok.lt/node/67. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "Social and Economic Analysis of the Demand for Public Transport in Vilnius". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. 2003. http://www.transport.vgtu.lt/upload/tif_zur/2003-4-griskeviciene_griskevicius.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ Vilnius public transport e-ticket system
- ^ "A tram ride into the future". The Baltic Times. 2007. http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/17340/. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
- ^ "Sister cities of Budapest" (in Hungarian). Official Website of Budapest. http://www.budapest.hu/engine.aspx?page=20030224-cikk-testvervarosok. Retrieved 2009-07-01. [dead link]
- ^ "Cities Twinned with Duisburg". www.duisburg.de. http://www.duisburg.de/micro/english/introducing/102010100000187829.php. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ "List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District". © 2009 Twins2010.com. http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd. Retrieved 2009-10-28. [dead link]
- ^ "Gdańsk Official Website: 'Miasta partnerskie'" (in Polish & English). © 2009 Urząd Miejski w Gdańsku. http://www.gdansk.pl/samorzad,62,733.html. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
- ^ "Sister Cities of Guangzhou". Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office. http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Item/3970.aspx. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ "Kraków otwarty na świat". www.krakow.pl. http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
- ^ Sister city list (.DOC)
- ^ "TREND: Tbilisi, Vilnius become brother cities". en.trend.az. http://en.trend.az/news/cis/georgia/1492690.html. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
- ^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl. Biuro Promocji Miasta. 2005-05-04. http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11. Retrieved 2008-08-29. [dead link]
- ^ "About Vilnius". Vilnius Tourist Information Centre 2008 (Official city website). 2009-01-16. http://google.com/search?q=cache:21BFxn8L8QwJ:www.vilnius-tourism.lt/topic.php%3Ftid%3D63%26sid%3D107+vilnius+mayor+council+site:.lt&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
- ^ Dictionary of Minor Planet Names — p. 253
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- Copenhagen,7 Denmark
- Helsinki, Finland
- Longyearbyen, Svalbard
- Mariehamn, Åland Islands
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- Ankara, Turkey1
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- Madrid, Spain
- Monaco, Monaco
- Nicosia, Cyprus2
- North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2, 3
- Podgorica, Montenegro
- Pristina, Kosovo3
- Rome, Italy
- San Marino, San Marino
- Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
- Sofia, Bulgaria
- Tirana, Albania
- Valletta, Malta
- Vatican City, Vatican City
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- Astana, Kazakhstan1
- Baku, Azerbaijan1
- Kiev, Ukraine
- Minsk, Belarus
- Moscow, Russia1
- Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh2, 3
- Sukhumi, Abkhazia2, 3
- Tbilisi, Georgia1
- Tiraspol, Transnistria3
- Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2, 3
- Yerevan, Armenia1
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