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List of Works Published Posthumously
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Aksai Chin
Aksai Chin, also Aksayqin, Akesaiqin or Akesai Qin (Urdu: اکسائی چن, Simplified Chinese: 阿克赛钦), is a disputed region located in the northwestern region of the Tibetan Plateau north of the western Kunlun Mountains. It is entirely administered by the People's Republic of China as a part of Hotan County in the Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. It is, however, claimed by India as a part of its state of Jammu and Kashmir.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: , Öbür mongγol; ; officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is a Mongol autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia) and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
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Itu Aba Island
Itu Aba Island or Taiping Island (; ; ), is the largest of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. The island is elliptical in shape being 1.4 km in length and 0.4 km in width. It is part of the Tizard Bank (Zheng He Reefs) one of seven reefs in the Spratly Islands near the centre of the South China Sea.
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Mainland China
Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC). This term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
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Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (; Fuzhou Dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently, ; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣; Lièng-gŏng-gâing), Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Not all of what is historically part of Lienchiang county is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China controls the part of the county adjoining the mainland and has a separate administration for that jurisdiction, Lianjiang County, which claims the entire archipelago to be its Mazu Township (媽祖鄉; Mā-cū-hiŏng).
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One-China policy
The One-China policy (simplified Chinese: 一个中国; traditional Chinese: 一個中國 政策 ; pinyin: yī gè Zhōngguó) refers to the policy or view that there is only one state called "China", despite the existence of two states that claim to be "China". As codified in the 1992 Consensus, the One-China policy has been the policy of both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC, known also as "Taiwan"); they agree that there is only one state that can represent China, but disagree about which government of the two is legitimate.
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Paracel Islands
The Paracel Islands consist of over 30 islets, sandbanks or reefs, occupy about 15,000 km² of the ocean surface, and are located in the South China Sea. Turtles live on the islands, and seabirds have left nests and guano deposits, but there are no permanent human residents except for a small number of troops. The archipelago is approximately equidistant from the coastlines of Vietnam and China, and about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines.
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Pratas Islands
The Pratas Islands or Dongsha Islands ( ) consists of three islands located in northeastern South China Sea, southeast of Hong Kong. The islands are governed by the Republic of China (Taiwan). The People's Republic of China claims sovereignty over these islands along with all other territories currently controlled by the Republic of China.
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South Tibet
South Tibet (Chinese: Zàngnán ) is the name used by the government of the People's Republic of China for a geographic area that is the focus of border dispute between India and the People's Republic of China. Most of this area currently administered by the state Arunachal Pradesh of India.
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Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 750 reefs, islets, atolls, cays, and islands in the South China Sea between Brunei, China, Malaysia, Philippines and Vietnam. They comprise less than four square kilometers of land area, spread over more than 425,000 square kilometers of sea. The Spratlys are part of the three archipelagos of the South China Sea, comprising more than 30,000 islands and reefs which so complicates geography, governance and economics in that region of Southeast Asia. Such small and remote islands have little economic value in themselves, but are important in establishing international boundaries. There are no native islanders but there are rich fishing grounds and initial surveys indicate the islands may be near significant oil and gas deposits.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Taíno
http://wn.com/Taíno -
Tsonga language
The Tsonga or Xitsonga language is spoken in southern Africa by the Tsonga people, also known as the Shangaan.
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Uzbek language
Uzbek (O‘zbek tili or ''O'zbekcha in Latin script, Ўзбек тили or Ўзбекча'' in Cyrillic script; أۇزبېك ﺗﻴﻠی in Arabic script) is a Turkic language and the official language of Uzbekistan. It has about 25.5 million native speakers, and it is spoken by the Uzbeks in Uzbekistan and elsewhere in Central Asia. Uzbek belongs to the southeastern Turkic or Uyghur family of Turkic languages, and consequently its lexicon and grammar are most closely linked to the Uyghur language, while other influences rose from Persian, Arabic and Russian.
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Xinjiang
Xinjiang (; ; ; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
http://wn.com/Xinjiang
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Abkhazia
Abkhazia ( Apsny, Apkhazeti, Abkhazia) is a political entity on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus whose status is disputed. It considers itself an independent state (the Republic of Abkhazia). This is recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, South Ossetia and Transnistria.
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Abyei
Abyei () is a county and former district of South Kurdufan, Sudan, that is considered an historical bridge between northern and Southern Sudan. The Protocol on the resolution of the Abyei conflict in the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) that ended the Second Sudanese Civil War in 2005 defined it, in contrast to the borders of the district, as “the area of the nine Ngok Dinka chiefdoms transferred to Kordofan in 1905”. The failure to implement the Abyei Protocol has been cited as a key in the increase in tension between the signatories of the CPA.
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Adjara
Adjara ( ), (), officially the Autonomous Republic of Adjara (აჭარის ავტონომიური რესპუბლიკა; ), is an autonomous republic of Georgia.
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Adélie Land
Adélie Land is the portion of the Antarctic coast between 136° E (near Pourquoi Pas Point at ) and 142° E (near Point Alden at ), with a shore length of 350 km and with its hinterland extending as a sector about 2,600 km toward the South Pole. It is claimed by France as one of five districts of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, although not all nations recognize this claim. The land area, mostly ice covered, is estimated at 432,000 km².
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Aksai Chin
Aksai Chin, also Aksayqin, Akesaiqin or Akesai Qin (Urdu: اکسائی چن, Simplified Chinese: 阿克赛钦), is a disputed region located in the northwestern region of the Tibetan Plateau north of the western Kunlun Mountains. It is entirely administered by the People's Republic of China as a part of Hotan County in the Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region. It is, however, claimed by India as a part of its state of Jammu and Kashmir.
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Antarctica
Antarctica
http://wn.com/Antarctica -
Antártica
Antártica is a Chilean commune in Antártica Chilena Province, Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region, which covers all of the Territorio Chileno Antártico—the territory in Antarctica claimed by Chile. It ranges from 53°W to 90°W and from the South Pole to 60°S, overlapping the Argentine and British Antarctic claims. It is administered by the Cabo de Hornos municipality in the South American mainland.
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Bassas da India
Bassas da India (also called Basse de Judie) is an uninhabited, roughly circular atoll about in diameter, which corresponds to a total size (including lagoon) of . It is located in the southern Mozambique Channel, about half-way between Madagascar (which is to the east) and Mozambique, and northwest of Europa Island. It rises steeply from the seabed 3000 m below. The reef rim averages around 100 m across and completely encloses a shallow lagoon that has a maximum depth of 15 m Its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of is contiguous with that of Europa Island.
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Bonaire
Bonaire (; , Papiamento: Boneiru) is a special municipality of the Netherlands, consisting of the Caribbean island of Bonaire and, nestled in its western crescent, the uninhabited islet of Klein Bonaire. Together with Aruba and Curaçao it forms a group referred to as the ABC islands of the Leeward Antilles, the southern island chain of the Lesser Antilles.The name Bonaire is thought to have originally come from the Caiquetio word 'Bonay'.The early Spanish and Dutch modified its spelling to Bojnaj and also Bonaire,name means"Good Air".
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Bouvet Island
Bouvet Island () is an uninhabited Antarctic volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 2,525 km south-southwest of South Africa. It is a dependent territory () of Norway and, lying north of 60°S latitude, is not subject to the Antarctic Treaty. The centre of the Island is an ice-filled crater of an inactive volcano, known as the Wilhelm II Plateau. According to some data there is a lake of molten lava within the caldera.
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Ceylon
http://wn.com/Ceylon -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Crimea
Crimea (), or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (, Avtonomna Respublika Krym; , Avtonomnaya Respublika Krym; , Къырым Мухтар Джумхуриети), is an autonomous republic under the jurisdiction of Ukraine. It is located on the northern coast of the Black Sea, occupying a peninsula of the same name.
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Easter Island
Easter Island (, ) is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeastern most point of the Polynesian triangle. A special territory of Chile annexed in 1888, Easter Island is widely famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai (), created by the early Rapanui people. It is a World Heritage Site (as determined by UNESCO) with much of the island protected within the Rapa Nui National Park. In recent times the island has served as a cautionary tale about the cultural and environmental dangers of overexploitation. Ethnographers and archaeologists now argue that the introduction of diseases carried by European colonizers and the slave raiding that devastated the population in the 1860s had a much greater social than environmental impact.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Europa Island
Europa Island () is a 28 km² low-lying tropical island in the Mozambique Channel, about a third of the way from southern Madagascar to southern Mozambique, at . It has 22.2 kilometres of coastline, but no ports or harbours. Anchorage is possible offshore. The airstrip is 1,500 metres long.
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Free Zone (region)
The Free Zone is a term used by the Polisario Front to describe the part of Western Sahara that lies to the east of the Moroccan Berm (the Moroccan border wall) and west and north of the borders with Algeria and Mauritania, respectively. The area is separated from the rest of the Western Sahara territory by ''"a 2,200 kilometer-long wall...flanked by one of the world's largest minefields."'' The border is often referred to simply as the "Berm." The area's population is estimated as 30,000 people.
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Gagauzia
Gagauzia (Gagauz: Gagauziya or Gagauz Yeri; ; ), formally known as the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Găgăuzia (Gagauz Yeri) (Gagauz: Avtonom Territorial Bölümlüü Gagauz Yeri, Romanian: Unitatea Teritorială Autonomă Găgăuzia, Russian: Автономное территориальное образование Гагаузия / ''Avtonomnoe territorial'noe obrazovanie Gagauziya), is an autonomous region of Moldova. Its name derives from the word "Gagauz", which in turn derived from the name Gok-oguz used to describe descendants of the Turkic Oghuz tribe. Crimean Tatars and Uyghurs used gok to mean "sky" or "sky blue", so Gok-oguz'' literally meant "sky-blue Oghuz".
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Galmudug
Galmudug is a secular, decentralized state in the central region of Somalia. The administrative capital, South Galcayo, is based in the southern half of the city and district of Gaalkacyo. To the north is Puntland, to the west is Ethiopia and to the south and east is the rest of Somalia, presently under the control of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG). The name is a combination of Galguduud and Mudug. Unlike the secessionist Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia, Galmudug, like the northern Somali region of Puntland, is not trying to obtain international recognition as a separate nation. It considers itself a federal division within the larger federal republic of Somalia, such as defined by the 2004 Transitional Federal Charter (TFG).
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Gaza Strip
The Gaza Strip ( , ) lies on the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Strip borders Egypt on the southwest and Israel on the south, east and north. It is about long, and between 6 and 12 kilometers (4–7.5 mi) wide, with a total area of . The territory takes its name from Gaza, its main city.
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Gilgit-Baltistan
Gilgit-Baltistan (Urdu: , formerly known as the Northern Areas ({{lang-ur|, ), is the northernmost political entity within the Pakistan. It borders Pakistan's Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province to the west, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor to the north, China to the northeast, Azad Kashmir to the south, and Jammu & Kashmir State of India to the southeast. Gilgit-Baltistan covers an area of 72,971 km² (28,174 mi²) and has an estimated population approaching 1,000,000. Its administrative center is the city of Gilgit (population 216,760).
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Glorioso Islands
The Glorieuses or Glorioso Islands ( or officially also Archipel des Glorieuses) are a group of French islands and rocks totalling , at , in the northern Mozambique channel, about northwest of Madagascar. The Glorieuses have an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of . There are anchorages offshore, and Grande Glorieuse has a long airstrip.
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Golan Heights
The Golan Heights (, ''Haḍbatu 'l-Jawlān or مرتفعات الجولان, Murtafaʻātu l-Jawlānː , Ramat ha-Golan'' ), sometimes referred to as the Syrian Heights, form a rocky plateau of great strategic importance with an average altitude of and an area totaling . The plateau is located at the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and straddles the borders of Syria and Israel. Elevations range from in the north, to below sea level along the Sea of Galilee and the Yarmuk River in the south. Its population numbers around 120,000 and consists mainly of Druze and Jews. A popular tourist destination attracting 3 million tourists a year, the Golan has a rich history and features numerous archeological landmarks, scenic streams, mountains and waterfalls. The Golan Heights contribute significantly to the water resources of the region, providing about 15% of Israel's water supply. The region is also the source of a large proportion of Israel's agricultural production.
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Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (; ; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an archipelago located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is the first overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. As with the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic since 2007.
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Hatay Province
Hatay (Antakya) (Arabic: لواء الإسكندرون) is a province in southern Turkey, on the Mediterranean coast, with Syria to the south and east and the Turkish provinces of Adana and Osmaniye to the north. The province is part of Çukurova, a geographical, economical and cultural region that covers the provinces of Mersin, Adana, Osmaniye, and Hatay. The administrative capital is Antakya (Antioch), while the largest city in the province is the port city of İskenderun (Alexandretta). There are border crossing points with Syria in the district of Yayladağı and at Cilvegözü in the district of Reyhanlı.
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IAEA
http://wn.com/IAEA -
ICAO
http://wn.com/ICAO -
Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: , Öbür mongγol; ; officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is a Mongol autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia) and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
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Iraqi Kurdistan
Iraqi Kurdistan or Kurdistan Region (Kurdish: Herêmî Kurdistanî, Arabic: إقليم كردستان, Iqlīm Kurdistān) is an autonomous Region of Iraq. It borders Iran to the east, Turkey to the north, Syria to the west and the rest of Iraq to the south. Its capital is the city of Arbil, known in Kurdish as Hewlêr. The Region is officially governed by the Kurdistan Regional Government.
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
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Islas Chafarinas
Islas Chafarinas (, Chafarinas Islands) is a Spanish archipelago. A group of three small islets located in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Morocco with an aggregate area of 0.525 km², 45 km to the east of Melilla and 3.3 km off the Moroccan town of Ra'su l-Ma'. Islas Chafarinas are one of the Spanish ruled territories on North Africa off the Moroccan coast known as Plazas de soberanía.
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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ITU
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Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir (Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर; {{lang-ur|) is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistani administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.
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Jeju-do
Jeju-do (transliterated Korean for Jeju Province, short form of Jeju Special Autonomous Province) is the only special autonomous province of South Korea, situated on and coterminous with the country's largest island. Jeju-do lies in the Korea Strait, southwest of Jeollanam-do Province, of which it was a part before it became a separate province in 1946. Its capital is the city of Jeju.
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Johnston Atoll
Johnston Atoll is a atoll in the North Pacific Ocean about 1,400 km (750 nmi) west of Hawaii. There are four islands located on the coral reef platform, two natural islands, Johnston Island and Sand Island, which have been expanded by coral dredging, as well as North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina), an additional two artificial islands formed by coral dredging.
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Juan de Nova Island
Juan de Nova Island (also Saint-Christophe, French: locally Île Juan de Nova or officially Île Juan da Nova) is a 4.4 km² low, flat, tropical island in the narrowest part of the Mozambique Channel, about one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique at . Anchorage is possible off the northeast of the island which also has a 1,300-metre-long airstrip.
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Karakalpakstan
Karakalpakstan ( or Қарақалпақстан Республикасы; or ) is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. It occupies the whole western end of Uzbekistan. The capital is Nukus (Karakalpak: No'kis or Нөкис). The Republic of Karakalpakstan has an area of . Its territory covers the classical land of Khwarezm, though in classical Persian literature the area was known as "Kāth".
