- published: 06 Apr 2008
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- Howard Lindsay
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- Hugh Jackman
- Hugo Butler
- Iris Chang
- Iwan Roberts
- Jack Pizzey
- Jacob van der Hoeden
- Jacqueline Hennessy
- James Earl Ray
- James Frain
- James Roy
- Jane Krakowski
- Janine Lindemulder
- Jason Donovan
- Jason Leonard
- Jay Underwood
- Jeff Bagwell
- Jeff VanderMeer
- Jeri Ryan
- Jess Willard
- Jill Hennessy
- Jim Clark
- Jim Lovell
- Joan Baez
- Joey Lauren Adams
- John Carlos
- John Singleton
- John Steinbeck
- John Trobaugh
- Johnnie Barnes
- Johnny Indrisano
- Jon Culshaw
- Jonathan Knight
- Jorja Fox
- Josef Bachmann
- Jouett Shouse
- Jules Asner
- Julia Boutros
- Julian McMahon
- Julie Vega
- June Collyer
- Jyrki 69
- Karl Barth
- Kay Francis
- Kay Hanley
- Keith Anderson
- Kelly Hu
- Ken Akamatsu
- Kenny Albert
- Kristin Chenoweth
- Kunjarani Devi
- Kurt Angle
- Kylie Minogue
- Lars Onsager
- Laurie Foell
- Lawson Little
- Leah Pinsent
- Lee Germon
- Lee Tracy
- Leon Cadore
- Lewis Blaine Hershey
- Lilian Harvey
- Lisa Loeb
- Lisa Marie Presley
- Lise Meitner
- LL Cool J
- Lucy Lawless
- Lucy Liu
- Luis Walter Alvarez
- Luizianne Lins
- Luther Perkins
- Léon Mathot
- Macy Gray
- Mae Marsh
- Mao Zedong
- Marcel Desailly
- Marcel Duchamp
- Marcelo Caetano
- Margaret Cho
- Margarete Klose
- Mari Kiviniemi
- Marine Le Pen
- Marion Lorne
- Mark Geyer
- Mark Recchi
- Martin Dahlin
- Marwan Khoury
- Mary Lou Retton
- Masami Okui
- Massiel
- Matt Hill
- Matt Stairs
- Matthew Le Tissier
- Megan Hollingshead
- Mercedes de Acosta
- Michael Cole
- Michael Kiske
- Michael Vartan
- Michael Weatherly
- Michel Kikoine
- Michelle Meldrum
- Mika Häkkinen
- Mike Atherton
- Mike Mussina
- Mike Patton
- Mike Piazza
- Mike Spence
- Miles Long
- Mitch Cullin
- Mohamed Atta
- Moira Kelly
- Molly Ringwald
- Monique Garbrecht
- Moshe Zvi Segal
- Muho Noelke
- Naomi Watts
- Nasser Hussain
- Nazzareno Carusi
- Neal Cassady
- Nigerian Civil War
- Nobutoshi Canna
- Noordin Mohammad Top
- Norman Brookes
- Norman Thomas
- Novala Takemoto
- Oliver Bierhoff
- Omar Torrijos
- Omi Minami
- Otto Hahn
- Owen Wilson
- Paolo Maldini
- Parker Posey
- Parrish Baker
- Pat Hentgen
- Pat Onstad
- Patricia Arquette
- Patsy Kensit
- Paul Crichton
- Paul Tracy
- Pert Kelton
- Peter Arno
- Peter Bondra
- Phil Anselmo
- Phill Lewis
- Pierre Mulele
- Pierre Trudeau
- Pope Paul VI
- Qasim Melho
- Qiao Hong
- Rachael Harris
- Rachael Ray
- Rachel Griffiths
- Randolph Churchill
- Rasmus Lerdorf
- Ray Harroun
- Red Foley
- René Cogny
- Rhys Ifans
- Rica Matsumoto
- Richard Nixon
- Robert Korzeniowski
- Roberto Alomar
- Robin Morgan
- Rod Beck
- Rose Wilder Lane
- Rudi Dutschke
- Saddam Hussein
- Salvatore Quasimodo
- Sam Crawford
- Samir Soni
- Sammy Sosa
- Sandrine Kiberlain
- Sarah McLachlan
- Scotty Beckett
- Sean Schemmel
- Serge Postigo
- Shannon Sharpe
- Shoichi Funaki
- Sidse Babett Knudsen
- Silvio Fauner
- Sirhan Sirhan
- Sora Jung
- Spiro Agnew
- Stacey Williams
- Stacy Haiduk
- Stan Kirsch
- Stephan Pastis
- Svetlana Masterkova
- Tallulah Bankhead
- Tetsuo Kurata
- Theoren Fleury
- Thom Yorke
- Thomas Levet
- Thomas Merton
- Tim Salmon
- Timothy McVeigh
- Tommie Smith
- Tommy Armour
- Tommy Noonan
- Toni Kukoč
- Tony Hancock
- Tony Hawk
- Tore Ørjasæter
- Traci Lords
- Truong Dinh Dzu
- Trygve Lie
- Tsunku
- Ulrike Meinhof
- Upton Sinclair
- Valdon Dowiyogo
- Valerie Solanas
- Vanessa Marcil
- Victoria Derbyshire
- Virginia Valli
- Virginia Weidler
- Vittorio Pozzo
- Vlade Divac
- Waisale Serevi
- Wally Schirra
- Walter Cunningham
- Walter Rodney
- Walter Tewksbury
- Walter Wanger
- Wendell Corey
- Wes Montgomery
- Will Smith
- Winston Churchill
- Yasmine Bleeth
- Yasuhiro Takato
- Yasunari Kawabata
- Yuji Nagata
- Yuri Gagarin
- Yuri Shiratori
- Yvette Fielding
- Zacarias Moussaoui
- Zara Whites
- Ziggy Marley
- Zodiac Killer
1968: Tunnel Rats (2009)
Actors
- Michael Paré
- Jeffrey Christopher Todd
- Nate Parker
- Rocky Marquette (ii)
- Brandon Fobbs
- Mitch Eakins
- Erik Eidem
- Garikayi Mutambirwa
- Brad Schmidt
- Will Bethel
- Scott Cooper
- Adrian Collins
Director
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 1968 - Shakira
- 1968 - Joaquin Sabina
- 1968 - Züriwest
- 1968 - Smoke Or Fire
- 1968 - Dave Alvin
- 1968 - Secret
Dime quién conocía
Qué era entonces la vida
Andaba el mundo en plan de hallar la libertad
Y rechazar lo que el mundo les imponía
Dime quién encendía
Toda esa rebeldía
Ruseau y Luther King, Sartre y Gagarín
Qué es lo que me perdí cuando yo no existía?
Allá no fue mentira
Sin miedos liberemos nuestros sueños
Aquel año mayo duró doce meses
Tú y yo acabábamos de nacer
Y un señor muy serio moría del disgusto
En la primera página del ABC
Los claveles mordían a los magistrados
París era un barrio con acordeón
Marx prohibió a sus hijos que llegaran tarde
A la dulce hoguera de la insurrección
La poesía salió a la calle
Reconocimos nuestros rostros
Supimos que todo es posible
En 1968
Jean Paul Sartre y Dylan cantaban a dúo
Jugaban al corro Lenin y Rambeau
Los relojes marcaban 40 de fiebre
Se hablaba de sexo en la empresa Renault
Dos y dos ya nunca más sumaron cuatro
Sufrió mal de amores hasta De Gaulle
En medio de Praga crecían amapolas
Como un reto rojo al gris hormigón
La poesía salió a la calle
Reconocimos nuestros rostros
Supimos que todo es posible
En 1968
Pero no pudimos reinventar la historia
Mascaba la muerte chicle en el Vietnam
Pisaban los tanques las flores de Praga
En México lindo tiraban a dar
Mientras Che cavaba su tumba en Bolivia
Cantaba Massiel en Eurovisión
Y mi padre llegaba puntual al trabajo
Con el cuello blanco y el traje marrón
Si ahora encuentro a aquel amigo
leo en el fondo de sus ojos
Que ya se secaron las flores
De 1968
Los cuadros hicieron huelga en los museos
París era rojo, San Francisco Azul
Un vagabundo fue elegido alcalde
Y la Sorbona estaba en Katmandú
Sobreviva, imbécil, es el rock o la muerte
Beba Coca-Cola, cante esta canción
Que la primavera va a durar muy poco
Que mañana es lunes y anoche llovió
Si ahora encuentro a aquel amigo
Leo en en el fondo de sus ojos
Que ya se secaron las flores
De 1968.
mir warte no bis d'sunne über dr chiuche schteit
u schliiche zu de schine we dr zeiger uf 12i zeigt
u we dr zug chli schpäter vor schtadt här chunnt
ligsch du hinder däm boum wo mir uf ds gleis hei gleit
dr zug heutet a u ei typ schtigt us
louft füre zum boum - jitz schteisch du uf
i gumpe us em busch - haute dä typ in schach
u du schpringsch zum erschte wage
u hänksch d'kupplig us
i schiesse i d'luft u rüeffe
lööt dr höiptling frei
u si gsee dass mir dr lokfüerer aus geisle hei
u dä bringt üs när mit dr lok bis dert
wo dr waud aafat u wo mir üsi ponies hei
aber jitz müesse mr los wüu de dr zug glii chunnt
u we öppis schiefgeit - egau us welem grund
träffe mir üs punkt 2 uf em pouseplatz
u am 3 mues i när i d'flöteschtund
zwe indianer bi de teppichschtange
ir wüeschti vo nevade
bi de baangleis z'niederwange
The tension in the air is swelling like a bubble about to break
Students have shut down universities and taken to the streets
The DNC has left Chicago burned and frayed
Cover your eyes
You think America’s recovered from the self-inflicted wounds it took in 1968?
Still Corretta led his people through the Memphis streets
In spite of the nightmare that was made out of a dream
[x2]
Young men sent overseas, their names are in a lottery that kills
There are social clashes, body counts, and rioting on TV screens
A bullet put another Kennedy to sleep
Cover your eyes
You think America’s recovered from the self-inflicted wounds it took in 1968?
Still Corretta led his people through the Memphis streets
In spite of the nightmare that was made out of a dream
[x2]
So why this disconnect in our youth after 40 years?
Dave Alvin/Chris Gaffney
(Blue Horn Toad Music, BMI/Calhoun Street Music/Ensaga Songs, BMI, Administered by Bug Music)
Johnny gave Joe his first cigarette
And Joe lit the filter and then he smoked the whole pack
And Joe bought all the gas in Johnny's old Ford
He always said that's what friends were for.
When Johnny married Tina, Joe married Dee
Two blonde-haired sisters from Covington, Kentucky
And in '67 Johnny joined the Corps
Joe did too, but he never knew what for.
And tonight in this barroom he's easin' his pain
He's thinkin' of someone, but he won't say the name
Folks say he's a hero, but he'll tell you he ain't
He left a hero in the jungle back in 1968.
Johnny went from job to job tryin' to make ends meet
And Tina divorced him back in '83
Now thirty years come and thirty years go
And Johnny's got a grandkid that he barely knows.
And tonight in this barroom he's easin' his pain
He's thinkin' of someone, but he won't say the name
Folks say he's a hero, but he'll tell you he ain't
He left a hero in the jungle back in 1968.
Well Dee calls Johnny every now and then
And talks about her children and her third husband
But when he asks about someone they used to know
Dee says, âJohnny that was so long ago.â
Tonight in this barroom he's easin' his pain
He's thinkin' of someone, but he won't say the name
Folks say he's a hero; he'll tell you ain't
He left a hero in the jungle back in 1968
Marching down the road I look back to see who is lost
Forget about the past, I will leave my name behind my back, behind me, forsaken
Head against the walls I will burn every fucking flag in front of everyone, betrayed.
To hear their screams louder
Blood all over the ground, fertilizer for the disease
It grows high, it grows lonely
Another riot is born right now, another widow cry in front of me betrayed
Isolated from this tragedy. Fated for a deeper void.
There's no light to see outside just a dark night filled with all your fears
Today's ending and there's no light to see anymore, everything is gone
Send this Playlist by SMS
1968 (Part 1 of 6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Updated: 24 Apr 2013
1968: The Year that Shaped a Generation War. Assassinations. Riots. This dramatic program examines the turbulent political and social landscapes of 1968 by c...
http://wn.com/1968_Part_1_of_6
1968: The Year that Shaped a Generation War. Assassinations. Riots. This dramatic program examines the turbulent political and social landscapes of 1968 by c...
IRON BUTTERFLY - IN A GADDA DA VIDA - 1968 (ORIGINAL FULL VERSION) CD SOUND & 3D VIDEO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:03
- Updated: 17 May 2013
IRON BUTTERFLY - IN A GADDA DA VIDA-ORIGINAL FULL VERSION -1968 VIDEO CONVERTED IN 3D (Red & Blue - 480P) The video track was recorded on May 27,1968, at Ult...
http://wn.com/IRON_BUTTERFLY_IN_A_GADDA_DA_VIDA_1968_ORIGINAL_FULL_VERSION_CD_SOUND_3D_VIDEO
IRON BUTTERFLY - IN A GADDA DA VIDA-ORIGINAL FULL VERSION -1968 VIDEO CONVERTED IN 3D (Red & Blue - 480P) The video track was recorded on May 27,1968, at Ult...
- published: 20 Apr 2011
- views: 2249348
- author: pauloget
Vietnam War - Hue City 1968
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:59
- Updated: 16 May 2013
CBS footage.
http://wn.com/Vietnam_War_Hue_City_1968
Masacre en Tlatelolco, 2 De octubre 1968
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:32
- Updated: 14 May 2013
2 De octubre 1968 DIRECTED BY.: Alan Tomlinson CINEMATOGRAPHY.: Eduardo Flores Torres TATO.
http://wn.com/Masacre_en_Tlatelolco,_2_De_octubre_1968
2 De octubre 1968 DIRECTED BY.: Alan Tomlinson CINEMATOGRAPHY.: Eduardo Flores Torres TATO.
- published: 26 May 2012
- author: NillKafka
The WHO - I Can See For Miles (1968)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 16 May 2013
The WHO - I Can See For Miles (1968)
http://wn.com/The_WHO_I_Can_See_For_Miles_1968
George Harrison - Smothers Brothers TV Appearance 1968
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 13 May 2013
George Harrison makes a surprise appearance on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour." Originally broadcast on November 17, 1968. Short but sweet - and incredib...
http://wn.com/George_Harrison_Smothers_Brothers_TV_Appearance_1968
George Harrison makes a surprise appearance on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour." Originally broadcast on November 17, 1968. Short but sweet - and incredib...
- published: 24 Sep 2006
- views: 1026839
- author: easternbird
The Yardbirds - Dazed And Confused (1968)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 14 May 2013
This video seems to be from a different source. H.264 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58mQvW0ROag&fmt;=18.
http://wn.com/The_Yardbirds_Dazed_And_Confused_1968
This video seems to be from a different source. H.264 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58mQvW0ROag&fmt;=18.
- published: 03 Aug 2008
- author: Wolffishfish
Rowan and Martin's Laugh-in 1968 holiday show pt. 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:19
- Updated: 15 May 2013
Just in time for the holidays, here is a Laugh In show from 1968.
http://wn.com/Rowan_and_Martin's_Laugh-in_1968_holiday_show_pt_1
Just in time for the holidays, here is a Laugh In show from 1968.
- published: 14 Dec 2007
- author: linuscomet
Springtime for Hitler - The Producers(1968)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:16
- Updated: 16 May 2013
The ORIGINAL performance "Springtime for Hitler" from the movie The Producers by Mel Brooks.
http://wn.com/Springtime_for_Hitler_The_Producers1968
The ORIGINAL performance "Springtime for Hitler" from the movie The Producers by Mel Brooks.
- published: 26 Jan 2008
- author: BjReProdakszyn
La Grande Storia - 1968 l'anno della contestazione 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:46
- Updated: 29 Apr 2013
Il 1968. Grandi aspirazioni e terribili eventi segnano la storia dell'anno. "E' proibito proibire" scrivono gli studenti sui muri di Parigi, "fate l'amore no...
http://wn.com/La_Grande_Storia_1968_l'anno_della_contestazione_1
Il 1968. Grandi aspirazioni e terribili eventi segnano la storia dell'anno. "E' proibito proibire" scrivono gli studenti sui muri di Parigi, "fate l'amore no...
- published: 13 May 2012
- author: Geremysss
Barbarella - 1968
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Barbarella 1968 trailer.
http://wn.com/Barbarella_1968
1968年南ベトナム戦闘映像
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:46
- Updated: 18 Sep 2010
アメリカ軍本格的介入から２年１９６８年は戦闘が激化し
１月にはテト攻勢で政治的敗北をしたUSAであった。
http://wn.com/1968年南ベトナム戦闘映像
アメリカ軍本格的介入から２年１９６８年は戦闘が激化し
１月にはテト攻勢で政治的敗北をしたUSAであった。
- published: 18 Sep 2010
- views: 100841
Okupace Československa 21. srpna 1968 - první hlášení
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Updated: 07 May 2013
21. 8. 1968, 1.55 hodin "Vážení posluchači, zůstaňte u svých přijímačů," vyzval krátce po půl druhé ráno hlasatel Vladimír Fišer obyvatele Československa. Ro...
http://wn.com/Okupace_Československa_21_srpna_1968_první_hlášení
21. 8. 1968, 1.55 hodin "Vážení posluchači, zůstaňte u svých přijímačů," vyzval krátce po půl druhé ráno hlasatel Vladimír Fišer obyvatele Československa. Ro...
- published: 22 Dec 2012
- author: ceskyrozhlas
1968 Charger / 1969 Daytona - BIG MUSCLE Garage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:57
- Updated: 16 May 2013
The 1968 Dodge Charger and the 1969 Dodge Daytona. Two cars based off the same platform with very different personalities. These two old sleds are different ...
http://wn.com/1968_Charger_1969_Daytona_BIG_MUSCLE_Garage
The 1968 Dodge Charger and the 1969 Dodge Daytona. Two cars based off the same platform with very different personalities. These two old sleds are different ...
- published: 03 Jan 2013
- author: drive
Douglas Engelbart : The Mother of All Demos (1/9)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:53
- Updated: 13 May 2013
On December 9, 1968, Douglas C. Engelbart and the group of 17 researchers working with him in the Augmentation Research Center at Stanford Research Institute...
http://wn.com/Douglas_Engelbart_The_Mother_of_All_Demos_1_9
On December 9, 1968, Douglas C. Engelbart and the group of 17 researchers working with him in the Augmentation Research Center at Stanford Research Institute...
- published: 05 Aug 2007
- views: 163858
- author: bigkif
TOM JONES - Delilah (1968)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 17 May 2013
Top Of The Pops 1968.
http://wn.com/TOM_JONES_Delilah_1968
Ella Fitzgerald - Summertime (1968)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 16 May 2013
http://bjazz.unblog.fr/music/musicians-hall-of-fame/ella-fitzgerald/ http://www.bojazz.com/ Ella Fitzgerald & the Tee Carson trio - Summertime (from Porgy an...
http://wn.com/Ella_Fitzgerald_Summertime_1968
http://bjazz.unblog.fr/music/musicians-hall-of-fame/ella-fitzgerald/ http://www.bojazz.com/ Ella Fitzgerald & the Tee Carson trio - Summertime (from Porgy an...
- published: 21 Jun 2010
- author: bessjazz
Oliver! (1968)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 139:55
- Updated: 17 May 2013
Musical adaptation about an orphan who runs away from an orphanage and hooks up with a group of boys trained to be pickpockets by an elderly mentor. Won 5 Os...
http://wn.com/Oliver!_1968
Musical adaptation about an orphan who runs away from an orphanage and hooks up with a group of boys trained to be pickpockets by an elderly mentor. Won 5 Os...
- published: 09 Apr 2012
- views: 507302
- author: Paulo McMiller
Julie Driscoll - Season Of The Witch (1968)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:45
- Updated: 15 May 2013
Julie Driscoll - Season Of The Witch (1968)
http://wn.com/Julie_Driscoll_Season_Of_The_Witch_1968
Barbarella (1968) Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 15 May 2013
http://www.heavymetalmagazinefanpage.com/moviesbarbarella1968.html.
http://wn.com/Barbarella_1968_Trailer
http://www.heavymetalmagazinefanpage.com/moviesbarbarella1968.html.
- published: 28 Sep 2009
- author: 0Lostboy0
Ревю - 1968
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Updated: 13 May 2013
Официалният клип на Ревю - 1968.
http://wn.com/Ревю_1968
How Airplanes Fly (1968)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:30
- Updated: 16 May 2013
Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration How Airplanes Fly 1968 NTIS AVA08357VNB1 What makes an airplane get off the ground and stay in t...
http://wn.com/How_Airplanes_Fly_1968
Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration How Airplanes Fly 1968 NTIS AVA08357VNB1 What makes an airplane get off the ground and stay in t...
- published: 13 Jul 2009
- views: 220230
- author: AIRBOYD
2001: A Space Odyssey Official Trailer #1 - (1968) HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 16 May 2013
2001: A Space Odyssey Movie Trailer - watch all clips http://j.mp/yTO08i click to subscribe http://j.mp/sNDUs5 Mankind finds a mysterious, obviously artifici...
http://wn.com/2001_A_Space_Odyssey_Official_Trailer_1_1968_HD
2001: A Space Odyssey Movie Trailer - watch all clips http://j.mp/yTO08i click to subscribe http://j.mp/sNDUs5 Mankind finds a mysterious, obviously artifici...
- published: 16 Jun 2011
- views: 52557
- author: movieclips
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. There appears to be a curse stalking second term presidents, specifically starting with Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon and continuing through to President Barack Obama. President Obama's malevolent shadow, namely Benghazigate, IRSgate and the more recent APgate, have almost utterly enveloped him and his administration ... President Obama's second term is also unraveling....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: AP / Mike Fuentes
16 May 2013
"A massive emergency response" is underway in North Texas, where tornadoes blew through Wednesday night, The Dallas Morning News says. A twister that hit Granbury, about 35 miles southwest of Fort Worth, left at least six people dead, more than 100 injured and even more homeless, The Associated Press adds ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
photo: AP / Abdukareem Haruna
15 May 2013
Admitting that Islamist extremists now control some of his nation’s villages and towns, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency on Tuesday across Nigeria’s troubled northeast, promising to send more troops to fight what he said is now an open rebellion. Mr ... Get Free E-mail Alerts on These Topics. Nigeria Jonathan, Goodluck Disasters and Emergencies Muslims and Islam ... . Inside NYTimes.com. Books » ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Aleppo Media Center AMC
17 May 2013
If there’s one thing you can say about Bashar al-Assad, it’s that he has staying power. For more than two years, the Syrian president has defied predictions that his downfall is imminent. His regime has certainly suffered many setbacks during the brutal civil war that shows no signs of ending, but it's clear right now that Assad and his followers have been gaining momentum ... “The regime right now is strong ... (Lens Young Homsi/AP) ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS2 Tony D. Curtis
15 May 2013
A drone the size of a fighter jet has taken off from the deck of an US aircraft carrier for the first time in a test flight that could eventually open the way for the US to launch unmanned aircraft from almost anywhere in the world. The X-47B is the first drone designed to take off and land on a carrier, meaning the US military would not need permission from other countries to use their bases ... 643 Source.. AP ... Infographic....(size: 8.4Kb)
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Detroit Free Press
18 May 2013
On May 25, the Detroit Tigers will party like its 1968 ... Jose Feliciano will perform the national anthem, just as he did prior to Game 5 of the 1968 World Series, when the Tigers clinched the crown in a 5-3 win vs ... The first 10,000 fans receive a 1968 Tigers 45th ......(size: 1.4Kb)
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noodls
18 May 2013
DETROIT -- The Detroit Tigers will celebrate one of the most beloved teams in club history Saturday, May 25, when they pay tribute to the 1968 World Series Champion Tigers at Comerica Park ... The first 10,000 fans in attendance will receive a 1968 Tigers 45th Anniversary commemorative coin, courtesy of Belle Tire ... The video will be followed by an on-field, pregame ceremony to recognize the members of the 1968 team....(size: 2.7Kb)
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MLB
18 May 2013
DETROIT -- The Detroit Tigers will celebrate one of the most beloved teams in club history Saturday, May 25, when they pay tribute to the 1968 World Series Champion Tigers at Comerica Park ... The first 10,000 fans in attendance will receive a 1968 Tigers 45th Anniversary commemorative coin, courtesy of Belle Tire ... Feliciano performed "The Star Spangled Banner" prior to Game 5 of the 1968 World Series between the Tigers and the St....(size: 5.5Kb)
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Detroit news
18 May 2013
Hall of Famer Al Kaline is one of a host of Tigers expected to participate in celebrating the 45th anniversary of the Tigers' 1968 World Series title May 25 at Comerica Park ... Detroit — Several members of the Tigers 1968 team will take part in an on-field celebration of the world champions before a game later this month ... The first 10,000 fans to attend will receive a 1968 Tigers 45th anniversary commemorative coin....(size: 8.2Kb)
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Huffington Post
18 May 2013
O.J. Simpson listens to audio recording played during an evidentiary hearing in Clark County District Court, Thursday, May 16, 2013 in Las Vegas ... LAS VEGAS — O.J ... She didn't specify a date ... "Mr ... "I would never, ever ... ___ ... Simpson, 1968 ... 20, 1969, when he was honored as college football's outstanding player of 1968.O.J ... 5, 1968 photo.O.J ... 9, 1968 file photo. Simpson set the standard for landslide Heisman Trophy victories in 1968.O.J ... J ... ....(size: 14.3Kb)
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Buffalo News
18 May 2013
Feb. 2, 1968 – May 12, 2013. Russell M ... He was 45. Mr ... He also was an Eagle Scout. He graduated from the Marine Reserve Officer Candidate School. Mr ... ....(size: 0.9Kb)
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Chicago Tribune
18 May 2013
Ken Venturi, a San Francisco native and the 1964 U.S. Open golf champion, has died. He was 82 ... Open at Congressional Country Club in Bethesda, Md., by shooting 66-70 on the final day ... After his playing days, when he won 14 times on the PGA Tour, Venturi became a renowned golf analyst, joining CBS in 1968 ... ALSO. ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
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MLB
18 May 2013
ARLINGTON -- The Tigers will celebrate one of their most beloved teams when the 1968 World Series champions are honored on Saturday, May 25, at Comerica Park. Gates will open at 2 p.m. ET for the 3.40 pregame festivities, followed by that afternoon's game against the Minnesota Twins at 4.05. The first 10,000 fans in attendance will receive a 1968 Tigers 45th anniversary commemorative coin, courtesy of Belle Tire ... play video. DET@TEX ... ....(size: 7.0Kb)
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The Associated Press
18 May 2013
Ken Venturi, who overcame dehydration to win the 1964 U.S. Open and spent 35 years in the booth for CBS Sports, died Friday afternoon. He was 82. His son, Matt Venturi, said he died in a hospital in Rancho Mirage, Calif. Venturi had been hospitalized the last two months for a spinal infection, pneumonia, and then an intestinal infection that he could no longer fight ... Open." ... He began working for CBS in 1968 and lasted 35 years ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
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The Washington Post
18 May 2013
Ken Venturi, who overcame dehydration to win the 1964 U.S. Open and spent 35 years in the booth for CBS Sports, died Friday afternoon. He was 82. His son, Matt Venturi, said he died in a hospital in Rancho Mirage, Calif. Venturi had been hospitalized the last two months for a spinal infection, pneumonia, and then an intestinal infection that he could no longer fight ... Open.” ... He began working for CBS in 1968 and lasted 35 years ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
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Detroit news
18 May 2013
Tom Gage The Detroit News Comments. Arlington, Texas — It must be catching — because look who has become a strikeout pitcher. Of sorts ... But that's not the only, or even the biggest, reason he's pitching better ... 9.58 pm Jose Feliciano to return to Detroit as Tigers honor 1968 champs May 25. Several members of the Tigers 1968 team will take part in an on-field celebration of the world champions before a game later this month ... 10....(size: 10.9Kb)
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The Florida Times Union
18 May 2013
Associated Press. Ken Venturi, who overcame dehydration to win the 1964 U.S. Open and spent 35 years in the booth for CBS Sports, died Friday afternoon. He was 82. His son, Matt Venturi, said he died in a hospital in Rancho Mirage, Calif. Venturi had been hospitalized the last two months for a spinal infection, pneumonia, and then an intestinal infection that he could no longer fight ... He began working for CBS in 1968 and lasted 35 years ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
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The Charlotte Observer
18 May 2013
Ken Venturi, who won the 1964 U.S. Open golf championship in dramatic fashion and became a longtime television commentator, died Friday in Rancho Mirage. He was 82 ... The U.S. Open victory was one of Venturi's 14 tournament wins as a pro. Although he suffered from a severe stutter as a youth, he worked as the lead analyst for CBS Sports from 1968 to 2002 ... "He will never be able to say his own name ... He just exuded class." ... They taught you ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) |
This article is about the year 1968.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1930s 1940s 1950s – 1960s – 1970s 1980s 1990s |
| Years: | 1965 1966 1967 – 1968 – 1969 1970 1971 |
| 1968 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1968 MCMLXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2721 |
| Armenian calendar | 1417 ԹՎ ՌՆԺԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6718 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 124–125 |
| Bengali calendar | 1375 |
| Berber calendar | 2918 |
| British Regnal year | 16 Eliz. 2 – 17 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2512 |
| Burmese calendar | 1330 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7476–7477 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁未年十二月初二日 (4604/4664-12-2) — to —
戊申年十一月十二日(4605/4665-11-12) |
| Coptic calendar | 1684–1685 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1960–1961 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5728–5729 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2024–2025 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1890–1891 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5069–5070 |
| Holocene calendar | 11968 |
| Iranian calendar | 1346–1347 |
| Islamic calendar | 1387–1388 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 43 (昭和43年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4301 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 57 民國57年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2511 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1968 |
Year 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 5 – Prague Spring: Alexander Dubček is chosen as the leader of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia.[1]
- January 8 – British Prime Minister Harold Wilson endorses the 'I'm Backing Britain' campaign for working an additional half hour each day without pay.[2]
- January 14 – The Green Bay Packers win Super Bowl II.[3]
- January 15 – An earthquake in Sicily kills 380 and injures around 1,000.[4][5]
- January 17 – Lyndon B. Johnson calls for the non-conversion of the U.S. dollar.
