Bretazenil

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Bretazenil
Systematic (IUPAC) name
t-butyl-8-bromo-11,12,13,13a-tetrahydro-9-oxo-9H-imidazo(1,5-a)-pyrrolo(2,1-c)(1,4)benzodiazepine-1-carboxylate
Clinical data
Pregnancy cat.  ?
Legal status  ?
Pharmacokinetic data
Half-life 2.5 hours
Identifiers
CAS number 84379-13-5
ATC code None
PubChem CID 107926
ChemSpider 97049 YesY
UNII OSZ0E9DGOJ YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL366947 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C19H20BrN3O3 
Mol. mass 418.284 g/mol
 YesY (what is this?)  (verify)

Bretazenil (Ro16-6028) is an imidazopyrrolobenzodiazepine[1] anxiolytic drug which is derived from the benzodiazepine family, and was invented in 1988. It is most closely related in structure to the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil, although its effects are somewhat different. It is classed as a high-potency benzodiazepine due to its high affinity binding to benzodiazepine binding sites[2][3] where it acts as a partial agonist.[4] Its profile as a partial agonist and preclinical trial data suggests that it may have a reduced adverse effect profile.[5] In particular bretazenil has been proposed to cause a less strong development of tolerance and withdrawal syndrome.[6] Bretazenil differs from traditional 1,4 benzodiazepines by being a partial agonist and because it binds to alpha,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 subunit containing GABAA benzodiazepine receptor complexes. 1,4 benzodiazepines bind only to alpha 1, 2, 3 and 5 GABAA benzodiazepine receptor complexes.[1]

Contents

History [edit]

Bretazenil was originally developed as an anti-anxiety drug and has been studied for its use as an anticonvulsant[7][8] but has never commercialised. It is a partial agonist for GABAA receptors in the brain. David Nutt from the University of Bristol has suggested bretazenil as a possible base from which to make a better social drug, as it displays several of the positive effects of alcohol intoxication such as relaxation and sociability, but without the bad effects such as aggression, amnesia, nausea, loss of coordination, liver disease and brain damage. The effects of bretazenil can also be quickly reversed by the action of flumazenil, which is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose,[1] in contrast to alcohol for which there is no effective and reliable antidote.

Traditional benzodiazepines are associated with side effects such as drowsiness, physical dependence and abuse potential. It was hoped that bretazenil and other partial agonists would be an improvement on traditional benzodiazepines which are full agonists due to preclinical evidence that their side effect profile was less than that of full agonist benzodiazepines. For a variety of reasons however, bretazenil and other partial agonists such as pazinaclone and abecarnil were not clinically successful. However, research continues into other compounds with partial agonist and compounds which are selective for certain GABAA benzodiazepine receptor subtypes.[9]

Tolerance and dependence [edit]

In a study in rats cross-tolerance between the benzodiazepine drug chlordiazepoxide and bretazenil has been demonstrated.[10] In a primate study bretazenil was found to be able to replace the full agonist diazepam in diazepam dependent primates without precipitating withdrawal effects, demonstrating cross tolerance between bretazenil and benzodiazepine agonists, whereas other partial agonists precipitated a withdrawal syndrome. The differences are likely due to differences in instrinsic properties between different benzodiazepine partial agonists.[11] Cross-tolerance has also been shown between bretazenil and full agonist benzodiazepines in rats.[12] In rats tolerance is slower to develop to the anticonvulsant effects compared to the benzodiazepine site full agonist diazepam. However, tolerance developed to the anticonvulsant effects of bretazenil partial agonist more quickly than they developed to imidazenil.[13]

Pharmacology [edit]

Bretazenil has a more broad spectrum of action than traditional benzodiazepines as it has been shown to have high affinity binding to alpha 4 and alpha 6 GABAA receptors in addition to acting on alpha1,2,3 and 5 subunits which traditional benzodiazepine drugs work on. The partial agonist imidazenil does not, however, act at these subunits.[14][15][16] The approximate equivalent dose of bretazenil is 0.5 mg of bretazenil is equivalent to 10 mg of diazepam. The elimination half-life of bretazenil is 2.5 hours and is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Contrary to the results found in animals, no indications for a dissociation of the sedative and anxiolytic effects of bretazenil were found in man. In fact. bretazenil has a more pronounced psychomotor-impairing effect than diazepam. Bretazenil produces marked sedative-hypnotic effects when taken alone and when combined with alcohol. This human study also indicates that Bretazenil is possibly more sedative than Diazepam. The reason is unknown, but the study suggests the possibility that a full-agonist metabolite may be generated in humans but not animals previously tested or else that there are significant differences in benzodiazepine receptor population in animals and humans.[2]