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Kashmir
Kashmir (Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Dogri: कश्मीर; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Balti: کشمیر; Gojri: کشمیر; Poonchi/Chibhali: کشمیر; Shina: کشمیر; Uyghur: كەشمىر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range.
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Kingdom of Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (, , (archaic:) , or Danmarks Rige), or Danish Realm, is a constitutional monarchy and a community consisting of Denmark proper in northern Europe and two autonomous countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America, with Denmark as the hegemonial part, where the residual judicial, executive and legislative power rests. The relationship of the member states is referred to as Rigsfællesskabet. According to the Faroese home rule act, the Faroe Islands constitutes a community of people within the kingdom. The Greenlandic self-government act does not contain a similar definition but describes the Greenlandic people as a people as defined in international law with the right to self-determination.
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Korea
Korea ( Hanguk or Joseon – South and North Korea, respectively (cf. etymology)) is a territory of East Asia that was formerly unified under one state, but now divided into two separate states and a region in northeastern Asia. Located on the Korean Peninsula, it is bordered by China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
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Kuril Islands
The Kuril Islands ( or ; , , , Japanese: ) or Kurile Islands in Russia's Sakhalin Oblast region, is a volcanic archipelago that stretches approximately northeast from Hokkaidō, Japan, to Kamchatka, Russia, separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the North Pacific Ocean. There are 56 islands and many more minor rocks.
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Libya
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
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Martinique
Martinique () is an island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of . Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The Island was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1502.
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Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (; Fuzhou Dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently, ; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣; Lièng-gŏng-gâing), Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Not all of what is historically part of Lienchiang county is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China controls the part of the county adjoining the mainland and has a separate administration for that jurisdiction, Lianjiang County, which claims the entire archipelago to be its Mazu Township (媽祖鄉; Mā-cū-hiŏng).
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Mayotte
Mayotte (, ; Shimaore (Swahili dialect): Maore, ; ), officially the Departmental Collectivity of Mayotte (), is an overseas collectivity of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, namely between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte's area is 374 km2, and with its estimated 194,000 people is very densely populated (520 inh/km2).Its biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou. The territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but has been politically separate since a 1974 referendum in which it elected to remain under French rule. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros.
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Melilla
Melilla (, ) is an autonomous Spanish city located on the Mediterranean, on the north coast of North Africa. It was regarded as a part of Málaga province prior to 14 March 1995, when the city's Statute of Autonomy was passed.
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Mongolian language
The Mongolian language (in Mongolian script: , '; in Mongolian Cyrillic: , ') is the best-known member of the Mongolic language family. It has about 5.7 million speakers, including over 90% of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region of China. In Mongolia, the Khalkha dialect of Mongolian, written in Cyrillic, is predominant; in Inner Mongolia, the language is more dialectally diverse and written in the traditional Mongolian script.
http://wn.com/Mongolian_language -
Nagorno-Karabakh
Nagorno-Karabakh is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, lying between Lower Karabakh and Zangezur and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus mountains. The region is mostly mountainous and forested and has an area of .
http://wn.com/Nagorno-Karabakh -
Nakhchivan
The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic () is a landlocked exclave of Azerbaijan. The region covers 5,363 km² and borders Armenia (221 km) to the east and north, Iran (179 km) to the south and west, and Turkey (15 km) to the northwest. The capital is Nakhchivan City.
http://wn.com/Nakhchivan -
Netherlands Antilles
The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch: , Papiamentu: Antia Hulandes), also referred to informally as the Dutch Antilles, was an autonomous Caribbean country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of two groups of islands in the Lesser Antilles: Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, in Leeward Antilles just off the Venezuelan coast; and Sint Eustatius, Saba and Sint Maarten, in the Leeward Islands southeast of the Virgin Islands. Aruba seceded in 1986 as a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the rest of the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, with the other islands joining the Netherlands as special municipalities.
http://wn.com/Netherlands_Antilles -
North Kosovo
North or Northern Kosovo (, Severno Kosovo; ) is an unofficial name for a region in the northern part of Kosovo with an ethnic Serb majority that functions largely autonomously from the remainder of the disputed territory, which has an ethnic Albanian majority. Ibarian Kolashin (, Ibarski Kolašin; ), a toponym that pre-dates the political partition, is also used to refer to the area.
http://wn.com/North_Kosovo -
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
http://wn.com/Northern_Ireland -
Olivenza
Olivenza () is a town in the Spanish autonomous community of Extremadura, situated on a disputed section of the border between Portugal and Spain. Olivenza is claimed by both countries and administered by Spain.
http://wn.com/Olivenza -
Palmyra Atoll
Palmyra Atoll () is an essentially unoccupied equatorial Northern Pacific atoll administered as a unorganized incorporated territory by the United States federal government. The variable temporary population of 4–20 'non-occupants' are essentially staff and scientists employed by various departments of the U.S. federal government and The Nature Conservancy, as well as a rotating mix of Palymra Atoll Research Consortium scholars pursuing research.
http://wn.com/Palmyra_Atoll -
Papua (province)
Papua is the largest province of Indonesia. It comprises most of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands. The province originally covered the entire western half of New Guinea. In 2003, the Indonesian government declared the westernmost part of the island, around Bird's Head Peninsula, a separate province; its name was first West Irian Jaya and now West Papua. In November 2004, an Indonesian court agreed that the split violated Papua's autonomy laws. However, the court ruled that because the new province had already been created, it should remain separate from Papua. The ruling also prohibited the creation of another proposed province, Central Irian Jaya, as that division had not yet been formalised.
http://wn.com/Papua_(province) -
Peñón de Alhucemas
Peñón de Alhucemas (), or "Lavender Rock", is one of the Spanish plazas de soberanía just off the Moroccan coast. It is also part of several Peñones, or rock-fortresses, on the coast of Northern Africa.
http://wn.com/Peñón_de_Alhucemas -
Príncipe
Príncipe is the smaller of the two major islands of São Tomé and Príncipe lying off the west coast of Africa. It has an area of 136 km² and a population of around 5,000 people. It rises in the south to 948 metres at Pico de Príncipe, in a thickly forested area forming part of the Obo National Park. The north and centre of the island were formerly plantations but largely reverted to forest. The island forms one province and one district named Pagué. The languages other than Portuguese includes Principense or Lunguyê with a few Forro speakers.
http://wn.com/Príncipe -
Puntland
Puntland (, ) is a region in northeastern Somalia, centered on Garowe (Nugaal region), whose leaders declared it an autonomous state in 1998. A third of Somalia's population lives in the province, which contains about a third of the nation's geographical area. Unlike neighbouring Somaliland, Puntland does not seek outright independence from Somalia. The name "Puntland" is derived from the Land of Punt mentioned by ancient Egyptian sources. The exact location of the Land of Punt is still a mystery and is the subject of academic debate and controversy. Some studies suggest that the land of Punt was located in Somalia, whereas others propose that it was located elsewhere.
http://wn.com/Puntland -
Queen Maud Land
Queen Maud Land () is a 2.5 million-square-kilometer (one million sq mi), sector of Antarctica claimed as a dependent territory by Norway. The land lays between 20° west, bordering the British Antarctic Territory, and 44°38' east, bordering the Australian Antarctic Territory. The northern and southern borders are not officially defined, although it is presumed to span from the South Pole to 60° south Most of the territory is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet. The land is named for Maud of Wales (1869–1938), queen consort of King Haakon VII of Norway. It is one of two Antarctic claims made by Norway, the other being Peter I Island. They are administrated by the Polar Affairs Department of the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police in Oslo. The claim is subject to the Antarctic Treaty System.
http://wn.com/Queen_Maud_Land -
Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_China -
Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Republika Srpska; Bosnian and Serbian Cyrillic: Република Српска) is one of two main political entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Republika Srpska is defined in its constitution as a territorially unified, indivisible and inalienable constitutional and legal entity that shall independently perform its constitutional, legislative, executive and judicial functions. The National Assembly and the government are based in Banja Luka, although Sarajevo remains the official capital.
http://wn.com/Republika_Srpska -
Rigsfællesskabet
Rigsfællesskabet (, sometimes rendered in English as "United Kingdom of Denmark") is a semi-official Danish term for the relations between continental Denmark and its two self-governing insular regions, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which collectively make up the Kingdom of Denmark.
http://wn.com/Rigsfællesskabet -
Rodrigues
Rodrigues (Rodriguan Creole: Zil Rodrigues, from "les îsles Rodrigues", French for "Rodrigues Islands"), sometimes spelled Rodriguez but named after the Portuguese explorer Diogo Rodrigues, is the smallest of the Mascarene Islands and a dependency of Mauritius. With a peak elevation of approximately 355 meters (1165 ft), it is located 560 km (348 mi) east of Mauritius island, in the middle of the Indian Ocean. It is 109 km² (43 sq mi) in size, and surrounded by a coral reef. The capital of the island is Port Mathurin.
http://wn.com/Rodrigues -
Rotuma
Rotuma is a Fijian dependency, consisting of Rotuma Island and nearby islets. The island group is home to a small but unique indigenous ethnic group which constitutes a recognizable minority within the population of Fiji, known as "Rotumans". Its population at the 2007 census was 2,002, although many Rotumans live on mainland Fijian islands, totaling 10,000.
http://wn.com/Rotuma -
Réunion
Réunion (, ; previously Île Bourbon) is a French island of about 800,000 population located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about south west of Mauritius, the nearest island. Since August 2010, the Pitons, Cirques and Remparts of the island, covering more than 40% of its territory, feature on UNESCO's World Heritage List.
http://wn.com/Réunion -
Saba
Saba () is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality of the Netherlands, located at . It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands proper.
http://wn.com/Saba -
Sabah
Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its south-west. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south. In spite of its status as a Malaysian state, Sabah remains a disputed territory; the Philippines has a dormant claim over much of the eastern part of the territory. The capital of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu, formerly known as Jesselton. Sabah is known as "Sabah, negeri di bawah bayu", which means "Sabah, the land below the wind", because of its location just south of the typhoon-prone region around the Philippines.
http://wn.com/Sabah -
Saint-Barthélemy
http://wn.com/Saint-Barthélemy -
Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
http://wn.com/Scotland -
Sint Eustatius
Sint Eustatius ( ), also known affectionately to the locals as Statia () or Statius, is a Caribbean island and a special municipality of the Netherlands. It lies in the northern Leeward Islands portion of the West Indies, southeast of the Virgin Islands and immediately to the northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis and to the southeast of Saba, at . The island is named after the legendary Christian martyr Saint Eustace. The regional capital is Oranjestad.
http://wn.com/Sint_Eustatius -
Somaliland
Somaliland (, Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl) is an unrecognized state located in the Horn of Africa. It is regarded internationally as being an autonomous region of Somalia. The government of Somaliland, however, regards itself as the successor state to British Somaliland which was independent for a few days in 1960 as the State of Somaliland.
http://wn.com/Somaliland -
Svalbard
Svalbard ( Spitsbergen) is an archipelago in the Arctic, constituting the northernmost part of Norway. Located north of mainland Europe, it is about midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole. The group of islands range from 74° to 81° north latitude (and thus inside the Arctic Circle), and from 10° to 35° east longitude. Spitsbergen is the largest island, followed by Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya. The administrative center is Longyearbyen, and other settlements, in addition to research outposts, are the Russian mining community of Barentsburg, the research community of Ny-Ålesund and the mining outpost of Sveagruva. The archipelago is administrated by the Governor of Svalbard.
http://wn.com/Svalbard -
Taipei
Taipei City (; literally "Northern Taiwan City") is the largest city of Taiwan and the capital of the Republic of China (commonly known as "Taiwan"). Situated at the tip of the island, Taipei is located on the Danshui River, and is about 25 km southwest of Keelung, its port on the Pacific Ocean. Another coastal city, Danshui, is about 20 km northwest at the river's mouth on the Taiwan Strait. It lies in the two relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung (基隆河) and Xindian (新店溪) rivers, which join to form the Danshui River along the city's western border. The city proper (Taipei City) is home to an estimated 2,607,428 people. Taipei City, Taipei County, and Keelung City together form the Taipei metropolitan area with a population of 6,776,264. However, they are administered under different local governing bodies. "Taipei" sometimes refers to the whole metropolitan area, while "Taipei City" refers to the city proper.
http://wn.com/Taipei -
Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Taiwan -
Tindouf
Tindouf (Berber: Tinduf, ) is the main town in Tindouf Province, Algeria, close to the Mauritanian and Moroccan borders. The region is considered of strategic significance, and it houses Algerian military bases. Since 1975, it also contains several Sahrawi refugee camps operated by the Polisario Front (see this article). There is an airport outside Tindouf, north-west of the town, with regular Air Algérie flights to Algiers and other cities. Within the municipal territory of Tindouf, there is Gara Djebilet, a settlement near the border with Mauritania with a iron mine and a defunct airport. It is approximately 70 kilometers northwest of Aet Legra.
http://wn.com/Tindouf -
Tokelau
Tokelau () is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1,400 in the South Pacific Ocean. The atolls lie north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands (both islands groups belonging to Kiribati) and northwest of the Cook Islands.
http://wn.com/Tokelau -
Transnistria
Transnistria, also known as Trans-Dniestr or Transdniestria is a breakaway territory located mostly in a strip between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border to Ukraine. It is generally recognised internationally as being de jure in Eastern Moldova as the autonomous region Stînga Nistrului ("Left Dniestr bank"). Since its declaration of independence in 1990, and especially after the War of Transnistria in 1992, it is governed de facto by the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as "Pridnestrovie"), which claims the east bank of the river Dniester as well as a small piece of land on the right bank (in the historical region of Bessarabia), the city Bender and its surrounding localities. The modern Republic of Moldova does not recognize the secession and considers territories controlled by the PMR to be a part of Moldova's sovereign territory. Transnistria's sovereignty is not recognized by any member of the United Nations and it has no official diplomatic relations with any of those states.
http://wn.com/Transnistria -
Tromelin Island
Tromelin Island (; , ) is a low, flat island in the Indian Ocean, about east of Madagascar (Geographic coordinates . There are no harbours or anchorages and access by sea is difficult. The island has a airstrip. It is a French territory. It is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles.
http://wn.com/Tromelin_Island -
Táliga
Táliga or Talega is a Spanish town and municipality located border area between Portugal and Spain. Like Olivenza, Táliga is part of the province of Badajoz, in the Spanish autonomous community of Extremadura.
http://wn.com/Táliga -
UPU
http://wn.com/UPU -
Valparaíso Region
The V Valparaíso Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. With the country's third highest population of 1,539,852 million in 2002 and third smallest area of , the region is Chile's second most densely populated after the Santiago Metropolitan Region to the southeast.
http://wn.com/Valparaíso_Region -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam -
Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
http://wn.com/Wales -
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands (French: Wallis et Futuna or Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna, Fakauvea and Fakafutuna: Uvea mo Futuna), is a Polynesian French island territory in the South Pacific between Tuvalu to the northwest, Rotuma of Fiji to the west, the main part of Fiji to the southwest, Tonga to the southeast, Samoa to the east, the New Zealand-associated state of Tokelau to the northeast and to a more distant north the Phoenix Islands (Kiribati). (However, Wallis and Futuna is not part of, nor even contiguous with, French Polynesia. Wallis and Futuna is located at the very opposite western end of Polynesia.)