- January 21
- Vietnam War – Battle of Khe Sanh: One of the most publicized and controversial battles of the war begins, ending on April 8.
- A U.S. B-52 Stratofortress crashes in Greenland, discharging four nuclear bombs.
- January 22 – Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In debuts on NBC.
- January 23 – North Korea seizes the USS Pueblo, claiming the ship violated its territorial waters while spying.
- January 25 – The Israeli submarine INS Dakar sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 69.
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- January 27 – A French submarine sinks in the Mediterranean Sea with 52 men.
- January 30 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive begins, as Viet Cong forces launch a series of surprise attacks across South Vietnam.
- January 31
- Viet Cong soldiers attack the US Embassy, Saigon.
- Nauru president Hammer DeRoburt declares independence from Australia.
February[link]
- February 1
- Vietnam War: A Viet Cong officer named Nguyễn Văn Lém is executed by Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. The event is photographed by Eddie Adams. The photo makes headlines around the world, eventually winning the 1969 Pulitzer Prize, and sways U.S. public opinion against the war.
- The Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York Central Railroad merge to form Penn Central, the largest ever corporate merger up to this date.
- February 6–February 18 – The 1968 Winter Olympics are held in Grenoble, France.
- February 8 – American civil rights movement: A civil rights protest staged at a white-only bowling alley in Orangeburg, South Carolina is broken up by highway patrolmen; 3 college students are killed.
- February 11
- Border clashes take place between Israel and Jordan.
- Madison Square Garden in New York City opens.
- February 12 – Phong Nhi and Phong Nhat massacre.
- February 13 – Civil rights disturbances occur at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- February 17 – Administrative reforms in Romania divide the country into 39 counties.
- February 19 – The Florida Education Association (FEA) initiates a mass resignation of teachers to protest state funding of education. This is, in effect, the first statewide teachers' strike in the United States.
- February 19 – NET televises the very first episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood.
- February 24 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted; South Vietnam recaptures Hué.
- February 25 – Vietnam War: Ha My massacre.
- February 27 – Ex-Teenagers singer Frankie Lymon is found dead from a heroin overdose in Harlem.
March[link]
- March 6 – Un-recognized Rhodesia executes three black citizens, the first executions since UDI, prompting international condemnation.
- March 7 – Vietnam War: The First Battle of Saigon ends.
- March 8 – The first student protests spark the 1968 Polish political crisis.
- March 10–11 – Vietnam War: Battle of Lima Site 85, largest single ground combat loss of United States Air Force members (12) during the then-secret war later known as the Laotian Civil War.
- March 11 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson mandates that all computers purchased by the federal government support the ASCII character encoding.[6]
- March 12
- Mauritius achieves independence from British rule.
- U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson edges out antiwar candidate Eugene J. McCarthy in the New Hampshire Democratic primary, a vote which highlights the deep divisions in the country, and the party, over Vietnam.
- March 13 – The first Rotaract club is chartered in North Charlotte, North Carolina.
- March 14 – Nerve gas leaks from the U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground near Skull Valley, Utah.
- March 15 – British Foreign Secretary George Brown resigns.
- March 16
- Vietnam War – My Lai massacre: American troops kill scores of civilians. The story will first become public in November 1969 and will help undermine public support for the U.S. efforts in Vietnam.
- U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy enters the race for the Democratic Party presidential nomination.
- March 17 – A demonstration in London's Grosvenor Square against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War leads to violence; 91 people are injured, 200 demonstrators arrested.
- March 18 – Gold standard: The Congress of the United States repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back U.S. currency.
- March 19–March 23 – Afrocentrism, Black power, Vietnam War: Students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., signal a new era of militant student activism on college campuses in the U.S. Students stage rallies, protests and a 5-day sit-in, laying siege to the administration building, shutting down the university in protest over its ROTC program and the Vietnam War, and demanding a more Afrocentric curriculum.
- March 21 – Vietnam War: In ongoing campus unrest, Howard University students protesting the Vietnam War, the ROTC program on campus and the draft, confront Gen. Lewis Hershey, then head of the U.S. Selective Service System, and as he attempts to deliver an address, shout him down with cries of "America is the Black man's battleground!"
- March 22 – Daniel Cohn-Bendit ("Danny The Red") and 7 other students occupy the administrative offices of the University of Nanterre, setting in motion a chain of events that lead France to the brink of revolution in May.
- March 24 – Aer Lingus Flight 712 crashed en route from Cork to London near Tuskar Rock, Wexford, killing 61 passengers and crew.
- March 26 – Joan Baez marries activist David Harris in New York.
- March 28 – Brazilian high school student Edson Luís de Lima Souto is shot by the police in a protest for cheaper meals at a restaurant for low-income students. The aftermath of his death was one of the first major events against the military dictatorship.
- March 31 – U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces he will not seek re-election.
April[link]
- April 2
- Bombs explode at midnight in two department stores in Frankfurt-am-Main; Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin are later arrested and sentenced for arson.
- The film 2001: A Space Odyssey premieres in Washington, D.C.
- April 3 – The American movie Planet of the Apes is released in theaters.
- April 4
- Martin Luther King, Jr. is shot dead at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. Riots erupt in major American cities, lasting for several days afterwards.
- Apollo Program: Apollo-Saturn mission 502 (Apollo 6) is launched, as the second and last unmanned test-flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle.
- April 6
- La, la, la by Massiel (music and lyrics by Manuel de la Calva and Ramón Arcusa) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 for Spain, at the Royal Albert Hall in London.
- A shootout between Black Panthers and Oakland police results in several arrests and deaths, including 16-year-old Panther Bobby Hutton.
- A double explosion in downtown Richmond, Indiana kills 41 and injures 150.
- April 7 – Racing driver Jim Clark is killed in a Formula 2 race at Hockenheim.
- April 8 – Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (under Department of Justice) (BNDD) created.
- April 10 – The ferry Wahine strikes a reef at the entrance to Wellington Harbour, New Zealand, with the loss of 53 lives, during Cyclone Giselle, which provides the windiest conditions ever recorded in New Zealand.
- April 11
- Josef Bachmann tries to assassinate Rudi Dutschke, leader of the left-wing movement (APO) in Germany, and tries to commit suicide afterwards, failing in both, although Dutschke dies of his brain injuries 11 years later.
- German left-wing students blockade the Springer Press HQ in Berlin and many are arrested (one of them Ulrike Meinhof).
- U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
- April 20
- Pierre Trudeau becomes Canada's 15th Prime Minister.
- English politician Enoch Powell makes his controversial Rivers of Blood Speech.
- MGM's classic film The Wizard of Oz makes its NBC debut after being telecast on CBS since 1956. It will remain on NBC for the next eight years.
- April 23
- President Mobutu releases captured mercenaries in the Congo.
- Surgeons at the Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, perform Europe's first heart transplant, on Clovis Roblain.
- The United Methodist Church is created by the union of the former Methodist and Evangelical United Brethren churches.
- April 23–April 30 – Vietnam War: Student protesters at Columbia University in New York City take over administration buildings and shut down the university (see main article Columbia University protests of 1968).
- April 26 – The nuclear weapon "Boxcar" is tested at the Nevada Test Site in the biggest detonation of Operation Crosstie.
- April 29 – The musical Hair officially opens on Broadway.
May[link]
- May 2 – The Israel Broadcasting Authority commences television broadcasts.
- May 3 – Braniff Flight 352 crashes near Dawson, Texas killing all 85 persons on board.
- May 13 – Paris student riots; one million march through streets of Paris.
- May 14 – The Beatles announce the creation of Apple Records in a New York press conference.
- May 15 – An outbreak of severe thunderstorms produces tornadoes causing massive damage and heavy casualties in Charles City, Iowa, Oelwein, Iowa, and Jonesboro, Arkansas.
- May 17 – The Catonsville Nine enter the Selective Service offices in Catonsville, Maryland, take dozens of selective service draft records, and burn them with napalm as a protest against the Vietnam War.
- May 19
- A general election is held in Italy.
- Nigerian forces capture Port Harcourt and form a ring around the Biafrans. This contributes to a humanitarian disaster as the surrounded population already suffers from hunger and starvation.
- May 22 – The U.S. nuclear-powered submarine Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the Azores.
- May 29 – Football: Manchester United wins the European Cup Final, becoming the first English team to do so.
June[link]
- June 3 – Radical feminist Valerie Solanas shoots Andy Warhol as he enters his studio, wounding him.
- June 4 – The Standard & Poor's 500 index closes above 100 for the first time, at 100.38.
- June 5 – U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California by Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy dies from his injuries the next day.
- June 8 – James Earl Ray is arrested for the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
- June 10 – Football: Italy beats Yugoslavia 2–0 in a replay to win the 1968 European Championship. The original final on June 8 ended 1–1.
- June 20 – Austin Currie, Member of Parliament (MP) at Stormont in Northern Ireland, along with others, squats a house in Caledon to protest discrimination in housing allocations.
- June 23 – A football stampede in Buenos Aires leaves 74 dead and 150 injured.
- June 24 – Giorgio Rosa declares the independence of his Republic of Rose Island, an artificial island off Rimini, Italy. Italian troops demolish it not long after.
- June 26 – Bonin Islands are returned to Japan after 23 years of occupation by the United States Navy.
- June 30 – Lockheed C-5 Galaxy heavy military transport aircraft first flies in the U.S. This model will still be in service forty years on.
July[link]
- July 1
- The Central Intelligence Agency's Phoenix Program is officially established.
- The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature.
- July 4 – Yachtsman Alec Rose, 59, receives a hero's welcome as he sails into Portsmouth, England after his 354-day round-the-world trip.
- July 15 – The soap opera One Life to Live premieres on ABC.
- July 17 – Saddam Hussein becomes Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Council in Iraq after a coup d'état.
- July 18 – The semiconductor company Intel is founded.
- July 23–July 28 – Black militants led by Fred (Ahmed) Evans engage in a fierce gunfight with police in the Glenville Shootout of Cleveland, Ohio in United States.
- July 25 – Pope Paul VI publishes the encyclical entitled Humanae Vitae, condemning birth control.
- July 26 – Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Truong Dinh Dzu is sentenced to 5 years hard labor, for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war.
- July 29 – Arenal Volcano erupts in Costa Rica for the first time in centuries.
- July 30 – Thames Television starts transmission in London.
August[link]
- August 5–August 8 – The Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida nominates Richard Nixon for U.S. President and Spiro Agnew for Vice President.
- August 11 – The last steam passenger train service runs in Britain. A selection of British Railways steam locomotives make the 120-mile journey from Liverpool to Carlisle and return to Liverpool – the journey is known as the Fifteen Guinea Special).
- August 18 – Two charter buses push into the Hida River on National Highway Route 41 in Japan, in an accident caused by heavy rain; 104 are killed.
- August 20–August 21 – The Prague Spring of political liberalization ends, as 200,000 Warsaw Pact troops and 5,000 tanks invade Czechoslovakia.
- August 21 – The Medal of Honor is posthumously awarded to James Anderson, Jr.—he is the first black U.S. Marine to be awarded the Medal of Honor.
- August 24 – France explodes its first hydrogen bomb.
- August 22–August 30 – Police clash with anti-war protesters in Chicago, Illinois, outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which nominates Hubert Humphrey for U.S. President, and Edmund Muskie for Vice President.
- August 29
- John Gordon Mein, US Ambassador to Guatemala, is assassinated on the streets of Guatemala City. First US Ambassador assassinated in the line of duty.
- Crown Prince Harald of Norway marries Sonja Haraldsen, the commoner he has dated for 9 years, in Oslo.
September[link]
- September 6 – Swaziland becomes independent.
- September 7
- September 9 Gregorio Vazquez Jr is born
- Mattel's Hot Wheels toy cars are introduced.
- 150 women (members of New York Radical Women) arrive in Atlantic City, New Jersey to protest against the Miss America Pageant, as exploitative of women. Led by activist and author Robin Morgan, it is one of the first large demonstrations of Second Wave Feminism as Women's Liberation begins to gather much media attention.
- September 11
- The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) was found.
- French General René Cogny and 94 others die in an Air France Caravelle jetliner crash near Nice in the Mediterranean.
- September 13
- Albania officially retreats from the Warsaw Pact upon the Soviet Union-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, having already ceased to participate actively in Pact activity since 1962.
- US Army Maj. Gen. Keith L. Ware, WWII Medal of Honor recipient, is killed when his helicopter is shot down in Vietnam. He is posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
- Agreement for merger between the General Electric Company and English Electric, the largest industrial merger in the UK up to this date.
- September 17 – The D'Oliveira Affair: The Marylebone Cricket Club tour of South Africa is cancelled when the South Africans refuse to accept the presence of Basil D'Oliveira, a Cape Coloured, in the side.
- September 20 – Hawaii 5-O debuts on CBS and eventually becomes the longest-running crime show in television history until Law & Order overtakes it in 2003.
- September 21 – The Soviet's Zond 5 unmanned lunar flyby mission returns to earth, with its first of a kind biological payload intact.
- September 24 – 60 Minutes debuts on CBS and remains on the air as of 2012.
- September 27 – Marcelo Caetano becomes prime minister of Portugal.
- September 29 – A referendum in Greece gives more power to the military junta.
- September 30 – At Paine Field, near Everett Washington in the United States, Boeing officially rolls out its new 747 for the media and the public.
October[link]
- October 2 – Tlatelolco massacre: A student demonstration ends in bloodbath at La Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, Mexico City, Mexico, 10 days before the inauguration of the 1968 Summer Olympics.
- October 3 – In Peru, Juan Velasco Alvarado takes power in a revolution.
- October 5 – Police baton civil rights demonstrators in Derry, Northern Ireland, marking the beginning of The Troubles.
- October 8 – Vietnam War – Operation Sealords: United States and South Vietnamese forces launch a new operation in the Mekong Delta.
- October 10 – the Detroit Tigers win the 1968 World Series, defeating the St. Louis Cardinals 4 games to 3.
- October 11
- Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7, the first manned Apollo mission (Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele, Walter Cunningham). Mission goals include the first live television broadcast from orbit and testing the lunar module docking maneuver.
- In Panama, a military coup d'état, led by Col. Boris Martinez and Col. Omar Torrijos, overthrows the democratically elected (but highly controversial) government of President Arnulfo Arias. Within a year, Torrijos ousts Martinez and takes charge as de facto Head of Government in Panama.
- October 12–October 27 – The Games of the XIX Olympiad are held in Mexico City, Mexico.
- October 12 – Equatorial Guinea receives its independence from Spain.
- October 14 – Vietnam War: The United States Department of Defense announces that the United States Army and United States Marines will send about 24,000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours.
- October 15 – Led Zeppelin makes their first live performance, at Surrey University in England[7]
- October 16
- In Mexico City, black American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their arms in a black power salute after winning, respectively, the gold and bronze medals in the Olympic men's 200 metres.
- Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney Riots, provoked by the banning of Walter Rodney from the country.
- October 20 – Former U.S. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy marries Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis on the Greek island of Skorpios.
- October 31 – Vietnam War: Citing progress in the Paris peace talks, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1.
November[link]
- November 5
- U.S. presidential election, 1968: Republican challenger Richard M. Nixon defeats the Democratic candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George C. Wallace.
- Luis A. Ferre is elected Governor of Puerto Rico.
- November 11
- Vietnam War: Operation Commando Hunt is initiated to interdict men and supplies on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, through Laos into South Vietnam. By the end of the operation, 3 million tons of bombs are dropped on Laos, slowing but not seriously disrupting trail operations.
- A second republic is declared in the Maldives.
- November 14 – Yale University announces it is going to admit women.
- November 17 – The Heidi game: NBC cuts off the final 1:05 of an Oakland Raiders–New York Jets football game to broadcast the pre-scheduled Heidi. Fans are unable to see Oakland (which had been trailing 32–29) score 2 late touchdowns to win 43–32; as a result, thousands of outraged football fans flood the NBC switchboards to protest.
- November 20 – The Farmington Mine Disaster in Farmington, West Virginia, kills seventy-eight men.
- November 22 – The Beatles release their self-titled album popularly known as the White Album.
- November 24 – 4 men hijack Pan Am Flight 281 from JFK International Airport, New York to Havana, Cuba.
- November 26 – Vietnam War: United States Air Force First Lieutenant and Bell UH-1F helicopter pilot James P. Fleming rescues an Army Special Forces unit pinned down by Viet Cong fire, earning a Medal of Honor for his bravery.
December[link]
- December 3 – The '68 Comeback Special marks the concert return of Elvis Presley.
- December 9 – Douglas Engelbart publicly demonstrates his pioneering hypertext system, NLS, in San Francisco.
- December 10 – Japan's biggest heist, the still-unsolved "300 million yen robbery", occurs in Tokyo.
- December 11 – The film Oliver!, based on the hit London and Broadway musical, opens in the U.S. after being released first in England. It goes on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.
- The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus is also filmed on this date, but not released until 1996.
- December 13 – Brazilian president Artur da Costa e Silva decrees the AI-5 (or the Fifth Institutional Act), which lasts until 1978 and marks the beginning of the hard times of Brazilian military dictatorship.
- December 20 – The Zodiac Killer is believed to have shot Betty Lou Jensen and David Faraday on Lake Herman Road, Benicia, San Francisco Bay, California.
- December 22
- David Eisenhower, grandson of former US President Dwight D. Eisenhower, marries Julie Nixon, the daughter of US President-elect Richard Nixon.
- Mao Zedong advocates that educated youth in urban China be re-educated in the country. It marks the start of the "Up to the mountains and down to the villages" movement.
- December 24 – Apollo Program: U.S. spacecraft Apollo 8 enters orbit around the Moon. Astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William A. Anders become the first humans to see the far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole. The crew also reads from Genesis.
Dates Unknown[link]
- The Khmer Rouge is officially formed in Cambodia as a offshot movement of the Vietnam People's Army from North Vietnam to bring communism to the nation.
