Time in Australia

	standard	DST	Zone
	UTC+08:00 (year round)		Western Time
	UTC+09:30 (year round)		Central Time
	UTC+09:30	UTC+10:30	Central Time
	UTC+10:00 (year round)		Eastern Time
	UTC+10:00	UTC+11:00	Eastern Time

Time in Australia is calculated using standard time, with three zones: Australian Western Standard Time (AWST), Australian Central Standard Time (ACST), and Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST). The three zones use three standard UTC offsets: western (UTC+08:00), central (UTC+09:30) and eastern (UTC+10:00).^[1] Time is regulated by state governments,^[2] and within the three standard time zones daylight saving time (DST) differs between the states and the territories. Australia's external territories observe different time zones.

Standard time was introduced in the 1890s when all of the Dominions adopted it. Before the switch to standard times, each local city or town was free to determine its own local time, called local mean time. Now, Western Australia uses Western Standard Time; South Australia and the Northern Territory use Central Standard Time; and all of the other states and the Australian Capital Territory (A.C.T.) use Eastern Standard Time.

DST is used in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and the A.C.T. It is not used in Western Australia, Queensland, or in the Northern Territory.

The history of time[link]

The standardization of time in Australia began in 1892, when surveyors from the six Dominions in Australia met in Melbourne for the Intercolonial Conference of Surveyors. The delegates accepted the recommendation of the International Meridian Conference (of 1884) to adopt Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.) as the basis for standard time. Also as with the common practice in other parts of the world, the surveyors devised a system of time zones with offsets in multiples of one hour from G.M.T. The legislatures of the Dominions enacted legislation to this effect, and this took effect in February 1895. The clocks in Western Australia were set ahead of G.M.T. by eight hours; in South Australia by nine hours; and in Queensland, New South Wales, the Dominion of Victoria; and Tasmania by 10 hours. Also, at that time, the Northern Territory was under the jurisdiction of South Australia. The three time zones that were established became known as Eastern, Central and Western Standard Time.

In May 1899, before the establishment of the Australian Federation, the legislature of South Australia pushed Central Standard Time ahead by thirty minutes, disregarding the common practice (worldwide) of setting one-hour intervals between adjacent time zones. Also while doing so, the Dominion of South Australia adopted a time meridian that was located outside of its boundaries – in another departure from international conventions. The half-hour difference between Central Time and Eastern Time makes it easier for officials and businessmen in Adelaide (for example) to do business via the telephone and telegraph with others in Canberra, Melbourne, Sydney, Newcastle, Brisbane, etc., because their usual working hours overlap more than they would with an hour's difference. Proposed legislative attempts to correct these oddities in Central Time in 1986 and 1994 were rejected.

(On the island of Newfoundland, the clocks are set one-half hour ahead of those in Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. This makes it easier for officials and businessmen on Newfoundland to communicate with their counterparts in those other Provinces. Hence, the situation in Australia is not a unique one.)

When the Northern Territory was separated from South Australia and placed under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government, that Territory kept Central Standard Time. Likewise, when the Australian Capital Territory was created, it retained Eastern Standard Time.

Since 1899, the only major changes in Australian time zones has been the adoption of Central Standard Time in Broken Hill, New South Wales, and the setting of clocks to one-half hour earlier than Eastern time (G.M,T. plus 10:30) on the territory of Lord Howe Island.

When abbreviating "Australian Central Time" and "Australian Eastern Time", in domestic contexts the leading "Australian" may be omitted, however the prefix "A" is often used to avoid ambiguity with the time zone abbreviations "CST" and "EST" referring to the Central and Eastern Time Zones in North America. The use of the abbreviation of "AWST" to describe Australian Western Standard Time (WST) is a commonly-used misnomer.^{[citation needed]}

Time zones and legislation[link]

Though the governments of the states and territories have the power to legislate variations in time, the standard time within each of these is set related to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as determined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and set by section 8AA of the National Measurement Act of 1960 of the British Commonwealth.

Australia has kept a version of the UTC atomic time scale since the 1990s, but Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) remained the formal basis for the standard times of all of the states through 2005. In November 2004, the state and territory attorneys-general endorsed a proposal from the Australian National Measurement Institute to adopt UTC as the standard of all Australian standard times, thereby eliminating the effects of slight variations in the rate of rotation of the Earth that are inherent in mean solar time. All states have adopted the UTC standard, starting on 1 September 2005.

In Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania. and the A.C.T., the starting and ending dates of DST are officially determined by proclamations, declarations, or regulation made by the State Governor or by the responsible minister. Such instruments may be valid for only the current year, and so this section generally only refers to the legislation. In New South Wales and Western Australia, the starting and ending dates, if any, are to be set by legislation.

Western Standard Time (WST) – UTC+08:00

• Western Australia – Standard Time Act 2005^[3]

Central Standard Time (ACST)- UTC+09:30

• South Australia – Standard Time Act 2009^[4] and the Daylight Saving Act 1971^[5]
• Northern Territory – Standard Time Act 2005^[6]

Eastern Standard Time (AEST) – UTC+10:00

• Queensland – Standard Time Act 1894^[7]
• New South Wales – Standard Time Act 1987 No 149^[8]
• Australian Capital Territory – Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972^[9]
• Victoria – Summer Time Act 1972^[10]
• Tasmania – Standard Time Act 1895^[11] and the Daylight Saving Act 2007^[12]

Time zones during standard time

Time zones during daylight-saving time (from southern hemisphere spring until autumn)

Daylight saving time (DST)[link]

A vox-pop from the ABC in Tasmania when DST was introduced in the 1970s.

The choice to use DST or not is a matter for the governments of the individual states and territories. However, during World War I and World War II all states and territories used DST. In 1968 Tasmania became the first state since WW II to use DST, followed in 1971 by New South Wales, the State of Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, and the A.C.T. Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not adopt DST. Queensland abandoned DST in 1972. Queensland and Western Australia have occasionally used DST during the past 40 years during trial periods.

The main DST zones are the following:

• (Australian) Central Daylight Time (CDT or ACDT) – UTC+10:30, in South Australia
• (Australian) Eastern Daylight Time (EDT or AEDT) – UTC+11, in New South Wales, the A.C.T., Victoria, and Tasmania.

During the usual periods of DST, the three standard time zones in Australia become five zones. This includes the areas that do not observe DST: Western Australia (UTC plus 8:00), the Northern Territory (UTC plus 9:30), and Queensland (UTC plus 10:00).

The change to and from DST officially takes place at 2:00 am local standard time the appropriate Sunday. Until 2008, DST usually began on the last Sunday in October, and it ended on the last Sunday in March. However, Tasmania, given its latitude further south, began DST earlier, on the first Sunday in October, and it ended DST on the first Sunday of April.

On 12 April 2007, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and the A.C.T. agreed to common beginning and ending dates for DST. Beginning in 2008, the start of DST in these states and in South Australia occurs on the first Sunday in October, and its end is on the first Sunday in April. Western Australia became the only state to use DST from the last Sunday in October through the last Sunday in March. In 2009 Western Australia abolished DST.^[13]

Anomalies[link]

Yancowinna County in New South Wales

The town of Broken Hill, in far western New South Wales, joins South Australia in using Central Time. Lord Howe Island in the Pacific Ocean uses UTC plus 10:30 during the winter months, but its people advance their clocks by one-half hour to UTC plus 11:00 in the summertime, causing time on this island to follow that of the rest of New South Wales for half of the year, but not during the other half.

Residents of towns east of Caiguna on the Eyre Highway (including Eucla, Madura, Mundrabilla and Border Village) in the southeastern corner of Western Australia, close to the border with South Australia, do not follow Western Australian time. Instead, they use what is unofficially known as Central Western Standard Time, which is halfway between Western and Central time: UTC plus 8:45. This area kept its fixed offset from UTC when DST was introduced in South Australia. During the Western Australian trial of DST from 2006 through 2009, the people of the Central Western area also set their clocks ahead one hour during the local summer. The total population of that area is estimated at 200 people.^[15]

The Indian Pacific train has its own time zone – a so-called "train time" when travelling between Kalgoorlie, Western Australia and Port Augusta, South Australia - which was at UTC plus 9:00 hours during November 2005 when DST was observed in the eastern and southern states. This was because of the 2.5 hour difference in times between South Australia and Western Australia.

External territories[link]

Australia's external territories follow their own time zones.

Special events[link]

In 2000, all of the eastern jurisdictions that normally observe DST — New South Wales, Victoria, the A.C.T., and Tasmania — began DST early because of the Summer Olympic Games held in Sydney. These jurisdictions moved to DST on 27 August 2000. South Australians did not change their clocks until the usual date, which was 29 October 2000.

In 2006, all of the states that followed DST (the above states and South Australia) delayed their return to Standard Times by one week, because of the Commonwealth Games held in Melbourne. DST ended on 2 April 2006.