http://wn.com/Wallis_and_Futuna -
West Bank
The West Bank (, , , ''HaGadah HaMa'aravit'') is a landlocked territory and is the eastern part of the Palestinian territories; on the west bank of the Jordan River in the Middle East. To the west, north, and south, the West Bank shares borders with the state of Israel. To the east, across the Jordan River, lies the country of Jordan. The West Bank also contains a significant coastline along the western bank of the Dead Sea. Since 1967, most of the West Bank has been under Israeli military occupation as what it calls the Judea and Samaria Area. A smaller part of the West Bank is administered by the Israeli civilian authorities as part of Jerusalem District.
http://wn.com/West_Bank -
Western Sahara
Western Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الغربية, Berber: Taneẓṛuft Tutrimt, ) is a disputed territory in North Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its surface area amounts to . It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The population of the territory is estimated at just over 500,000, over half of whom live in El Aaiun, the largest city in Western Sahara.
http://wn.com/Western_Sahara -
Zanzibar
Zanzibar () is a semi-autonomous part of the United Republic of Tanzania, in East Africa. It comprises the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of the mainland, and consists of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, informally referred to as Zanzibar), and Pemba. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros and Mayotte to the south, Mauritius and Réunion to the far southeast, and the Seychelles Islands about 1,500 km to the east. Zanzibar was once a separate state with a long trading history within the Arab world; it united with Tanganyika to form Tanzania in 1964 and still enjoys a high degree of autonomy within the union. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City, and its historic centre, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site. The name comes from the Persian zang () meaning "rust" (politically correct equivalent for "black") and bar () meaning "land".
http://wn.com/Zanzibar -
Åland Islands
The Åland Islands () form an archipelago in the Baltic Sea. They are situated at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia and form an autonomous, demilitarized, monolingually Swedish-speaking region of Finland. The islands collectively constitute the smallest region of Finland, with only 0.49% of its land area, and 0.50% of its population.
http://wn.com/Åland_Islands
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In the Bleak Midwinter {Robert Shaw}
"In the Bleak Midwinter" is a Christmas carol. Although the lyrics were written as a poem by English poet Christina Rossetti before 1872, it was published posthumously in Rossetti's Poetic Works in 1904 and became a Christmas carol after it appeared in The English Hymnal in 1906 with a setting by Holst. According to the website CyberHymnal, Rossetti wrote these words in response to a request from the magazine Scribner's Monthly for a Christmas poem. The text of this Christmas poem has been set to music many times, the most famous settings being composed by Gustav Holst and Harold Edwin Darke in the early 20th century. There is another setting—less well known—from the same era, by Thomas B. Strong. Benjamin Britten includes a setting for chorus in his work "A Boy Was Born". Eric Thiman wrote a setting for solo voice and piano. More recently Bob Chilcott, at one time a member of The King's Singers, wrote a choral setting entitled "Mid-winter". Another recent setting is that by a Canadian, Robert CL Watson. The Holst version has been recorded by a number of popular recording artists, including Bert Jansch, Julie Andrews in 1982, Allison Crowe in 2004, Maire Brennan in 2005 and Sarah McLachlan in 2006, as well as by many choirs including the Robert Shaw Chorale and the choir of St. John's College, Cambridge. The Darke version, with its beautiful and delicate organ accompaniment, has also gained popularity among choirs in recent years, after the King's College Choir included <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/In_the_Bleak_Midwinter_{Robert_Shaw}
"Beautiful Dreamer" ♫ Phil Coulter
Music: Beautiful Dreamer Artist: Phil Coulter Composer: Stephen Foster ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥ Here's a lovely composition in flowing standard waltz. Just imagine that you're dancing waltz with your loved♥one..... :) "Beautiful Dreamer" is a popular American song, the last known song written by Stephen Foster. It was published posthumously in 1864. . So far, I have posted several Phil Coulter's versions of music that I like. I just love his arrangements and style. Phil Coulter is an Irish artist with an international reputation as a successful songwriter, pianist, music producer, arranger and director. His success has spanned four decades and he is one of the biggest record sellers in Ireland. ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥ ♫ LYRICS ♫ Beautiful dreamer, wake unto me, Starlight and dewdrops are waiting for thee; Sounds of the rude world, heard in the day, Lull'd by the moonlight have all pass'd away! Beautiful dreamer, queen of my song, List while I woo thee with soft melody; Gone are the cares of life's busy throng, Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me! Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me! Beautiful dreamer, out on the sea Mermaids are chanting the wild lorelie; Over the streamlet vapors are borne, Waiting to fade at the bright coming morn. Beautiful dreamer, beam on my heart, E'en as the morn on the streamlet and <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Beautiful_Dreamer_♫_Phil_Coulter
Denise Levertov: six poems
Denise Levertov reads six poems from her later collections, three from EVENING TRAIN (1992) and three later included in her posthumously published collection SANDS OF THE WELL (1998). This is an extract from an hour-long reading she gave for the Lannan Foundation in Los Angeles on 7 December 1993. The poems are: 'Settling', 'Open Secret', 'Tragic Error', 'The Danger Moment', 'A Gift' and 'For Those Whom the Gods Love Less', three of which were also included in her SELECTED POEMS (New Directions, 2002), which was published in Britain as NEW SELECTED POEMS (Bloodaxe Books, 2003): www.bloodaxebooks.com Denise Levertov (1923-97) was born in Essex, and educated at home by her father, a Russian Jewish immigrant, who became an Anglican priest, and by her Welsh mother. In 1948, she emigrated to America, where she was acclaimed by Kenneth Rexroth in The New York Times as 'the most subtly skilful poet of her generation, the most profound, the most modest, the most moving,' and during the following decades she became 'a poet who may just be the finest writing in English today' (Kirkus Reviews). Throughout her life, she worked also as a political activist, campaigning tirelessly for civil rights and environmental causes, and against the Vietnam War, the Bomb and US-backed regimes in Latin America. This video is copyright Lannan Foundation 1994 and posted on YouTube with the permission of the Lannan Foundation.
http://wn.com/Denise_Levertov_six_poems
Beautiful Dreamer/My Old Kentucky Home
Beautiful Dreamer Beautiful dreamer, wake unto me, Starlight and dewdrops are waiting for thee; Sounds of the rude world, heard in the day, Lull'd by the moonlight have all pass'd away! Beautiful dreamer, queen of my song, List while I woo thee with soft melody; Gone are the cares of life's busy throng, Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me! Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me! It was written by Stephen Foster and was his last known song. It was published posthumously in 1864, the year he died. An instrumental version is woven into the score for Gone with the Wind, showing up, for example, during the intermission. My Old Kentucky Home The sun shines bright in My Old Kentucky home, 'Tis summer, and people are gay; The corn-top's ripe and the meadow's in the bloom While the birds make music all the day. The young folks roll on the little cabin floor All merry, all happy and bright; By 'n' by hard times comes a knocking at the door Then My Old Kentucky Home, good night! Weep no more my lady Oh! weep no more today! We will sing one song For My Old Kentucky Home For My Old Kentucky Home, far away. "My Old Kentucky Home" (originally titled "Poor Uncle Tom, Good Night!", and sometimes also titled "My Old Kentucky Home, Good-Night!") is the state song of Kentucky. It was published by Stephen Foster in 1853 and was adopted by the Kentucky General Assembly as the official state song on March 19, 1928. My Old Kentucky Home describes a scene of life on a slave plantation. The abolitionist <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Beautiful_Dreamer/My_Old_Kentucky_Home
Jay Reatard - What's In My Bag?
For full list of Jay's picks, visit: www.amoeba.com Jay Reatard shares what he found during his last visit to Amoeba San Francisco. Jay Reatard is a punk rock musician from Memphis who began recording music at age 15 and died at age 29 on January 13, 2010.
http://wn.com/Jay_Reatard__What's_In_My_Bag?
Audiobook: Octopussy and Other Stories by Ian Fleming
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 06 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 22 Jan 2011
- Author: SuperJaw007
Download full audiobook: www.qksrv.net List of award-winning books/audiobook: awardwinningaudiobooks.weebly. Published posthumously, Octopussy is an anthology of three novellas In "Octopussy", the legendary 007 is sent to Jamaica to deal with a rich, deranged major with a fondness for eight-legged creatures. In "The Living Daylights", Bond's mission is to kill the KGB sniper, code named Trigger, who will try to prevent an important Russian official from defecting. "The Property of a Lady" finds Bond at an auction, tracking down an exotic object d'art and a deceptive woman.
http://wn.com/Audiobook_Octopussy_and_Other_Stories_by_Ian_Fleming
![Soul Calibur V - SDCC 11 - Character Reveal Trailer [720p HD - PS3, Xbox 360]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120209072653im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/LefzuWxeMyk/0.jpg "Soul Calibur V - SDCC 11 - Character Reveal Trailer [720p HD - PS3, Xbox 360]")
Soul Calibur V - SDCC 11 - Character Reveal Trailer [720p HD - PS3, Xbox 360]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Published: 20 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: HDgamespoilersCOM
Subscribe www.hdgamespoilers.com for HD Trailers, Let's Plays (look for that *awesome face* at the bottom right), Highlights, and No Commentary Playthroughs. - Visit: MeTee.com Support this Youtube channel and Design & Publish a T-Shirt using the link above. This channel is brought to you by MeTee T-Shirts: T-shirt design in seconds & always free shipping. Buy Soul Calibur V (or any Amazon product) through this link to support this channel: www.amazon.com - Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: tinyurl.com Email Game Videos: HDgamespoilers.com - Xenosaga (ゼノサーガ, Zenosāga?) is a series of science fiction video games developed by Monolith Soft and published by Namco Bandai. Xenosaga's main story is in the form of a trilogy of PlayStation 2 video games. There have been three spin-off games and an anime adaptation. The Xenosaga series serves as a spiritual successor to the game Xenogears, which was released in 1998 for the PlayStation by Square. The creator of both Xenogears and Xenosaga is Tetsuya Takahashi, who left Square in 1998 along with Hirohide Sugiura. Using funds from Namco, they started MonolithSoft and the Xenosaga project. The first game in the trilogy, Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht was released in February 2002 in the Japan, and in February 2003 in North America. Xenosaga Freaks, a lighthearted game with a playable demo for Episode II, was released in April 2004 in Japan, but was not released elsewhere. Episode II: Jenseits von Gut und Böse was released in June <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Soul_Calibur_V__SDCC_11__Character_Reveal_Trailer_ 720p_HD__PS3,_Xbox_360
Honoré Daumier
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Published: 14 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: DistantMirrors
Honoré Daumier (February 26, 1808 -- February 10, 1879), was a French printmaker, caricaturist, painter, sculptor, and one of the most gifted and prolific draftsmen of his time. Daumier was born in Marseille to Jean-Baptiste Louis Daumier and Cécile Catherine Philippe. His father Jean-Baptiste was a glazier whose literary aspirations led him to move to Paris in 1814, seeking to be published as a poet.In 1816 the young Daumier and his mother followed Jean-Baptiste to Paris. Daumier showed in his youth an irresistible inclination towards the artistic profession, which his father vainly tried to check by placing him first with a huissier, for whom he was employed as an errand boy, and later, with a bookseller. In 1822 he became protégé to Alexandre Lenoir, a friend of Daumier's father who was an artist and archaeologist. The following year Daumier entered the Académie Suisse. He also worked for a lithographer and publisher named Belliard, and made his first attempts at lithography. Having mastered the techniques of lithography, Daumier began his artistic career by producing plates for music publishers, and illustrations for advertisements. This was followed by anonymous work for publishers, in which he emulated the style of Charlet and displayed considerable enthusiasm for the Napoleonic legend. When, during the reign of Louis Philippe, Charles Philipon launched the comic journal, La Caricature, Daumier joined its staff, which included such powerful artists as Devéria <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Honoré_Daumier
![Soul Calibur V - Dampierre Trailer [1080p HD PS3, Xbox 360]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120209072653im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/6tjgeWpPWEM/0.jpg "Soul Calibur V - Dampierre Trailer [1080p HD PS3, Xbox 360]")
Soul Calibur V - Dampierre Trailer [1080p HD PS3, Xbox 360]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Published: 25 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 25 Oct 2011
- Author: HDgamespoilersCOM
Subscribe! www.hdgamespoilers.com for HD Trailers, Let's Plays (look for that *awesome face* at the bottom right), Highlights, and No Commentary Playthroughs. - Visit: MeTee.com Support this Youtube channel and Design & Publish a T-Shirt using the link above. This channel is brought to you by MeTee T-Shirts: T-shirt design in seconds & always free shipping. Buy Soul Calibur V (or any Amazon product) through this link to support this channel: www.amazon.com Feel free to download this video and upload it to your own channel using: www.keepvid.com - Twitter twitter.com Facebook Like: tinyurl.com Email Game Videos: HDgamespoilers.com - Xenosaga (ゼノサーガ, Zenosāga?) is a series of science fiction video games developed by Monolith Soft and published by Namco Bandai. Xenosaga's main story is in the form of a trilogy of PlayStation 2 video games. There have been three spin-off games and an anime adaptation. The Xenosaga series serves as a spiritual successor to the game Xenogears, which was released in 1998 for the PlayStation by Square. The creator of both Xenogears and Xenosaga is Tetsuya Takahashi, who left Square in 1998 along with Hirohide Sugiura. Using funds from Namco, they started MonolithSoft and the Xenosaga project. The first game in the trilogy, Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht was released in February 2002 in the Japan, and in February 2003 in North America. Xenosaga Freaks, a lighthearted game with a playable demo for Episode II, was released in April 2004 in <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Soul_Calibur_V__Dampierre_Trailer_ 1080p_HD_PS3,_Xbox_360
2pac - California Love
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:48
- Published: 08 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 07 Jan 2012
- Author: albania2222
California Love" is a hip hop song by 2Pac featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman. The song was released as 2Pac's comeback single upon his release from prison in 1995. A popular remix version of the song appeared on his 1996 double album All Eyez on Me. This is perhaps 2Pac's best-known song and his most successful, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks (as a Double-A side single with "How Do U Want It"). The song was nominated for a posthumous Grammy Award as a Best Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (with Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman) in 1997. The song was actually written and performed by Roger Troutman in the Original Version of California Love, Tupac and Dr. Dre made a modern day version of the song. The original version of the track was not available on any of Shakur's studio albums, but it can now be found on Shakur's compilation of Greatest Hits. The tune was adapted from Joe Cocker's song "Woman to Woman", and "California knows how to party" lines listing Los Angeles County neighborhoods are sung by Roger Troutman. The vocals "In the City of Compton" and the other cities and "California knows how to party" is adapted from Ronnie Hudson and the Street People's "West Coast Poplock". The remix features sample from the song "Intimate Connection" by Kleeer written by Norman Durham and Woody Cunningham. "California Love" was Shakur's only entry on Rolling Stone's 2004 list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, ranked #346 <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/2pac__California_Love
![Soul Calibur V - E3 2011Pyrrha Character Demo Cam [720p HDPS3, Xbox 360]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120209072653im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/G2vQJwxfHRc/0.jpg "Soul Calibur V - E3 2011Pyrrha Character Demo Cam [720p HDPS3, Xbox 360]")
Soul Calibur V - E3 2011Pyrrha Character Demo Cam [720p HDPS3, Xbox 360]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Published: 16 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Aug 2011
- Author: HDgamespoilersCOM
Subscribe www.hdgamespoilers.com for HD Trailers, Let's Plays (look for that *awesome face* at the bottom right), Highlights, and No Commentary Playthroughs. - Visit: MeTee.com Support this Youtube channel and Design & Publish a T-Shirt using the link above. This channel is brought to you by MeTee T-Shirts: T-shirt design in seconds & always free shipping. Buy Soul Calibur V (or any Amazon product) through this link to support this channel: www.amazon.com - Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: tinyurl.com Email Game Videos: HDgamespoilers.com - Xenosaga (ゼノサーガ, Zenosāga?) is a series of science fiction video games developed by Monolith Soft and published by Namco Bandai. Xenosaga's main story is in the form of a trilogy of PlayStation 2 video games. There have been three spin-off games and an anime adaptation. The Xenosaga series serves as a spiritual successor to the game Xenogears, which was released in 1998 for the PlayStation by Square. The creator of both Xenogears and Xenosaga is Tetsuya Takahashi, who left Square in 1998 along with Hirohide Sugiura. Using funds from Namco, they started MonolithSoft and the Xenosaga project. The first game in the trilogy, Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht was released in February 2002 in the Japan, and in February 2003 in North America. Xenosaga Freaks, a lighthearted game with a playable demo for Episode II, was released in April 2004 in Japan, but was not released elsewhere. Episode II: Jenseits von Gut und Böse was released in June <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Soul_Calibur_V__E3_2011Pyrrha_Character_Demo_Cam_ 720p_HDPS3,_Xbox_360
![Soul Calibur V - Debut Teaser [720p HDPS3, Xbox 360]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120209072653im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/78_4hwdYR7g/0.jpg "Soul Calibur V - Debut Teaser [720p HDPS3, Xbox 360]")
Soul Calibur V - Debut Teaser [720p HDPS3, Xbox 360]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Published: 20 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 20 Aug 2011
- Author: HDgamespoilersCOM