Births[link]
January–February[link]
- January 1 – Davor Suker, Croatian soccer footballer
- January 2 – Cuba Gooding Jr., American actor
- January 5
- Andrzej Gołota, Polish boxer
- Carrie Ann Inaba, American choreographer, game show host and singer
- January 6 – John Singleton, African-American film director and writer
- January 9 – Joey Lauren Adams, American actress
- January 12
- Keith Anderson, American country music singer-songwriter
- Rachael Harris, American actress and comedian
- January 13 – Pat Onstad, Canadian footballer
- January 14 – LL Cool J, African-American rapper and actor
- January 15 – Chad Lowe, American actor
- January 16 – Stephan Pastis, American cartoonist
- January 17 – Svetlana Masterkova, Russian athlete
- January 19 – Matt Hill, Canadian voice actor
- January 21 – Charlotte Ross, American actress
- January 23 – Yasuhiro Takato, Japanese seiyuu
- January 24
- Mary Lou Retton, American gymnast
- Michael Kiske, German musician
- January 26 – Novala Takemoto, Japanese author and fashion designer
- January 27 – Mike Patton, American singer
- January 28 – Sarah McLachlan, Canadian singer
- January 29
- Edward Burns, American actor
- Sora Jung, Korean actress
- February 1
- Lisa Marie Presley, American singer
- Mark Recchi, Canadian hockey player
- February 2 – Kenny Albert, American sports announcer
- February 3
- Vlade Divac, Serbian basketball player
- Marwan Khoury, Lebanese singer and composer
- February 5
- Qasim Melho, Syrian television actor
- Roberto Alomar, American baseball player
- Marcus Gronholm, Finnish rally driver
- February 7
- Peter Bondra, Slovakian ice hockey player
- Porntip Nakhirunkanok, Miss Universe 1988
- February 8 – Gary Coleman, American actor (d. 2010)
- February 10
- Atika Suri, Indonesian television newscaster
- Laurie Foell, New Zealand/Australian actress
- February 12 – Chynna Phillips, American singer/actress
- February 13 – Kelly Hu, Asian-American actress and former fashion model
- February 14
- Jules Asner, American model and television personality
- Nelson "Viscera" Frazier, Jr., American professional wrestler
- February 15 – Gloria Trevi, Mexican singer and actress
- February 18
- Dennis Satin, German film director
- Molly Ringwald, American actress, singer and dancer
- February 22
- Brad Nowell, American musician (d. 1996)
- Jeri Ryan, American actress
- Delphine Boel, out-of-wedlock daughter of King Albert II of Belgium
- February 25 – Sandrine Kiberlain, French actress
- February 27 – Matt Stairs, Canadian baseball player
March–April[link]
- March 1
- Kunjarani Devi, Indian weightlifter
- Muho Noelke, German Zen master
- March 2 – Daniel Craig, British actor
- March 3 – Brian Leetch, American ice hockey player
- March 4
- Patsy Kensit, British actress
- Giovanni Carrara, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player
- March 5 – Gordon Bajnai, Hungarian Prime Minister
- March 6 – Moira Kelly, American actress
- March 10 – Thio Li-ann, Singaporean law academic and Nominated Member of Parliament
- March 11 – Lisa Loeb, American singer
- March 12 – Aaron Eckhart, American actor
- March 13
- Akira Nogami, Japanese professional wrestler
- Masami Okui, Japanese singer
- March 14 – James Frain, British actor
- March 15 – Terje Riis-Johansen, Norwegian politician
- March 16 – Trevor Wilson, American basketball player
- March 18 – Shinichiro Miki, Japanese voice actor
- March 19 – Mots'eoa Senyane, Lesotho diplomat
- March 22 – Øystein Aarseth, Norwegian musician (d. 1993)
- March 23
- Mike Atherton, English cricketer
- Damon Albarn, English rock musician
- Mitch Cullin, American novelist
- March 28
- Iris Chang, American author (d. 2004)
- Nasser Hussain, English cricketer
- March 29 – Lucy Lawless, New Zealand actress and singer
- March 30 – Céline Dion, Canadian singer
- April 1
- Andreas Schnaas, German director
- Julia Boutros, Lebanese singer
- April 8 – Patricia Arquette, American actress
- April 12 – Adam Graves, Canadian ice hockey player
- April 14 – Anthony Michael Hall, American actor and singer
- April 15 – Stacey Williams, American model
- April 16 – Martin Dahlin, Swedish football player
- April 18 – David Hewlett, English born Canadian actor
- April 19 – Ashley Judd, American actress
- April 20
- J. D. Roth, American television host
- Yelena Valbe, Russian cross-country skier
- April 23 – Timothy McVeigh, American terrorist (d. 2001)
- April 24
- Stacy Haiduk, American actress
- Yuji Nagata, Japanese professional wrestler
- April 28 – Howard Donald, British singer (Take That)
May–June[link]
- May 1 – Oliver Bierhoff, German footballer
- May 2 – Hikaru Midorikawa, Japanese seiyuu
- May 7 – Traci Lords, American actress/porn star
- May 9 – Marie-José Pérec, French athlete
- May 10 – Darren Matthews, English professional wrestler
- May 12 – Tony Hawk, American skateboarder
- May 16 – Chingmy Yau, Hong Kong actress
- May 17 – Constance Menard, French professional dressage rider
- May 20 – Waisale Serevi, Fijian rugby player
- May 21 – Julie Vega, Filipino child actress and singer (d. 1985)
- May 22 – Graham Linehan, Irish television writer and director
- May 26 – Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark
- May 27
- Jeff Bagwell, American baseball player
- Frank Thomas, American baseball player
- May 28 – Kylie Minogue, Australian actress and singer
- May 30 – Zacarias Moussaoui, French-Moroccan 9/11 conspirator
- June 1 – Jason Donovan, Australian actor and singer
- June 2
- Beetlejuice, member of the Wack Pack (The Howard Stern Show)
- Jon Culshaw, English impressionist
- June 9 – Alexandr Konovalov, Russian lawyer and politician
- June 10
- Bill Burr, American comedian
- Nobutoshi Canna, Japanese seiyuu
- June 14 – Yasmine Bleeth, American actress
- June 21 – Sonique, British singer
- June 26
- Iwan Roberts, Welsh footballer
- Paolo Maldini, Italian football player
- Shannon Sharpe, American football player and commentator
- June 28 – Adam Woodyatt, British actor
- June 29 – Theoren Fleury, Canadian hockey player
- June 30 – Philip Anselmo, American musician
July–August[link]
- July 5 – Ken Akamatsu, Japanese manga artist
- July 7
- Jorja Fox, American actress
- Jeff VanderMeer, American writer
- July 8
- Billy Crudup, American actor
- Akio Suyama, Japanese voice actor
- Michael Weatherly, American actor
- July 10 – Hassiba Boulmerka, Algerian athlete
- July 13 – Omi Minami, Japanese seiyuu
- July 15 – Stan Kirsch, American actor
- July 16
- Dhanraj Pillay, Indian field hockey player
- Barry Sanders, African-American football player
- July 17 – Darren Day, British actor and TV presenter
- July 19 – Robert Flynn, American vocalist and guitarist (Machine Head)
- July 20 – Carlos Saldanha, Brazilian director
- July 21 – Johnnie Barnes, American football player
- July 22 – Rhys Ifans, Welsh actor
- July 23 – Gary Payton, African-American basketball player
- July 24 – Kristin Chenoweth, American soprano and actress
- July 27 – Julian McMahon, Australian actor
- July 30 – Robert Korzeniowski, Polish racewalker
- August 3 – Rod Beck, American baseball player (d. 2007)
- August 5
- Marine Le Pen, French politician
- Colin McRae, Scottish rally car driver (d. 2007)
- August 9
- Gillian Anderson, American actress
- James Roy, Australian author
- Eric Bana, Australian actor
- August 10 – Greg Hawgood, Canadian ice hockey player
- August 11 – Noordin Mohammad Top, Malaysian Islamist terrorist (d. 2009)
- August 12
- Andras Jones, American actor
- Koji Yusa Japanese Seiyuu
- August 14
- Jason Leonard, English rugby player
- Darren Clarke, Northern Irish professional golfer
- Catherine Bell, American actress
- August 15 – Debra Messing, American actress
- August 17
- Ed McCaffrey, American football player
- Bruno van Pottelsberghe, Belgian economist
- August 20 – Yuri Shiratori Japanese seiyuu
- August 21 – Dina Carroll, British singer
- August 24
- Tim Salmon, American baseball player
- Shoichi Funaki, Japanese professional wrestler
- Hiroshi Kitadani, Japanese singer
- August 25 – Rachael Ray, American television chef and host
- August 28 – Billy Boyd, Scottish actor
- August 31
- Hideo Nomo, Japanese baseball player
- Valdon Dowiyogo, Nauruan politician and Australian football player
September–October[link]
- September 1 – Mohamed Atta, Egyptian terrorist (d. 2001)
- September 4
- Phill Lewis, American actor
- Mike Piazza, American baseball player
- Gavin Smith (poker player), Canadian poker player
- September 5 – Thomas Levet, French golfer
- September 6 – Macy Gray, American R&B singer
- September 7 – Marcel Desailly, French footballer
- September 10
- Big Daddy Kane, American hip-hop artist
- Guy Ritchie, British film director
- September 11
- Kay Hanley, American musician
- Tetsuo Kurata, Japanese actor
- September 17 – Anastacia, American singer-songwriter
- September 18 – Toni Kukoč, Croatian basketball player
- September 20
- Darrell Russell, American race car driver (d. 2004)
- Phillipa Forrester, British TV presenter
- Leah Pinsent, Canadian actress
- September 22 – Megan Hollingshead, American voice actress
- September 23 – Yvette Fielding, English television presenter
- September 25 – Will Smith, American rapper and actor
- September 26
- James Caviezel, American actor
- Ben Shenkman, American television, film and stage actor
- Michelle Meldrum, American guitarist (d. 2008)
- September 27 – Mari Kiviniemi, Prime Minister of Finland
- September 28
- Mika Häkkinen, Finnish Formula One driver
- Naomi Watts, English-born Australian actress
- September 29
- Patrick Burns, American paranormal investigator and television personality
- Samir Soni, Indian film and TV actor
- October 1 – Jay Underwood, American actor
- October 2
- Victoria Derbyshire, British radio presenter
- Benjie Paras, Filipino professional basketball player and actor
- October 3 – Paul Crichton, English footballer
- October 7 – Thom Yorke, British singer/songwriter
- October 8
- Daniela Castelo, Argentine journalist (d. 2011)
- Emily Procter, American actress
- October 9 – Troy Anthony Davis, American high-profile death row inmate and human rights activist (d. 2011)
- October 10
- Feridun Düzağaç, Turkish rock singer and songwriter
- Bart Brentjens, Dutch mountainbiker
- October 11 – Jane Krakowski, American actress
- October 12 – Hugh Jackman, Australian actor
- October 14 – Matthew Le Tissier, English footballer
- October 15
- Didier Deschamps, French footballer
- Jyrki 69, Finnish singer
- October 15 – Vanessa Marcil, American actress
- October 17 – Ziggy Marley, Jamaican musician and oldest son of Bob Marley
- October 22 – Shaggy, Jamaican singer
- October 24 – Mark Walton (story artist) American story artist, actor
- October 29 – Tsunku, Japanese singer, music producer, and song composer
November–December[link]
- November 1 – Silvio Fauner, Italian cross-country skier
- November 3 – Debbie Rochon, Canadian actress
- November 4
- Council Nedd II, American Anglican bishop
- Daniel Landa, Czech composer, singer, actor and rallye racer.
- Lee Germon, New Zealand cricketer
- Miles Long, American Pornographic Actor and Director
- November 8
- Parker Posey, American actress
- Zara Whites, Dutch actress
- November 9 – Nazzareno Carusi, Italian classical pianist
- November 10 – Petra Liebetanz, German-American photographer
- November 11 – David L Cook, Christian recording star
- November 12
- Sammy Sosa, Dominican Major League Baseball player
- Aya Hisakawa, Japanese seiyuu
- November 13 – Pat Hentgen, baseball player
- November 14
- Serge Postigo, Canadian actor
- Janine Lindemulder, American adult film actress
- November 15
- Ol' Dirty Bastard, African-American rapper (d. 2004)
- Fausto Brizzi, Italian screenwriter and film director
- November 18
- Barry Hunter, Northern Irish footballer and football manager
- Owen Wilson, American actor
- Gary Sheffield, American retired baseball player
- Luizianne Lins, Brazilian mayor
- November 20 – John Trobaugh, American artist and photographer
- November 21
- Qiao Hong, Chinese table tennis player
- Sean Schemmel, American voice actor
- November 22
- Rasmus Lerdorf, Danish-Greenlandic creator of PHP
- Sidse Babett Knudsen, Danish actress
- November 23 – Hamid Hassani, Iranian scholar
- November 25
- Jill Hennessy, Canadian actress
- Jacqueline Hennessy, Canadian actress and talk show host
- November 27 – Michael Vartan, French actor
- November 29 – Jonathan Knight, American singer (New Kids on the Block)
- November 30 – Rica Matsumoto, Japanese voice actress and singer
- December 2 – Lucy Liu, American actress
- December 3 – Brendan Fraser, Canadian-American actor
- December 5 – Margaret Cho, American actress and comedian
- December 7
- Mark Geyer, Australian rugby league player
- Filip Naudts, Belgian photographer
- Greg Ayres, American voice actor
- December 8
- Mike Mussina, American baseball player
- Michael Cole, American TV wrestling commentator
- Wendi Deng, Chinese-American businesswoman
- December 9 – Kurt Angle, American amateur and professional wrestler, 1996 Olympic Gold Medalist
- December 11 – Monique Garbrecht, German speed skater
- December 17 – Paul Tracy, Canadian race car driver
- December 18 – Rachel Griffiths, Australian actress
- December 23 – Manuel Rivera-Ortiz, American photographer
- December 24 – Choi Jin-sil, South Korean actress and model
- December 26 – Dennis Knight, American professional wrestler
Date unknown[link]
- Parrish Baker, American artist
- Andrei Ivanovitch, Russian classical pianist
- George Henry Smyth, Irish artist
Deaths[link]
January–March[link]
- January 7
- Hugo Butler, Canadian screenwriter (b. 1914)
- Gholamreza Takhti, Iranian wrestler (b. 1930)
- January 11 – Moshe Zvi Segal, Israeli linguist and Talmudic scholar, and Israel Prize recipient (b. 1876)
- January 15 – Bill Masterton, Canadian hockey player (b. 1938)
- January 18 – Bert Wheeler, American actor and comedian (b. 1895)
- January 19 – Ray Harroun, American race car driver (b. 1879)
- January 21 – Will Lang Jr., American journalist (b. 1914)
- January 22 – Duke Kahanamoku, American swimmer (b. 1890)
- January 26 – Merrill C. Meigs, American newspaper publisher and aviation promoter (b. 1883)
- January 30 – Robert Wood Johnson, American business leader and philanthropist (b. 1893)
- February 1
- Lawson Little, American golfer (b. 1910)
- Jacob van der Hoeden, Dutch-Israeli veterinary scientist (b. 1891)
- February 4 – Neal Cassady, American writer (b. 1926)
- February 7 – Nick Adams, American actor (b. 1931)
- February 11 – Howard Lindsay, American playwright (b. 1888)
- February 13 – Mae Marsh, American actress (b. 1894)
- February 19 – Georg Hackenschmidt, Estonian strongman and professional wrestler (b. 1878)
- February 20 – Anthony Asquith, British director and writer (b. 1902)
- February 21 – Howard Walter Florey, Australian-born pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (b. 1898)
- February 22 – Peter Arno, American cartoonist (b. 1904)
- February 23 – Fannie Hurst, American novelist (b. 1885)
- February 27 – Frankie Lymon, American singer (b. 1942)
- February 29 – Tore Ørjasæter, Norwegian poet (b. 1886)
- March 6 – Léon Mathot, French actor (b. 1886)
- March 10 – Helen Walker, American actress (b. 1920)
- March 16
- Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Italian composer (b. 1895)
- Leon Cadore, American baseball pitcher (b. 1890)
- June Collyer, American actress (b. 1906)
- March 20
- Charles Chaplin Jr., American actor (b. 1925)
- Carl Theodor Dreyer, Danish film director (b. 1889)
- March 23 – Edwin O'Connor, American novelist and Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winner (b. 1918)
- March 24 – Alice Guy-Blaché, French film director (b. 1873)
- March 27 – Yuri Gagarin, Soviet cosmonaut, first human in space (b. 1934)
- March 30 – Bobby Driscoll, American child actor (b. 1937)
April–June[link]
- April 1 – Lev Davidovich Landau, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- April 4 – Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., American civil rights activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (assassinated) (b. 1929)
- April 7 – Jim Clark, Scottish race car driver (b. 1936)
- April 10 – Gustavs Celmins, Latvian politician (b. 1899)
- April 14 – Al Benton, American baseball player (b. 1911)
- April 16
- Fay Bainter, American actress (b. 1893)
- Edna Ferber, American writer (b. 1885)
- April 22 – Stephen H. Sholes, American record executive (b. 1911)
- April 24 – Tommy Noonan, American actor (b. 1921)
- April 25 – Walter Tewksbury, American athlete (b. 1876)
- May 1 – Jack Adams, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1895)
- May 5 – Albert Dekker, American actor (b. 1905)
- May 7
- Mike Spence, British race car driver (b. 1936)
- Craig Wood, American golfer (b. 1901)
- May 9
- Finlay Currie, Scottish actor (b. 1878)
- Mercedes de Acosta, American poet, playwright, costume designer, and socialite (b. 1893)
- Marion Lorne, American actress (b. 1883)
- May 10 – Scotty Beckett, American actor (b. 1929)
- May 14 – Husband E. Kimmel, American admiral (b. 1882)
- May 21 – Doris Lloyd, English actress (b. 1896)
- May 23 – James Burke, American actor (b. 1886)
- May 25 – Georg von Küchler, German field marshal (b. 1881)
- May 29 – Arnold Susi, Estonian lawyer and politician (b. 1896)
- June 1 – Helen Keller, American spokeswoman for the deaf and blind (b. 1880)
- June 2
- Jouett Shouse, American politician (b. 1879)
- Dick Williams, American tennis champion (b. 1891)
- June 4 – Dorothy Gish, American actress (b. 1898)
- June 6
- Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. Senator and U.S. Attorney General (assassinated) (b. 1925)
- Randolph Churchill, British politician, son of Winston Churchill (b. 1911)
- June 7 – Dan Duryea, American actor (b. 1907)
- June 14 – Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- June 15
- Sam Crawford, American baseball player (b. 1880)
- Wes Montgomery, American jazz guitarist (b. 1925)
- June 18 – Sally O'Neil, American actress (b. 1908)
- June 24 – Tony Hancock, British comedian (b. 1924) (suicide)
July–September[link]
- July 1 – Virginia Weidler, American actress (b. 1926)
- July 6 – Johnny Indrisano, American boxer and actor (b. 1906)
- July 7 – Ellsworth Johnson, American gangster (b. 1906)
- July 18 – Corneille Heymans, Belgian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
- July 21 – Ruth St. Denis, American dancer (b. 1878)
- July 23 – Henry Hallett Dale, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1875)
- July 27 – Lilian Harvey, German actress (b. 1906)
- July 28 – Otto Hahn, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1879)
- July 30 – Alexander Hall, American Theatrical Motion Picture Director (b. 1894)
- July 31 – Jack Pizzey, Premier of Queensland, Australia (b. 1911)
- August 19 – George Gamow, Ukrainian-born physicist (b. 1904)
- August 26 – Kay Francis, American actress (b. 1899)
- August 27
- Robert Z. Leonard, American film director (b. 1889)
- Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (b. 1906)
- August 29 – Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (b. 1881)
- August 31 – Dennis O'Keefe, American actor (b. 1908)
- September 8 – Luther Perkins, American guitarist (b. 1928)
- September 12 – Tommy Armour, Scottish golfer (b. 1894)
- September 18
- Francis McDonald, American actor (b. 1891)
- Franchot Tone, American actor (b. 1905)
- September 19 – Red Foley, American singer (b. 1910)
- September 24 – Virginia Valli, American actress (b. 1898)
- September 26 – Lipman Heilprin, Israeli physician and Israel Prize recipient (b. 1902)
- September 28 – Norman Brookes, Australian tennis champion (b. 1877)
October–December[link]
- October 2 – Marcel Duchamp, French artist (b. 1887)
- October 9 – Pierre Mulele, Congolese revolutionary
- October 13 – Bea Benaderet, American actress (b. 1906)
- October 18 – Lee Tracy, American actor (b. 1898)
- October 27 – Lise Meitner, German-Austrian physicist, discoverer of nuclear fission (b. 1878)
- October 30
- Pert Kelton, American actress (b. 1907)
- Rose Wilder Lane, American author and reporter (b. 1886)
- Ramón Novarro, Mexican actor (b. 1899)
- Conrad Richter, American writer (b. 1890)
- November 4 – Michel Kikoine, Belarusian painter (b. 1892)
- November 6 – Charles Munch, French conductor and violinist (b. 1891)
- November 7 – Gordon Coventry, Australian rules footballer (b. 1901)
- November 8 – Wendell Corey, American actor (b. 1914)
- November 9 – Gerald Mohr, American actor (b. 1914)
- November 13 – Berthold Bartosch, Czech animator (b. 1893)
- November 18 – Walter Wanger, American film producer (b. 1894)
- November 20 – Helen Gardner, American actress (b. 1884)
- November 24 – Istvan Dobi, former Hungarian leader (b. 1898)
- November 25 – Upton Sinclair, American writer (b. 1878)
- November 26 – Arnold Zweig, German writer (b. 1887)
- November 28 – Enid Blyton, British children's writer (b. 1897)
- December 2 – Adamson-Eric, Estonian artist (b. 1902)
- December 4 – Archie Mayo, American actor and director (b. 1891)
- December 5 – Fred Clark, American actor (b. 1914)
- December 10
- Karl Barth, German Protestant theologian (b. 1888)
- Thomas Merton, American author (b. 1915)
- December 12 – Tallulah Bankhead, American actress (b. 1902)
- December 14 – Margarete Klose, German soprano (b. 1902)
- December 15 – Jess Willard, American boxer (b. 1881)
- December 19 – Norman Thomas, American politician (b. 1884)
- December 20 – John Steinbeck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- December 21 – Vittorio Pozzo, Italian football player and manager (b. 1886)
- December 30
- Trygve Lie, Norwegian United Nations Secretary General (the first) (b. 1896)
- Vladimir Peter Tytla, American animator (b. 1904)
- December 31 – George Lewis, American musician (b. 1900)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Luis Walter Alvarez
- Chemistry – Lars Onsager
- Physiology or Medicine – Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg
- Literature – Yasunari Kawabata
- Peace – René Cassin
References[link]
- ^ * Navazelskis, Ina (1 August 1990). Alexander Dubcek. Chelsea House Publications; Library Binding edition. ISBN 1-55546-831-4.
- ^ John Chartres, "Wilson Joins 'I Back Britain'", The Times, 9 January 1968, p. 1.
- ^ The NFL's Official Encyclopedic History of Professional Football, (1973), p. 139, Macmillan Publishing Co. New York, NY, LCCN 73-3862
- ^ "Italy: The Day the Earth Shook". TIME magazine. 26 January 1968. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837724,00.html. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
- ^ http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/CPTI99/CPTI_finestre.html
- ^ Lyndon B. Johnson (March 11, 1968). Memorandum Approving the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information Interchange. The American Presidency Project. Accessed 2008-04-14.
- ^ http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/led-zeppelin
- TIME Magazine, 40th Anniversary Special (2008). "1968: The Year That Changed the World."
- NEWSWEEK Magazine. "1968: The Year That Made Us Who We Are." November 19, 2007.
- TIME Magazine. "1968: The Year That Shaped a Generation." January 11, 1988.
- Kurlansky, Mark. (2004). 1968: The Year that Rocked the World. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-06251-0
- NPR "Echoes of 1968" report series.
- 1968 – The Year in Sound An Audiofile produced by Lou Zambrana of WCBS Newsradio 880 (WCBS-AM New York) Part of WCBS 880's celebration of 40 years of newsradio.
- 1968 Coin Pictures
- Magnum Photos, Historic photos from 1968
- BBC Radio 4 – 1968 Myth or Reality? – six months of 'news on this day' programmes and documentaries
- Reflections on 1968 Read people's memories of the year 1968. Minnesota Historical Society
http://wn.com/1968
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the musician. For his eponymous album, see George Harrison (album). For other persons named George Harrison, see George Harrison (disambiguation).
| George Harrison MBE |
|
|---|---|
 George Harrison at the White House in 1974. |
|
| Background information | |
| Also known as | Carl Harrison L'Angelo Misterioso Hari Georgeson Nelson/Spike Wilbury George Harrysong George O'Hara-Smith Jairaj Hari san |
| Born | (1943-02-25)25 February 1943 Liverpool, England, UK |
| Died | 29 November 2001(2001-11-29) (aged 58) Los Angeles, California, US |
| Genres | Rock, pop, psychedelic rock, experimental, world music |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, actor, record and film producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, ukulele, harmonica, mandolin, tambura, sarod, swarmandal, bass, keyboards, violin, sitar |
| Years active | 1958–2001 |
| Labels | Parlophone, Capitol, Swan, Apple, Vee-Jay, EMI, Dark Horse |
| Associated acts | The Quarrymen, The Beatles, Traveling Wilburys, Dhani Harrison, Ravi Shankar, Eric Clapton |
| Website | www.georgeharrison.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| Gretsch Country Gentleman "Rocky" "Lucy" Rosewood Telecaster |
|
George Harrison,[1] MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001)[2] was an English musician and singer-songwriter who achieved international fame as lead guitarist of The Beatles.[3][4] Often referred to as "the quiet Beatle",[3] Harrison became over time an admirer of Indian culture and mysticism, and introduced it to the other Beatles, as well as their Western audience.[5] Following the band's break-up he was a successful solo artist, and later a founding member of the Traveling Wilburys. Harrison was also a session musician and a film and record producer. He is listed at number 11 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".[6]
Although most of The Beatles' songs were written by Lennon and McCartney, Beatle albums generally included one or two of Harrison's own songs, from With The Beatles onwards.[7] His later compositions with The Beatles include "Here Comes the Sun", "Something" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". By the time of the band's break-up, Harrison had accumulated a backlog of material, which he then released as the triple album All Things Must Pass in 1970, from which two hit singles originated: a double A-side single, "My Sweet Lord" backed with "Isn't It a Pity", and "What Is Life". In addition to his solo work, Harrison co-wrote two hits for former Beatle Ringo Starr, as well as songs for the Traveling Wilburys—the supergroup he formed in 1988 with Jeff Lynne, Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison.
Harrison embraced Indian culture and Hinduism in the mid-1960s, and helped expand Western awareness of sitar music and of the Hare Krishna movement. With Ravi Shankar he organised the first major charity concert with the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh. In addition to his musical accomplishments, he was also a record producer and co-founder of the production company HandMade Films. In his work as a film producer, he collaborated with people as diverse as the members of Monty Python and Madonna.[8]
He was married twice, to model Pattie Boyd from 1966 to 1974, and for 23 years to record company secretary Olivia Trinidad Arias, with whom he had one son, Dhani Harrison. He was a close friend of Eric Clapton. To date, he is the only Beatle to have published an autobiography, with I Me Mine in 1980. Harrison died of lung cancer in 2001.