National times[link]

There are situations in which a nationwide time is in effect. In the case of business activities, a national time, can be used. For example, a prospectus for the issue of stock in a company would usually set the closing time for offers at some location (e.g. Sydney) as the time when offers must be received, regardless of the source of the offer. Similarly, tenders for their sale of stock usually set out the time at a given location by which they must be received to be considered. Another example is the Australian Stock Exchange which operates on Eastern Standard Time

On the other hand, Federal legislation yields to state-regulated standard times in many diverse situations. For example, it yields in setting the normal working times of Federal employees, the recognition of public holidays, etc. The Federal government also relies on local times for Federal elections, so that the polls in Western Australia closes, two or three hours after those in the eastern states. Also, documents to be filed in a Federal Court may be filed based on the local time. The effect of this is that if there had been a failure to file a legal document on time in an eastern State, that document can sometimes still be filed (within two hours) in Western Australia.

IANA time zone database[link]

The 12 zones for Australia as given by zone.tab of the IANA time zone database. Columns marked * are from the zone.tab.

Debate, trials, and referendums[link]

Queensland[link]

Queensland has had a particularly involved debate over DST, with public opinion geographically divided. A referendum on DST in 1992, following a three-year trial (1989/90 - 1991/92), and was defeated with a 54.5 percent negative vote.^[16] The referendum result displayed a distinct trend - that public opinion on DST in Queensland is geographically divided, with the negative vote being strongest in northern and western districts, while the positive vote being strongest in the southeastern region (e.g. in Brisbane.^[17]

Since the early 2000s, there have been a number of petitions submitted to Legislative Assembly of Queensland, lobbying for the introduction of DST or for another referendum to be held. A petition in 2006 was signed by 62,232 people.^[18] In response to these petitions, then Queensland Premier Peter Beattie commissioned research to find out if DST should be re-introduced into Queensland. Around this time, Premier Peter Beattie predicted that DST in Queensland would increase the rate of skin cancer in the state, an assertion for which there is no evidence, according to the Queensland Cancer Fund.^[19]

In October 2007, the completed government-commissioned research was presented to the new Premier Anna Bligh, who ruled out holding a new referendum, despite the report indicating that 59 percent of the residents of Queensland and 69 percent of those in southeastern Queensland to be in favour of adopting DST.^[20]

In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political Party was officially registered, to advocate for the use of a two-time-zone system for DST in Queensland, with most the State (in land area) using standard time. This party contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates, and it received about one percent of the statewide primary vote.^[21]

In early 2010, the DS4SEQ political party approached the independent member, Peter Wellington, to introduce a private member's bill for DST.^[22] Since Mr. Wellington agreed with the principles of the DS4SEQ proposal, specifically the dual-time-zone system, he drafted the DST for southeastern Queensland Referendum Bill of 2010 and he submitted this bill to Queensland Parliament on 14 April 2010.^[23] Wellington has called for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of DST into southeastern Queensland under the dual-time-zone system.

In response to this bill, the Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh, announced a community consultation process, which resulted in over 74,000 respondents participating, 64 percent of whom voted in favour of a trial, and 63 percent of whom were in favour of holding a referendum.^[24] The decision announced by the Premier on 7 June 2010 was that her Government would not support the bill because rural Queenslanders were overwhelmingly opposed to DST.^[25] The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.^[26]

Western Australia[link]

Western Australia has also had a particularly involved debate over DST, with the issue being put to a referendum four times: in 1975, 1984, 1992, and 2009. All of these proposals to adopt DST were defeated. Voters registered a negative vote of 54.6 percent in 2009, the highest percentage for all four of these referendums. Each referendum followed a trial period during which the state observed DST. The first three followed a one-year trial, while the 2006 Western Australian Daylight Saving Bill (No. 2) 2006 instituted a trial of DST beginning on 3 December 2006, and lasting for three years.^[27] DST was again rejected in the DST referendum of 2009.

See also[link]

Australia portal

• List of time zones
• Daylight Saving for South East Queensland
• Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Act 2010
• Queensland daylight savings referendum, 1992

Notes[link]

References[link]

• The Australian National Time System National Standards Commission Leaflet No. 8, January 2003. Linked via Wayback machine
• NSW Legislative Council Hansard, 2 March 2005
• Daylight Saving Petitions
• Daylight Saving Time History of daylight saving time implementation dates at the Bureau of Meteorology website.

External links[link]

• Information on time zones from official Government web site
• Daylight Saving for South East Queensland political party Official DS4SEQ website