Subscribe www.hdgamespoilers.com for HD Trailers, Let's Plays (look for that *awesome face* at the bottom right), Highlights, and No Commentary Playthroughs. - Visit: MeTee.com Support this Youtube channel and Design & Publish a T-Shirt using the link above. This channel is brought to you by MeTee T-Shirts: T-shirt design in seconds & always free shipping. Buy Soul Calibur V (or any Amazon product) through this link to support this channel: www.amazon.com - Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: tinyurl.com Email Game Videos: HDgamespoilers.com - Xenosaga (ゼノサーガ, Zenosāga?) is a series of science fiction video games developed by Monolith Soft and published by Namco Bandai. Xenosaga's main story is in the form of a trilogy of PlayStation 2 video games. There have been three spin-off games and an anime adaptation. The Xenosaga series serves as a spiritual successor to the game Xenogears, which was released in 1998 for the PlayStation by Square. The creator of both Xenogears and Xenosaga is Tetsuya Takahashi, who left Square in 1998 along with Hirohide Sugiura. Using funds from Namco, they started MonolithSoft and the Xenosaga project. The first game in the trilogy, Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht was released in February 2002 in the Japan, and in February 2003 in North America. Xenosaga Freaks, a lighthearted game with a playable demo for Episode II, was released in April 2004 in Japan, but was not released elsewhere. Episode II: Jenseits von Gut und Böse was released in June <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Soul_Calibur_V__Debut_Teaser_ 720p_HDPS3,_Xbox_360
Antonio Bertali (1605-1669) Prothimia Suavissima
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:18
- Published: 08 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 19 Dec 2011
- Author: FromBaroquewithLove
Antonio Bertali (was) a musician in the Viennese royal chapel from the 1620s and, from 1649 until his death in 1669, served as kapellmeister in the Viennese court. In Arcana's Antonio Bertali: Prothima Suavissima Parte Seconda, Gunar Letzbor leads the Ars Antiqua Austria -- a group that has notably distinguished itself through recordings such as the superb Challenge Classics issue of Viennese lute concertos by Von Radolt -- though the posthumous 1672 print indicated in the title in its entirety. There is some measure of controversy as to who composed the 12 sonatas in this volume; in 1671, composer Samuel Capricornus printed a collection entitled -Continuation der neuen wohl angestimten Taffelmusic, which duplicates six of these sonatas exactly, raising the issue of whether Capricornus -- a student and follower of Bertali -- "borrowed" these six sonatas from his then-departed master for his own publication or that the publisher might have used the Capricornus works to fill out a more commercially viable Bertali print. However, in listening one notes absolute unanimity of style between all 12 sonatas, and it is a solidly persuasive, elegant style as well. Compared to Biber, Bertali is not nearly as weird or experimental, but there are exploratory harmonic devices in use and plenty of the elements of surprise present for those already attuned to the early Baroque. 00:00 - Sonata VII 06:30 - Sonata VII Ars Antiqua Austria Gunar Letzbor Bertali's compositions are in the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Antonio_Bertali_1605-1669_Prothimia_Suavissima
夢見る人（夢路より） Beautiful Dreamer （1862年） ～フォスター①
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Published: 17 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 01 Dec 2011
- Author: AUTUMNSNAKEMEMORY
夢見る人（夢路より） Beautiful Dreamer （1862年） ～フォスター① blogs.yahoo.co.jp 【おぉたむすねィくAutumnsnake】廃墟探検部門 Stephen Collins Foster Beautiful dreamer, wake unto me, Starlight and dewdrops are waiting for thee; Sounds of the rude world heard in the day, Lull'd by the moonlight have all pass'd away! 美しき夢見る人よ、我が為に目覚めよ星の光と露の雫が汝を待つ粗暴な俗世の喧騒は月の光に優しく照らされ、すべて過ぎ去りぬBeautiful dreamer, queen of my song, List while I woo thee with soft melody; 我が歌の女王、美しき夢見る人よ汝への愛の調べを聴き給えGone are the cares of life's busy throng, Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me! Beautiful dreamer, awake unto me! 雑踏に犇く日々の悩みは消え去らん美しき夢見る人よ、我が為に目覚めよ美しき夢見る人よ、我が為に目覚めよペンシルベニア州ピッツバーグの隣町ルイスヴィルで、比較的裕福な家庭に10人兄弟の末っ子として育つ。音楽教育はほとんど受けなかったにもかかわらず、二十歳になるまでにすでにいくつか歌曲を出版していた。 1846年にオハイオ州シンシナティに転居し、兄の蒸気船会社で簿記を務める。シンシナティ在住中に、最初のヒット曲《おおスザンナ》を発表。これは1848年～9年のカリフォルニアのゴールド・ラッシュの賛歌となった。1849年に出版された曲集『フォスターのミンストレル・ソング集Foster's Ethiopian Melodies』には、「クリスティ・ミンストレルズ」によってヒットした《やさしいネリー" Nelly Was A Lady"》が収録されている。 同年フォスターはペンシルベニアに戻ってコンサートを開き、クリスティ・ミンストレルズと共演、最も有名な歌曲が書かれる時代の始まりと <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/夢見る人（夢路より）_Beautiful_Dreamer_（1862年）_～フォスター①
2Pac ft.Dr. Dre - California Love
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:49
- Published: 31 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 27 Dec 2011
- Author: Makadocious88
"California Love" is a hip hop song by 2Pac featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman. The song was released as 2Pac's comeback single upon his release from prison in 1995. A popular remix version of the song appeared on his 1996 double album All Eyez on Me. This is perhaps 2Pac's best-known song and his most successful, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks (as a Double-A side single with "How Do U Want It"). The song was nominated for a posthumous Grammy Award as a Best Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (with Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman) in 1997. The song was actually written and performed by Roger Troutman in the Original Version of California Love, Tupac and Dr. Dre made a modern day version of the song. The original version of the track was not available on any of Shakur's studio albums, but it can now be found on Shakur's compilation of Greatest Hits. The tune was adapted from Joe Cocker's song "Woman to Woman", and "California knows how to party" lines listing Los Angeles County neighborhoods are sung by Roger Troutman. The vocals "In the City of Compton" and the other cities and "California knows how to party" is adapted from Ronnie Hudson and the Street People's "West Coast Poplock". The remix features sample from the song "Intimate Connection" by Kleeer written by Norman Durham and Woody Cunningham. "California Love" was Shakur's only entry on Rolling Stone's 2004 list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, ranked <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/2Pac_ftDr_Dre__California_Love
2Pac Featuring Dr. Dre - California Love
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:47
- Published: 30 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 11 Jan 2012
- Author: BVMUndergroundHipHop
See Music Videos www.bvmtv.com that you CAN'T See on You Tube! even some X RATED music videos! +Live Chat and Embed video codes. "California Love" is a hip hop song by 2Pac featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman. The song was released as 2Pac's comeback single upon his release from prison in 1995. A popular remix version of the song appeared on his 1996 double album All Eyez on Me. This is perhaps 2Pac's best-known song and his most successful, reaching #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks. The song was nominated for a posthumous Grammy Award as a Best Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (with Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman) in 1997. The song was actually written and performed by Roger Troutman in the Original Version of California Love, Tupac and Dr. Dre made a modern day version of the song. The original version of the track was not available on any of Shakur's studio albums, but it can now be found on Shakur's compilation of Greatest Hits. The tune was adapted from Joe Cocker's song "Woman to Woman", and "California knows how to party" lines listing Los Angeles County neighborhoods are sung by Roger Troutman. The vocals "In the City of Compton" and the other cities and "California knows how to party" is adapted from Ronnie Hudson and the Street People's "West Coast Poplock". The remix features sample from the song "Intimate Connection" by Kleeer written by Norman Durham and Woody Cunningham. "California Love" was Shakur's only entry on <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/2Pac_Featuring_Dr_Dre__California_Love
Tribute to Janis Joplin
Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 -- October 4, 1970) was an American singer, songwriter, painter, dancer and music arranger. She rose to prominence in the late 1960s as the lead singer of Big Brother and the Holding Company and later as a solo artist with her backing groups, The Kozmic Blues Band and The Full Tilt Boogie Band. At the height of her career she was known as The Queen of Rock and Roll as well as The Queen of Psychedelic Soul. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Joplin number 46 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2004, and number 28 on its 2008 list of 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. "Me and Bobby McGee" is a song written by Kris Kristofferson and Fred Foster, originally performed by Roger Miller, and later by others including Kristofferson himself, and also Janis Joplin, who topped the US singles chart with the song in 1971, after her death, making the song the second posthumous number-one single in US chart history after "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding.
http://wn.com/Tribute_to_Janis_Joplin
![Soul Calibur V - Behind the GameProject Soul [720p HDPS3, Xbox 360]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120209072653im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/EKjHACU3cHg/0.jpg "Soul Calibur V - Behind the GameProject Soul [720p HDPS3, Xbox 360]")
Soul Calibur V - Behind the GameProject Soul [720p HDPS3, Xbox 360]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 16 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Aug 2011
- Author: HDgamespoilersCOM
Subscribe www.hdgamespoilers.com for HD Trailers, Let's Plays (look for that *awesome face* at the bottom right), Highlights, and No Commentary Playthroughs. - Visit: MeTee.com Support this Youtube channel and Design & Publish a T-Shirt using the link above. This channel is brought to you by MeTee T-Shirts: T-shirt design in seconds & always free shipping. Buy Soul Calibur V (or any Amazon product) through this link to support this channel: www.amazon.com - Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: tinyurl.com Email Game Videos: HDgamespoilers.com - Xenosaga (ゼノサーガ, Zenosāga?) is a series of science fiction video games developed by Monolith Soft and published by Namco Bandai. Xenosaga's main story is in the form of a trilogy of PlayStation 2 video games. There have been three spin-off games and an anime adaptation. The Xenosaga series serves as a spiritual successor to the game Xenogears, which was released in 1998 for the PlayStation by Square. The creator of both Xenogears and Xenosaga is Tetsuya Takahashi, who left Square in 1998 along with Hirohide Sugiura. Using funds from Namco, they started MonolithSoft and the Xenosaga project. The first game in the trilogy, Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht was released in February 2002 in the Japan, and in February 2003 in North America. Xenosaga Freaks, a lighthearted game with a playable demo for Episode II, was released in April 2004 in Japan, but was not released elsewhere. Episode II: Jenseits von Gut und Böse was released in June <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Soul_Calibur_V__Behind_the_GameProject_Soul_ 720p_HDPS3,_Xbox_360
Low - Transmission (Joy Division Cover)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:13
- Published: 29 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 31 Dec 2011
- Author: TheCoverHeaven
From '' Transmission EP '' Label: (1) Vernon Yard Recordings, (2) Virgin Records America, Inc. Catalog#: (1) YARD CD16, (2) 0170 4 60016 2 5 Format: CD, EP Country: US Released: 1996 Tracks 1. Transmission Producer -- Mark Kramer Written-By -- Bernard Sumner, Ian Curtis, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris 2. Bright Producer -- Steve Albini 3. Caroline 2 Producer -- Steve Albini 4. Hands Producer -- Mark Kramer 5. Jack Smith Recorded By -- Jonah Rainey, Matt Letsinger Mixed By -- G. Jonah Rainey Written-By -- The Supreme Dicks 6. Untitled Written-By -- Alan Sparhawk (tracks: 2 to 4), Mimi Parker (tracks: 2 to 4), Zak Sally (tracks: 2 to 4) ------------------------ "Transmission" is a song by post-punk band Joy Division, released on Factory Records in November 1979 on 7" and re-released as a 12" single with a different sleeve in December 1980. The single charted twice in New Zealand, debuting at number two in September 1981, and re-appearing again at number 24 in July 1984. In May 2007, NME magazine placed "Transmission" at number 20 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever, one place below "Love Will Tear Us Apart". It was played on-stage in the film 24 Hour Party People, a scene in which Ian Curtis suffers an epileptic fit. It has been covered by Low (on its EP Transmission), Indiana band ...revel in the morning (on the God Less America EP), Bauhaus (as well as by frontman Peter Murphy on his solo tours) and Innerpartysystem. A version by Hot Chip is on the War Child <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Low__Transmission_Joy_Division_Cover
Tomaso Albinoni - Sinfonia in G Allegro - Sinfonietta - Sydney Youth Orchestra - SYO
Sinfonia in G Allegro by Tomaso Albinoni. Michael Thrift is conducting the SYO Sinfonietta Orchestra. Live concert in HD with Dolby Stereo Sound. From the Sydney Youth Orchestra's SYO Winter Family Concert on Saturday 19 June 2010 at Verbrugghen Hall, Sydney Conservatorium of Music, NSW, Australia. The Orchestra's website is www.syo.com.au Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni (8 June 1671 -- 17 January 1751) was a Venetian Baroque composer. While famous in his day as an opera composer, he is mainly remembered today for his instrumental music, some of which is regularly recorded. Born in Venice, Republic of Venice, to Antonio Albinoni, a wealthy paper merchant, he studied violin and singing. Relatively little is known about his life, especially considering his contemporary stature as a composer, and the comparatively well-documented period in which he lived. In 1694 he dedicated his Opus 1 to the fellow-Venetian, Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni (grand-nephew of Pope Alexander VIII); Ottoboni was an important patron in Rome of other composers, such as Arcangelo Corelli. Albinoni was possibly employed in 1700 as a violinist to Charles IV, Duke of Mantua, to whom he dedicated his Opus 2 collection of instrumental pieces. In 1701 he wrote his hugely popular suites Opus 3, and dedicated that collection to Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1705, he was married; Antonino Biffi, the maestro di cappella of San Marco was a witness, and evidently was a friend of Albinoni's. Albinoni <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Tomaso_Albinoni__Sinfonia_in_G_Allegro__Sinfonietta__Sydney_Youth_Orchestra__SYO
STEVIE WONDER - SIR DUKE - SPECIAL COMPILATION
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Published: 27 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 05 Jan 2012
- Author: adp79digital
BIOGRAPHY #1: STEVELAND HARDAWAY JUDKINS born on May 13, 1950, name later changed to STEVLAND HARDAWAY MORRIS, known by his stage name STEVIE WONDER, is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and activist. Blind from shortly after birth, Wonder signed with Motown Records' Tamla label at the age of eleven and continues to perform and record for Motown to this day. Some of Wonder's best known works include singles such as "Superstition", "Sir Duke", "I Wish" and "I Just Called to Say I Love You". Well known albums also include Talking Book, Innervisions and Songs in the Key of Life. He has recorded more than thirty US top ten hits and received twenty-two Grammy Awards, the most ever awarded to a male solo artist. Wonder is also noted for his work as an activist for political causes, including his 1980 campaign to make Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday a holiday in the United States. In 2009, Wonder was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace. In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles chart's fiftieth anniversary, with Wonder at number five. BIOGRAPHY #2:: SIR DUKE is a song composed and performed by Stevie Wonder, from his 1976 album Songs in the Key of Life. Released as a single in 1977, the track topped the US Billboard Hot 100 and Black Singles charts[1], and reached #2 in the UK Singles Chart, his biggest hit there at the time. The song was written in tribute to Duke <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/STEVIE_WONDER__SIR_DUKE__SPECIAL_COMPILATION
Suspicious Minds/Elvis Presley
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:37
- Published: 04 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 09 Jan 2012
- Author: CookiesDen2
"Suspicious Minds" is a song about being trapped in a mistrusting and dysfunctional relationship. Originally, and most notably, a hit for Elvis Presley in 1969, "Suspicious Minds" was widely regarded as the single that jump-started Presley's career after his successful '68 Comeback Special. It was his eighteenth and last number-one single in the United States. Rolling Stone later ranked it #91 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Written by Mark James aka Francis Zambon in 1968, who was also co-writer of "Always On My Mind", which Elvis would later record, the song first was recorded and released by James. Even though James' recording initially was not commercially successful, Elvis decided he could turn it into a hit on reviewing the song as presented to him by Memphis Soul producer Chips Moman, owner of American Sound Studio, in 1969. Presley recorded "Suspicious Minds" along with at least another two hit singles—"In the Ghetto" and "Kentucky Rain"—in the so-called "Memphis sessions" of February 1969 at American Sound Studio. He first performed the song at the Las Vegas Hilton on July 31, 1969, and the 45 rpm single was released in the fall. It reached number one in the United States in the week of November 1 and stayed there for that week. It would be Presley's final number-one single in the US before his death ("The Wonder of You" in 1970, "Way Down" in 1977 and a posthumous remixed release of "A Little Less Conversation" in 2002 all hit number one on <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Suspicious_Minds/Elvis_Presley
Imagine - John Lennon (1971)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Published: 21 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 06 Jan 2012
- Author: djbuddyloveclassicrr
"Imagine" was a song written and performed by the English musician John Lennon. It was the opening track on his album "Imagine", released in 1971. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked "Imagine" at number 3 in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs Of All Time. The song is one of three Lennon solo songs, along with "Instant Karma!" and "Give Peace A Chance", in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs That Shaped Rock And Roll. "Imagine" was the second solo album by Lennon. Recorded and released in 1971, the album tended toward songs that were gentler, more commercial and less avant-garde than those on his critically acclaimed previous album, "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band". The album is considered the most popular of his works. In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine listed "Imagine" as the 76th greatest album in history. John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (9 October 1940 -- 8 December 1980) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who rose to worldwide fame as one of the founding members of The Beatles, one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. Along with fellow Beatle Paul McCartney, he formed one of the most successful songwriting partnerships of the 20th century. Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon's first band, The Quarrymen, evolved into The Beatles in 1960. As the group disintegrated towards the end of the decade, Lennon embarked on a distinguished solo career. Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Imagine__John_Lennon_1971
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Great Scott! Fitzgerald is enjoying a third act
05 Feb 2012
The Guardian
New stage and film adaptations of The Great Gatsby attest to Scott Fitzgerald's enduring brilliance and his relevance to our boom and bust age Bruce Dern, Mia Farrow and Robert Redford in 1974's The Great Gatsby. Photograph: Allstar/Cinetext/Paramount...