Early years: 1943–1959[link]
Harrison was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England, on 25 February 1943,[9][10] the last of four children to Harold Hargreaves Harrison and his wife Louise, née French.[11]
He had one sister, Louise, born 16 August 1931, and two brothers, Harry, born 1934, and Peter, born 20 July 1940. His mother was a Liverpool shop assistant, and his father was a bus conductor who had worked as a ship's steward on the White Star Line. His mother's family had Irish roots and were Roman Catholic;[9] his maternal grandfather, John French, was born in County Wexford, Ireland, emigrating to Liverpool where he married a local girl, Louise Woollam.[12]
Harrison was born in the house where he lived for his first six years: 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree, Liverpool, which was a small 2 up, 2 down terraced house in a cul-de-sac, with an alley to the rear. The only heating was a single coal fire, and the toilet was outside. In 1950 the family were offered a council house,[13] and moved to 25 Upton Green, Speke.[14]
His first school was Dovedale Primary School, very close to Penny Lane,[15] the same school as John Lennon who was a couple of years ahead of him.[16] He passed his 11-plus examination and achieved a place at the Liverpool Institute for Boys (in the building that now houses the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts), which he attended from 1954 to 1959.[17]
Harrison said that, when he was 12 or 13, he had an "epiphany" of sorts – riding a bike around his neighbourhood, he heard Elvis Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel" playing from a nearby house and was hooked.[18] Even though he had done well enough on his 11-plus examination to get into the city's best high school, from that point on, the former good student lost interest in school.[18]
When Harrison was 14 years old, he sat at the back of the class and tried drawing guitars in his schoolbooks: “I was totally into guitars. I heard about this kid at school who had a guitar at £3 10s, it was just a little acoustic round hole. I got the £3 10s from my mother: that was a lot of money for us then.” Harrison bought a Dutch Egmond flat top acoustic guitar.[19] While at the Liverpool Institute, Harrison formed a skiffle group called the Rebels with his brother Peter and a friend, Arthur Kelly.[20] At this school he met Paul McCartney, who was one year older.[21] McCartney later became a member of John Lennon's band called The Quarrymen, which Harrison joined in 1958.[22]
The Beatles: 1960–1970[link]
Main articles: The Beatles and The Beatles discography
File:Sutcliffe and Harrison.jpg
Stuart Sutcliffe and Harrison (right) in Hamburg
Harrison became part of The Beatles when they were still a skiffle group called The Quarrymen. McCartney told Lennon about his friend George Harrison, who could play "Raunchy" on his guitar.[23] Although Lennon considered him too young to join the band, Harrison hung out with them and filled in as needed.[23] By the time Harrison was 15, Lennon and the others had accepted him as one of the band.[24] Since Harrison was the youngest member of the group, he was looked upon as a kid by the others for another few years.[25]
Harrison left school at 16 and worked as an apprentice electrician at local department store Blacklers for a while.[26][27] When The Beatles were offered work in Hamburg in 1960, the musical apprenticeship that Harrison received playing long hours at the Kaiserkeller with the rest of the group, including guitar lessons from Tony Sheridan, laid the foundations of The Beatles' sound, and of Harrison's quiet, professional role within the group;[28] this role would contribute to his reputation as "the quiet Beatle".[29] The first trip to Hamburg was shortened when Harrison was deported for being underage.[30]
When Brian Epstein became The Beatles' manager in December 1961 after seeing them perform at The Cavern Club in November,[31] he changed their image from that of leather-jacketed rock-and-rollers to a more polished look,[32] and secured them a recording contract with EMI. The first single, "Love Me Do", with Harrison playing a Gibson J-160E,[33][34][35] reached number 17 in the UK chart in October 1962,[36] and by the time their debut album, Please Please Me, was released in early 1963, The Beatles had become famous and Beatlemania had arrived.[37]
After he revealed in an interview that he liked jelly babies, British fans inundated Harrison and the rest of the band with boxes of the sweets as gifts. A few months later, American audiences showered the band with the much harder jelly beans instead. In a letter to a fan, Harrison mentioned jelly babies, insisting that no one in the band actually liked them and that the press must have made it up.[38]
The popularity of The Beatles led to a successful tour of America, the making of a film, A Hard Day's Night (during which Harrison met his future wife Pattie Boyd), and in the 1965 Queen's Birthday Honours, all four Beatles were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).[39] Harrison, whose role within the group was that of the careful musician who checked that the instruments were tuned,[40] by 1965 and the Rubber Soul album, was developing into a musical director as he led the others into folk-rock, via his interest in The Byrds and Bob Dylan,[41] and into Indian music with his exploration of the sitar.[42][43] Harrison's musical involvement and cohesion with the group reached its peak on Revolver in 1966 with his contribution of three songs and new musical ideas.[44][45] By 1967, Harrison's interests appeared to be moving outside the Beatles, and his involvement in Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band consists mainly of his one song, "Within You Without You", on which no other Beatle plays,[46] and which stands out for its difference from the rest of the album.[47]
During the recording of The Beatles in 1968, tensions were present in the band;[48] these surfaced again during the filming of rehearsal sessions at Twickenham Studios for the album Let It Be in early 1969. Frustrated by ongoing slights, the poor working conditions in the cold and sterile film studio, and Lennon's creative disengagement from the group, Harrison quit the band on 10 January. He returned on 22 January after negotiations with the other Beatles at two business meetings.[49]
Relations among The Beatles were more cordial (though still strained) during recordings for the album Abbey Road.[50] The album included "Here Comes the Sun" and "Something", "Something" was later recorded by Frank Sinatra, who considered it "the greatest love song of the past fifty years".[51] Harrison's increasing productivity, coupled with his difficulties in getting The Beatles to record his music, meant that by the end of the group's career he had amassed a considerable stockpile of unreleased material.[52] Harrison's last recording session with The Beatles was on 4 January 1970. Lennon, who had left the group the previous September, did not attend the session.[53]
Relationships with the other Beatles[link]
For most of The Beatles career, the relationships in the group were extremely close and intimate. According to Hunter Davies, "The Beatles spent their lives not living a communal life, but communally living the same life. They were each other's greatest friends." Harrison's wife Pattie Boyd described how The Beatles "all belonged to each other" and admitted, "George has a lot with the others that I can never know about. Nobody, not even the wives, can break through or even comprehend it."[54]
Ringo Starr also stated, "We really looked out for each other and we had so many laughs together. In the old days we'd have the biggest hotel suites, the whole floor of the hotel, and the four of us would end up in the bathroom, just to be with each other." and added "There were some really loving, caring moments between four people: a hotel room here and there – a really amazing closeness. Just four guys who loved each other. It was pretty sensational."[55]
John Lennon stated that his relationship with George was "one of young follower and older guy", and admitted that "[George] was like a disciple of mine when we started."[56] The two would often go on holiday together throughout the 1960s. Their relationship took a severe turn for the worse after George published his autobiography, I Me Mine. Lennon felt insulted and hurt that George mentioned him only in passing. Actually, the book mentions John 11 times, which is higher than the number of mentions received by Paul, The Beatles, Eric Clapton or even George's second wife, Olivia.[57] Nevertheless, Lennon claimed he was hurt by the book and also that he did more for George than any of the other Beatles. As a result, George and John were not on good terms during the last months of Lennon's life.[58] After Lennon's murder, George paid tribute to Lennon with his song "All Those Years Ago" which was released in 1981, six months after Lennon's murder. It contains the lyric "I always look up to you", suggesting implicit agreement with Lennon's appraisal of their relationship.[59]
Paul McCartney has often referred to Harrison as his "baby brother",[60] and he did the honours as best man at George's wedding in 1966. The two were the first of The Beatles to meet, having shared a school bus, and would often learn and rehearse new guitar chords together. McCartney stated that he and George usually shared a bedroom while touring.[61]
Guitar work[link]
Although not fast or flashy, Harrison's guitar work with The Beatles was solid and typified the more subdued lead guitar style of the early 1960s.[62] The influence of the plucking guitar style of Chet Atkins and Carl Perkins on Harrison gave a country music feel to The Beatles' early recordings.[63] Harrison explored several guitar instruments, the twelve-string, the sitar and the slide guitar, and developed his playing from tight eight- and twelve-bar solos in such songs as "A Hard Day's Night" and "Can't Buy Me Love",[63] to slide guitar playing,[64] first recorded during an early session of "If Not for You" for Dylan's New Morning in 1970.[65] The earliest example of notable guitar work from Harrison was the extended acoustic guitar solo of "And I Love Her", for which Harrison purchased a José Ramírez nylon-stringed classical guitar to produce the sensitivity needed.[66][67][68]
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Harrison's first electric guitar was a Czech built Jolana Futurama/Grazioso,[69] which was a popular guitar among British guitarists in the early 1960s.[70] The guitars Harrison used on early recordings were mainly Gretsch played through a Vox amp.[71] He used a variety of Gretsch guitars,[72] including a Gretsch Duo Jet – his first Gretsch, which he bought in 1961 second hand off a sailor in Liverpool;[73] a Gretsch Tennessean,[74] and his (first out of two) Gretsch Country Gentleman, bought new for £234 in April 1963 at the Sound City store in London, which he used on "She Loves You", and on The Beatles' 1964 appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show.[73]
File:Harrison & Shankar.jpg
George Harrison with Ravi Shankar, 1967
During The Beatles' trip to the US in 1964, Harrison acquired a Rickenbacker 360/12 guitar. He had tried out the 12-string electric guitar during an interview with a Minneapolis radio station, and was given the guitar either by the Rickenbacker company or the radio station.[75] The 360/12 was an experimental 12-string guitar with the strings reversed so that the lower pitched string was struck first, and with an unusual headstock design that made tuning easier.[71] Harrison used the guitar extensively during the recording of A Hard Day's Night,[76] and the jangly sound became so popular that the Melody Maker termed it "the beat boys' secret weapon".[77] Roger McGuinn liked the effect Harrison achieved so much that it became his signature guitar sound with the Byrds.[78]
He obtained his first Fender Stratocaster in 1965 and used it for the recording of the Rubber Soul album, most notably on the "Nowhere Man" track, where he played in unison with Lennon who also had a Stratocaster.[79] Lennon and Harrison both had Sonic Blue Stratocasters, which were bought second hand by roadie Mal Evans.[80] Harrison painted his Stratocaster in a psychedelic design that included the word "Bebopalula" painted above the pickguard and the guitar's nickname, "Rocky", painted on the headstock. He played this guitar in the Magical Mystery Tour film and throughout his solo career. Harrison listed his early influences as Carl Perkins,[81] Bo Diddley,[82] Chuck Berry[83] and the Everly Brothers.[84]
After David Crosby of the Byrds introduced him to the work of sitar master Ravi Shankar in 1965,[85] Harrison—whose interest in Indian music was stirred during the filming of Help!, which used Indian music as part of its soundtrack—played a sitar on the Rubber Soul track "Norwegian Wood", expanding the already nascent Western interest in Indian music.[86] Harrison's sitar playing on "Love You To" represented an "astonishing improvement" over "Norwegian Wood" and has been termed "the most accomplished performance on sitar by any rock musician."[87]
Song writing and singing[link]
Main article: List of George Harrison songs
Harrison wrote his first song published with the Beatles, "Don't Bother Me", while sick in a hotel bed in Bournemouth during August 1963, as "an exercise to see if I could write a song", [emphasis in original] as he remembered.[88] "Don't Bother Me" appeared on the second Beatles album With The Beatles later that year, then on Meet the Beatles! in the US in early 1964, and also briefly in the film A Hard Day's Night. The group did not record another Harrison composition until 1965, when he contributed "I Need You" and "You Like Me Too Much" to the album Help!. One of his more enduring early works is 1965's "If I Needed Someone".
Harrison's songwriting improved greatly through the years, but his material did not earn respect from his fellow Beatles until near the group's break-up. McCartney told Lennon in 1969: "Until this year, our songs have been better than George's. Now this year his songs are at least as good as ours".[89][90] Harrison had difficulty getting the band to record his songs.[91][92] The group's incorporation of Harrison's material reached a peak of three songs on the 1966 Revolver album and four songs on the 1968 double The Beatles.
Harrison performed the lead vocal on all Beatles songs that he wrote by himself. He also sang lead vocal on other songs, including "Chains" and "Do You Want to Know a Secret" on Please Please Me, "Roll Over Beethoven" and "Devil in Her Heart" on With The Beatles, "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" on A Hard Day's Night, and "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" on Beatles for Sale.
Solo work: 1968–1987[link]
Before The Beatles split up in 1970, Harrison had already recorded and released two solo albums, Wonderwall Music and Electronic Sound. These albums were mainly instrumental. Wonderwall Music was a soundtrack to the Wonderwall film in which Harrison blended Indian and Western sounds;[93] while Electronic Sound was an experiment in using a Moog synthesiser.[94] It was only when Harrison was free from The Beatles that he released what is regarded as his first "real" solo album, the commercially successful and critically acclaimed All Things Must Pass.[95]
[edit] All Things Must Pass (1970)
Main article: All Things Must Pass
After years of being restricted in his song-writing contributions to the Beatles, All Things Must Pass contained such a large outpouring of Harrison's songs that it was released as a triple album,[95] though only two of the discs contained songs—the third contained recordings of Harrison jamming with friends.[52][94] The album is regarded as his best work;[96] it was a critical and commercial success, topping the charts on both sides of the Atlantic,[52][97] and produced the number-one hit single "My Sweet Lord" as well as the top-10 single "What Is Life". The album was co-produced by Phil Spector using his "Wall of Sound" approach,[98] and the musicians included Eric Clapton, Dave Mason, Gary Wright, Billy Preston, and Ringo Starr.[52]
Harrison was later sued for copyright infringement over the song "My Sweet Lord" because of its similarity to the 1963 Chiffons song "He's So Fine", owned by Bright Tunes. Harrison denied deliberately plagiarising the song, but he lost the resulting court case in 1976 as the judge deemed that Harrison had "subconsciously" plagiarised "He's So Fine". When considering liable earnings, "My Sweet Lord"'s contribution to the sales of All Things Must Pass and The Best of George Harrison were taken into account, and the judge decided a figure of $1,599,987 was owed to Bright Tunes.[99] The dispute over damages became complicated when Harrison's former manager Allen Klein purchased the copyright to "He's So Fine" from Bright Tunes in 1978. In 1981, a district judge decided that Klein had acted improperly, and it was agreed that Harrison should pay Klein $587,000, the amount Klein had paid for "He's So Fine", so he would gain nothing from the deal, and that Harrison would take over ownership of Bright Tunes, making him the owner of the rights to both "My Sweet Lord" and "He's So Fine" and thus ending the copyright infringement claim. Though the dispute dragged on into the 1990s, the district judge's decision was upheld.[99][100]
The Concert for Bangladesh (1971)[link]
Main article: The Concert for Bangladesh
Responding to a request for help by longtime friend Ravi Shankar, Harrison organised a major charity concert, The Concert for Bangladesh, on 1 August 1971, drawing over 40,000 people to two shows in New York's Madison Square Garden.[101] The aim of the event was to raise money to aid the starving refugees during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Ravi Shankar opened the proceedings, which included other popular musicians such as Bob Dylan (who rarely appeared live in the early 1970s), Eric Clapton, who made his first public appearance in months (due to a heroin addiction which began when Derek and the Dominos broke up), Leon Russell, Badfinger, Billy Preston and fellow Beatle Ringo Starr. Tax troubles and questionable expenses tied up many of the concert's proceeds.[101] Apple Corporation released a newly arranged concert DVD and CD in October 2005 (with all artists' sales royalties continuing to go to UNICEF), which contained additional material such as previously unreleased rehearsal footage of "If Not for You", featuring Harrison and Dylan.
[edit] Living in the Material World to George Harrison (1972–1979)
Harrison would not again release an album that came close to the critical and commercial achievements of All Things Must Pass. Although 1973's Living in the Material World initially did well, holding number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks and reaching number two in the UK, and the album's single, "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)", was also successful, reaching number one in the US and the top ten in the UK, neither could match the sales of All Things Must Pass and "My Sweet Lord". The album was lavishly produced and packaged, and its dominant message was the power of Harrison's Hindu beliefs.[102] The one fully secular song, "Sue Me, Sue You Blues", expressed Harrison's disgust with the endless legal squabbling that had overtaken all of the former Beatles.[102] The Dark Horse album of 1974 written after Harrison's break-up with his wife Pattie Boyd and when he was suffering from laryngitis received harsh reviews,[103] as did the accompanying tour of North America. Harrison was criticised for poor songwriting and poor vocals on the album, and for over-indulging his love for Indian music during the tour.[104] The album and single "Dark Horse" did briefly make an appearance near the top of the US charts, but both failed to chart in the UK.[105]
His final studio album for EMI (and Apple Records) was Extra Texture (Read All About It), featuring a diecut cover. The album spawned two singles, "You" which reached the Billboard top 20 and "This Guitar (Can't Keep From Crying)", which became Apple's final original single release in December 1975.[106] Following the former Beatle's departure from Capitol, the record company was in a position to license releases featuring Beatles and post-Beatles work on the same album, using Harrison for this experiment.[107] The Best of George Harrison (1976) combined his Beatles songs with a selection of his solo Apple work.
Thirty Three & 1/3, his first Dark Horse release, was his most successful late-1970s album, reaching number 11 on the US charts in 1976, and producing the singles "This Song" (a satire of the "My Sweet Lord"-"He's So Fine" court case ruling) and "Crackerbox Palace", both of which reached the top 25 in the US. With an emphasis on melody, musicianship, and subtler subject matter rather than the heavy orchestration and didactic messaging of earlier works, he received his best critical notices since All Things Must Pass.[108] With its surreal humour, "Crackerbox Palace" also reflected Harrison's association with Monty Python's Eric Idle, who directed a comic music video for the song.[108] After his second marriage and the birth of son Dhani Harrison, Harrison's next released a self-titled album. 1979's George Harrison included the singles "Blow Away", "Love Comes to Everyone" and "Faster". Both the album and "Blow Away" made the Billboard top 20.
In addition to his own works during this time, between 1971 and 1973 Harrison co-wrote or produced three top ten US and UK hits for Ringo Starr ("It Don't Come Easy", "Back Off Boogaloo", and "Photograph").[109] Harrison played electric, slide and dobro guitars on five songs on John Lennon's 1971 Imagine album ("How Do You Sleep?", "Oh My Love", "I Don't Want to Be a Soldier", "Crippled Inside" and "Gimme Some Truth"),[110] with his stinging slide guitar work on the first of these indicating that he took John's side of the intense Lennon-McCartney feud of the time.[111] Lennon later said of Harrison's work on the album, "That's the best he's ever fucking played in his life!"[110] Harrison also produced and played slide guitar on the Apple band Badfinger's 1971 top ten US and UK hit "Day After Day".[112]
During the decade, Harrison also worked with Harry Nilsson ("You're Breakin' My Heart", 1972),[113] as well as Billy Preston ("That's the Way God Planned It",[114] 1969 and "It's My Pleasure", 1975) and Cheech & Chong ("Basketball Jones", 1973).[115] He also appeared with Paul Simon to perform two acoustic songs on Saturday Night Live.
[edit] Somewhere in England to Cloud Nine (1980–1987)
Harrison was deeply shocked by the 8 December 1980 murder of John Lennon.[116] The crime reinforced his decades-long worries about safety from stalkers. It was also a deep personal loss, although unlike former bandmates McCartney and Starr, Harrison had little contact with Lennon in the years before the murder. Their estrangement had been marked by Harrison's longstanding dislike of Yoko Ono, his refusal to allow her participation in the Concert for Bangladesh, and his omission of any mention of Lennon in his autobiography, I Me Mine, published the year of Lennon's murder.[117] The omission had upset Lennon greatly, which Harrison had regretted, leading him to leave a telephone message for Lennon, but Lennon had declined to return the call and they had not spoken again.[116] Following the murder, Harrison said, "After all we went through together I had and still have great love and respect for John Lennon. I am shocked and stunned. To rob life is the ultimate robbery in life."[116]
Harrison modified the lyrics of a song he had written for Starr to make it a tribute song to Lennon. "All Those Years Ago" received substantial radio airplay, reaching number two on the US charts.[118] All three surviving ex-Beatles performed on it, although it was expressly a Harrison single. "Teardrops" was issued as a follow-up single, but was not nearly as successful. Both singles came from the album Somewhere in England, released in 1981. Originally slated for release in late 1980, Warner Bros. rejected the album, ordering Harrison to replace several tracks, and to change the album cover as well. The original album cover that Harrison wanted was used in the 2004 reissue of the album. In 1981, Harrison played guitar on one track of Mick Fleetwood's record The Visitor and Lindsey Buckingham's song "Walk a Thin Line".
Aside from a song on the Porky's Revenge soundtrack in 1985 (his version of a little-known Bob Dylan song "I Don't Want to Do It"), Harrison released no new records for five years after 1982's Gone Troppo received apparent indifference.
In October 1985, Harrison made a rare public appearance on the Cinemax Channel 4 live concert TV special in a tribute to Carl Perkins. He appeared along with Ringo Starr and Eric Clapton among others. The show was called Blue Suede Shoes: A Rockabilly Session. He performed "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby", "Your True Love", "That's Alright Mama" (including the guitar solo), "Glad All Over" (including the guitar solo), "Gone Gone Gone" and "Blue Suede Shoes". He only agreed to appear because he had been a close admirer and friend of Carl Perkins for over 20 years.
In 1987, Harrison returned with the critically acclaimed platinum album Cloud Nine, co-produced with Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra, and enjoyed a hit (number one in the US; number two in the UK) when his rendition of James Ray's early 1960s number "Got My Mind Set on You" was released as a single; another single, "When We Was Fab", a retrospective of The Beatles' days complete with musical flavours for each bandmate, was also a minor hit. MTV regularly played the two videos, and elevated Harrison's public profile with another generation of music listeners. The album reached number eight and number ten on the US and UK charts, respectively. In the US, several tracks also enjoyed high placement on Billboard's Album Rock chart – "Devil's Radio", "This Is Love" and "Cloud 9" in addition to the aforementioned singles.
Live performances (1971–1992)[link]
On 23 November 1971, Harrison appeared on an episode of The Dick Cavett Show in a band called Wonder Wheel performing a song written by Gary Wright called "Two Faced Man". Harrison played slide guitar in this band as a favour since Wright had played piano on Harrison's album All Things Must Pass. The episode can be viewed on DVD The Dick Cavett Show: Rock Icons Disc 3.[119]
Harrison launched a major tour of the United States in 1974. Critical and fan reaction panned the tour for its long mid-concert act of Pandit Ravi Shankar & Friends and for Harrison's hoarse voice. Harrison had hired filmmaker David Acomba to accompany the tour and gather footage for a documentary. Due to Harrison's hoarse voice throughout most of this tour, the film was not released, but in 1977 Acomba placed a newly revised director's cut in the Harrison archive. It was the last time he toured in the United States.
In 1986, Harrison made a surprise performance at the Birmingham Heart Beat Charity Concert 1986 a concert event to raise money for the Birmingham Children's Hospital. Harrison played and sang the finale "Johnny B. Goode" along with Robert Plant, The Moody Blues, and Electric Light Orchestra, among others.[120] The following year, Harrison appeared at The Prince's Trust concert in Wembley Arena, performing "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" and "Here Comes the Sun" with Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton, and others.[121] On 1 May 1990, during Eric Clapton's Journey Man Tour, Harrison joined Clapton on stage at the L.A. Forum, performing "Crossroads" and "Sunshine Of Your Love".[122] In 1991, Harrison staged a tour of Japan along with Clapton. It was his first tour since the 1974 US tour, but no other tours followed. The Live in Japan recording came from these shows.
On 6 April 1992, Harrison held a benefit concert for the Natural Law Party at Royal Albert Hall, his first London performance in 23 years[123] and his last full concert.[citation needed] In October 1992, Harrison performed three songs, "If Not for You", "Absolutely Sweet Marie", and "My Back Pages", at a Bob Dylan tribute concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City.[124] This was released on the album The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration in August 1993.
On 14 December 1992, Harrison took part in a memorial concert at the Universal Amphitheater in Los Angeles for Toto drummer Jeff Porcaro. The concert consisted of an all-star line-up that included Boz Scaggs, Donald Fagen, Don Henley, Michael McDonald, David Crosby, Eddie Van Halen, and the members of Toto. The proceeds of the concert were used to establish an educational trust fund for Porcaro's children.[125]
Later life: 1988–2001[link]
Early in 1989, Harrison, Lynne and Ringo Starr all appeared in the music video for Tom Petty's "I Won't Back Down", although Starr did not actually play on the track; Harrison played acoustic guitar. The same year also saw the release of Best of Dark Horse 1976–1989, a compilation drawn from his later solo work. This album also included two new songs, "Poor Little Girl", and "Cockamamie Business" (which saw him once again looking wryly upon his Beatle past), as well as "Cheer Down", which had first been released earlier in the year on the soundtrack to the film Lethal Weapon 2, which starred Mel Gibson and Danny Glover. Unlike his previous greatest hits package, Harrison made sure to oversee this compilation. In 1989 Harrison played slide guitar on the "Leave a Light On" and "Deep Deep Ocean" songs from Belinda Carlisle's third album Runaway Horses. "Leave a Light On" was successful worldwide.
In 1996, Harrison recorded, produced and played on "Distance Makes No Difference With Love" with Carl Perkins for his Go-Cat-Go record.
Harrison's final television appearance was not intended as such; in fact, he was not the featured artist, and the appearance had been intended to promote Chants of India, another collaboration with Ravi Shankar released in 1997, at the height of interest in chant music. John Fugelsang, then of VH1, conducted the interview, and at one point an acoustic guitar was produced and handed to Harrison. When an audience member asked to hear "a Beatles song", Harrison pulled a sheepish look and answered, "I don't think I know any!" Harrison then played "All Things Must Pass" and revealed for the first time "Any Road", which subsequently appeared on the 2002 Brainwashed album.
In January 1998, Harrison attended the funeral of his boyhood idol, Carl Perkins, in Jackson, Tennessee. Harrison played an impromptu version of Perkins' song "Your True Love" during the service.[126] That same year he attended the public memorial service for Linda McCartney. Also that same year, he appeared on Ringo Starr's Vertical Man, where he played both electric and slide guitars on two tracks.
In 2001, Harrison performed as a guest musician on the Electric Light Orchestra album Zoom. He played slide guitar on the song "Love Letters" for Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings, and remastered and restored unreleased tracks from the Traveling Wilburys. He also co-wrote a new song with his son Dhani, "Horse to the Water". The latter song ended up as Harrison's final recording session, on 2 October, just eight weeks before his death. It appeared on Jools Holland's album Small World, Big Band.[127]
Harrison's final album, Brainwashed, was completed by Dhani Harrison and Jeff Lynne and released on 18 November 2002. It received generally positive reviews in the United States, and peaked at number 18 on the Billboard charts. A media-only single, "Stuck Inside a Cloud", was heavily played on UK and US radio to promote the album (number 27 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart), while the official single "Any Road", released in May 2003, reached number 37 on the British chart. The instrumental track, "Marwa Blues" went on to receive the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance, while the single "Any Road" was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.[128]
The Traveling Wilburys: 1988–1990[link]
Main article: Traveling Wilburys
In 1988, Harrison played an instrumental role in forming the Traveling Wilburys with Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, Bob Dylan, and Tom Petty when they gathered in Dylan's garage to quickly record an additional track for a projected Harrison European single release.[129] The record company realised the track ("Handle With Care") was too good for its original purpose as a B-side and asked for a full, separate album. This had to be completed within two weeks, as Dylan was scheduled to start a tour. The album, Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1, was released in October 1988 and recorded under pseudonyms as half-brothers (supposed sons of Charles Truscott Wilbury, Sr.). Harrison's pseudonym on the first album was "Nelson Wilbury"; he would use the name "Spike Wilbury" for the Traveling Wilburys' second album.
After the death of Roy Orbison in late 1988 the group recorded as a four-piece. Though Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 was their second release, the album was mischievously titled Vol. 3 by Harrison. According to Lynne, "That was George's idea. He said, 'Let's confuse the buggers.'"[130] It was not as well received as the previous album, but did reach number 14 in the UK and number 11 in the US where it went platinum, while the singles "She's My Baby", "Inside Out", and "Wilbury Twist" got decent air play.