In a study of monkeys bretazenil has been found to antagonise the effects of full agonist benzodiazepines. However, bretazenil has been found to enhance the effects of neurosteroids acting on the neurosteroid binding site of the GABAA receptor.[17] Another study found that bretazenil acted as an antagonist provoking withdrawal symptoms in monkeys who were physically dependent on the full agonist benzodiazepine triazolam.[18]

Partial agonists of benzodiazepine receptors have been proposed as a possible alternative to full agonists of the benzodiazepine site to overcome the problems of tolerance, dependence and withdrawal which limits the role of benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia and epilepsy. Such adverse effects appear to be less problematic with bretazenil than full agonists.[19] Bretazenil, also has been found to have less abuse potential than benzodiazepine full agonists such as diazepam and alprazolam,[20][3] long-term use of bretazenil would still be expected to result in dependence and addiction.

Bretazenil alters the sleep EEG profile and causes a reduction in cortisol secretion and increases significantly the release of prolactin.[21] Bretazenil has effective hypnotic properties but impairs cognitive ability in humans. Bretazenil causes a reduction in the number of movements between sleep stages and delays movement into REM sleep. At a dosage of 0.5 mg of bretazenil REM sleep is decreased and stage 2 sleep is lengthened.[22]

Chemistry [edit]

Bretazenil.png

Hunkeler, W.; Kyburz, E.; 1982, U.S. Patent 4,353,827.

The use of an isocyanide can be seen.

See also [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Pym, LJ.; Cook, SM.; Rosahl, T.; McKernan, RM.; Atack, JR. (Nov 2005). "Selective labelling of diazepam-insensitive GABAA receptors in vivo using 3HRo 15-4513". Br J Pharmacol 146 (6): 817–25. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706392. PMC 1751217. PMID 16184188. 
  2. ^ Giusti, P.; Guidetti, G.; Costa, E.; Guidotti, A. (Jun 1991). "The preferential antagonism of pentylenetetrazole proconflict responses differentiates a class of anxiolytic benzodiazepines with potential antipanic action". J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257 (3): 1062–8. PMID 1675286. 
  3. ^ Finn, DA.; Gee, KW. (Nov 1993). "A comparison of Ro 16-6028 with benzodiazepine receptor 'full agonists' on GABAA receptor function". Eur J Pharmacol 247 (3): 233–7. doi:10.1016/0922-4106(93)90190-K. PMID 7905829. 
  4. ^ Haefely, W.; Facklam, M.; Schoch, P.; Martin, JR.; Bonetti, EP.; Moreau, JL.; Jenck, F.; Richards, JG. (1992). "Partial agonists of benzodiazepine receptors for the treatment of epilepsy, sleep, and anxiety disorders". Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 47: 379–94. PMID 1324584. 
  5. ^ Kunovac, JL.; Stahl, SM. (Dec 1995). "Future directions in anxiolytic pharmacotherapy". Psychiatr Clin North Am 18 (4): 895–909. PMID 8748388. 
  6. ^ Płaźnik, A. (1995). "Pharmacology of tolerance to benzodiazepine receptor ligands". Pol J Pharmacol 47 (6): 489–99. PMID 8868371. 
  7. ^ Cole, JC.; Rodgers, RJ. (Dec 1993). "An ethological analysis of the effects of chlordiazepoxide and bretazenil (Ro 16-6028) in the murine elevated plus-maze". Behav Pharmacol 4 (6): 573–580. PMID 11224226. 
  8. ^ Brabcová, R.; Kubová, H.; Velísek, L.; Mares, P. (1993). "Effects of a benzodiazepine, bretazenil (Ro 16-6028), on rhythmic metrazol EEG activity: comparison with standard anticonvulsants". Epilepsia 34 (6): 1135–40. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02146.x. PMID 8243369. 
  9. ^ Atack, JR. (May 2005). "The benzodiazepine binding site of GABA(A) receptors as a target for the development of novel anxiolytics". Expert Opin Investig Drugs 14 (5): 601–18. doi:10.1517/13543784.14.5.601. PMID 15926867. 
  10. ^ Bronson, ME. (1993). "Tolerance/cross-tolerance to the discriminative stimulus effects of chlordiazepoxide and bretazenil". Mol Chem Neuropathol 18 (1–2): 85–98. doi:10.1007/BF03160023. PMID 8385466. 
  11. ^ Martin, JR.; Jenck, F.; Moreau, JL. (Oct 1995). "Comparison of benzodiazepine receptor ligands with partial agonistic, antagonistic or partial inverse agonistic properties in precipitating withdrawal in squirrel monkeys". J Pharmacol Exp Ther 275 (1): 405–11. PMID 7562578. 
  12. ^ Bronson, ME. (Jun-Jul 1995). "Chronic bretazenil produces tolerance to chlordiazepoxide, midazolam, and abecarnil". Pharmacol Biochem Behav 51 (2–3): 481–90. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(95)00014-N. PMID 7667373. 
  13. ^ Auta, J.; Giusti, P.; Guidotti, A.; Costa, E. (Sep 1994). "Imidazenil, a partial positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors, exhibits low tolerance and dependence liabilities in the rat". J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270 (3): 1262–9. PMID 7932179. 
  14. ^ Brown, N.; Kerby, J.; Bonnert, TP.; Whiting, PJ.; Wafford, KA. (Aug 2002). "Pharmacological characterization of a novel cell line expressing human α4β3δ GABAA receptors". Br J Pharmacol 136 (7): 965–74. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704795. PMC 1573424. PMID 12145096. 
  15. ^ Witkin, JM.; Acri, JB.; Gleeson, S.; Barrett, JE. (Jan 1997). "Blockade of behavioral effects of bretazenil by flumazenil and ZK 93,426 in pigeons". Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(96)00120-7. PMID 8981602. 
  16. ^ Knoflach, F.; Benke, D.; Wang, Y.; Scheurer, L.; Lüddens, H.; Hamilton, BJ.; Carter, DB.; Mohler, H. et al. (Nov 1996). "Pharmacological modulation of the diazepam-insensitive recombinant gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors alpha 4 beta 2 gamma 2 and alpha 6 beta 2 gamma 2". Mol Pharmacol 50 (5): 1253–61. PMID 8913357. 
  17. ^ McMahon, LR.; France, CP. (Feb 2006). "Differential behavioral effects of low efficacy positive GABAA modulators in combination with benzodiazepines and a neuroactive steroid in rhesus monkeys". Br J Pharmacol 147 (3): 260–8. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706550. PMC 1751295. PMID 16331290. 
  18. ^ Weerts, EM.; Ator, NA.; Kaminski, BJ.; Griffiths, RR. (Sep 2005). "Comparison of the behavioral effects of bretazenil and flumazenil in triazolam-dependent and non-dependent baboons". Eur J Pharmacol 519 (1–2): 103–13. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.06.038. PMID 16129429. 
  19. ^ Schoch, P.; Moreau, JL.; Martin, JR.; Haefely, WE. (1993). "Aspects of benzodiazepine receptor structure and function with relevance to drug tolerance and dependence". Biochem Soc Symp 59: 121–34. PMID 7910739. 
  20. ^ Busto, U.; Kaplan, HL.; Zawertailo, L.; Sellers, EM. (Apr 1994). "Pharmacologic effects and abuse liability of bretazenil, diazepam, and alprazolam in humans". Clin Pharmacol Ther 55 (4): 451–63. doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.55. PMID 8162672. 
  21. ^ Guldner, J.; Trachsel, L.; Kratschmayr, C.; Rothe, B.; Holsboer, F.; Steiger, A. (Nov 1995). "Bretazenil modulates sleep EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion in normal men". Psychopharmacology (Berl) 122 (2): 115–21. doi:10.1007/BF02246085. PMID 8848526. 
  22. ^ Gieschke, R.; Cluydts, R.; Dingemanse, J.; De Roeck, J.; De Cock, W. (Nov 1994). "Effects of bretazenil vs. zolpidem and placebo on experimentally induced sleep disturbance in healthy volunteers". Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 16 (9): 667–75. PMID 7746029. 