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Apparently, having an atheist father-in-law was an issue for Mitt Romney. Mitt Romney will still likely be the Republican who is selected to run against President Barack Obama, even with Newt Gingrich’s recent surge. Ron Paul and Rick Santorum remain long shots at best, and other candidates...
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Gulf News
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A total of 109 people, including 19 women, have been selected for the Padma awards on the eve of the Republic Day. President Pratibha Patil approved the awards, including one duo case (counted as one) and 14 in the category of foreigners/ NRIs/ PIOs/posthumous. The awards comprise five Padma...
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This is a list of sovereign states giving an overview of states around the world with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty.
The list contains 204 entries, . The states are divided using two distinct methods: # The ''membership within the United Nations system'' column divides the states into three categories: 193 member states of the United Nations, two states that are not UN member states but are either a UN observer state or a member state of a UN specialised agency, and nine other states. # The ''sovereignty disputes'' column divides the states into two categories: 13 states whose sovereignty is disputed and 191 other states.
Compiling a list such as this can be a difficult and controversial process, as there is no definition that is binding on all the members of the community of nations concerning the criteria for statehood. For more information on the criteria used to determine the contents of this list, please see the "criteria for inclusion" section below.
List of states
{|class="sortable wikitable" border="0" cellpadding="0" style="background-color:white; text-align:left; font-size'': 95%; border-collapse'': collapse; border'': 0px solid #AAAAAA;" |- !width=35%|Name in English, and the official, national, and other important languages of the state !Membership within the UN System !Sovereignty dispute !width=50%; class="unsortable"|Further information on status and recognition of sovereignty |-style="background-color:DarkGrey" |align=center|A AAA |A AAA |A AAA | |-style="background-color:LightGrey" class="sortbottom" |align=center|ZZZ UN member states |A AAA |ZZZ | |- | valign=top|ZZZAbkhazia → Abkhazia |A UN member state |A None | |- |valign=top| – Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ''Persian'': – → ''Pashto'': – → |A UN member state |A None |- |valign=top| – Republic of Albania ''Albanian'': – |A UN member state |A None |- |valign=top| – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria ''Arabic'': – → |A UN member state |A None |- |valign=top| – Principality of Andorra ''Catalan'': – |A UN member state |A None Andorra is a co-principality in which the office of head of state is jointly held ''ex officio'' by the French president and the bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of Urgell, who himself is appointed by the Holy See. |- |valign=top| – Republic of Angola ''Portuguese'': – |A UN member state |A None |- |valign=top|The French Republic also includes the overseas territories of: (includes the Antarctic claim of Adélie Land). Clipperton Island is a possession of the government. French sovereignty over Banc du Geyser, Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, Mayotte, and Tromelin Island is disputed in part by Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and the Comoros. |- |valign=top| – Gabonese Republic ''French'': – |A UN member state |A None |- |valign=top|Gambia – Republic of The Gambia
The designation "Netherlands" can refer to either one of the Kingdom's constituent countries or to the short name for the Kingdom (e.g., in international organizations). The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU, but EU law applies only to the Netherlands proper. |- |valign=top|
Cook Islands and Niue are sovereign subjects of international law. UN recognized the full treaty-making capacity of the Cook Islands in 1992 and that of Niue in 1994.
Cook Islands and Niue are members of UN specialized agencies without any specifications or limitations. Cook Islands is member of FAO, ICAO, IFAD, IMO, UNESCO, WHO, WMO and Niue is member of FAO, IFAD, UNESCO, WHO, WMO.
New Zealand also has the dependent territories of: The Tokelauan government claims sovereignty over Swains Island, part of American Samoa, a territory of the United States. New Zealand does not recognize the Tokelauan claim. |- |valign=top| – Republic of Nicaragua ''Spanish'': – |A UN member state |A None Nicaragua contains 2 autonomous regions, Atlántico Sur and Atlántico Norte. |- |valign=top| – Republic of Niger ''French'': – ''Hausa'': – |A UN member state |A None |- |valign=top| – Federal Republic of Nigeria
|A UN member state |A None Pakistan is a federation of 4 provinces, 1 capital territory, and tribal regions. Pakistan disputes Indian sovereignty over Kashmir. It exercises control over some areas, but does not explicitly claim any part of it, instead regarding it as a disputed territory. The portions that it controls are divided into two polities, administered separately from Pakistan proper: |- |valign=top| – Republic of Palau ''Palauan'': –
In addition, there are uninhabited possessions of the United States in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Navassa Island (disputed by Haiti), and Wake Island (disputed by the Marshall Islands). According to some sources, the United States also claims Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank as territories. |- |valign=top| – Eastern Republic of Uruguay ''Spanish'': – |A UN member state |A None |- |valign=top| – Republic of Uzbekistan ''Uzbek'': – → |A UN member state |A None Uzbekistan contains 1 autonomous region, Karakalpakstan. |- |valign=top| – Republic of Vanuatu ''Bislama'': –
Criteria for inclusion
The dominant customary international law standard of statehood is the declarative theory of statehood that defines the state as a person of international law if it "possess[es] the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states." Debate exists on the degree to which recognition should be included as a criterion of statehood. The declarative theory of statehood, an example of which can be found in the Montevideo Convention, argues that statehood is purely objective and recognition of a state by other states is irrelevant. On the other end of the spectrum, the constitutive theory of statehood defines a state as a person under international law only if it is recognized as sovereign by other states. For the purposes of this list, included are all states that either:
Note that in some cases there is a divergence of opinion over the interpretation of the first point, and whether an entity satisfies it is disputed.
On the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 204 entities:
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
τ *Sovereign states Sovereign states
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| Coordinates | 43°35′07″N39°43′13″N |
|---|---|
| Name | Phil Coulter |
| Background | solo_singer |
| Birth name | Philip Coulter |
| Birth date | February 19, 1942 |
| Origin | Derry, Northern Ireland |
| Instrument | Vocals, piano |
| Genre | Folk, pop, traditional Irish |
| Occupation | Musician, songwriter |
| Years active | 1967–present |
| Website | http://www.philcoulter.com/ }} |
Coulter has won 23 Platinum Discs, 39 Gold Discs, 52 Silver Discs, two Grand Prix Eurovision awards; five Ivor Novello Awards, which includes Songwriter of the Year; three American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers awards; a Grammy Nomination; a Meteor Award, a National Entertainment Award and a Rose d’or d’Antibes.
Early years
Coulter is from Derry in Northern Ireland where his father was a policeman; one of few Catholic constables in the force. He grew up with his two brothers and two sisters.Coulter's father, also called Phil, encouraged music in the house. He played the fiddle whilst his wife played the upright piano. The younger Coulter recalls this piano, made by Challen, as "the most important piece of furniture in the house". “I always stayed away from the fiddle, having inflicted enough pain on my family with the piano,” he laughed. Coulter confesses that he came close to abandoning the piano at an early age. “The truth is I hated the piano at first. I’d love to say I was a natural but I wasn’t. I hated playing it and I hated my music teacher. My father, who was a canny man, told me, ‘We have to scrimp and save to pay for these lessons, you might as well give them up.’ “It wasn’t long before I gravitated back to the piano, trying to play the songs that I was listening to on the radio. I always wondered what my left hand was supposed to be doing though. But after two or three years at St. Columb’s College I began thinking of the piano as an extension of myself.”
One of Coulter's most popular songs, "The Town I Loved So Well", deals with the embattled city of his youth, filled with "that damned barbed wire" during the Troubles. 'It is the one I anguished most over, the one which had to earn respect and perhaps the most auto-biographical tune I have ever written’ “The roots of that song go very, very deep, it took time for it to win respect and integrity. That song defines an era and a place that is very dear to my heart.”
Education
Coulter spent his secondary school years at St. Columb's College. He later studied music and French at the Queen's University of Belfast (QUB). Coulter has received honorary doctorates from the University of Ulster and Dublin Institute of Technology.
Beginnings of a career in music
He started his first band at Queen's University, playing early rock and roll music despite studying classical music. Coulter was also founder of the Glee Club, which staged music events for the university. By 1964, his final year at university, Coulter had already written a couple of hit songs in Ireland and he moved to London, where his first job was as an arranger/songwriter with a music publisher in Denmark Street. From here he was hired to work with name acts including Billy Connolly, Van Morrison, Jerry Lee Lewis and Tom Jones.
Songwriting partnership with Bill Martin
In the late 1960s Coulter formed a long-lasting writing partnership with Bill Martin. They wrote Sandie Shaw's 1967 Eurovision-winning entry, "Puppet on a String", which would go on to become an international hit with more than 100 cover versions. They had a second hit the next year with a song for Cliff Richard called "Congratulations", which finished second at Eurovision. A Spanish documentary in 2008 however revealed that Cliff Richard had been robbed of victory after Gen Francisco Franco fixed the vote. Seven years later Coulter found himself back on the Eurovision stage when he co wrote, together with Pierre Cour, the song "Toi" for Luxembourg: the song, which was performed by Coulter's future wife Geraldine, came fifth in Stockholm. Coulter and Martin later wrote the song "Shine It On", which would finish third in the 1978 heat of ''A Song for Europe'', performed by the Glaswegian performer "Christian".The duo wrote numerous hit songs for a variety of popular singers in the 1960s and 1970s, including "My Boy" for Elvis Presley and many of the Bay City Rollers' hits: they also contributed incidental music to the 1967 ''Spider-Man'' television series.
Sideman and producer
As well as writing hit singles, Coulter produced three ground-breaking albums with Planxty, which would have an influence on modern Irish music. Christy Moore wrote:"With no competition he gave us a shite contract and we signed everything away. All that said, 30 years on this album sounds good. He produced it well and ... (he had) the foresight and wherewithal to record the band at a time when no one else was listening.
In addition to writing hits for the Bay City Rollers, Coulter also wrote songs for several other teenybop bands of the 1970s, including Kenny and Slik, and appeared as a production credit on "Automatic Lover" by Dee D. Jackson.
Coulter produced, arranged and wrote most of the late Joe Dolan 1983 album, ''Here and Now''. The album featured several hit singles, including the Irish Top Ten hit "Deeper and Deeper" which remained a staple in Dolan's live sets and was also one of the last songs he performed before he became ill on stage during what turned out to be his last ever show in Abbeyleix. The album was released in South Africa as "Yours Faithfully" where it went to number one within one week of release.
In 2007, Coulter joined with Sharon Browne, one of the originators of the successful Celtic Woman production, to collaborate on formation of a male version of that production called "Celtic Thunder". A stage production at The Helix in Dublin was released on DVD as ''Celtic Thunder: The Show'' and went to the top of the ''Amazon'' and ''Billboard'' Top World Albums chart in 2008. Many of the tracks in the show, such as "That's a Woman" and "Heartbreaker", were written by Coulter.