The Beatles Anthology: 1994–1996[link]
Main article: The Beatles Anthology
In 1994–1996, Harrison reunited with the surviving former Beatles, and Traveling Wilburys producer Jeff Lynne for The Beatles Anthology project, which included the recording of two new Beatles songs built around solo vocal and piano tapes recorded by John Lennon in the late 1970s, as well as the lengthy interviews on The Beatles' history.[131] The single "Free as a Bird", was the first Beatles single since "The Long and Winding Road" in 1970.[132][133]
HandMade Films: 1978–1994[link]
Main article: HandMade Films
HandMade Films was a British film production and distribution company that Harrison formed in 1978 with his business partner, Denis O'Brien.[134] It was created to help out his Monty Python friends by raising £2 million to finish their film Life of Brian after EMI Films, the original financiers, pulled out due to the film's satirical content.[134] Harrison took the name from some handmade paper he had been given on a mill visit.[134] Though the company was formed with the intention of funding just the one film (a scenario which became epitomised as Harrison's "world's most expensive cinema ticket", as the Python's Eric Idle put it), Harrison and O'Brien bought the rights to The Long Good Friday, which had been faced with various cuts, and released it in its original form.[135]
The first film started under the company was Time Bandits, equipped with a soundtrack by Harrison, in 1981, a solo project by Python Terry Gilliam for whom HandMade originally also was to finance The Adventures of Baron Munchausen before several funding parties including HandMade dropped out of the project. Harrison produced twenty three films with HandMade, including Mona Lisa, Shanghai Surprise, and Withnail and I. He made several cameo appearances in these movies, including appearing as a nightclub singer in Shanghai Surprise and as Mr Papadopolous in Life of Brian.[136] Handmade Films became a rarity in the British film industry, a production company that was both consistently successful and internationally known.[134][137] The company was well regarded both for nurturing British talent and for most of its films having British settings or inspirations.[134][137]
Harrison was involved in some creative decisions, approving projects such as Withnail and I[138] and visiting sets as executive producer to sort out creative problems.[139] On the whole, though, he preferred to stay out of the way: "[As a musician] I've been the person who's said of the people with the money, 'What do they know?' and now I'm that person. But I know that unless you give an artist as much freedom as possible, there's no point in using that artist."[134]
The bulk of the financial and business decisions were left to O'Brien, who was tasked with making sure that films got made on time and on budget.[134] This eventually resulted in disagreements and lawsuits between the pair as HandMade Films encountered reversals,[140] and Harrison sold the company in 1994.[141]
Interest in Indian culture[link]
Sitar and Indian music[link]
During The Beatles' American tour in August 1965, Harrison's friend David Crosby of the Byrds introduced him to Indian classical music and the work of sitar player Ravi Shankar.[85] Harrison became fascinated with the instrument, immersed himself in Indian music and played a pivotal role in expanding the emerging interest in the sitar in particular and Indian music in general in the West.[142]
Buying his own first sitar from a London shop called India Craft later that year (as he recalled during interviews for "The Beatles Anthology"), he played one on the Rubber Soul track "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)". In June 1966 Harrison met the sitar maestro Ravi Shankar at the home of Mrs Angadi of the Asian Music Circle, asked to be his student and was accepted.[143] Shankar and Alla Rakha gave a private concert at Harrison's house which Starr and Lennon attended.[143] Shankar influenced Harrison and the other Beatles not only musically, but spiritually. On 6 July 1966 Harrison travelled to India to purchase a top flight sitar from Rikhi Ram & Sons in New Delhi.[143] After the Beatles final live tour performance in August, Harrison returned to India in September 1966 to study sitar with Shankar.[143] Initially staying in Bombay, Harrison moved (to avoid crowding fans) to a houseboat on a remote lake in the shadow of the Himalayas where he was taught by Shankar for six weeks and read spiritual texts.[143] Harrison was influential in the decision to have Ravi Shankar included on the bill at the Monterey Pop Festival in June 1967.[142] After Shankar, Harrison received sitar tutelage from Shambhu Das.[144]
Hinduism[link]
During the filming of the movie Help!, on location in the Bahamas, the Beatles met Swami Vishnu-devananda, founder of Sivananda Yoga, who gave each member of the band a signed copy of his book The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga.[145] During a pilgrimage to Bombay with his wife, Harrison studied sitar, met several gurus and visited various holy places, filling the months between the end of the final Beatles tour in 1966 and the commencement of the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band recording sessions. In 1968, Harrison travelled to Rishikesh in northern India with the other Beatles to study meditation with the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.
In the summer of 1969, he produced the single "Hare Krishna Mantra", performed by the devotees of the London Radha Krishna Temple. That same year, he and fellow Beatle John Lennon met A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. Soon after, Harrison embraced the Hare Krishna tradition (particularly japa-yoga chanting with beads), became a lifelong devotee, being associated with it until his death.[146]
Harrison was a vegetarian from 1968 until his death.[147]
While during his lifetime, Harrison bequeathed to ISKCON his Letchmore Heath mansion (renamed Bhaktivedanta Manor) north of London, some sources indicate he left nothing to the organisation,[148] others report he did leave a sum of 20 million pounds.[149]
Harrison respected people of other faiths and believed in a united holy cause; he once remarked:
All religions are branches of one big tree. It doesn't matter what you call Him just as long as you call. Just as cinematic images appear to be real but are only combinations of light and shade, so is the universal variety a delusion. The planetary spheres, with their countless forms of life, are naught but figures in a cosmic motion picture. One's values are profoundly changed when he is finally convinced that creation is only a vast motion picture and that not in, but beyond, lies his own ultimate reality.[149]
Harrison was a devotee of Paramahansa Yogananda. The Self-Realization Fellowship gurus Mahavatar Babaji, Lahiri Mahasaya, Sri Yukteswar, and Yogananda himself appear on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, and a quote by Harrison appears on the back cover of the Self-Realization Fellowship release of Autobiography of a Yogi, Yogananda's own autobiography.
Personal life[link]
Family and friends[link]
Harrison married model Pattie Boyd on 21 January 1966, at the then Epsom Register Office, Upper High Street, Epsom, with McCartney as best man.[150] They had met during the filming for A Hard Day's Night, in which the 19-year-old Boyd was cast as a schoolgirl.[151] After Harrison and Boyd split up in 1974, she moved in with Eric Clapton and they subsequently married.
Harrison married for a second time, to Dark Horse Records secretary Olivia Trinidad Arias on 2 September 1978. They had met at the Dark Horse offices in Los Angeles in 1974. They had one son, Dhani Harrison. After the 1999 stabbing incident in which Olivia subdued Harrison's assailant nearly single-handedly, Harrison received a fax from his close friend Tom Petty that read: "Aren't you glad you married a Mexican girl?"[152]
Harrison formed a close friendship with Clapton in the late 1960s, and they co-wrote the song "Badge", which was released on Cream's Goodbye album in 1969.[153] Harrison also played rhythm guitar on the song. For contractual reasons, Harrison was required to use the pseudonym "L'Angelo Misterioso".[154] Harrison wrote one of his compositions for The Beatles' Abbey Road album, "Here Comes the Sun", in Clapton's back garden. Clapton also guested on the Harrison-penned Beatles track "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". Through Clapton, Harrison met Delaney Bramlett, who introduced Harrison to slide guitar.[155] They remained close friends after Pattie Boyd split from Harrison and married Clapton, referring to each other as "husbands-in-law".[156]
Through his appreciation of Monty Python, he met Eric Idle. The two became close friends, with Harrison appearing on Idle's Rutland Weekend Television series and in his Beatles spoof, The Rutles' All You Need Is Cash.[157] Harrison was also parodied as a Beatle as "Stig O'Hara", portrayed by Rikki Fataar. Idle also performed the famous Monty Python sketch, "The Lumberjack Song", at the Concert for George, held in 2002 to commemorate Harrison.
Interests[link]
An accomplished gardener, Harrison restored the English manor house and grounds of Friar Park,[158] his home in Henley-on-Thames. The house once belonged to Victorian eccentric Sir Frank Crisp. Purchased in 1970, it is the basis for the song "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)".[159] Several Harrison videos were also filmed on the grounds, including "Crackerbox Palace"; in addition, the grounds served as the background for the cover of All Things Must Pass. He employed a staff of ten workers to maintain the 36-acre (150,000 m2) garden, and both of his older brothers worked on Friar Park as well.[160] Harrison took great solace working in the garden and grew to consider himself more a gardener than a musician;[160] his autobiography is dedicated "to gardeners everywhere".[161] Harrison also owned homes on Hamilton Island, Australia[162] and in Nahiku, Hawaii.[163]
That autobiography, I Me Mine, published in 1980, is the only full autobiography by an ex-Beatle.[164] Former Beatles' publicist Derek Taylor helped with the book, which was initially released in a high-priced limited edition by Genesis Publications.[161] The book said little about The Beatles, focusing instead on Harrison's hobbies, such as gardening and Formula One automobile racing. It also included the lyrics to his songs and some photographs with humorous captions.[165]
Harrison had an interest in sports cars and motor racing; he was one of the 100 people who purchased the McLaren F1 road car,[166] and would often attend Formula One races. He had collected photos of racing drivers and their cars since he was young; when he was 12 he attended his first race, the 1955 British Grand Prix at Aintree, in which Stirling Moss won his first Grand Prix.[166][167] He wrote "Faster" as a tribute to the Formula One racing drivers Jackie Stewart and Ronnie Peterson. Proceeds from its release went to the Gunnar Nilsson cancer charity, set up following the Swedish driver's death from the disease in 1978.[168] Harrison's first "important" car was recently sold at auction in Battersea Park, London. The 1964 Aston Martin DB5 was bought new and delivered to Harrison personally in 1965 at his Kinfauns estate in Esher, Surrey, England.[169]
Humanitarian Involvement[link]
George Harrison had an interest in humanitarian involvement even when he was a part of The Beatles. The Beatles had a strong stance on human rights, with them showing support for the civil rights movement and the protest against the Vietnam War. However, it was not until the band's split that George Harrison became more involved in humanitarian work.
Harrison's friend, Ravi Shankar, consulted him regarding a means to providing help to the problems in Bangladesh, in the aftermath of the 1970 Bhola Cyclone and the Bangladesh Liberation War.[170] With that, Harrison recorded "Bangla Desh", and pushed Apple Records to release his song alongside Shankar's "Joy Bangla" in an effort to raise funds. Shankar then asked for Harrison's advice about organising a small charity concert in The United States. Harrison took that idea and called up all his friends, organising The Concert for Bangladesh on 1 August 1971 in New York City, which featured other artists of the time like Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, Billy Preston, Leon Russell and former Beatle Ringo Starr.[170] The concert ended up raising US$243,418.50.[171]
The George Harrison Humanitarian Fund for UNICEF still contributes to humanitarian efforts. The fund is a joint effort between the Harrison family and the U.S. Fund for UNICEF that aims to support UNICEF programs providing lifesaving assistance to children caught in humanitarian emergencies.[172] Every year, UNICEF identifies countries and territories where the children suffer from poverty.[172] Much like Bangladesh in 1971, many of these problems are ignored by the media. The fund continues to support UNICEF programs in Bangladesh, while expanding its influence to include other countries in crisis where children are at risk. In December 2007, the fund made a donation of $450,000 to the U.S. Fund for UNICEF for relief and recovery efforts for the victims of Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh.[172] On 13 October 2009, the first ever George Harrison Humanitarian Award went to Ravi Shankar for his unprecedented efforts in saving the lives of children, and his involvement with the Concert for Bangladesh.[173]
Knife attack[link]
In late 1999, Harrison survived a knife attack by an intruder in his home.[174] At 3:30 am on 30 December 1999, 36-year-old Michael Abram broke into the Harrisons' Friar Park home and began loudly calling to Harrison. Harrison left the bedroom to investigate while his wife, Olivia, phoned the police. Abram attacked Harrison with a kitchen knife, inflicting seven stab wounds, puncturing a lung and causing head injuries before Olivia Harrison incapacitated the assailant by striking him repeatedly with a fireplace poker and a lamp. The attack lasted approximately 15 minutes.[175] Abram, who believed he was being possessed by Harrison and was on a "mission from God" to kill him, was later acquitted of attempted murder on grounds of insanity, but was detained for treatment in a secure hospital. He was released in 2002 after 19 months' detention.[176]
Illness and death[link]
Cancer diagnosis[link]
Harrison developed throat cancer, which was discovered in the summer of 1997 after a lump on his neck was analysed. He attributed it to smoking heavily from the 1960s until at least the late 1980s. He was successfully treated with radiotherapy.[177] Early in May 2001, it was revealed that he had undergone an operation at the Mayo Clinic to remove a cancerous growth from one of his lungs.[178] In July 2001, it was reported that he was being treated for a brain tumour at a clinic in Switzerland.[179]
On 22 July 2001, media reports claimed that Harrison was close to death as a result of the cancer, but he denied that this was true.[180]
In November 2001, by which time the Daily Mail had reported that Harrison may only have a month to live,[181] Harrison began radiotherapy at Staten Island University Hospital in New York City for lung cancer which had spread to his brain.[182]
On 25 November, it was reported in the Sunday People that Harrison's condition had continued to deteriorate in spite of the treatment, and that he was likely to die within days.[183]
Death[link]
Despite the treatments and operations, Harrison died on 29 November 2001, at a Hollywood Hills mansion that was once leased by McCartney and was previously owned by Courtney Love.[184] The cause of death was listed on his Los Angeles County death certificate as "metastatic non-small cell lung cancer".[185] He was 58 years old. Harrison was cremated at Hollywood Forever Cemetery and his ashes were scattered in the Ganges River by his close family in a private ceremony according to Hindu tradition.[186][187][188] He left almost £100 million in his will.[189]
Lederman affair[link]
In a complaint later brought on behalf of Harrison's estate, it was alleged that while under the care of Staten Island University Hospital, Dr Gilbert Lederman, a radiation oncologist, repeatedly revealed Harrison's confidential medical information during television interviews and forced him to autograph a guitar. The complaint alleged that Lederman and his family came uninvited to visit Harrison in the house he was staying in on the day before he was to leave for California. Lederman allegedly had his son play the guitar for Harrison. The complaint further alleged that after the performance, Lederman put the instrument on Harrison's lap and asked him to autograph it, and that Harrison responded, "I do not even know if I know how to spell my name any more." Lederman then allegedly took Harrison's hand and guided his hand along to spell his name while encouraging him by saying, "Come on, George. You can do this. G-E-O...".[190][191] The suit was ultimately settled out of court under the condition that the guitar be "disposed of".[192]
Tribute concert[link]
In 2002, on the first anniversary of Harrison's death, the Concert for George was held at the Royal Albert Hall; it was organised by Eric Clapton and included performances by many of Harrison's musical friends, including Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr. The profits from the concert went to Harrison's charity, the Material World Charitable Foundation,[193] which he established in 1973 “to sponsor diverse forms of artistic expression and to encourage the exploration of alternative life views and philosophies.”[194]
Legacy[link]
Honours[link]
Harrison's first official honour came as The Beatles were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1965 and received their insignia from the Queen at an investiture at Buckingham Palace on 26 October.[195] Another award with The Beatles came in 1970 when they won an Academy Award for the best Original Song Score for Let It Be.[196]
A significant music award as a solo artist was in December 1992, when he became the first recipient of the Billboard Century Award – presented to music artists for significant bodies of work.[197] The minor planet 4149, discovered on 9 March 1984 by B. A. Skiff at the Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory, was named after Harrison.[198] Harrison is listed at number 11 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".[6]
Harrison was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist on 15 March 2004 by his Traveling Wilburys friends Lynne and Petty.[155] He was inducted into the Madison Square Garden Walk of Fame on 1 August 2006 for the Concert for Bangladesh.[199][200]
Harrison featured twice on the cover of Time magazine, initially with The Beatles in 1967,[201] then on his own, shortly after his death in 2001.[202] In June 2007, portraits of Harrison and John Lennon were unveiled at The Mirage Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip, where they will be on permanent display.
On 14 April 2009, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce awarded Harrison a star on the Walk of Fame in front of the Capitol Records Building. (The Beatles also have a group star on the Walk of Fame.) Musicians Paul McCartney, Jeff Lynne and Tom Petty were among those in attendance when the star was unveiled.[203][204] Harrison's widow Olivia, actor Tom Hanks and comedian Eric Idle made speeches at the ceremony; Harrison's son Dhani uttered the Hare Krishna mantra.[205] After the ceremony, Capitol/EMI Records announced that a new career-spanning CD entitled Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison would be released in mid-June 2009.
In October 2011 a documentary titled Living in the Material World: George Harrison directed by Martin Scorsese was released.[206]
Guitars[link]
As a Beatle[link]
- Egmond (guitar): Classic Guitar
- Hofner President Acoustic
- Hofner Club 40 model 244
- Resonet Futurama
- Gretsch 6128 Duo Jet
- Gibson J-160E
- Gretsch 6122 Country Gentleman
- Gretsch 6119-62 Tennessee Rose
- Rickenbacker 425 Fire-glo
- Rickenbacker 360-12 Fire-glo
- Fender Stratocaster 'Rocky'
- Epiphone Casino
- Gibson SG Standard
- Gibson Les Paul "Lucy"
- Gibson Jumbo J-200
- Fender Rosewood Telecaster[207][208]
Solo discography[link]
Main articles: George Harrison discography and List of George Harrison songs
| Year | Album | Label | Notes | Peak chart positions | Certifications | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US [209] |
UK [210] |
NO [211] |
JP [212] |
AT [213] |
SE [214] |
US [215] |
UK [216] |
||||
| 1968 | Wonderwall Music | Apple/EMI | Soundtrack | 49 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| 1969 | Electronic Sound | Zapple/EMI | 191 | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| 1970 | All Things Must Pass | Apple/EMI | Triple | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | – | – | 6x Platinum | |
| 1971 | The Concert for Bangladesh | Apple/EMI (US) Epic/Sony Music (UK) |
Live | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | – | Gold | |
| 1973 | Living in the Material World | Apple/EMI | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | – | – | Gold | ||
| 1974 | Dark Horse | Apple/EMI | 4 | – | 7 | 18 | 10 | – | Gold | Silver[217] | |
| 1975 | Extra Texture (Read All About It) | Apple/EMI | 8 | 16 | 8 | 9 | – | – | Gold | ||
| 1976 | Thirty Three & 1/3 | Dark Horse | 11 | 35 | 17 | 23 | – | – | Gold | Silver[218] | |
| 1976 | The Best of George Harrison | Parlophone/EMI | Compilation | 31 | 100 | – | 51 | – | – | Gold | |
| 1979 | George Harrison | Dark Horse | 14 | 39 | 21 | 38 | – | – | Gold | ||
| 1981 | Somewhere in England | Dark Horse | 11 | 13 | 2 | 31 | 15 | 13 | |||
| 1982 | Gone Troppo | Dark Horse | 108 | – | 31 | – | – | – | |||
| 1987 | Cloud Nine | Dark Horse | 8 | 10 | 8 | 28 | 26 | 5 | Platinum | Gold[219] | |
| 1989 | Best of Dark Horse 1976–1989 | Dark Horse | Compilation | 132 | – | – | 51 | – | – | ||
| 1992 | Live in Japan | Dark Horse/Warner Bros | Live | 126 | – | – | 15 | – | – | ||
| 2002 | Brainwashed | Dark Horse | Posthumous | 18 | 29 | 9 | 21 | 62 | 18 | Gold | Gold[220] |
| 2009 | Let It Roll: Songs by George Harrison | Capitol/EMI | Compilation | 24 | 4 | 40 | |||||
| 2012 | Early Takes: Volume 1 | UMe Records | Compilation | 20 | - | - | - | - | - | ||
Notes[link]
- ^ Many published sources give Harold as Harrison's middle name: Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul, p 36; The Lost Lennon Interviews, p. 246, Geoffrey Giuliano, John Lennon, Vrnda Devi, Published by Omnibus Press, 1998, ISBN 0-7119-6470-X. Others dispute that, based on the absence of any middle name on Harrison's birth certificate:("George Harrison biography". Shawstar.com. http://www.shawstar.com/music/george_harrison.htm. Retrieved 1 December 2008. ).
- ^ Harrison, George (2002). I Me Mine. London: Phoenix. p. 20. ISBN 0-7538-1734-9.
- ^ a b Laing, Dave (30 November 2001). "George Harrison 1943–2001". guardian.co.uk (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2001/nov/30/guardianobituaries1. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ The Acoustic Rock Masters, p. 23, H. P. Newquist, Rich Maloof, Backbeat Books, 2003, ISBN 0-87930-761-7
- ^ Schaffner, The Boys from Liverpool, pp. 77–78.
- ^ a b "100 Greatest Guitarists: George Harrison". Rolling Stone. 2003. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-20111123/george-harrison-19691231. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- ^ Handwritten Harrison Beatles lyrics up for auction, CBC Arts, 11 January 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ "HandMade PLC". www.handmadeplc.com. http://www.handmadeplc.com/. Retrieved 30 October 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b Harry, The Beatles' Encyclopedia, p. 492.
- ^ Reliable sources and his birth certificate show his birth date as 25 February, though some sources give 24 February.
- ^ Miles and Badman, The Beatles' Diary, p. 6.
- ^ "Beatles Ireland – George Harrison Irish Heritage". Beatles Ireland. http://www.iol.ie/~beatlesireland/Irish%20Heritage/georgeheritage.html. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ Ingham, Rough Guide to the Beatles, p. 328.
- ^ Miles and Badman, The Beatles' Diary, p. 7.
- ^ Harrison, I Me Mine, p. 28.
- ^ Frame, Rockin' Around Britain, p. 73.
- ^ Giuliano, Dark Horse, p. 9.
- ^ a b "George Harrison school life". http://www.tv.com/george-harrison/person/3479/trivia.html. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ Harry, Bill. "Beatles Browser Four (p3)". Mersey Beat. http://triumphpc.com/mersey-beat/beatles/beatlesbrowser-four3.shtml. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ Gray, Sadie (20 July 2007). "Lives in Brief: Peter Harrison". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2106466.ece. Retrieved 22 July 2007.
- ^ Shapiro, Behind Sad Eyes, p. 23.
- ^ Miles, The Beatles' Diary: An Intimate Day by Day History, p. 18.
- ^ a b Davies, The Beatles 1985, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Loewen, Nancy (1989). Profiles in music. Vero Beach: Rourke Enterprises, Inc.. pp. 26–27.
- ^ Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle. Pyramid Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-600-58749-5.
- ^ Davies, The Beatles 1985, p. 55.
- ^ Harrison, I Me Mine, p. 29.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, pp. 2–6.
- ^ "George Harrison: The quiet Beatle". BBC News. 30 November 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/1432634.stm. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ Miles and Badman, The Beatles Diary, p. 27.
- ^ Schaffner, The Boys from Liverpool,pp. 7–10.
- ^ Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear, p. 59.
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul, p. 126.
- ^ Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear, pp. 72–73.
- ^ "Please Please Me". perso.wanadoo.es. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081202034648/http://perso.wanadoo.es/sissu/ppm.htm. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ The Songwriting Secrets of The Beatles, p. 560, Dominic Pedler, Omnibus Press, 2003, ISBN 0-7119-8167-1.
- ^ Greene, Here Comes the Sun, p. 34.
- ^ "A George Harrison Handwritten Letter to a Fan, August 1963". Beatles Autographs. 20 August 2008. http://beatlesautographs.com/george_harrison.htm. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 43667. p. 5487. 4 June 1965. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p. 13.
- ^ Turn! Turn! Turn!: The '60s Folk-rock Revolution, pp. 180–181, Richie Unterberger, Backbeat Books, 2002, ISBN 0-87930-703-X.
- ^ Contributions to Asian Studies, pp. 34 – 36, Jon B Higgins, K Ishwaran, Brill Academic Publishers, 1978, ISBN 90-04-05809-5.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p. 14.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p. 19.
- ^ Schaffner, The Boys from Liverpool,pp. 75–78.
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology, pp. 111–112.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear,p. 217.
- ^ Sulpy, Doug; Schweighardt, Ray (2003). Get Back: The Unauthorized Chronicle of The Beatles' Let It Be Disaster. Helter Skelter Publishing. ISBN 1-900924-83-8.
- ^ Miles and Badman, The Beatles Diary, p. 354.
- ^ Frank Sinatra: The Man, the Music, the Legend, p. 38, Jeanne Fuchs, Ruth Prigozy, Boydell & Brewer, 2007, ISBN 1-58046-251-0.
- ^ a b c d Sonic Alchemy: Visionary Music Producers and Their Maverick Recordings, pp 36 – 37, David N. Howard, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2004, ISBN 0-634-05560-7
- ^ Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. p. 195. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
- ^ Amazon.com.
- ^ "Amazon.co.uk". Amazon.co.uk. ASIN 0304356050.
- ^ BeatlesInterviews.org.
- ^ "Lennon's downfall: Had it not been for one last touching act of love, he might still be alive today". http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1072271/Lennons-downfall-Had-touching-act-love-alive-today.html#ixzz1rqY2nAcO. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ "1980 Playboy Interview With John Lennon And Yoko Ono by David Sheff". John-Lennon.com. http://www.john-lennon.com/playboyinterviewwithjohnlennonandyokoono.htm. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
- ^ "All Those Years Ago lyrics". Sing365.com. http://www.sing365.com/music/lyric.nsf/All-Those-Years-Ago-lyrics-George-Harrison/3D9E1438D16592E04825695E001CE4CF. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ Published 7/4/08 by. "TheInsider.com". TheInsider.com. http://www.theinsider.com/news/1030566_Sir_Paul_McCartney_says_George_Harrison_was_like_his_baby_brother. Retrieved 8 December 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Tripod.com.
- ^ "Acoustic Guitar Central: George Harrison's behind-the-scenes contributions to the world's greatest band". www.acousticguitar.com. http://www.acousticguitar.com/issues/ag122/feature122.html. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
- ^ a b Guitar World Presents the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, p. 17, Jeff Kitts, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002, ISBN 0-634-04619-5
- ^ All Music Guide: The Experts Guide to the Best Recordings p. 181, Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Backbeat Books, 2001, ISBN 0-87930-627-0
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p 50.
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul, p 182.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, p 11.
- ^ "Remembering George Harrison". home.att.net. http://home.att.net/~chuckayoub/the_beatles_video_28.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2008. Time 2.40 minutes – 3.50 minutes.
- ^ "Futurama 111 – The Guitar Collection". www.theguitarcollection.org.uk. http://www.theguitarcollection.org.uk/gallery6/futurama.html. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
- ^ "Futurama Electric Guitars". www.vintagehofner.co.uk. http://www.vintagehofner.co.uk/hofnerfs/futurama/fut.html. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
- ^ a b Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear, pp. 110–112.
- ^ "George Harrison Guitars". www.celebrityrockstarguitars.com. http://www.celebrityrockstarguitars.com/rock/harrison.htm. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
- ^ a b 50 Years of Gretsch Electrics, p. 65, Tony Bacon, Backbeat Books, 2005, ISBN 0-87930-822-2.
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul, p. 270.
- ^ The History of Rickenbacker Guitars, pp. 77–79, Richard R. Smith, Centerstream Publications, 1988, ISBN 0-931759-15-3.
- ^ Fretbase, George Harrison's 12 String Rickenbacker.
- ^ Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear, p. 120.
- ^ Christie's Rock and Pop Memorabilia, p. 82, Peter Doggett, Sarah Hodgson, Pavilion, 2003, ISBN 1-86205-538-6.
- ^ The Fender Stratocaster, p. 22, A. R. Duchossoir, Eric Clapton, Hal Leonard Corporation, 1994, ISBN 0-7935-4735-0.
- ^ Babiuk, Lewisohn, and Bacon, Beatles Gear, p 157.
- ^ "Carl Perkins". www.rockhall.com. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/carl-perkins. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ "Hall of Fame, Bo Diddley". www.rockabillyhall.com. http://www.rockabillyhall.com/heybo.html. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ "Guitar Songs – the World of Chuck Berry". www.articlesbase.com. http://www.articlesbase.com/music-articles/guitar-songs-the-world-of-chuck-berry-574423.html. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ "The Beatles". www.solarnavigator.net. http://www.solarnavigator.net/music/the_beatles.htm. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ a b Rowen, Beth (30 November 2001). "George Harrison: The Spiritual Leader of The Beatles". http://www.factmonster.com/spot/gharrison1.html. Retrieved 14 September 2007
- ^ "West meets East". www.icce.rug.nl. http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/VOLUME04/West_meets_east.shtml. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ Peter Lavezzoli. The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Bhairavi. The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. New York 2006. ISBN 0-8264-1815-5 ISBN 978-08264181592006. p175
- ^ Harrison, George. I Me Mine (1980) p. 84
- ^ Miles (1997) p. 554.