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Nutt DJ (2006). "For "Critique and Commentaries" section of the Journal of Psychopharmacology: Alcohol alternatives - a goal for psychopharmacology?". Journal of Psychopharmacology 20 (3): 318–320. doi:10.1177/0269881106063042. PMID 16574703. 
  2. ^ Sellers EM et al. (1992). "Abuse liability of bretazenil and other partial agonists". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 15 Suppl 1(Pt A): 409 A. PMID 1354047. 
  3. ^ van Steveninck AL et al. (1996). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of bretazenil and diazepam with alcohol" (PDF). British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 41 (6): 565–573. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1996.38514.x. PMC 2042631. PMID 8799523. 
Benzodiazepine derivatives
1,4-Benzodiazepines
1,5-Benzodiazepines
2,3-Benzodiazepines *
Triazolobenzodiazepines
Imidazobenzodiazepines
Oxazolobenzodiazepines
Thienodiazepines
Pyridodiazepines
Pyrazolodiazepines
Pyrrolodiazepines
Tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepines
Benzodiazepine prodrugs
* atypical activity profile (not GABAA receptor ligands)
GABAA
PAMs
non-N05B
α2δ VDCC Blockers
5-HT1A Agonists
H1 Antagonists
CRH1 Antagonists
NK2 Antagonists
MCH1 antagonists
mGluR2/3 Agonists
mGluR5 NAMs
TSPO agonists
σ1 agonists
Others

M: PSO/PSI

dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo

proc (eval/thrp), drug (N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)
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