Solo success
In 1984 Coulter launched himself as an artist in his own right and began by releasing a solo instrumental album called ''Classic Tranquility''. His follow-up, ''Sea of Tranquility'', became the second-best selling album of all time in Ireland. It peaked at #46 in the UK Albums Chart, and remained in the chart for fourteen weeks. He moved from London back to Ireland, where he established his music publishing company on the grounds of his house in Bray, south of Dublin. Coulter's official website notes that he has some 23 platinum records, 39 gold and 52 silver albums. He also keeps one of the walls of his office blank, "to remind me that there’s still room for a lot more."In 2001 he was nominated for a Grammy Award in the "New Age" category for his album ''Highland Cathedral''. At the age of 67, he continues to be a popular performer in his native country and around the world in places such as The White House and Carnegie Hall.
Inspiration
It has not always been ‘awards and accolades’ for Ireland’s most accomplished composer. His personal life has provided enough heartbreak and inspiration for several songwriters.Some of his most personal, famous and indeed most touching songs come from the loss of family members. “‘The Old Man’ still haunts me when I play it in Derry,” he reflected. “I can still see my father’s face appear when I’m playing it there. These are my roots, my place, so the ghosts and memories come out of the woodwork when I play in Derry.” Phil’s sister, Cyd, drowned in Lough Swilly. One year later he lost his brother, Brian to the same ‘Lake of Shadows.’ His struggle to come to terms with the loss and resulting emotions are captured in his songs ‘Shores of the Swilly’ and ‘Star of the Sea’. Furthermore, "Scorn Not His Simplicity", pleads for tolerance and understanding of his son, who was born with Down's syndrome and died at the age of four.
“Those particular songs were written as much to help me come to terms with those tragedies as anything else. It is about keeping their memory alive for myself. That is the privilege of a songwriter, we can leave songs behind after we fall off the perch ourselves.”
Politics
In 2002, Coulter was encouraged by the ''Save the Swilly'' organisation to run for Dáil in order to protect Lough Swilly from aquacultural destruction. After some deliberation, he concluded that work and family commitments would not allow him the time necessary to fill the political position. Some say that the passing of his priest brother Joseph at that time had a significant influence on his decision.
Sport
Coulter is a former president of Derry City Football Club and is known to be a supporter of the club, having attempted to help the club with its financial problems in the early 2000s. He has also helped Derry City's local rivals, Finn Harps, in their time of need.In 1995, the Irish Rugby Football Union commissioned Coulter to write a politically neutral anthem for the Ireland national rugby union team, which represents both Northern Ireland and Ireland. The result was "Ireland's Call", which is played alongside of, and in some cases instead of, Amhrán na bhFiann. As well as being used by both the Ireland national rugby union team and the junior national teams, "Ireland's Call" has since also been adopted by the Ireland's national hockey, cricket and rugby league teams.
References
External links
Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:Irish songwriters Category:Irish musicians Category:People from Derry Category:Alumni of Queen's University Belfast Category:Reality television judges Category:Windham Hill Records artists Category:You're a Star judges Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:Eurovision Song Contest winners Category:People educated at St Columb's College
de:Phil Coulter fr:Phil Coulter nl:Phil CoulterThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 43°35′07″N39°43′13″N |
|---|---|
| name | Denise Levertov |
| birth date | October 24, 1923 |
| birth place | Ilford, United Kingdom |
| death date | December 20, 1997 |
| death place | Seattle, Washington |
| occupation | Poet |
| nationality | American |
| period | 1946 to 1997 |
| influences | William Carlos Williams, Black Mountain Poets, Ezra Pound, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Dorothy Day |
| awards | Shelley Memorial Award |
| website | }} |
Denise Levertov (October 24, 1923 – December 20, 1997) was a British-born American poet.
Early life and influences
Levertov was born and grew up in Ilford, Essex. Her mother, Beatrice Spooner-Jones Levertoff, came from a small mining village in North Wales. Her father, Paul Levertoff, had been a teacher at Leipzig University and as a Russian Hassidic Jew was held under house arrest during the First World War as an 'enemy alien' by virtue of his ethnicity. He emigrated to the UK and became an Anglican priest. In the mistaken belief that he would want to preach in a Jewish neighbourhood, he was housed in Ilford, within reach of a parish in Shoreditch, in East London. She wrote "My father's Hasidic ancestry, his being steeped in Jewish and Christian scholarship and mysticism, his fervour and eloquence as a preacher, were factors built into my cells". Levertov, who was educated at home, showed an enthusiasm for writing from an early age and studied ballet, art, Piano and French as well as standard subjects. She wrote about the strangeness she felt growing up part Jewish, German, Welsh and English, but not fully belonging to any of these identities. She notes that it lent her a sense of being special rather than excluded: "[I knew] before I was ten that I was an artist-person and I had a destiny". She noted: "Humanitarian politics came early into my life: seeing my father on a soapbox protesting Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia; my father and sister both on soap-boxes protesting Britain's lack of support for Spain; my mother canvasing long before those events for the League of Nations Union; and all three of them working on behalf of the German and Austrian refugees from 1933 onwards… I used to sell the ''Daily Worker'' house-to-house in the working class streets of Ilford Lane".When she was five years old she declared she would be a writer. At the age of 12, she sent some of her poems to T. S. Eliot, who replied with a two-page letter of encouragement. In 1940, when she was 17, Levertov published her first poem. During the Blitz, Levertov served in London as a civilian nurse. Her first book, ''The Double Image'', was published six years later. In 1947, she married American writer Mitchell Goodman and moved with him to the United States the following year. Although Levertov and Goodman would eventually divorce, they had a son, Nikolai, and lived mainly in New York City, summering in Maine. In 1955, she became a naturalized American citizen.
Levertov's first two books had concentrated on traditional forms and language. But as she accepted the U.S. as her new home, she became more and more fascinated with the American idiom. She began to come under the influence of the Black Mountain poets and most importantly William Carlos Williams. Her first American book of poetry, ''Here and Now'', shows the beginnings of this transition and transformation. Her poem “With Eyes at the Back of Our Heads” established her reputation.
Later life and work
During the 1960s and 70s, Levertov became much more politically active in her life and work. As poetry editor for ''The Nation'', she was able to support and publish the work of feminist and other leftist activist poets. The Vietnam War was an especially important focus of her poetry, which often tried to weave together the personal and political, as in her poem "The Sorrow Dance," which speaks of her sister's death. Also in response to the Vietnam War, Levertov joined the War Resisters League, and in 1968 signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war.Much of the latter part of Levertov’s life was spent in education. After moving to Massachusetts, Levertov taught at Brandeis University, MIT and Tufts University. On the West Coast, she had a part-time teaching stint at the University of Washington and for 11 years (1982–1993) held a full professorship at Stanford University. In 1984 she received a Litt. D. from Bates College. After retiring from teaching, she travelled for a year doing poetry readings in the U.S. and Britain.
In 1997, Denise Levertov died at the age of 74 from complications due to lymphoma. She was buried at Lake View Cemetery in Seattle, Washington. Her papers are held at the Washington University in St. Louis.
Political poetry
Both politics and war are major themes in Levertov's poetry. Levertov was published in the ''Black Mountain Review'' during the 1950s, but denied any formal relations with the group. She began to develop her own lyrical style of poetry through those influences. She felt it was part of a poet's calling to point out the injustice of the Vietnam War, and she also actively participated in rallies, reading poetry at some. Some of her war poetry was published in her 1971 book ''To Stay Alive'', a collection of anti-Vietnam War letters, newscasts, diary entries, and conversations. Complementary themes in the book involve the tension of the individual vs. the group (or government) and the development of personal voice in mass culture. In her poetry, she promotes community and group change through the imagination of the individual and emphasizes the power of individuals as advocates of change. She also links personal experience to justice and social reform.Suffering is another major theme in Levertov’s war poetry. The poems “Poetry, Prophecy, Survival”, “Paradox and Equilibrium”, and “Poetry and Peace: Some Broader Dimensions” revolve around war, injustice, and prejudice. In her volume “Life at War”, Denise Levertov attempts to use imagery to express the disturbing violence of the Vietnam War. Throughout these poems, she addresses violence and savagery, yet tries to bring grace into the equation. She attempts to mix the beauty of language and the ugliness of the horrors of war. The themes of her poems, especially “Staying Alive”, focus on both the cost of war and the suffering of the Vietnamese. In her prose work, ''The Poet in the World'', she writes that violence is an outlet. Levertov’s first successful Vietnam poetry was her book ''Freeing of the Dust''. Some of the themes of this book of poems are the experience of the North Vietnamese, and distrust of people. She attacks the United States pilots in her poems for dropping bombs. Overall, her war poems incorporate suffering to show that violence has become an everyday occurrence. After years of writing such poetry, Levertov eventually came to the conclusion that beauty and poetry and politics can’t go together (Dewey). This opened the door wide for her religious-themed poetry in the later part of her life.
Religious influences
From a very young age Levertov was influenced by her religion, and when she began writing it was a major theme in her poetry. Through her father she was exposed to both Judaism and Christianity. Levertov always believed that her culture and her family roots had inherent value to herself and her writing. Furthermore, she believed that she and her sister had a destiny pertaining to this.When Levertov moved to the United States, she fell under the influence of the Black Mountain Poets, especially the mysticism of Charles Olson. She drew on the experimentation of Ezra Pound and the style of William Carlos Williams, but was also exposed to the Transcendentalism of Thoreau and Emerson. Although all these factors shaped her poetry, her conversion to Christianity in 1984 was the main influence on her religious writing. Sometime shortly after her move to Seattle in 1989, she became a Roman Catholic. In 1997, she brought together 38 poems from seven of her earlier volumes in ''The Stream & the Sapphire'', a collection intended, as Levertov remarks in her brief Forward, to "trace my slow movement from agnosticism to Christian faith, a movement incorporating much doubt and questioning as well as affirmation."
Religious themes
Denise Levertov wrote many poems with religious themes throughout her career. These poems range from religious imagery to implied metaphors of religion. One particular theme was developed progressively throughout her poetry. This was the pilgrimage/spiritual journey of Levertov towards the deep spiritual understanding and truth in her last poems.One of her earlier poems is “A Tree Telling of Orpheus”, from her book ''Relearning the Alphabet''. This poem uses the metaphor of a tree, which changes and grows when it hears the music of Orpheus. This is a metaphor of spiritual growth. The growth of the tree is like the growth of faith, and as the tree goes through life we also go through life on a spiritual journey. Much of Levertov’s religious poetry was concerned with respect for nature and life. Among her themes were also about nothingness and absence.
In her earlier poems something is always lacking, searching, and empty. In “Work that Enfaiths” Levertov begins to confront this “ample doubt” and her lack of “burning surety” in her faith. The religious aspect of this is the doubt vs. light debate. Levertov cannot find a balance between faith and darkness. She goes back and forth between the glory of God and nature, but doubt constantly plagues her.
In her earlier religious poems Levertov searches for meaning in life. She explores God as he relates to nothing(ness) and everything. In her later poetry, a shift can be seen. "A Door in the Hive" and "Evening Train" are full of poems using images of cliffs, edges, and borders to push for change in life. Once again, Levertov packs her poetry with metaphors. She explores the idea that there can be peace in death. She also begins to suggest that nothing is a part of God. "Nothingness" and darkness are no longer just reasons to doubt and agonize over. “St. Thomas Didymus” and “Mass” show this growth, as they are poems that lack her former nagging wonder and worry.
In ''Evening Train'', Levertov’s poetry is highly religious. She writes about experiencing God. These poems are breakthrough poems for her. She writes about a mountain, which becomes a metaphor for life and God. When clouds cover a mountain, it is still huge and massive and in existence. God is the same, she says. Even when He is clouded, we know He is there. Her poems tend to shift away from constantly questioning religion to simply accepting it. In “The Tide”, the final section of ''Evening Train'', Levertov writes about accepting faith and that not knowing answers is okay. This acceptance of the paradoxes of faith marks the end of her "spiritual journey".
Levertov’s heavy religious writing began at her conversion to Christianity in 1984. She wrote a great deal of metaphysical poetry to express her religious views, and began to use Christianity to link culture and community together. In her poem “Mass” she writes about how the Creator is defined by His creation. She writes a lot about nature and individuals. In the works of her last phase, Levertov sees Christianity as a bridge between individuals and society, and explores how a hostile social environment can be changed by Christian values.
Accomplishments
Levertov wrote and published 20 books of poetry, criticism, and translations. She also edited several anthologies. Among her many awards and honors, she received the Shelley Memorial Award, the Robert Frost Medal, the Lenore Marshall Prize, the Lannan Award, a Catherine Luck Memorial Grant, a grant from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and a Guggenheim Fellowship.
Bibliography
Poetry collections
: '' The Double Image'' (1946) : '' The Sharks'' (1952) : '' Here and Now'' (1956) : '' Overland to the Islands'' (1958) : '' With Eyes at the Back of Our Heads'' (1959) : '' The Jacob's Ladder'' (1961) : '' O Taste and See: New Poems'' (1964) : '' The Sorrow Dance'' (1967) : '' Life At War'' (1968) : '' At the Justice Department, November 15, 1969'' : '' Relearning the Alphabet'' (1970) : '' To Stay Alive'' (1971) : '' What Were They Like?'' (1971) : '' Footprints'' (1972) : '' The Freeing of the Dust'' (1975) : '' Life in the Forest'' (1978) : '' Wedding-Ring'' (1978) : '' Collected Earlier Poems 1940-1960'' (1979) : '' Candles in Babylon'' (1982) : '' The May Mornings'' (1982) : '' Poems 1960-1967'' (1983) : '' Oblique Prayers: New Poems'' (1984) : '' Selected Poems'' (1986) ISBN 0906427851 : '' Living'' (1986) : '' Poems 1968-1972'' (1987) : '' Breathing the Water'' (1987) : '' A Door in the Hive'' (1989) : '' Evening Train'' (1992) : '' A Door in the Hive / Evening Train'' (1993) ISBN 1852241594 : '' The Sands of the Well'' (1996) : '' The Life Around Us: Selected Poems on Nature'' (1997) : '' The Stream & the Sapphire: Selected Poems on Religious Themes'' (1997) : '' This Great Unknowing: Last Poems'' (2000)
Prose
: '' The Poet in the World'' (1973) : '' Light Up the Cave'' (1981) : '' New & Selected Essays'' (1992) : '' Tesserae: Memories & Suppositions'' (1995) : '' The Letters of Denise Levertov and William Carlos Williams'', edited by Christopher MacGowan (1998). : ''The Letters of Robert Duncan and Denise Levertov'', edited by Robert J. Bertholf & Albert Gelpi. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004.