- ^ John Lennon: One Day at a Time: a Personal Biography of the Seventies, p. 96, Anthony Fawcett, New English Library, 20 January 1977, ISBN 0-450-03073-3.
- ^ Icons of Rock: An Encyclopedia of the Legends who Changed Music Forever, p. 174, Scott Schinder, Greenwood Press, 2008, ISBN 0-313-33846-9.
- ^ The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll: Revised and Updated for the 21st Century, p. 413, Holly George-Warren, Patricia Romanowski, Patricia Romanowski Bashe, Jon Pareles, Fireside, 2001, ISBN 0-7432-0120-5.
- ^ The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, p. 182, Peter Lavezzoli, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-8264-1815-5
- ^ a b All Music Guide to Rock, p. 508, Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Backbeat Books, 2002, ISBN 0-87930-653-X
- ^ a b Schaffner, The Boys from Liverpool, p 155.
- ^ All Music Guide: The Experts Guide to the Best Recordings, p. 181, Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Backbeat Books, 2001, ISBN 0-87930-627-0
- ^ In early 2007, it was determined that All Things Must Pass should have been noted as a number one album in the United Kingdom when first released in the winter of 1970–71. Because some sales were not properly counted, the album originally peaked at number four in Britain. "icLiverpool – Number one for Harrison at last". icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk. http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100regionalnews/tm_objectid=17476343&method=full&siteid=50061&headline=number-one-for-harrison-at-last-name_page.html. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, p 142.
- ^ a b The "My Sweet Lord"/"He's So Fine" Plagiarism Suit, Joseph C. Self, The 910, 1993. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ Huntley, Mystical One.
- ^ a b "Concert for Bangladesh". Concertforbangladesh. http://www.concertforbangladesh.com/. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ a b Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, pp 158–159.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, pp 111–112.
- ^ Greene, Here Comes the Sun, p 213.
- ^ "George Harrison > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4444/charts-awards/billboard-albums. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
- ^ Schaffner The Beatles Forever, pp. 209–210.
- ^ Nicholas Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, McGraw-Hill (New York, NY, 1978), p. 188.
- ^ a b Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, p 192.
- ^ Schaffner, The Boys from Liverpool, p 164.
- ^ a b Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, pp 108–109.
- ^ Schaffner, The Beatles Forever, p 145.
- ^ Without You: The Tragic Story of Badfinger, p 136, Dan Matovina, Frances Glover Books, 2000, ISBN 0-9657122-2-2
- ^ Shapiro, Behind Sad Eyes, p 219.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, p 59.
- ^ Shapiro, Behind Sad Eyes, p 220.
- ^ a b c Harry, The George Harrison Encyclopedia, p 247.
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- ^ Ingham, Rough Guide to The Beatles, p 159.
- ^ Harry, The George Harrison Encyclopedia, p 100.
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- ^ "Bob Dylan: Induction Year: 1988". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/bob-dylan. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ Harry, The George Harrison Encyclopedia, p 106.
- ^ "Thoughts on Carl: Carl's Funeral". Rockabilly Hall of Fame. http://www.rockabillyhall.com/CarlPerkins.html. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
- ^ "Small World Big Band". Jools Holland. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080603225013/http://www.joolsholland.com/smallworld.htm. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ "Grammy Award Winners". The New York Times. 8 December 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/ref/arts/music/08grammy-list.html. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
- ^ Bob Dylan: Performing Artist 1986–1990 & Beyond: Mind Out of Time pp129-138, Paul Williams, Omnibus Press, 2004, ISBN 1-84449-281-8. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ Hurwitz, Matt. "Wilburys set to travel again" USA Today 11 June 2007
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology, p 286.
- ^ Corliss, Richard (24 June 2001). "Free as a Beatle". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,133480,00.html. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
- ^ "The Beatles' biography". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080216002109/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thebeatles/biography. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g Davies, The Beatles 1985, pp 362–363.
- ^ "screenonline: Film Studios and Industry Bodies > HandMade Films". www.screenonline.org.uk. http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/499846/. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
- ^ "George Harrison (I)". www.imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0365600/#actor. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
- ^ a b Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture, Peter Childs and Mike Storry, Taylor & Francis, 1999, ISBN 0-415-14726-3 pp 245–246
- ^ Withnail & I: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know But Were Too Drunk to Ask, pp 26–27, Thomas Hewitt-McManus, Lulu.com, 2006, ISBN 1-4116-5821-3
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2006, p 243.
- ^ Ingham, Rough Guide to The Beatles, p 160.
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology, p 284.
- ^ a b The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, p. 172, Peter Lavezzoli, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-8264-1815-5
- ^ a b c d e Peter Lavezzoli. The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Bhairavi. The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc. New York 2006. ISBN 0-8264-1815-5 ISBN 978-08264181592006. p176
- ^ Everett, The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology, p 71.
- ^ The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, p. 173, Peter Lavezzoli, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-8264-1815-5
- ^ Partridge 2005, p. 153
- ^ "International Vegetarian Union – George Harrison". Ivu.org. http://www.ivu.org/people/music/harrison.html. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
- ^ "George Harrison biography". Shawstar. http://www.shawstar.com/music/george_harrison.htm. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
- ^ a b "George Harrison & Hinduism – His Idea of God & Reincarnation". Hinduism.about.com. http://hinduism.about.com/library/weekly/aa120501b.htm. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
- ^ Miles, Barry (2007). The Beatles Diary: An Intimate Day by Day History. World Publications Group. p. 210. ISBN 1-57215-010-6.
- ^ Crowther, Bosley (19 February 2007). "A Hard Day's Night (1964)". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/21522/A-Hard-Day-s-Night/overview. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
- ^ Udovitch, Mim; Wild, David (2 January 2002). "Tom Petty Remembers George". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tompetty/articles/story/5919468/tom_petty_remembers_george. Retrieved 31 October 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p 34.
- ^ The Complete Guide to the Music of Eric Clapton. books.google.co.uk. 24 April 1995. ISBN 978-0-7119-4305-6. http://books.google.com/?id=qpvlUrpH_xoC&pg=PA32&dq=%22L%27Angelo+Misterioso%22. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
- ^ a b "George Harrison". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/george-harrison. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
- ^ Whithall, Susan. "'Layla' speaks". The Detroit News. http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071002/ENT01/710020400/0/RSS. Retrieved 12 February 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Rutland Weekend Television". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/rutlandweekendtelevision/index.shtml. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ Greene, Here Comes the Sun, pp 226–227.
- ^ Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps 2003, p 68.
- ^ a b Davies, The Beatles 1985, p 360.
- ^ a b Huntley, Mystical One, p 170.
- ^ "George Harrison's Haven". architecturaldigest.com. August 2007. http://www.architecturaldigest.com/homes/features/2007/08/harrison_article_082007. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ Helen Altonn and Gary Kubota (30 November 2001). "George Harrison / 1943-2001". Archives.starbulletin.com. http://archives.starbulletin.com/2001/11/30/news/story1.html. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
- ^ An autobiographical sketch by John Lennon, titled after one of his songs, The Ballad of John and Yoko, was posthumously published in 1986 as part of his collection Skywriting by Word of Mouth.
- ^ Amazon.com, reviews
- ^ a b Cars of the Super Rich, p. 127, Martin Buckley, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2004, ISBN 0-7603-1953-7
- ^ "BBC On This Day 1955: Moss claims first Grand Prix victory". BBC News. 17 July 1955. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17/newsid_2981000/2981372.stm. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ Huntley, Mystical One, p 167.
- ^ "George Harrison car sells for $464,736 at UK's largest classic car auction – Classic cars, Vintage Racing, Classic Rally". Classicrallies.com. http://www.classicrallies.com/blog/index.php?/archives/905-George-Harrison-car-sells-for-464,736-at-UKs-largest-classic-car-auction.html. Retrieved 31 October 2008. [dead link]
- ^ a b "The Concert For Bangladesh". The Concert For Bangladesh. http://www.theconcertforbangladesh.com/. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ "Cinema: Sweet Sounds". Time. 17 April 1972. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944505,00.html. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ a b c "The George Harrison Fund for UNICEF". UNICEF. http://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/the-george-harrison-fund-for-u.html. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ "Ravi Shankar Receives First-Ever George Harrison Humanitarian Award". George Harrison. 13 October 2009. http://www.georgeharrison.com/#/news/archive/200910/ravi-shankar-receives-first-ever-george-harrison-humanitarian-award. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- ^ Lyall, Sarah (31 December 1999). "George Harrison Stabbed in Chest by an Intruder". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9800E4D81238F932A05751C1A96F958260. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ The Greedy Bastard Diary: A Comic Tour of America, pp 277–278, Eric Idle, Harper Entertainment, 2005, ISBN 0-06-075864-3
- ^ "Freed Beatle's attacker sorry". BBC News. 5 July 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2096082.stm. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
- ^ Lyall, Sarah (31 December 1999). "George Harrison Stabbed in Chest by an Intruder". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/31/world/george-harrison-stabbed-in-chest-by-an-intruder.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
- ^ Jury, Louise (4 May 2001). "George Harrison undergoes surgery for cancer". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/george-harrison-undergoes-surgery-for-cancer-683674.html. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ "George Harrison being treated in cancer clinic". Telegraph (London). 9 July 2001. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333302/George-Harrison-being-treated-in-cancer-clinic.html. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
- ^ Davies, Hugh (24 July 2001). "'Near death' story angers Harrison". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1335033/Near-death-story-angers-Harrison.html. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ Cohen, Nadia. "Harrison 'may have month to live'". London: Dailymail.co.uk. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-83048/Harrison-month-live.html. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ "George Harrison Receives Radiation Treatment". ABC News. 9 November 2001. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=117128&page=1last=Carpenter. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ "George Harrison reportedly has a week to live". Hollywood.com. 26 November 2001. http://www.hollywood.com/news/George_Harrison_reportedly_has_a_week_to_live/1098121. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ "Harrison death mystery solved". BBC News. 13 February 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1817780.stm. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
- ^ "George Harrison". www.oralcancerfoundation.org. http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/people/george_harrison.htm. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
- ^ The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, p. 198, Peter Lavezzoli, International Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-8264-1815-5.
- ^ Hinduism, p. 47, Lynne Gibson, Pat Wootten, 2002, ISBN 0-435-33618-5
- ^ "George Harrison (1943–2001)". Find A Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6010942. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
- ^ "Harrison leaves £99m will". BBC News. 29 November 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2525443.stm. Retrieved 19 September 2009. "Harrison left £99,226,700, reduced to £98,916,400 after expenses, a High Court spokeswoman confirmed."
- ^ Civil Action CV040033 (NGG) (PDF), Complaint, United States District Court, Eastern District of New York, The Estate of George Harrison v Gilbert Lederman. The allegations about the autograph appear on page 10 of the Complaint.
- ^ Goldman, Andrew (21 May 2005). "The Doctor Can't Help Himself". New York Magazine. http://nymag.com/nymetro/health/features/10817/. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ Glaberson, William (17 January 2004). "Harrison Estate Settles Suit Over Guitar Autographed by Dying Beatle". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/17/nyregion/harrison-estate-settles-suit-over-guitar-autographed-by-dying-beatle.html?fta=y. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ Concert for George (booklet). Burbank: Warner Brothers. 2003. 74546.
- ^ Commemorative booklet presented to each concertgoer upon entering the Royal Albert Hall on 29 November 2002, p. 12, London: Oops Publishing Ltd., 2002 (based on firsthand account of concert attendee; booklet in private collection).
- ^ The Beatles: A Diary, p. 172, Barry Miles, Chris Charlesworth, Omnibus Press, 1998, ISBN 0-7119-6315-0
- ^ "Results Page – Academy Awards Database – AMPAS". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1188500005584.
- ^ "Billboard Century Awards – Music Artists Biography – Music Artist Interviews". Billboard. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080430083553/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2005/century/archive.jsp. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
- ^ "(4149) Harrison". Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/special/rocknroll/0004149.html.
- ^ "UNICEF – Bangladesh – George Harrison honoured on 35th anniversary of 'Concert for Bangladesh'". www.unicef.org. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bangladesh_35176.html. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
- ^ "Former Beatle inducted into Madison Square Garden's 'Walk... – Truveo Video Search". www.truveo.com. http://www.truveo.com/Former-Beatle-inducted-into-Madison-Square-Gardens/id/240866508. Retrieved 19 December 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "TIME Magazine Cover: The Beatles – 22 September 1967 – The Beatles – Rock – Singers – Most Popular – Music". Time. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19670922,00.html. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
- ^ "Time Magazine – US Edition – 10 December 2001". Time magazine: p. 1 (cover). 10 December 2001. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601011210,00.html. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
- ^ Google.com[dead link]
- ^ "George Harrison to be Honored Posthumously with Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080704114702/http://www.hollywoodchamber.net/icons/upcoming_ceremonies.asp. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
- ^ Solvej, Schou. "Beatle George Harrison gets Hollywood star – The Daily Breeze". Associated Press. http://www.dailybreeze.com/ci_12141260. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
- ^ "Scorsese's George Harrison film gets Liverpool premiere". BBC News. 15 September 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-14931924. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ "Las Guitarras de George Harrison". http://www.joseperdicion.com/las-guitarras-de-george-harrison/. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "The Guitarrist". http://www.thecanteen.com/harrison1.html. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "George Harrison Chart History on the Billboard Albums". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4444/charts-awards/billboard-albums. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
- ^ "George Harrison Chart Trajectories on the UK Albums". http://homepage1.nifty.com/tuty/after_beatles_george_albumchartaction_uk.htm/. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
- ^ "norwegiancharts.com George Harrison discography". http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Harrison. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
- ^ "George Harrison Chart Trajectories on the Oricon Albums". http://homepage1.nifty.com/tuty/after_beatles_george_albumchartaction_japan.htm/. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
- ^ "Discographie George Harrison – austriancharts.at". http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Harrison. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
- ^ "swedishcharts.com – Discography George". http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Harrison. Retrieved 12 June 2008.
- ^ "RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by George Harrison". http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=George%20Harrison&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=50. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
- ^ BPI certified awards were introduced in April 1973.
- ^ "Platinum Awards Content – Harrison, George – Dark Horse". http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=23189. Retrieved 16 June 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Platinum Awards Content – Harrison, George – Thirty Three and a Third". http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=23190. Retrieved 16 June 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Platinum Awards Content – Harrison, George – Cloud Nine". http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=23192. Retrieved 16 June 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Platinum Awards Content – Harrison, George – Brainwashed". http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=30981. Retrieved 16 June 2008. [dead link]
References[link]
- Babiuk, Andy; Lewisohn, Mark; Bacon, Tony (2002). Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio. Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-731-5.
- Davies, Hunter (1985). The Beatles (Second Revised ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-015526-7.
- Everett, Walter (2001). The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul. US: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514105-9.
- Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology. US: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512941-5.
- Frame, Pete (1999). Pete Frame's Rockin' Around Britain: Rock'n'roll Landmarks of the UK and Ireland. Music Sales Group. ISBN 0-7119-6973-6.
- Giuliano, Geoffrey (1997). Dark Horse: The Life and Art of George Harrison (Revised ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80747-5.
- Greene, Joshua M (2007). Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-470-12780-5.
- Harrison, George (1980). I, Me, Mine. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-42787-3.
- Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. Virgin Publishing. ISBN 0-7535-0481-2.
- Harry, Bill (2003). The George Harrison Encyclopedia. Virgin Books Ltd. ISBN 0-7535-0822-2.
- Higgins, Jon B; Ishwaran, K (1978). Contributions to Asian Studies. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-05809-5.
- Huntley, Elliot J (2004). Mystical One: George Harrison: After the Break-up of the Beatles. Guernica Editions. ISBN 1-55071-197-0.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2005). The re-enchantment of the West: alternative spiritualities, sacralisation, popular culture, and occulture (illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-567-08269-5. http://books.google.com/?id=g05THJPH5xUC&pg=PA153.
- Ingham, Chris (2003). The Rough Guide to the Beatles: The Story, the Song, the Solo Years. Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-140-2.
- Leng, Simon (2003). While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison. SAF Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-946719-50-0.
- Leng, Simon (2006). While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison (Revised ed.). Hal Leonard. ISBN 1-4234-0609-5.
- Miles, Barry (2007). The Beatles Diary: An Intimate Day by Day History. East Bridgewater, MA: World Publications Group. ISBN 1-57215-010-6.
- Miles, Barry; Badman, Keith (2001). The Beatles Diary: The Beatles Years. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-8308-9.
- Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-8167-1.
- Roberty, Marc; Charlesworth, Chris (1995). The Complete Guide to the Music of Eric Clapton. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-4305-2.
- Schaffner, Nicholas (1977). The Beatles Forever. Harrisburg: Cameron House. ISBN 0-8117-0225-1.
- Schaffner, Nicholas (1980). The Boys from Liverpool: John, Paul, George, and Ringo. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-416-30661-6.
- Shapiro, Marc (2002). Behind Sad Eyes: The Life of George Harrison. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-30993-7.
- Unterberger, Richie (2002). Turn! Turn! Turn!: The '60s Folk-rock Revolution. Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-703-X.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: George Harrison |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: George Harrison |
- GeorgeHarrison.com — Official Site
- RollingStone.com – George's Greatest Musical Moments
- George Harrison at The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
- George Harrison – Daily Telegraph obituary
- George Harrison at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about George Harrison in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Genesis Publications – Concert for George: A Celebration of the Life of George Harrison
- Interview with Paul Cashmere
- BBC news article on Harrison's death, George Harrison: Life in pictures and UK version with different pictures
- George and other Beatles at Tittenhurst Hare Krishna temple
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Harrison, George |
| Alternative names | Wax, Arthur; Mysterioso, L'Angelo; Wilbury, Nelson |
| Short description | Rock musician |
| Date of birth | (1943-02-25)25 February 1943 |
| Place of birth | Liverpool, England, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | 29 November 2001(2001-11-29) |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States of America |
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) |
The Smothers Brothers are Thomas ("Tom" - born February 2, 1937) and Richard ("Dick" - born November 20, 1939), American singers, musicians, comedians and folk heroes. The brothers' trademark act was performing folk songs (Tommy on acoustic guitar, Dick on string bass), which usually led to arguments between the siblings. Tommy's signature line was, "Mom always liked you best!" Tommy (the elder of the two) acted "slow", and Dick, the straight man, acted "superior".
In the 1960s, the brothers frequently appeared on television variety shows and issued several popular record albums of their stage performances. Their own television variety show, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, became one of the most controversial American TV programs of the Vietnam War era. Despite popular success, the brothers' penchant for material that was critical of the political mainstream and sympathetic to the emerging counterculture led to their firing by the CBS network in 1969. One show was left unaired.[1]
The brothers continued to work, both independently and as a team, on stage and television, and in films during subsequent decades.
Contents |
Early years[link]
The brothers were both born on Governors Island in New York Harbor, where their father, Thomas B. Smothers, Jr., a West Point graduate and U.S. Army officer, was stationed.[2] Tom was born on February 2, 1937,[2] and Dick was born on November 20, 1939.[3] Major Smothers served in the 45th Infantry Regiment (Philippine Scouts) and died during World War II, while being transported from a Japanese prisoner of war camp in Fukuoka, Japan, to a POW camp in Mukden, Manchukuo.[2] They were raised by their mother in the Los Angeles area.
They graduated from Redondo Union High School in Redondo Beach, California, and attended San Jose State University. After a brief time in a folk group called the Casual Quintet, the Smothers made their first professional appearance as a duo in February 1959 at The Purple Onion in San Francisco.[citation needed] They were a popular act in clubs and released several successful record albums, the most successful being The Smothers Brothers at the Purple Onion in 1961. Their first national television appearance was on The Jack Paar Show on January 28, 1961.[4]
The brothers appeared in a segment of the television series Burke's Law, in 1964, in which they played two compulsive hoarders.[3] Their first television series was a situation comedy, The Smothers Brothers Show (1965–1966).[5] Tom played an angel come back to earth to oversee his brother Dick, who played a swinging bachelor. It did not do well in the ratings and had little of the music that was identified with the brothers. Tom would later[when?] say "Four Star (the production company) gave me ulcers."[citation needed]
[edit] The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour
History[link]
The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour started out as only a slightly "hip" version of the typical comedy-variety show of its era, but rapidly evolved into a show that extended the boundaries of what was considered permissible in television satire.[6][7] While the Smothers themselves were at the forefront of these efforts, credit also goes to the roster of writers and regular performers they brought to the show, including Steve Martin, Don Novello ("Father Guido Sarducci"), Rob Reiner, Presidential candidate Pat Paulsen, Bob Einstein ("Super Dave Osborne", "Marty Funkhouser", and "Officer Judy"), Einstein's brother, Albert (who works professionally as Albert Brooks), and resident hippie Leigh French ("Share a Little Tea with Goldie"). The show also introduced audiences to pop singer Jennifer Warnes (originally billed as Jennifer Warren or simply Jennifer), who was a regular on the series. The television premiere of Mason Williams' hit record, Classical Gas, took place on the show; Williams was also the head writer for the series.
Musical guests[link]
The series showcased new musical artists that other comedy-variety shows rarely gave airtime, due to the nature of their music or their political affiliations.[citation needed] George Harrison, Joan Baez, Buffalo Springfield, Cass Elliot, Harry Belafonte, Cream, Donovan, The Doors, Janis Ian, Jefferson Airplane, Peter, Paul and Mary, Spanky and Our Gang, Steppenwolf, The Who, Simon and Garfunkel, and even Pete Seeger were showcased during the latter years of the show despite the advertiser-sensitive nature of their music.
Seeger's appearance was his first appearance on network television since being blacklisted in the 1950s; it became controversial because of his song choice: Waist Deep in the Big Muddy, an anti-war song that the network perceived was an insult to Lyndon Johnson and his Vietnam War policy. The song was censored on Seeger's first appearance but permitted on a later appearance.
In 1968, the show broadcast in successive weeks "music videos" (not called that at the time) for The Beatles' popular songs Hey Jude and Revolution. Before a rowdy crowd at the Los Angeles Forum, Jimi Hendrix dedicated I Don't Live Today to the Smothers Brothers, as heard on The Jimi Hendrix Box Set.
The Who incident[link]
The performance by The Who in 1967 was another defining moment in the series. As they often did during that period, The Who destroyed their instruments at the conclusion of their performance of "My Generation", with the usual addition of mild explosives for light pyrotechnic effect. The piece would end with guitarist Pete Townshend grabbing Tommy's guitar and smashing it. On the Smothers Brothers show that night, a small amount of explosive was put into the small cannon that Keith Moon kept in his bass drum. But it didn't go off during the rehearsal. Unbeknownst to Moon, a stage hand had added another explosive before the taping, and later Moon added another charge so that now there were three explosive charges in the cannon instead of one.[8] When Moon detonated it, the explosion was so intense that a piece of cymbal shrapnel cut into Moon's arm; Moon is heard moaning in pain toward the end of the piece. Townshend, who had been in front of Moon's drums at the time, had his hair singed by the blast; he is seen putting out sparks in his hair before finishing the sketch with a visibly shocked Tommy Smothers. Allegedly, the blast contributed heavily to Townshend's long-term hearing loss.
Controversies and cancellation[link]
With the focus of the show having evolved towards a more youth-oriented one,[9] the show became both popular and controversial for those same references to youth culture and the issues that both interested and affected this particular target audience. Three specific targets of satire — racism, the President of the United States, and the Vietnam War — would wind up defining the show's content for the remainder of its run, and eventually lead to its demise.[10]
Whereas most older audiences were tuning into shows like the western Bonanza, the younger generation — ages 15–25 — were watching the Smothers' more socially relevant humor.
The Brothers soon found themselves in regular conflicts with CBS' network censors. At the start of the 1968/69 season, the network ordered that the Smothers deliver their shows finished and ready to air ten days before airdate so that the censors could edit the shows as necessary. In the season premiere, CBS deleted the entire segment of Belafonte singing "Lord, Don't Stop the Carnival" against a backdrop of the havoc during the 1968 Democratic National Convention, along with two lines from a satire of their main competitor, Bonanza. As the year progressed, battles over content continued, including a David Steinberg sermon about Moses and the Burning Bush.
With some local stations making their own deletions of controversial skits or comments, the continuing problems over the show reached a boiling point after CBS showed a rerun on March 9, 1969. The network explained the decision by stating that because that week's episode did not arrive in time to be previewed, it would not be shown. In that program, Joan Baez paid tribute to her then-husband–David Harris–who was entering jail after refusing military service, while comedian Jackie Mason made a joke about children "playing doctor." When the show finally did air, two months later, the network allowed Baez to state that her husband was in prison, but edited out the reason.
Despite the conflict, the show was picked up for the 1969-70 season on March 14, seemingly ending the debate over the show's status. However, network CEO and President, William S. Paley, abruptly canceled the show on April 4, 1969. The reason given by CBS was based on the Smothers' refusal to meet the pre-air delivery dates as specified by the network in order to accommodate review by the censors before airing. This cancellation led the Brothers to file a successful breach of contract suit against the network, although the suit failed to see the Brothers or their show returned to the air.[11] Despite this cancellation, the show went on to win the Emmy Award that year for best writing. The saga of the cancellation of the show is the subject of a 2002 documentary film, Smothered.[12]
Later career and retirement[link]
The Smothers Brothers had further television shows: a 1968 CBS summer replacement series, The Summer Brothers Smothers Show;[13] The Smothers Brothers Show (1975),[14] initially produced by Joe Hamilton (who concurrently produced The Carol Burnett Show, starring his wife), which was an unsuccessful attempt to recapture the look and feel of the original comedy-variety series without the controversy; and The Tom and Dick Smothers Brothers Specials I and II in 1980.
In 1978, the brothers starred in a replacement cast for I Love My Wife, Cy Coleman's and Michael Stewart's Broadway musical satire on the sexual revolution of the 1970s, directed by Gene Saks.