Collections: translations
:''In Praise of Krishna: Songs From the Bengali'' (1967) :''Selected Poems by Eugene Guillevic'' (1969) :''Black Iris: Selected Poems by Jean Joubert'' (Copper Canyon Press, 1989)
Books Edited by Denise Levertov
:''Songs from an Outcast'' (UCLA's AISC, 2000)
References
Further reading
External links
Category:1923 births Category:1997 deaths Category:American poets Category:American tax resisters Category:American women writers Category:Black Mountain poets Category:Catholic poets Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism Category:English emigrants to the United States Category:English poets Category:English women writers Category:Guggenheim Fellows Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from Ilford Category:Roman Catholic writers Category:Women poets
es:Denise Levertov it:Denise Levertov mr:डेनिस लेव्हेर्तोव्ह pl:Denise Levertov pt:Denise LevertovThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 43°35′07″N39°43′13″N |
|---|---|
| name | Jay Reatard |
| alt | Jay Reatard performing at the Bowery Ballroom in 2008. |
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Jimmy Lee Lindsey Jr. |
| born | May 1, 1980Lilbourn, Missouri, U.S. |
| died | January 13, 2010Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| instrument | vocals, guitar, bass guitar, percussion, keyboards |
| genre | Garage punk, Punk rock, Indie Rock |
| occupation | Musician, songwriter |
| years active | 1998–2010 |
| label | Matador, Shattered, In the Red Records, Goner, Arts & Crafts México |
| associated acts | The Reatards, Lost Sounds, Nervous Patterns, The Final Solutions, Digital Leather, Angry Angles, Terror Visions, Bad Times, Evil Army |
| website | www.jayreatard.com |
| notable instruments | Gibson Flying V }} |
Biography
1990s
Lindsey's recording career began at the age of 15, when a home-made demo tape he had sent in to Goner Records caught the ear of former-Oblivian and Goner Records’ owner, Eric Friedl. Lindsey's introduction to Friedl and his Oblivians bandmates had come that same year when the Oblivians had returned home to Memphis as an opening act for Rocket from the Crypt. Upon seeing the act live, Lindsey became enamored with their sloppy, lo-fi music and set forth creating his own brand of heavily distorted garage rock music. Friedl was impressed by Lindsey's demos and signed him to his label, later commenting, “I loved the racket so we did the record, and I've been a fan of everything he's done since. He's a pretty amazing kid.”Lindsey named his first project the Reatards, which at the time included only himself as a member, and adopted an Oblivians-influenced surname, calling himself Jay Reatard. The Reatards’ first release on Goner was a 7” EP called ''Get Real Stupid'', which featured Lindsey as a solo performer alternating between playing guitar, singing, and beating on a bucket to provide a percussive rhythm. Around this time Greg Cartwright, a member of The Oblivians, briefly played drums for Lindsey. Cartwright played shows and recorded with Lindsey on his first (self-released) cassette, ''Fuck Elvis, Here's The Reatards'' (No-Fi Records) - which featured recording assistance from Jack Yarber, another Oblivian. - For Lindsey’s second vinyl release he recruited a backing band, hiring bassist Steve Albundy and drummer Elvis Wong to accompany him. The Reatards’ first LP as a trio was 1998’s ''Teenage Hate''. This was followed by a second LP, ''Grown Up Fucked Up'', and a number of singles. The Reatards' first European tour came in 1998, when Lindsey was just 18.
2000s
In 2001 Lindsey began recording music with Alicja Trout and Rich Crook as the Lost Sounds, a side project which would ultimately usurp the Reatards as Lindsey’s primary musical venture. With alternating male and female vocals, as well as prominently-employed synthesizers, the Lost Sounds were a departure from the guitar-driven garage rock of the Reatards, and had a sound more akin to the early punk rock of The Screamers, a synthesizer-heavy punk band that Lindsey had been exposed to by Elvis Wong shortly after the recording of the Reatards’ first LP. Lindsey once claimed that his time in the Lost Sounds “was and is more fun than anything else I have ever done.” Yet despite Lindsey’s enthusiasm for the band, the Lost Sounds bitterly broke up in 2005.Lindsey was a prolific songwriter, often acting as a member and contributing compositions to two or more bands concurrently. One of Lindsey’s first side projects was the Bad Times, a one-off band which included Eric Friedl and King Louie Bankston. The band recorded an album’s worth of material after only one practice session in 1998, releasing a self-titled LP in 2001. After one live performance the band disbanded, the members returning to their respective solo commitments.
While Lindsey was still a member of both the Retards and the Lost Sounds he joined a side project called the Final Solutions. Lindsey’s association with the future members of the Final Solutions began while he was still a teenager. Fighting problems at home, Lindsey opted to take up residence with members of a local band called the Jackmonkeys. While he was rooming with the band he was conscripted to play drums for them at a battle of the bands which was being held at the school's cafeteria. With Lindsey on drums, the band, under the moniker "the High and Mightys," performed a set of Oblivians covers, earning instant hate in the competition (FS bassist Tommy Trouble's band, the Squirrels earned third place). After separating for a number of years the group reformed under the name the Final Solutions and began touring and releasing albums.
In 2004, Lindsey, together with his ex-girlfriend, Alix Brown of Atlanta rock band the Lids, formed Shattered Records, an independent record label that released mainly limited edition vinyl. Shattered Records released records for a number of lo-fi punk and rock bands, including: Kajun SS, Jack Oblivian, Tokyo Electron, Retards, Final Solutions, Terror Visions, Angry Angles, Carbonas, Rat Traps, Digital Leather and the Knaughty Knights.
In 2007 Lindsey put Shattered Records on hold while he promoted his solo records. Then in 2009 Lindsey revived the label with the "Shattered Record Club" and the announcement of his final solo album, ''Watch Me Fall''.
Out of this partnership came another musical endeavor for Lindsey, the Angry Angles. Together with Brown, and alternating between drummers Paul Artigues from Die Rotzz and Ryan Rousseau ('Elvis Wong') from Tokyo Electron, the band began touring the U.S. in the Fall of 2006. Before the band had even released its second single, Lindsey and Brown began a short European tour. The Angry Angles disbanded after releasing a number of vinyl singles.
By 2005 both the Reatards and the Lost Sounds had broken up, and Lindsey focused his attention on a handful of side projects, working with and releasing material as Terror Visions and Destruction Unit. Though after he began focusing on his solo career in 2006, Lindsey said he has no desire to reform his previous bands. "I'd just feel like I was going backwards if I worked on anything else," Lindsey said.
2006 saw the release of ''Blood Visions'' (In the Red), Lindsey's first solo album under the moniker Jay Reatard. After a lengthy tour supporting his solo album, in 2008 he signed a multi-album, exclusive deal with the New York-based indie label Matador Records. Reatard chose Matador because he felt they were "the only ones keeping any of the promises they'd made along the way." A number of major labels like Universal Records, Columbia Records, and Vice Records along with independent Fat Possum wanted to meet with him in the hopes of signing him. He released six limited, 7" singles throughout 2008 with Matador. Soon after the release of the first single and write-ups in ''NME'', ''Spin Magazine'' and ''Rolling Stone'', Lindsey began playing larger shows and various music festivals all over the world.
"My Shadow" was featured in MLB 2K8.
In October 2008 Reatard's ''Matador Singles '08'' LP compiled all six of the 2008 singles on one LP/CD. Lindsey again hit the road to support the album with a second, extensive 2008 tour. Lindsey's later records sound drastically different from his early punk records. He said writers often misinterpret his newer sound. "I just think it's noisy pop music," Lindsey said.
Lindsey's final album, ''Watch Me Fall'' (his first proper studio album with Matador), was released in August 2009. He described this collection of songs as more melodic and twee-inspired. In a 2009 interview, Lindsey said "these new batch of songs feature organ, some mandolins, a cello, a lot more back-ups and harmonies." He noted that he's "become a little bit more about the melodies... I think I stripped away a layer of the fuzz; I might have been challenging people before to find them and this time I might be making them a little bit more obvious."
While he claimed ''Watch Me Fall'' was more mellow than his previous works, Lindsey said his live show would remain energetic. "I just want it to be like an assault live, and softer on records," he said. In a August 2009 interview with Turn it Down Interviews, Lindsey said the album's lyrics are centered around his growing fear of death and the betrayal of close friends.
After the release of ''Watch Me Fall'', Lindsey contributed to a tribute album for New Zealand rock and roll musician Chris Knox, with whom he was to collaborate until Knox suffered a stroke in June 2009. All proceeds from the album will go towards Knox's recovery.
Lindsey's band (that consisted of members of another Memphis band, The Barbaras) quit playing with Lindsey around October 5, 2009, although specific details were not released. He finished the dates he had previously booked with replacement players, the bassist and drummer of the Danish band Cola Freaks, with whom he had previously toured.
Death
Lindsey was found dead in his home in the Cooper-Young neighborhood of Midtown, Memphis, around 3:30 a.m. on Wednesday, January 13, 2010. He was found in his bed by a roommate. Lindsey was 29 years old. A statement was posted on the website of Goner Records, that Reatard had died in his sleep. Friends of Lindsey stated that he had recently complained of flu-like symptoms. An autopsy was performed by the Shelby County medical examiner. Memphis's ''Commercial Appeal'' reported on February 3 that Lindsey had died of "cocaine toxicity, and that alcohol was a contributing factor in his death."An investigation was opened by the Memphis police homicide bureau. MyFox Memphis reported that police had begun a homicide investigation and were actively looking for a possible suspect. The report was later removed from the TV station's website.
A memorial was held for Lindsey on Saturday, January 16 in Memphis at Memorial Park Funeral Home, attended by family and friends. Musician and friend Eric Friedl, founder of Goner Records, and bandmate Stephen Pope were those that eulogized Lindsey. One of Lindsey's trademark white Gibson Flying V guitars hung behind his coffin at the funeral home; he was buried with the guitar the next day. His grave is near that of Memphis soul musician Isaac Hayes.
Re-issues and posthumous releases of Lindsey's recordings are in the works, including those with The Reatards and The Lost Sounds. At the time of his death, Lindsey had been working on at least six songs for a new solo album for Matador Records.
A feature length documentary film entitled ''Better Than Something: Jay Reatard'' has been completed and will be released in 2011. The film, made by New York City filmmakers Alex Hammond and Ian Markiewicz, is an elaboration of their short film ''Waiting For Something''. The film predominantly features footage shot with Lindsey in April 2009, along with never before seen concert and home video footage, and cameos from many of Lindsey’s family members and colleagues. ''Better Than Something: Jay Reatard'' will premiere at the Nashville Film Festival in Nashville, Tennessee in April 2011.
Discography
With The Reatards
Albums
45s/EPs
With The Lost Sounds
Albums
45s/EPs
Compilations
With Bad Times
With The Final Solutions
Albums
45s/EPs
With Nervous Patterns
Albums
45s/EPs
With Angry Angles
As Terror Visions
With Destruction Unit
As Jay Reatard
Albums
45s/EPs
Compilations
Compilation appearances
References
External links
Category:1980 births Category:2010 deaths Category:American indie rock musicians Category:American male singers Category:American punk rock musicians Category:Alcohol-related deaths in Tennessee Category:Cocaine-related deaths in the United States Category:Garage punk Category:Musicians from Tennessee Category:People from Memphis, Tennessee Category:Arts & Crafts (record label) artists
de:Jay Reatard es:Jay Reatard fr:Jay Reatard it:Jay Reatard nl:Jay Reatard pt:Jay Reatard ru:Джей Ритард fi:Jay ReatardThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 43°35′07″N39°43′13″N |
|---|---|
| name | Ian Fleming |
| birth name | Ian Lancaster Fleming |
| birth date | May 28, 1908 |
| birth place | Mayfair, London, England |
| death date | August 12, 1964 |
| death place | Canterbury, Kent, England |
| occupation | Author and journalist |
| nationality | British |
| period | 1953–1964 |
| genre | Spy fiction, children's literature, travel writing |
| spouse | Anne Geraldine Charteris(1952–1964, his death) |
| children | Son (deceased) |
| relatives | Valentine Fleming (father, deceased)Evelyn St. Croix Fleming (mother, deceased)Amaryllis Fleming (half-sister, deceased)Peter Fleming (brother, deceased) |
| signature | Ian Fleming signature.svg |
| website | http://www.ianfleming.com }} |
In 2008, ''The Times'' ranked Fleming fourteenth on its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
Birth and connections
Ian Fleming was born in Mayfair, a wealthy district of London. His father was Valentine Fleming, a British Member of Parliament and his mother was Evelyn St. Croix Rose. Fleming's elder brother Peter became a travel writer. He also had two younger brothers, Michael and Richard Fleming (1910–1977) and an illegitimate younger maternal half-sister, cellist Amaryllis Fleming. Fleming was a grandson of the Scottish financier Robert Fleming, who founded the Scottish American Investment Trust and the merchant bank Robert Fleming and Co (since 2000, part of JP Morgan Chase).Fleming was a nephew of Philip Fleming, a step-cousin of Christopher Lee, the actor, and his brother Peter married actress Celia Johnson; their daughter Lucy Fleming is also an actress. Fleming's nephews Rory and Matthew Fleming played cricket for England,and great-nephew is composer Alan Fleming-Baird.
Education
Fleming was educated at three independent schools: first at Durnford School, a preparatory school on the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset, near to the estate of the Bond family, who could trace their ancestry back to an Elizabethan spy called John Bond and whose motto was ''Non Sufficit Orbis'' – The World Is Not Enough. He then attended two independent schools in Berkshire: first, Sunningdale School near Ascot, and then Eton College at Eton, Berkshire, and the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst, on the border between Berkshire and Surrey. He was Victor Ludorum at Eton for two years running, only the second person ever to accomplish this. After leaving Eton, however, he found life at Sandhurst difficult and after an early departure from the Royal Military Academy, his mother sent him to study languages on the continent. He first attended a small private school in the town of Kitzbühel, Austria, run by the Adlerian disciple Ernan Forbes Dennis and his American wife, the novelist Phyllis Bottome. This was in order to improve his German and prepare him for examinations for entry into the Foreign Office. From Kitzbühel he went to Munich University, and, finally, to the University of Geneva to improve his French; however, he was unsuccessful in his application to join the Foreign Office and worked as a sub-editor and journalist for the Reuters news service, spending part of 1933 in Moscow. He then worked as a stockbroker with Rowe and Pitman, in Bishopsgate, London.
World War II
In 1939, on the eve of World War II, Rear Admiral John Henry Godfrey, Director of Naval Intelligence of the Royal Navy, recruited Fleming, then a reserve subaltern in the Black Watch, as his personal assistant. Fleming was commissioned first as a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve and later as Lieutenant Commander, then Commander. His codename was 17F.In 1940, Fleming and Rear Admiral Godfrey contacted Kenneth Mason, Professor of Geography at Oxford University, about the preparation of reports on the geography of countries involved in military operations. These reports were the precursors of the ''Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series'' produced between 1941 and 1946.
Fleming instigated a plan named Operation Ruthless to obtain details of the Enigma codes used by the German Navy by crashing a captured German aircraft into the English Channel, where the British crew, dressed in Luftwaffe uniforms, might be rescued by a German patrol boat. The "survivors" could then kill the German crew and hijack the ship, thus obtaining the required information. Much to the annoyance of Alan Turing and Peter Twinn at Bletchley Park, the mission was never carried out. Fleming's niece Lucy Fleming, on a BBC Radio Four programme entitled "The Bond Correspondence" broadcast on 24 May 2008, stated that the reason given was that an official at the Royal Air Force pointed out that if they were to drop a downed Heinkel bomber in the English Channel, it would probably sink rather quickly. However, the plan necessitated that the bomber was to sink so as to avoid its identification by the Germans – the "survivors" were to take to a rubber dinghy to await rescue.
Fleming also conceived a plan to use the British occultist Aleister Crowley to trick Rudolf Hess into attempting to contact a fake cell of anti-Churchill Englishmen in Britain, but this plan was not used because soon afterwards Rudolf Hess flew to Scotland in an attempt to broker peace behind Hitler's back. Anthony Masters, in his book ''The Man Who Was M: The Life of Charles Henry Maxwell Knight'' asserts that Fleming himself conceived the plan that lured Hess into flying to Scotland in May 1941, to negotiate Anglo–German peace with Churchill, and which resulted in Hess's capture. This claim has no other source, however.
Operation Goldeneye was also one of Fleming's conceptions, a plan to maintain communication with Gibraltar and help in its defence in the unlikely event that Spain joined the Axis Powers and assisted Germany in invasion. Fleming is also credited with the idea for Operation Mincemeat, a highly successful deception by the Allies, before the invasion of Sicily in 1943.
30 Assault Unit
In 1944, Fleming was given control of a specialist unit of commandos, known as 30 Commando, or 30 Assault Unit (30AU: not to be confused with the Auxiliary Units in which his elder brother had served). He was not their field commander but their planner. As an intelligence officer at the Naval Intelligence Division (NID), he had an idea of what information and equipment the enemy had that might be of interest to the Allies and where it was likely to be located. He detailed the "scalps" he required and his "Red Indians", as he called them, were then sent off to acquire them.30 Assault Unit consisted of teams of trained commandos that specialised in targeting enemy headquarters, to secure documentation and items of equipment with an intelligence value; items that the ordinary Allied soldier, or commando, might ignore or destroy. Each team would attach itself to whatever main force could get them closest to their intended targets. They were adept in lock picking, safe cracking, unarmed combat and general techniques and skills for collecting intelligence. The unit contained some of the most enterprising men in the commandos.
In the final stages of the war, the teams were trained and equipped to fight their own way into a headquarters building and secure whatever items they required, before the enemy could remove it or destroy it before leaving. They relied upon surprise, toughness and ruthless efficiency. Prior to D-Day, most of the operations were in the Mediterranean. However, because of their successes in Sicily and Italy, 30AU (based at the Marine Hotel, Littlehampton, West Sussex) became greatly trusted by naval intelligence. Having shown the scope of its achievements and its potential to deliver even more, with the right support and direction, the unit was greatly enlarged and given the job of acquiring specific items and documents. Fleming was the man who would issue these specific objectives.
Fleming visited 30AU in the field during and after Operation Overlord, especially following an attack on Cherbourg. He was concerned that the unit had been incorrectly used as a regular commando force, rather than as an intelligence-gathering unit. This wasted the men's specialist skills, risked their safety on operations that did not justify the use of such skilled operatives and threatened the vital gathering of intelligence. Following this, the management of these units was revised. The film "Age of Heroes" is based on the exploits of 30 Commando.
T-Force
Following the success of 30 Assault Unit, it was decided to establish a "Target Force", which became known as T-Force. Fleming sat on the committee that selected the targets for this unit, helping to create what were known as the "Black Books" which were issued to the officers of this unit. The infantry component of T-Force was in part made up of the 5th Battalion of the King's Regiment, which supported the British 2nd Army. It was responsible for securing targets of interest to the British military. These included nuclear laboratories, gas research centres and individual rocket scientists. The unit's most notable coup was during the advance on the German port of Kiel, where it captured the research centre for German engines used for the V-2 rocket, Messerschmitt Me 163 fighters and high speed U Boats.Ian Fleming was to use elements of this activity in his 1955 James Bond novel ''Moonraker''. The story of T-Force and Fleming's connection to its work remained unknown until it was revealed in Sean Longden's book ''T-Force, the Race for Nazi War Secrets, 1945'', published in 2009.
Writing career
Fleming's intelligence work in the Naval Intelligence Division provided the background for his spy novels. In 1953, his first novel was published, ''Casino Royale'', in which the British Intelligence agent James Bond, also famously known by his code number, 007, was introduced to the world. A number of real-life inspirations have been suggested for James Bond. See Inspirations for James Bond for a complete list. Amongst them are Sir William Stephenson and what Fleming had learned from him. Sir William Stephenson had set up Camp X, a Second World War paramilitary and commando training installation in Ontario, Canada, which Fleming may or may not have attended. Other possible influences upon Fleming's characterisation of James Bond are the naval officer Patrick Dalzel-Job and Fleming's brother Peter.In Fleming's novel ''Casino Royale'', James Bond appears with the beautiful heroine Vesper Lynd, who was modelled on SOE agent Krystyna Skarbek. Some ideas for his characters and the locations in which Bond operates came from his time at Boodle's. Bond's fictional spymaster, M, is a member of the Blades Club, at which Bond is an occasional guest. This club was partially modelled on Boodle's. The name of Bond's arch enemy, Ernst Stavro Blofeld, was based on a fellow member's name.
The name ''James Bond'' itself came from a famed ornithologist James Bond, the son of the Bond family who allowed Fleming the use of their estate in Jamaica to write (perhaps also by an Elizabethan Bond from Fleming's earlier years). The Bonds were wealthy manufacturers whose estate outside Philadelphia eventually became the grounds of Gwynedd Mercy College. Fleming reputedly used the name after seeing James Bond's 1936 book ''Birds of the West Indies''.
Initially, Fleming's Bond novels were not best-sellers in North America. But when President John F. Kennedy included ''From Russia With Love'' on a list of his favourite books, sales quickly jumped.
In the late 1950s, the financial success of Fleming's James Bond series allowed him to retire to Goldeneye, his estate in Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica. The name of the house and estate where he wrote his novels has many possible sources. Ian Fleming himself cited Operation Goldeneye, a plan to hinder the Nazis should the Germans enter Spain during World War II. He also cited the 1941 novel, ''Reflections in a Golden Eye'' by Carson McCullers. The location of the property may also have been a factor: Oracabessa, from the Spanish for "golden head". There is also a Spanish tomb on the property with a carving that looks like an eye on one side. It is likely that most or all of these factors played a part in the name Fleming chose for his Jamaican home. In an interview published in ''Playboy'' magazine in December 1964, Fleming states, "I had happened to be reading ''Reflections in a Golden Eye'' by Carson McCullers, and I'd been involved in an operation called Goldeneye during the war: the defence of Gibraltar, supposing that the Spaniards had decided to attack it; and I was deeply involved in the planning of countermeasures which would have been taken in that event. Anyway, I called my place Goldeneye." The estate, which was a few miles away from that of Fleming's friend Noel Coward, is now the centrepiece of a resort of the same name.
''The Spy Who Loved Me'', published in 1962, departed stylistically from Fleming's previous novels in the Bond series as it was written in the first person, from the perspective of the (fictional) protagonist, Vivienne Michel, whom Fleming credits as co-author. It is the story of her life, up to the moment when James Bond rescues her.
Besides writing twelve novels and nine short stories featuring James Bond, Fleming also had a hand in creating another spy series, ''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.'', and he wrote the children's novel ''Chitty Chitty Bang Bang''. Fleming also wrote a guide to some of the world's most exciting cities of the 1950s, ''Thrilling Cities'' (originally a round-the-world series for ''The Sunday Times'' newspaper, London), and a study of international crime, ''The Diamond Smugglers''. Fleming wrote an account of events during the Istanbul Pogroms, which many Greek and some Turkish scholars attributed to secret orchestrations by Britain: "The Great Riot of Istanbul" was published in ''The Times'' on 11 September 1955.
In 1961, Fleming sold the film rights to his already-published as well as future James Bond novels and short stories to Harry Saltzman, who, with Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli, co-produced the film version of ''Dr. No'', which was released in 1962. For the cast, Fleming suggested friend and neighbour Noël Coward as the villain Dr. Julius No, and David Niven or, later, Roger Moore as James Bond. Both were rejected in favour of Sean Connery, who was both Broccoli and Saltzman's choice (Moore would later play the part of James Bond in the films made from 1973–85). Fleming at first disapproved of Connery taking the lead role. He had also previously suggested his cousin, Christopher Lee for the part, or as Dr No. Although Lee was selected for neither role, in 1974 he portrayed the assassin Francisco Scaramanga, the villain of ''The Man with the Golden Gun''.
''Dr No'' was followed by ''From Russia with Love'' (1963), with twice the budget of its predecessor. This second James Bond film was to be the last that Ian Fleming saw. Having visited the set, he had come to approve of the casting and even wrote a Scottish lineage for Bond into his later works, in deference to Connery's portrayal. A close inspection of a film sequence in ''From Russia with Love'' involving the Orient Express appears to show Fleming himself alongside the track, caught on camera during his visit to the shoot in Europe. The third Bond film, ''Goldfinger'' (1964), was in production at the time of the author's death and he had again visited the set at Pinewood Studios and worked with the producers.
''Dr No'' was far more of a success than even Saltzman or Broccoli had expected. It was an instant worldwide sensation that sparked a spy craze in film and television that lasted through the 1960s and beyond. The film series continued, as planned, with ever-increasing budgets and profits, and continues to do so into the twenty-first century, with token references to Fleming and his writing.
Later life and death
Ian Fleming was a bibliophile and collected a library of books that had, in his opinion, "started something" and therefore were significant to the history of western civilisation. He concentrated on science and technology, had a copy of Charles Darwin's ''On the Origin of Species'' but also owned other significant works ranging from Adolf Hitler's ''Mein Kampf'' to ''Scouting for Boys''. He was a major lender to the 1963 exhibition Printing and the Mind of Man. Some six hundred books from Fleming's collection are held (2010) in the Lilly Library at Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana.Fleming was a member of Boodle's, the gentleman's club in St. James's Street, London, England, from 1944 until his death. He married Anne Charteris, granddaughter of the 11th Earl of Wemyss and former second wife of the second Viscount Rothermere and widow of the third Baron O'Neill, in Jamaica in 1952. The ceremony was witnessed by his friend, the playwright Noel Coward. This made Fleming a brother in law of the Scottish novelist Hugo Charteris.
In March 1960, Fleming met John F. Kennedy through Marion Oates Leiter who was a mutual friend and who had invited both to dinner. Leiter had introduced Kennedy to Fleming's books during his recovery from an operation in 1955. After dinner, Fleming related his ideas on discrediting Fidel Castro; these were reported to Central Intelligence Agency chief Allen Welsh Dulles who gave them serious consideration.
Fleming was a heavy smoker and heavy drinker and suffered from heart disease. In 1961 he suffered a heart attack. Three years later, at 56, he had another heart attack and died in the early morning of 12 August 1964 – on his son Caspar's 12th birthday – in Canterbury, Kent, England. He was buried in the churchyard of Sevenhampton village, near Swindon. Fleming's son Caspar (1952–1975) committed suicide with a drug overdose and was buried with his father. Fleming's widow, Anne Geraldine Mary Fleming (1913–1981), was also buried with her husband after she died.
Legacy
After Fleming's death, his literary executors periodically hired other authors to continue the James Bond novels. These were Kingsley Amis (who wrote as "Robert Markham"), John Gardner, and Raymond Benson. In observance of what would have been Fleming's 100th birthday in 2008, Ian Fleming Publications commissioned Sebastian Faulks to write a new Bond novel entitled ''Devil May Care''. This book, released in May 2008, is credited to "Sebastian Faulks, writing as Ian Fleming".In May 2010, American thriller author Jeffery Deaver was chosen to write the next James Bond novel, entitled ''Carte Blanche'', published in May 2011.
In 2011, Fleming became the world's first English-speaking writer to have an International Airport named in his honour. Ian Fleming International Airport, near Oracabessa, Jamaica was officially opened on 12 January 2011 by Jamaican Prime Minister Bruce Golding and Fleming's niece, Lucy Fleming.
Works
James Bond books
{|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Nr !Name !Year !Order of film release !Note |- |1. ||''Casino Royale'' || 1953 ||21 (or 5 if the Columbia Pictures spoof is considered, or 1 if the 1954 TV version is considered)|| (1) |- |2. ||''Live and Let Die'' || 1954 || 08 || |- |3. ||''Moonraker'' || 1955 || 11 || (2) |- |4. ||''Diamonds Are Forever'' || 1956 || 07 || |- |5. ||''From Russia, with Love'' || 1957 || 02 || |- |6. ||''Dr. No'' || 1958 || 01 || |- |7. ||''Goldfinger'' || 1959 || 03 || |- |8. ||''For Your Eyes Only'' || 1960 || 12 , 14-''A View to a Kill'', 22-''Quantum of Solace'' (Title Only) || (3,8) |- |9. ||''Thunderball'' || 1961 || 04 || (4) |- |10. ||''The Spy Who Loved Me'' || 1962 || 10 (Title Only) || (5) |- |11. ||''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' || 1963 || 06 || |- |12. ||''You Only Live Twice'' || 1964 || 05 || |- |13. ||''The Man with the Golden Gun'' || 1965 || 09 || (6) |- |14. ||''Octopussy and The Living Daylights'' || 1966 ||13 & 15 || (7,8) |} ;Notes (1) First US paperback edition of ''Casino Royale'' was retitled ''You Asked for It''. (2) First US paperback edition of ''Moonraker'' was retitled ''Too Hot to Handle''. (3) Short story collection: (i) "From a View to a Kill," (ii) "For Your Eyes Only," (iii) "Risico," (iv) "Quantum of Solace", and (v) "The Hildebrand Rarity." (4) Subject of a legal battle which led to the book's storyline also being credited to Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham; see the controversy over ''Thunderball'' (5) Fleming gives co-author credit to "Vivienne Michel", the fictional heroine of the book; Fleming refused to allow a paperback edition to be published in the UK, but one was eventually published after his death. His agreement with Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman only allowed the use of the title for a film. (6) For years, it has been alleged that William Plomer, and/or others, completed this novel as Fleming died before a finished manuscript was created. Many Fleming biographers dispute this; see the controversy over ''The Man With The Golden Gun''. (7) Posthumously compiled short story collection. Originally published with two stories: (i) "Octopussy" and (ii) "The Living Daylights". The 1967 paperback edition's title was shortened to ''Octopussy'' and a third story, "The Property of a Lady", increased its page count. In the 1990s, the collection's longer, original title was restored, and with the 2002 edition, the story, "007 in New York" (originally published in some editions of ''Thrilling Cities'' (see below) was added. (8) In 2008, a collection entitled "Quantum of Solace" was released including the contents of "For Your Eyes Only" and "Octopussy and The Living Daylights" (all stories from the 2002 edition).
Children's story
Non-fiction
Unfinished or unpublished works
Fleming kept a scrapbook containing notes and ideas for future James Bond stories. It included fragments of possible short stories or novels featuring Bond that were never published. Excerpts from some of these can be found in ''The Life of Ian Fleming'' by John Pearson.
In 1960, Fleming was commissioned by the Kuwait Oil Company to write a book on the country and its oil industry. The typescript is entitled ''State of Excitement: Impressions of Kuwait'' but it was never published due to disapproval by the Kuwaiti Government. According to Fleming: "The Oil Company expressed approval of the book but felt it their duty to submit the typescript to members of the Kuwait Government for their approval. The Sheikhs concerned found unpalatable certain mild comments and criticisms and particularly the passages referring to the adventurous past of the country which now wishes to be 'civilised' in every respect and forget its romantic origins."
Biographical films
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
Category:English spy fiction writers Category:English children's writers Category:English novelists Category:English short story writers Category:English thriller writers Category:Book and manuscript collectors Category:British spies Category:Anglo-Scots Category:English people of Scottish descent Category:World War II spies Category:Sandhurst graduates Category:Black Watch officers Category:Royal Navy officers Category:Old Etonians Category:Old Sunningdalians Category:People from Mayfair Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:1908 births Category:1964 deaths Category:Bibliophiles Category:Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II Category:People educated at Durnford School
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