In 1981, Tom and Dick Smothers played non-brothers in a light TV drama, set in San Francisco, titled Fitz and Bones. Both characters worked at a Bay Area television station; Tom played cameraman Bones Howard and Dick played Ryan Fitzpatrick, an investigative reporter. The show was cancelled after five episodes.[15]
Later, there was The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1988–1989).[16] This show began production during a 1988 Writers Guild of America strike. As writer-performers, the brothers were allowed to perform their own material during the strike, as were their staff and guest stars. Prior to this they had reportedly saved an episode of Saturday Night Live by breaking through a picket line and hosting the show against the union's wishes; the episode was a ratings smash the likes of which the series had not seen since the 1970s.[citation needed]
The Smothers Brothers also lent their (uncredited) singing voices to "Tom and Tom, the Brothers Brothers" in In Living Color (1990–1994), and guest starred on Bonnie Hunt's Life With Bonnie in 2004.
| “ | We still disagree about everything. I mean, he's more conservative politically and also is a pragmatist. He's very pragmatic and wants everything to line up and put in a box. And I'm a little bit looser. | ” |
|
—Tommy Smothers (on his brother Dick), |
||
The brothers have worked independently as well; Dick has appeared as an actor in films, including a rare dramatic role as a Nevada state senator in Martin Scorsese's Casino. Tom appeared in the 2005 made-for-television movie Once Upon a Mattress.
They appeared in the documentary The Aristocrats in 2005, and had separate cameos in the 2009 film The Informant!. In December 2009, the duo guest starred in a 21st-season episode of The Simpsons that also featured Cooper, Peyton and Eli Manning.[18]
After more than 51 years of touring, the Smothers Brothers officially announced their retirement from touring during their final performance at the Orleans Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, on Sunday May 16, 2010.[19] The affair was kept low key with some family members and friends in attendance.
The brothers operate the Remick Ridge Vineyards (Remick was their mother's maiden name) in Sonoma County, California.
Marcy Smothers, Tom's wife, went to film school at UCLA and was Tom's producer before they married. Marcy hosted a news/talk show on KSRO, Santa Rosa, California; then moved to KGO, the market leader in San Francisco, for 18 months; and then did a syndicated show "The Food Guy and Marcy" with Guy Fieri from 2006 to 2009 (available, in 2011, online). In mid-2011, Marcy was marketing a new show, titled "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner?"[20]
Awards[link]
In 2003, the brothers were awarded the George Carlin Freedom of Expression Award from the Video Software Dealers’ Association. The award recognizes the brothers' “extraordinary comic gifts and their unfailing support of the First Amendment.” In the same year, they both received Honorary Doctorate Degrees from San Jose State University. The Boston Comedy Festival presented a Lifetime Achievement Award to the brothers in 2008.[4]
In September 2008, during the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards, Tommy Smothers, a lead writer of The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, was belatedly awarded a 1968 Emmy for Outstanding Writing In A Comedic Series. In 1968, Tommy Smothers had refused to let his name be on the list of writers nominated for the Emmy because he felt his name was too controversial, and thus when the writing staff won he was the only member not to receive the award.[4][21]
The Smothers Brothers were inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2010.
Discography[link]
- 1961: The Smothers Brothers at the Purple Onion
- 1962: The Two Sides of the Smothers Brothers
- 1963: Think Ethnic!
- 1963: Curb Your Tongue, Knave!
- 1964: It Must Have Been Something I Said!
- 1965: Tour de Farce: American History and Other Unrelated Subjects
- 1965: Aesop's Fables
- 1966: Mom Always Liked You Best!
- 1966: The Smothers Brothers Play It Straight
- 1968: Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour
- 1969: Golden Hits of the Smothers Brothers, Vol. 2
- 1988: Sibling Revelry: The Best of the Smothers Brothers
References[link]
- ^ Dick and Tommy Smothers, "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" - "The Best of Season 3", copyright Time-Life DVD. Originally aired on the "E" network.
- ^ a b c Tom Smothers at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ a b Dick Smothers at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ a b c "The Smothers Brothers Biography". smothersbrothers.com. http://www.smothersbrothers.com/smobro_bios/sb_bio_.html.
- ^ The Smothers Brothers Show (1965) at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Dangerously Funny: The Uncensored Story of the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, by David Bianculli, Touchstone, 2009.
- ^ Fresh Air with Dave Davies, Nov. 30, 2009
- ^ O'reilly, Terry. "The Age of Persuasion season 5 "the Sound of Persuasion"". CBC and Pirate Radio Toronto. http://www.cbc.ca/ageofpersuasion/episode/season-5/2011/05/21/season-five-the-sound-of-persuasion-1/. Retrieved may 26th 2011.
- ^ Bodroghkozy, A. (2001). Groove Tube: Sixties Television and Youth Rebellion. Durham and London: Duke University Press
- ^ Dominick A. Miserandino (2004-02-04). "Tom Smothers Interview". Thecelebritycafe.com. http://thecelebritycafe.com/interviews/tom_smothers_2003_12.html. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
- ^ The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour from the Museum of Broadcast Communications
- ^ Smothered: The Censorship Struggles of the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ The Summer Brothers Smothers Show (1968) at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ The Smothers Brothers Show (1975) at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "Fitz and Bones". TV.com. 1969-12-31. http://www.tv.com/fitz-and-bones/show/11520/summary.html. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
- ^ The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1988) at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ July 22, 2006 interview with Tommy Smothers from Vancouver's comedycouch.com
- ^ Walker, Dave (August 7, 2009). "Add Cooper to Manning brothers' voices on 'The Simpsons'". The Times-Picayune (NOLA.com). http://www.nola.com/tv/index.ssf/2009/08/add_cooper_to_manning_brothers.html. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
- ^ Steve Friess Contributor (2010-05-18). "Smothers Brothers Retire - and Tom Explains Why". Aolnews.com. http://www.aolnews.com/entertainment/article/smothers-brothers-retire-and-tom-explains-why/19482530. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
- ^ Bolling, David, "Vegetablist, Homecooker, Marcy Smothers", Sonoma magazine, Summer 2011/June 28, 2011 10:48 am. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
- ^ Leopold, Todd (2008-09-21). "'Mad Men' wins best drama, '30 Rock' best comedy". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/TV/09/21/emmy.awards/index.html. Retrieved 2008-09-21. [dead link]
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Smothers Brothers |
- Official website
- Discography at SmothersBrothers.com
- Smothers Brothers discography at MusicBrainz
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http://wn.com/Smothers_Brothers
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smothers_Brothers
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Douglas Carl Engelbart ("Doug") | |
|---|---|
 Douglas Engelbart in 2008 |
|
| Born | (1925-01-30) January 30, 1925 (age 87) Portland, Oregon, USA |
| Citizenship | US |
| Nationality | US |
| Fields | Inventor |
| Institutions | Stanford Research Institute, Tymshare, McDonnell Douglas, Bootstrap Institute/Alliance, Doug Engelbart Institute |
| Alma mater | Oregon State College (BS); UC Berkeley (PhD) |
| Doctoral advisor | John R. Woodyard |
| Known for | Computer mouse, Hypertext, Groupware, Interactive Computing |
| Notable awards | National Medal of Technology, Lemelson-MIT Prize, Turing Award, Lovelace Medal, Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility, Fellow Award, Computer History Museum |
| Website | |
| dougengelbart.org | |
Douglas Carl Engelbart (born January 30, 1925) is an American inventor, and an early computer and internet pioneer. He is best known for his work on the challenges of human-computer interaction, resulting in the invention of the computer mouse,[1] and the development of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs. He is a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and networks to help cope with the world’s increasingly urgent and complex problems.[2]
Engelbart embedded a set of organizing principles in his lab, which he termed "bootstrapping strategy". He designed the strategy to accelerate the rate of innovation of his lab.[3]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Engelbart was born in Portland, Oregon on January 30, 1925 to Carl Louis Engelbart and Gladys Charlotte Amelia Munson Engelbart. He is of German, Swedish and Norwegian descent.[4]
He was the middle of three children, with a sister Dorianne (3 years older), and a brother David (14 months younger). They lived in Portland in his early years, and moved to the countryside to Johnson Creek when he was 9 or 10, after the death of his father. He graduated from Portland's Franklin High School in 1942.
Midway through his college studies at Oregon State University (then called Oregon State College), near the end of World War II, he was drafted into the US Navy, serving two years as a radar technician in the Philippines. On a small island, in a tiny hut on stilts, he first read Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think", which greatly inspired him.
He returned to Oregon State and completed his Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1948.
While at Oregon State, he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity.[citation needed] He was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Ames Research Center, where he worked through 1951.[5]
Career and accomplishments[link]
Epiphany[link]
Doug Engelbart's career was inspired in 1951 when he got engaged and suddenly realized he had no career goals beyond getting a good education and a decent job. Over several months he reasoned that:
- he would focus his career on making the world a better place;
- any serious effort to make the world better requires some kind of organized effort;
- harnessing the collective human intellect of all the people contributing to effective solutions was the key;
- if you could dramatically improve how we do that, you'd be boosting every effort on the planet to solve important problems—the sooner the better; and
- computers could be the vehicle for dramatically improving this capability.[citation needed]
In 1945, Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think",[7] a call to arms for making knowledge widely available as a national peacetime grand challenge. Doug had also read something about computers (a relatively recent phenomenon), and from his experience as a radar technician he knew that information could be analyzed and displayed on a screen. He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display "working stations", flying through information space, harnessing their collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways. Harnessing collective intellect, facilitated by interactive computers, became his life's mission at a time when computers were viewed as number crunching tools.
He enrolled in graduate school in electrical engineering at University of California, Berkeley, graduating with an Master of Science degree in 1953, and a Ph.D. in 1955.[5] As a graduate student at Berkeley he assisted in the construction of the California Digital Computer project CALDIC. His graduate work led to several patents.[8] After completing his PhD he stayed on at Berkeley as assistant professor to teach for a year, and left when it was clear he could not pursue his vision there. He then formed a startup, Digital Techniques, to commercialize some of his doctorate research on storage devices, but after a year decided instead to pursue the research he had been dreaming of since 1951. He took a position at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Menlo Park, California, in 1957. He initially worked for Hewitt Crane on magnetic devices and miniaturization of electronics; Engelbart and Crane became lifelong friends.
SRI and ARC[link]
At SRI, Engelbart gradually obtained over a dozen patents (some resulting from his graduate work), and by 1962 produced a report about his vision and proposed research agenda titled Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework.[9] This led to funding from ARPA to launch his work. Engelbart recruited a research team in his new Augmentation Research Center (ARC, the lab he founded at SRI), and became the driving force behind the design and development of the On-Line System, or NLS. He and his team developed computer-interface elements such as bit-mapped screens, the mouse, hypertext, collaborative tools, and precursors to the graphical user interface. He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas back in the mid-1960s, long before the personal computer revolution, at a time when most individuals were kept away from computers, and could only use computers through intermediaries (see batch processing), and when software tended to be written for vertical applications in proprietary systems.
Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in 1970, for the wooden shell with two metal wheels (computer mouse - U.S. Patent 3,541,541), which he had developed with Bill English, his lead engineer, a few years earlier. In the patent application it is described as an "X-Y position indicator for a display system". Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the "mouse" because the tail came out the end. His group also called the on-screen cursor a "bug", but this term was not widely adopted.
He never received any royalties for his mouse invention. During an interview, he says "SRI patented the mouse, but they really had no idea of its value. Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple for something like $40,000."
Engelbart showcased the chorded keyboard and many more of his and ARC's inventions in 1968 at the so-called mother of all demos.[10]
ARPANET[link]
Engelbart's research was funded by ARPA, SRI's ARC became involved with the ARPANET (the precursor of the Internet).
The first message on the ARPANET was sent by UCLA student programmer Charley Kline, at 10:30 p.m, on October 29, 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420.[11] Supervised by Leonard Kleinrock, Kline transmitted from the university's SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the Stanford Research Institute's SDS 940 Host computer. The message text was the word "login"; the "l" and the "o" letters were transmitted, but the system then crashed. Hence, the literal first message over the ARPANET was "lo". About an hour later, having recovered from the crash, the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full "login". The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21, 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By December 5, 1969, the entire four-node network was established.[12]
In addition to SRI and UCLA, UCSB, and the University of Utah were part of the original four network nodes. By December 5, 1969, the entire 4-node network was connected.
ARC soon became the first Network Information Center and thus managed the directory for connections among all ARPANET nodes. ARC also published a large percentage of the early Request For Comments, an ongoing series of publications that document the evolution of ARPANET into the Internet. Although the NIC at first used NLS, it was intended to be a production service to other network users, while Engelbart continued to focus on innovative research. This inherent conflict led to establishing the NIC as its own group, led by Elizabeth J. Feinler.[13]
Anecdotal notes[link]
Historian of science Thierry Bardini argues that Engelbart's complex personal philosophy (which drove all his research) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology.[14]
Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf. Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language, Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information, and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new, improved technologies. He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly, and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge-work.[14]
End of research career[link]
Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity after 1976. Several of Engelbart's researchers became alienated from him and left his organization for Xerox PARC, in part due to frustration, and in part due to differing views of the future of computing. Engelbart saw the future in collaborative, networked, timeshare (client-server) computers, which younger programmers rejected in favor of the personal computer. The conflict was both technical and social: the younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect, and personal computing was just barely on the horizon.
Engelbart served on the board of directors of Erhard Seminars Training (EST). Several key ARC personnel were also involved. Although EST had been recommended by other researchers, the controversial nature of EST and other social experiments reduced the morale and social cohesion of the ARC community.[14]
The Mansfield Amendment, the end of the Vietnam War, and the end of the Apollo program reduced ARC's funding from ARPA and NASA. SRI's management, which disapproved of Engelbart's approach to running the center, placed the remains of ARC under the control of artificial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael, who negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to a company called Tymshare. Engelbart's house in Atherton, California burned down during this period, causing him and his family even further problems. Tymshare took over NLS and the lab that Engelbart had founded, hired most of the lab's staff including its creator as a Senior Scientist, renamed the software Augment, and offered it as a commercial service via its new Office Automation Division. Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS; back when ARC was still operational, it had experimented with its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicomputer called OFFICE-1, as part of a joint project with ARC.
At Tymshare, Engelbart soon found himself marginalized and relegated to obscurity. Operational concerns at Tymshare overrode Engelbart's desire to do further research. Various executives, first at Tymshare and later at McDonnell Douglas (which took over Tymshare in 1984), expressed interest in his ideas, but never committed the funds or the people to further develop them. His interest inside of McDonnell Douglas was focused on the enormous knowledge management and IT requirements involved in the lifecycle of an aerospace program, which served to strengthen Doug's resolve to motivate the IT arena toward global interoperability and an open hyperdocument system.[15] Engelbart retired from McDonnell Douglas in 1986, determined pursue his work free from commercial pressure.
Teaming with his daughter, Christina Engelbart, in 1988 he founded the Bootstrap Institute to coalesce his ideas into a series of three-day and half-day management seminars offered at Stanford University 1989–2000. By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work, and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort. Although the invasion of Iraq and subsequent recession spawned a rash of belt-tightening reorganizations which drastically redirected the efforts of their alliance partners, they continued with the management seminars, consulting, and small-scale collaborations. In the mid-1990s they were awarded some DARPA funding to develop a modern user interface to Augment, called Visual AugTerm (VAT), while participating in a larger program addressing the IT requirements of the Joint Task Force.
Honors[link]
Since the late 1980s, prominent individuals and organizations have recognized the seminal importance of Engelbart's contributions:[16]
In December 1995, at the Fourth WWW Conference in Boston, he was the first recipient of what would later become the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award. In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $500,000, the world's largest single prize for invention and innovation, and the ACM Turing Award. To mark the 30th anniversary of Engelbart's 1968 demo, in 1998 the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives [1] and the Institute for the Future hosted Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution[2], a symposium at Stanford University's Memorial Auditorium, to honor Engelbart and his ideas. Also that year, ACM SIGCHI awarded him the CHI Lifetime Achievement Award (and inducted him into the CHI Academy in 2002).
Engelbart was awarded The Franklin Institute's Certificate of Merit in 1996 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1999 in Computer and Cognitive Science.
In early 2000 Engelbart produced, with volunteers and sponsors, what was called The Unfinished Revolution – II[3], also known as the Engelbart Colloquium at Stanford University, to document and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience (live, and online).[17][18]
In December 2000, US President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology, the United States' highest technology award.[19] In 2001 he was awarded a British Computer Society's Lovelace Medal, and in 2005 he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum and honored with the Norbert Wiener Award, which is given annually by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.
Robert X. Cringely did an hour long interview with Engelbart on December 9, 2005 in his NerdTV [4] video podcast series. On December 9, 2008, Engelbart was honored at the 40th Anniversary celebration of the 1968 "Mother of All Demos".[20] This event, produced by SRI International, was held at Memorial Auditorium at Stanford University. Speakers included several members of Engelbart's original Augmentation Research Center (ARC) team including Don Andrews, Bill Paxton, Bill English, and Jeff Rulifson, Engelbart's chief government sponsor Bob Taylor, and other pioneers of interactive computing, including Andy van Dam and Alan Kay. In addition, Christina Engelbart spoke about her father's early influences and the ongoing work of the Doug Engelbart Institute.[21] In June 2009, the New Media Consortium recognized Engelbart as an NMC Fellow [22] for his lifetime of achievements. In 2011, Engelbart was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI's Hall of Fame.[23][24]
Recent work and legacy[link]
Doug Engelbart attended Program for the Future 2010 Conference[25] where hundreds of people convened at The Tech Museum in San Jose and online to engage in dialog about how to pursue Doug Engelbart's vision to augment collective intelligence.
The most complete coverage of Engelbart's bootstrapping ideas can be found in Boosting Our Collective IQ,[26] by Douglas C. Engelbart, 1995. This is a special keepsake including three of Engelbart's key papers, artfully edited and produced into book form by Yuri Rubinsky and Christina Engelbart to commemorate the presentation of the 1995 SoftQuad Web Award to Doug Engelbart at the World Wide Web conference in Boston that December, honoring his early and seminal contribution to the hypertext systems. Only 2,000 softcover copies were printed, and 100 hardcover, numbered and signed by Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee. 30 pages, 5.5″×9″ includes Epilogue and details of the Award. Engelbart's book is now being republished by the Doug Engelbart Institute.[27]
Two comprehensive histories of Engelbart's laboratory and work are in What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry by John Markoff and A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century[5] by Donald Neilson. Other books on Engelbart and his laboratory include Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing by Thierry Bardini and The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart, by Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg in conversation with Douglas Engelbart.[28] All four of these books are based on interviews with Engelbart as well as other contributors in his laboratory.
Engelbart is now Founder Emeritus of the Doug Engelbart Institute, which he founded in 1988 with his daughter Christina Engelbart, who is now Executive Director. The Institute promotes Engelbart's philosophy for boosting Collective IQ—the concept of dramatically improving how we can solve important problems together—using a strategic bootstrapping approach for accelerating our progress toward that goal.[29]
In 2005 Engelbart received a National Science Foundation grant to fund the open source HyperScope [6] project. The Hyperscope team built a browser component using Ajax and DHTML designed to replicate Augment's multiple viewing and jumping capabilities (linking within and across various documents). HyperScope is perceived as the first step of a process designed to engage a wider community in a dialogue, on development of collaborative software and services, based on Engelbart's goals and research. The Doug Engelbart Institute is now based at SRI International.
Engelbart has served on the Advisory Boards of the University of Santa Clara Center for Science, Technology, and Society [7], Foresight Institute,[19] Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, The Technology Center of Silicon Valley, and The Hyperwords Company Ltd (producer of the Firefox Add-On called Hyperwords.[30]
Family[link]
Engelbart has four children, Gerda, Diana, Christina and Norman with his first wife of 47 years, Ballard who died in 1997. He has nine grandchildren. He remarried on January 26, 2008 to writer and producer Karen O'Leary Engelbart.[31][32] An 85th birthday celebration was held at the Tech Museum of Innovation.[33]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ BBC News Online: The Man behind the Mouse
- ^ The Unfinished Revolution II: Strategy and Means for Coping with Complex Problems, Colloquium at Stanford University, Jan–Mar 2000.
- ^ About a Bootstrapping Strategy: an introduction with links to source materials.
- ^ Lowood, Henry (Dec. 19, 1986): Douglas Engelbart Interview 1, Stanford and the Silicon Valley. Oral History Interviews.
- ^ a b Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart. "Curriculum Vitae". The Doug Engelbart Institute. http://dougengelbart.org/about/cv.html. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ The computer mouse turns 40. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
- ^ How Doug was influenced by Vannevar Bush's "As We May Think"
- ^ Engelbart Patents
- ^ Douglas C. Engelbart (October 1962). "Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework". SRI Summary Report AFOSR-3223. Prepared for: Director of Information Sciences, Air Force Office of Scientific Research. http://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3906.html. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ Engelbart, Douglas C., et al. (1968), "SRI-ARC. A technical session presentation at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco, December 9, 1968" (NLS demo ’68: The computer mouse debut), 11 film reels and 6 video tapes (100 min.), Engelbart Collection, Stanford University Library, Menlo Park (CA).
- ^ JESSICA SAVIO. "Browsing history: A heritage site is being set up in Boelter Hall 3420, the room the first Internet message originated in". UCLA Daily Bruin. http://www.dailybruin.com/index.php/article/2011/04/browsing_history.
- ^ Chris Sutton. "Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers". UCLA. Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20080308120314/http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/stories/2004/Internet35.htm.
- ^ "Elizabeth J. Feinler". SRI Alumni Hall of Fame. 2000. http://alumni.sri.com/hofbios/Elizabeth%20J.%20Feinler%202000.htm. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- ^ a b c Thierry Bardini; Michael Friedewald (2002). "Chronicle of the Death of a Laboratory: Douglas Engelbart and the Failure of the Knowledge Workshop". History of Technology 23: 192–212. http://www.friedewald-family.de/Publikationen/HoT2002.pdf.
- ^ About an Open Hyperdocument System an introduction with links to Doug's key writings on the subject
- ^ Honors Awarded to Doug Engelbart
- ^ http://scpd.stanford.edu/engelbart_colloquium/index.jsp Video archives of 2000 UnRev-II: Engelbart's Colloquium at Stanford
- ^ Video rchives of 1998"Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution" Symposium
- ^ a b "Douglas Engelbart, Foresight Advisor, Is Awarded National Medal of Technology". Foresight Update (Foresight Institute) 43. December 30, 2000.
- ^ Engelbart and the Dawn of Interactive Computing
- ^ The Doug Engelbart Institute
- ^ NMC Fellow award
- ^ "AI's Hall of Fame". IEEE Intelligent Systems (IEEE Computer Society) 26 (4): 5–15. 2011. DOI:10.1109/MIS.2011.64. http://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/ComputingNow/homepage/2011/0811/rW_IS_AIsHallofFame.pdf. edit
- ^ "IEEE Computer Society Magazine Honors Artificial Intelligence Leaders". DigitalJournal.com. August 24, 2011 (2011-08-24). http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/399442. Retrieved September 18, 2011 (2011-09-18). Press release source: PRWeb (Vocus).
- ^ Program for the Future
- ^ Engelbart Books
- ^ The Doug Engelbart Institute
- ^ "The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart"
- ^ Doug's Vision Highlights: Augmenting Society's Collective IQ
- ^ http://www.hyperwords.net/about_us_adv.html
- ^ "Celebrating Doug's 85th Birthday". Doug Engelbart Institute. http://dougengelbart.org/events/celebrating-dougs-85th-birthday.html. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ "Karen O'Leary, Palo Alto, Writer and Producer". Karen O'Leary Englebart. http://karenengelbart.com/. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ "Legends and Beginners of Science". San Jose Mercury News. January 31, 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Bardini, Thierry (2000). Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3723-1.
- Landau, Valerie; Clegg, Eileen (2009). The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart. Berkeley: Next Press. http://engelbartbook.com.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Douglas Engelbart |
 External audio |
|
|---|---|
| Audio | |
 |
"Collective IQ and Human Augmentation", Interview with Douglas Engelbart |
| Videos | |
 |
Doug Engelbart featured on JCN Profiles, Archive.org |
- Doug Engelbart's official website and home of the Doug Engelbart Institute (formerly Bootstrap)
- Engelbart course facilitated by Valerie Landau at CSU Monterey Bay
- U.C. Berkeley Lecture in IEOR 190C Feb. 2008
- Douglas C. Engelbart Papers, 1953-2005(call number M0638; 464 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries
- Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution; December 1998 at Stanford University
- Engelbart and the Dawn of Interactive Computing – December 9, 2008 – 40th anniversary commemorative event
- The History of Doug Engelbart and Interactive Computing
- As We May Work – the Pursuit of Collective IQ, from IBM Symposium site
- Wired article: The Click Heard Round The World
- Transcript of 2003 visit to San Jose State University
- Doug Engelbart: Father of the Mouse
- Doug Engelbart 1968 Demo Original 90-minute video from MouseSite
- OpenAugment Consortium, dedicated to the preservation of the Augment system
- SRI mouse
- Doug Engelbart Video Archives, Archive.org
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|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Engelbart, Douglas C. |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Inventor |
| Date of birth | (1925-01-30) January 30, 1925 (age 87) |
| Place of birth | Oregon |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Douglas_Engelbart
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Ella Fitzgerald | |
|---|---|
 photo by Carl Van Vechten, 1940 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Ella Jane Fitzgerald |
| Also known as | First Lady of Song, Lady Ella |
| Born | (1917-04-25)April 25, 1917 Newport News, Virginia |
| Died | June 15, 1996(1996-06-15) (aged 79) Beverly Hills, California |
| Genres | Swing, traditional pop, vocal jazz |
| Occupations | Vocalist |
| Instruments | Piano |
| Years active | 1934-1993 |
| Labels | Capitol, Decca, Pablo, Reprise, Verve |
| Website | Official website |
Ella Jane Fitzgerald (April 25, 1917 – June 15, 1996), also known as the "First Lady of Song", "Queen of Jazz", and "Lady Ella", was an American jazz and song vocalist.[1] With a vocal range spanning three octaves (D♭3 to D♭6), she was noted for her purity of tone, impeccable diction, phrasing and intonation, and a "horn-like" improvisational ability, particularly in her scat singing.
Fitzgerald was a notable interpreter of the Great American Songbook.[2] Over the course of her 59-year recording career, she was the winner of 13 Grammy Awards and was awarded the National Medal of Arts by Ronald Reagan and the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George H. W. Bush.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Fitzgerald was born in Newport News, Virginia, the child of a common-law marriage between William and Temperance "Tempie" Fitzgerald.[3] The pair separated soon after her birth and she and her mother went to Yonkers, New York, where they eventually moved in with Tempie's longtime boyfriend, Joseph Da Silva. Fitzgerald's half-sister, Frances Da Silva, was born in 1923. She and her family were Methodists and were active in the Bethany African Methodist Episcopal Church and she regularly attended worship services, Bible study, and Sunday School.[4][5]
In her youth Fitzgerald wanted to be a dancer, although she loved listening to jazz recordings by Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby and The Boswell Sisters. She idolized the lead singer Connee Boswell, later saying, "My mother brought home one of her records, and I fell in love with it....I tried so hard to sound just like her."[6]
In 1932, her mother died from a heart attack.[3] Following this trauma, Fitzgerald's grades dropped dramatically and she frequently skipped school. Abused by her stepfather, she was first taken in by an aunt [7] and at one point worked as a lookout at a bordello and also with a Mafia-affiliated numbers runner.[8] When the authorities caught up with her, she was first placed in the Colored Orphan Asylum in Riverdale, the Bronx.[9] However, when the orphanage proved too crowded she was moved to the New York Training School for Girls in Hudson, New York, a state reformatory. Eventually she escaped and for a time was homeless.[7]
She made her singing debut at 17 on November 21, 1934, at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, New York. She pulled in a weekly audience at the Apollo and won the opportunity to compete in one of the earliest of its famous "Amateur Nights". She had originally intended to go on stage and dance but, intimidated by the Edwards Sisters, a local dance duo, she opted to sing instead in the style of Connee Boswell. She sang Boswell's "Judy" and "The Object of My Affection," a song recorded by the Boswell Sisters, and won the first prize of US$25.00.[10]
Later life[link]
Fitzgerald married at least twice, and there is evidence that she may have married a third time. In 1941 she married Benny Kornegay, a convicted drug dealer and local dockworker. The marriage was annulled after two years.
Her second marriage, in December 1947, was to the famous bass player Ray Brown, whom she had met while on tour with Dizzy Gillespie's band a year earlier. Together they adopted a child born to Fitzgerald's half-sister, Frances, whom they christened Ray Brown, Jr. With Fitzgerald and Brown often busy touring and recording, the child was largely raised by her aunt, Virginia. Fitzgerald and Brown divorced in 1953, bowing to the various career pressures both were experiencing at the time, though they would continue to perform together.[6]
In July 1957, Reuters reported that Fitzgerald had secretly married Thor Einar Larsen, a young Norwegian, in Oslo. She had even gone as far as furnishing an apartment in Oslo, but the affair was quickly forgotten when Larsen was sentenced to five months hard labor in Sweden for stealing money from a young woman to whom he had previously been engaged.[3]
Fitzgerald was also notoriously shy. Trumpet player Mario Bauza, who played behind Fitzgerald in her early years with Chick Webb, remembered that "she didn’t hang out much. When she got into the band, she was dedicated to her music….She was a lonely girl around New York, just kept herself to herself, for the gig."[3] When, later in her career, the Society of Singers named an award after her, Fitzgerald explained, "I don't want to say the wrong thing, which I always do. I think I do better when I sing."[10]
Already visually impaired by the effects of diabetes, Fitzgerald had both her legs amputated in 1993.[3] In 1996 she died of the disease in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 79. She is buried in the Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.[11] The career history and archival material from Ella's long career are housed in the Archives Center at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History while her personal music arrangements are at The Library of Congress. Her extensive cookbook collection was donated to the Schlesinger Library at Harvard University while her published sheet music collection is at the Schoenberg Library at UCLA.
Career[link]
Big-band singing[link]
In January 1935, Fitzgerald won the chance to perform for a week with the Tiny Bradshaw band at the Harlem Opera House. She met drummer and bandleader Chick Webb there. Webb had already hired singer Charlie Linton to work with the band and was, The New York Times later wrote, "reluctant to sign her....because she was gawky and unkempt, a diamond in the rough."[6] Webb offered her the opportunity to test with his band when they played a dance at Yale University.
She began singing regularly with Webb's Orchestra through 1935 at Harlem's Savoy Ballroom. Fitzgerald recorded several hit songs with them, including "Love and Kisses" and "(If You Can't Sing It) You'll Have to Swing It (Mr. Paganini)". But it was her 1938 version of the nursery rhyme, "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", a song she co-wrote, that brought her wide public acclaim.
Chick Webb died on June 16, 1939, and his band was renamed "Ella and her Famous Orchestra" with Ella taking on the role of nominal bandleader. Fitzgerald recorded nearly 150 sides with the orchestra before it broke up in 1942, "the majority of them novelties and disposable pop fluff".[6]
Decca years[link]
In 1942, Fitzgerald left the band to begin a solo career. Now signed to the Decca label, she had several popular hits while recording with such artists as the Ink Spots, Louis Jordan, and the Delta Rhythm Boys.
With Decca's Milt Gabler as her manager, she began working regularly for the jazz impresario Norman Granz and appeared regularly in his Jazz at the Philharmonic (JATP) concerts. Fitzgerald's relationship with Granz was further cemented when he became her manager, although it would be nearly a decade before he could record her on one of his many record labels.
With the demise of the Swing era and the decline of the great touring big bands, a major change in jazz music occurred. The advent of bebop led to new developments in Fitzgerald's vocal style, influenced by her work with Dizzy Gillespie's big band. It this in was period that Fitzgerald started including scat singing as a major part of her performance repertoire. While singing with Gillespie, Fitzgerald recalled, "I just tried to do [with my voice] what I heard the horns in the band doing."[10]
Her 1945 scat recording of "Flying Home" arranged by Vic Schoen would later be described by The New York Times as "one of the most influential vocal jazz records of the decade....Where other singers, most notably Louis Armstrong, had tried similar improvisation, no one before Miss Fitzgerald employed the technique with such dazzling inventiveness."[6] Her bebop recording of "Oh, Lady be Good!" (1947) was similarly popular and increased her reputation as one of the leading jazz vocalists.[citation needed]
Move to Verve and mainstream success[link]
Further information: The Complete Ella Fitzgerald Songbooks
Fitzgerald was still performing at Granz's JATP concerts by 1955. She left Decca and Granz, now her manager, created Verve Records around her.
Fitzgerald later described the period as strategically crucial, saying, "I had gotten to the point where I was only singing be-bop. I thought be-bop was 'it', and that all I had to do was go some place and sing bop. But it finally got to the point where I had no place to sing. I realized then that there was more to music than bop. Norman ... felt that I should do other things, so he produced The Cole Porter Songbook with me. It was a turning point in my life."[6]
Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Cole Porter Songbook, released in 1956, was the first of eight multi-album Songbook sets Fitzgerald would record for Verve at irregular intervals from 1956 to 1964. The composers and lyricists spotlighted on each set, taken together, represent the greatest part of the cultural canon known as the Great American Songbook. Her song selections ranged from standards to rarities and represented an attempt by Fitzgerald to cross over into a non-jazz audience.
Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Songbook was the only Songbook on which the composer she interpreted played with her. Duke Ellington and his longtime collaborator Billy Strayhorn both appeared on exactly half the set's 38 tracks and wrote two new pieces of music for the album: "The E and D Blues" and a four-movement musical portrait of Fitzgerald (the only Songbook track on which Fitzgerald does not sing). The Songbook series ended up becoming the singer's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful work, and probably her most significant offering to American culture. The New York Times wrote in 1996, "These albums were among the first pop records to devote such serious attention to individual songwriters, and they were instrumental in establishing the pop album as a vehicle for serious musical exploration."[6]
A few days after Fitzgerald's death, New York Times columnist Frank Rich wrote that in the Songbook series Fitzgerald "performed a cultural transaction as extraordinary as Elvis's contemporaneous integration of white and African-American soul. Here was a black woman popularizing urban songs often written by immigrant Jews to a national audience of predominantly white Christians."[8] Frank Sinatra was moved out of respect for Fitzgerald to block Capitol Records from re-releasing his own recordings in a similar, single composer vein.
Fitzgerald also recorded albums exclusively devoted to the songs of Porter and Gershwin in 1972 and 1983; the albums being, respectively, Ella Loves Cole and Nice Work If You Can Get It. A later collection devoted to a single composer was released during her time with Pablo Records, Ella Abraça Jobim, featuring the songs of Antonio Carlos Jobim.
While recording the Songbooks and the occasional studio album, Fitzgerald toured 40 to 45 weeks per year in the United States and internationally, under the tutelage of Norman Granz. Granz helped solidify her position as one of the leading live jazz performers.[6]
In the mid-1950s, Fitzgerald became the first African-American to perform at the Mocambo, after Marilyn Monroe had lobbied the owner for the booking. The booking was instrumental in Fitzgerald's career. The incident was turned into a play by Bonnie Greer in 2005. There are several live albums on Verve that are highly regarded by critics. Ella at the Opera House shows a typical JATP set from Fitzgerald. Ella in Rome and Twelve Nights In Hollywood display her vocal jazz canon. Ella in Berlin is still one of her best selling albums; it includes a Grammy-winning performance of "Mack the Knife" in which she forgets the lyrics, but improvises magnificently to compensate.
Voice[link]
As Will Friedwald noted,
Unlike any other singer you could name, Fitzgerald has the most amazing asset in the very sound of her voice: it's easily one of the most beautiful and sonically perfect sounds known to man. Even if she couldn't do anything with it, the instrument that Fitzgerald starts with is dulcet and pure and breathtakingly beautiful. As Henry Pleasants has observed, she has a wider range than most opera singers, and many of the latter, including Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, are among her biggest fans. And the intonation that goes with the voice is, to put it conservatively, God-like. Fitzgerald simply exists in tune, and she hits every note that there is without the slightest trace of effort. Other singers tend to sound like they're trying to reach up to a note - Fitzgerald always sounds like she's already there. If anything, she's descending from her heavenly perch and swooping down to whatever pitch she wants.[12]
Henry Pleasants, an American classical-music critic, wrote this about her:
She has a lovely voice, one of the warmest and most radiant in its natural range that I have heard in a lifetime of listening to singers in every category. She has an impeccable and ultimately sophisticated rhythmic sense, and flawless intonation. Her harmonic sensibility is extraordinary. She is endlessly inventive... it is not so much what she does, or even the way she does it, it's what she does not do. What she does not do, putting it simply as possible, is anything wrong. There is simply nothing in performance to which one would take exception... Everything seems to be just right. One would not want it any other way. Nor can one, for a moment imagine it any other way.[13] Fitzgerald had an extraordinary vocal range. A mezzo-soprano (who sang much lower than most classical contraltos), she had a range of “2 octaves and a sixth from a low D or D flat to a high C flat and possibly higher”.[13]
Later years[link]
Verve Records was sold to MGM in 1963 for $3 million and in 1967 MGM failed to renew Fitzgerald's contract. Over the next five years she flitted between Atlantic, Capitol and Reprise. Her material at this time represented a departure from her typical jazz repertoire. For Capitol she recorded Brighten the Corner, an album of hymns, Ella Fitzgerald's Christmas, an album of traditional Christmas carols, Misty Blue, a country and western-influenced album, and 30 by Ella, a series of six medleys that fulfilled her obligations for the label. During this period, she had her last US chart single with a cover of Smokey Robinson's "Get Ready", previously a hit for The Temptations, and some months later a top-five hit for Rare Earth.
The surprise success of the 1972 album Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72 led Granz to found Pablo Records, his first record label since the sale of Verve. Fitzgerald recorded some 20 albums for the label. Ella in London recorded live in 1974 with pianist Tommy Flanagan, guitarist Joe Pass, bassist Keter Betts and drummer Bobby Durham, was considered by many to be some of her best work. The following year she again performed with Joe Pass on German television station NDR in Hamburg. Her years with Pablo Records also documented the decline in her voice. "She frequently used shorter, stabbing phrases, and her voice was harder, with a wider vibrato", one biographer wrote.[3] Plagued by health problems, Fitzgerald made her last recording in 1991 and her last public performances in 1993.[14]
Film and television[link]
In her most notable screen role, Fitzgerald played the part of singer Maggie Jackson in Jack Webb's 1955 jazz film Pete Kelly's Blues. The film costarred Janet Leigh and singer Peggy Lee. Even though she had already worked in the movies (she had sung briefly in the 1942 Abbott and Costello film Ride 'Em Cowboy), she was "delighted" when Norman Granz negotiated the role for her, and, "at the time....considered her role in the Warner Brothers movie the biggest thing ever to have happened to her."[3] Amid The New York Times' pan of the film when it opened in August 1955, the reviewer wrote, "About five minutes (out of ninety-five) suggest the picture this might have been. Take the ingenious prologue ... [or] take the fleeting scenes when the wonderful Ella Fitzgerald, allotted a few spoken lines, fills the screen and sound track with her strong mobile features and voice."[15] Fitzgerald's race precluded major big-screen success. After Pete Kelly's Blues, she appeared in sporadic movie cameos, in St. Louis Blues (1958), and Let No Man Write My Epitaph (1960). Much later, she appeared in the 1980s television drama The White Shadow.
She made numerous guest appearances on television shows, singing on The Frank Sinatra Show, The Andy Williams Show, The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, and alongside other greats Nat King Cole, Dean Martin, Mel Tormé, and many others. Perhaps her most unusual and intriguing performance was of the 'Three Little Maids' song from Gilbert and Sullivan's comic operetta The Mikado alongside Joan Sutherland and Dinah Shore on Shore's weekly variety series in 1963. A performance at "Ronnie Scott's" jazz club in London was filmed and shown on the BBC. Fitzgerald also made a one-off appearance alongside Sarah Vaughan and Pearl Bailey on a 1979 television special honoring Bailey. In 1980, she performed a medley of standards in a duet with Karen Carpenter on the Carpenters' television program, Music, Music, Music. [16]
Fitzgerald also appeared in TV commercials, her most memorable being an ad for Memorex. In the commercials, she sang a note that shattered a glass while being recorded on a Memorex cassette tape. The tape was played back and the recording also broke the glass, asking "Is it live, or is it Memorex?" She also starred in a number of commercials for Kentucky Fried Chicken, singing and scatting to the fast-food chain's longtime slogan, "We do chicken right!"[17] Her final commercial campaign was for American Express, in which she was photographed by Annie Leibovitz.
Discography[link]
Further information: Ella Fitzgerald discography
Collaborations[link]
Fitzgerald's most famous collaborations were with the trumpeter Louis Armstrong, the guitarist Joe Pass, and the bandleaders Count Basie and Duke Ellington.
- Fitzgerald recorded three Verve studio albums with Armstrong, two albums of standards (1956's Ella and Louis and 1957's Ella and Louis Again), and a third album featured music from the Gershwin musical Porgy and Bess. Fitzgerald also recorded a number of sides with Armstrong for Decca in the early 1950s.
- Fitzgerald is sometimes referred to as the quintessential swing singer, and her meetings with Count Basie are highly regarded by critics. Fitzgerald features on one track on Basie's 1957 album One O'Clock Jump, while her 1963 album Ella and Basie! is remembered as one of her greatest recordings. With the 'New Testament' Basie band in full swing, and arrangements written by a young Quincy Jones, this album proved a respite from the 'Songbook' recordings and constant touring that Fitzgerald was engaged in during this period. Fitzgerald and Basie also collaborated on the 1972 album Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72, and on the 1979 albums Digital III at Montreux, A Classy Pair and A Perfect Match.
- Fitzgerald and Joe Pass recorded four albums together toward the end of Fitzgerald's career. She recorded several albums with piano accompaniment, but a guitar proved the perfect melodic foil for her. Fitzgerald and Pass appeared together on the albums Take Love Easy (1973), Easy Living (1986), Speak Love (1983) and Fitzgerald and Pass... Again (1976).
- Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington recorded two live albums, and two studio albums. Her Duke Ellington Songbook placed Ellington firmly in the canon known as the Great American Songbook, and the 1960s saw Fitzgerald and the 'Duke' meet on the Côte d'Azur for the 1966 album Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur, and in Sweden for The Stockholm Concert, 1966. Their 1965 album Ella at Duke's Place is also extremely well received.
Fitzgerald had a number of famous jazz musicians and soloists as sidemen over her long career. The trumpeters Roy Eldridge and Dizzy Gillespie, the guitarist Herb Ellis, and the pianists Tommy Flanagan, Oscar Peterson, Lou Levy, Paul Smith, Jimmy Rowles, and Ellis Larkins all worked with Ella mostly in live, small group settings.
Possibly Fitzgerald's greatest unrealized collaboration (in terms of popular music) was a studio or live album with Frank Sinatra. The two appeared on the same stage only periodically over the years, in television specials in 1958 and 1959, and again on 1967's A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim, a show that also featured Antonio Carlos Jobim. Pianist Paul Smith has said, "Ella loved working with [Frank]. Sinatra gave her his dressing room on A Man and His Music and couldn't do enough for her." When asked, Norman Granz would cite "complex contractual reasons" for the fact that the two artists never recorded together.[3] Fitzgerald's appearance with Sinatra and Count Basie in June 1974 for a series of concerts at Caesar's Palace, Las Vegas was seen as an important incentive for Sinatra to return from his self-imposed retirement of the early 1970s. The shows were a great success, and September 1975 saw them gross $1,000,000 in two weeks on Broadway, in a triumvirate with the Count Basie Orchestra.
Awards, citations and honors[link]
Further information: List of awards received by Ella Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald won thirteen Grammy awards, including one for Lifetime Achievement in 1967.
Other major awards and honors she received during her career were the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Medal of Honor Award, National Medal of Art, first Society of Singers Lifetime Achievement Award, named "Ella" in her honor, Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Musical Achievement, UCLA Spring Sing.[18] Across town at the University of Southern California, she received the coveted[citation needed] USC "Magnum Opus" Award which hangs in the office of the Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation.
Philanthropies[link]
Fitzgerald was a quiet but ardent supporter of many charities and non-profit organizations, including the American Heart Association and the City of Hope Medical Center. In 1993, she established the "Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation", which continues to fund programs that perpetuate Ella's ideals. The Foundation's mission and goals, as well as many of the organizations that receive support, can be found at the official Ella Fitzgerald Foundation website Ella Fitzgerald Charitable Foundation. The Foundation also runs a Children's Book Program in memory of Miss Fitzgerald; called "A Book Just For Me!", it provides over 100,000 brand-new books each year to disadvantaged children.
Tributes and legacy[link]
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In 1997, Newport News, Virginia created a music festival with Christopher Newport University to honor Ella Fitzgerald in her birth city. The Ella Fitzgerald Music Festival is designed to teach the region's youth of the musical legacy of Fitzgerald and jazz. Past performers at the week-long festival include: Diana Krall, Arturo Sandoval, Jean Carne, Phil Woods, Aretha Franklin, Freda Payne, Cassandra Wilson, Ethel Ennis, David Sanborn, Jane Monheit, Dianne Reeves, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Ramsey Lewis, Patti Austin, and Ann Hampton Callaway
Callaway, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and Patti Austin have all recorded albums in tribute to Fitzgerald. Callaway's album To Ella with Love (1996) features fourteen jazz standards made popular by Fitzgerald, and the album also features the trumpeter Wynton Marsalis. Bridgewater's album Dear Ella (1997) featured many musicians that were closely associated with Fitzgerald during her career, including the pianist Lou Levy, the trumpeter Benny Powell, and Fitzgerald's second husband, double bassist Ray Brown. Bridgewater's following album, Live at Yoshi's, was recorded live on April 25, 1998, what would have been Fitzgerald's 81st birthday.
Austin's album, For Ella (2002) features 11 songs most immediately associated with Fitzgerald, and a twelfth song, "Hearing Ella Sing" is Austin's tribute to Fitzgerald. The album was nominated for a Grammy. In 2007, We All Love Ella, was released, a tribute album recorded for the 90th anniversary of Fitzgerald's birth. It featured artists such as Michael Bublé, Natalie Cole, Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, Diana Krall, k.d. lang, Queen Latifah, Ledisi, Dianne Reeves, Linda Ronstadt, and Lizz Wright, collating songs most readily associated with the "First Lady of Song". Folk singer Odetta's album To Ella (1998) is dedicated to Fitzgerald, but features no songs associated with her. Her accompanist Tommy Flanagan affectionately remembered Fitzgerald on his album Lady be Good ... For Ella (1994).
Fitzgerald is also referred to on the 1987 song "Ella, elle l'a" by French singer France Gall and the Belgian singer Kate Ryan, the 1976 Stevie Wonder hit "Sir Duke" from his album Songs in the Key of Life, and the song "I Love Being Here With You", written by Peggy Lee and Bill Schluger. Sinatra's 1986 recording of "Mack the Knife" from his album L.A. Is My Lady (1984) includes a homage to some of the song's previous performers, including 'Lady Ella' herself. She is also honored in the song "First Lady" by Canadian artist Nikki Yanofsky.
In 2008, the Downing-Gross Cultural Arts Center in Newport News named its brand new 276-seat theater the Ella Fitzgerald Theater. The theater is located several blocks away from her birthplace on Marshall Avenue. The Grand Opening performers (October 11 & 12, 2008) were Roberta Flack and Queen Esther Marrow.
USPS stamp and Yonkers statue[link]
There is a bronze sculpture of Fitzgerald in Yonkers,created by American artist Vinnie Bagwell, the city in which she grew up. It is located southeast of the main entrance to the Amtrak/Metro-North Railroad station. A bust of Fitzgerald is on the campus of Chapman College in Orange, California. On January 10, 2007, the United States Postal Service announced that Fitzgerald would be honored with her own 39-cent postage stamp. The stamp was released in April 2007 as part of the Postal Service's Black Heritage series.[19]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes and awards |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1942 | Ride 'Em Cowboy | Ruby | |
| 1955 | Pete Kelly's Blues | Maggie Jackson | |
| 1958 | St. Louis Blues | Singer | |
| 1960 | Let No Man Write My Epitaph | Flora |
References[link]
- ^ Scott Yanow. "Ella Fitzgerald". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p6503. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ Vickie Smith, Jazz Vocalist. "Dedicated To Ella". VickieSmith.com. http://www.vickiesmith.com/ella.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nicholson, Stuart (1993). Ella Fitzgerald: A Biography of the First Lady of Jazz. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. ISBN 0-575-40032-3.
For many years Fitzgerald's birthdate was thought to be on the same date one year later in 1918 — and is still listed as such in some sources, but research by Nicholson and another biographer, Tanya Lee Stone, established 1917 as the correct year of birth. - ^ "Ella Fitzgerald Biography - school, mother, son, information, born, house, marriage, time, year". Notablebiographies.com. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Fi-Gi/Fitzgerald-Ella.html. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
- ^ "Ella Fitzgerald: First Lady of Song - Katherine E. Krohn - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=pLBEVVf69K0C&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=Ella+Fitzgerald+Methodist&source=bl&ots=46AqJijkp5&sig=MFQ6rL_pFAczUDq8lgxGN5LL8p0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mResT9DMNMnH6gHG9IG6BA&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=Ella%20Fitzgerald%20Methodist&f=false. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stephen Holden (1996-06-16). "Ella Fitzgerald, the Voice of Jazz, Dies at 79". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E4DC1E39F935A25755C0A960958260. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ a b Bernstein, Nina. "Ward of the State;The Gap in Ella Fitzgerald's Life", The New York Times, June 23, 1996. Accessed June 29, 2010.
- ^ a b Frank Rich (1996-06-19). "Journal; How High the Moon". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E6D81439F93AA25755C0A960958260. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ Bernstein, Nina. "Ward of the State;The Gap in Ella Fitzgerald's Life", The New York Times, June 23, 1996. Accessed May 3, 2008. "Her most recent biographer, Stuart Nicholson, has surmised that the authorities caught up with her and placed her in the Colored Orphan Asylum in Riverdale."
- ^ a b c Jim Moret (1996-06-15). "‘First Lady of Song’ passes peacefully, surrounded by family". CNN. Archived from the original on 2006-11-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20061129231320/http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9606/15/fitzgerald.obit/index.html. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
- ^ Benoit, Tod (2003-05-06). Where are they buried?: how did they die?. Black Dog Publishing. p. 423. ISBN 978-1-57912-287-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=rPekYw-SIkEC&pg=PA423. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
- ^ "Ella Fitzgerald: A Memorial" by Will Friedwald 1996.
- ^ a b Pleasants, H. (1974). The Great American Popular Singers. Simon and Schuster.
- ^ Hugh Davies (2005-12-31). "Sir Johnny up there with the Count and the Duke". London: Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/12/31/nhonours931.xml. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ Dargis, Manohla (August 19, 1955). "Webb Plays the Blues". The New York Times. http://movies2.nytimes.com/mem/movies/review.html?res=9C00E2DB103AE73ABC4152DFBE66838E649EDE. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jquc8iFj6sY
- ^ . http://www.retrojunk.com/details_commercial/20112.
- ^ "Calendar & Events: Spring Sing: Gershwin Award". UCLA. http://www.uclalumni.net/CalendarEvents/springsing/Gershwin/winners.cfm.
- ^ "New Stamp Honors First Lady of Song". WHSV News 3. January 9, 2007. http://www.whsv.com/news/headlines/5134776.html. Retrieved 2009-12-02.
- Gourse, Leslie (1998). The Ella Fitzgerald Companion. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-6916-7.
- Johnson, J. Wilfred (2001). Ella Fitzgerald: An Annotated Discography. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0906-1.
Further reading[link]
- Nicholson, Stuart. (1996) Ella Fitzgerald. Gollancz; ISBN 0-575-40032-3
- Gourse, Leslie. (1998) The Ella Fitzgerald Companion: Seven Decades of Commentary. Music Sales Ltd.; ISBN 0-02-864625-8
- Johnson, J. Wilfred. (2001) Ella Fitzgerald: A Complete Annotated Discography. McFarland & Co Inc.; ISBN 0-7864-0906-1
External links[link]
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Book: Ella Fitzgerald |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ella Fitzgerald |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ella Fitzgerald |
- Ella Fitzgerald at the Internet Movie Database
- Ella Fitzgerald at the Internet Broadway Database
- Ella Fitzgerald at Find a Grave
- Ella Fitzgerald Complete Discography
- Ella Fitzgerald: Twelve Essential Performances by Stuart Nicholson (Jazz.com).
- Ella Fitzgerald at the Library of Congress
- Ella Fitzgerald, The Official Ed Sullivan Show Website
- Redsugar's Ella page
- 'Remembering Ella' by Phillip D. Atteberry
- Todd's Ella Fitzgerald Lyrics Page
- Ella Swings Gently, The Ella Fitzgerald Pages
- Ella Fitzgerald Tribute CD Video Footage
- New York Times article on Ella's early years
- Listen to Big Band Serenade podcast, episode 6 Includes complete NBC remote broadcast of "Ella Fitzgerald & her Orchestra" from the Roseland Ballroom (or download)
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Fitzgerald, Ella |
| Alternative names | Lady Ella, The First Lady of Song |
| Short description | American jazz singer |
| Date of birth | April 25, 1917 |
| Place of birth | Newport News, Virginia, U.S. |
| Date of death | June 15, 1996 |
| Place of death | Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
