Ivan Illich ( /ɪˈvɑːn ˈɪlɪtʃ/;^[1] Vienna, 4 September 1926 – Bremen, 2 December 2002) was an Austrian philosopher, Roman Catholic priest, and "maverick social critic"^[2] of the institutions of contemporary western culture and their effects on the provenance and practice of education, medicine, work, energy use, transportation, and economic development.

Personal life[link]

Illich was born in Vienna to a Croatian, Catholic father—engineer Ivan Peter Illich and Sephardic Jewish mother—Ellen née Regenstreif-Ortlieb.^[3] His maternal grandmother was from Texas.^[4] Illich had Italian, Spanish, French, and German as native languages.^[5][6] He later learned Croatian, the language of his grandfathers, then Ancient Greek and Latin, in addition to Spanish, Portuguese, Hindi, English, and other languages.^[5] He studied histology and crystallography at the University of Florence (Italy) as well as theology and philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University in the Vatican (from 1942 to 1946), and medieval history in Salzburg.^[5]

He wrote a dissertation focusing on the historian Arnold J. Toynbee and would return to that subject in his later years. In 1951, he "signed up to become a parish priest in one of New York’s poorest neighborhoods—Washington Heights, on the northern tip of Manhattan, then a barrio of fresh-off-the-airplane Puerto Rican immigrants."^[2] In 1956, at the age of 30, he was appointed as the vice rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico, "a position he managed to keep for several years before getting thrown out—Illich was just a little too loud in his criticism of the Vatican’s pronouncements on birth control and comparatively demure silence about the bomb."^[2] It was in Puerto Rico that Illich met Everett Reimer and the two began to analyze their own functions as "educational" leaders. In 1959, he traveled throughout South America on foot and by bus.^[5]

In 1961, Illich founded the Centro Intercultural de Documentación (CIDOC, or Intercultural Documentation Center) at Cuernavaca in Mexico, ostensibly a research center offering language courses to missionaries from North America and volunteers of the Alliance for Progress program^[5] initiated by John F. Kennedy. His real intent was to document the participation of the Vatican in the "modern development" of the so-called Third World. Illich looked askance at the liberal pity or conservative imperiousness that motivated the rising tide of global industrial development. He viewed such emissaries as a form of industrial hegemony and, as such, an act of "war on subsistence." He sought to teach missionaries dispatched by the Church not to impose their own cultural values^[7] and to identify themselves instead as guests of the host country.^{[citation needed]} "Throughout the late ’60s and early ’70s, CIDOC was part language school and part free university for intellectual hippies from all over the Americas."^[2]

At the CIDOC, "Illich was able to develop his potent and highly influential critique of Third World development schemes and their fresh-faced agents: Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress, the Peace Corps, and countless other missionary efforts bankrolled and organized by wealthy nations, foundations, and religious groups."^[2] After ten years, critical analysis from the CIDOC of the institutional actions by the Church brought the organization into conflict with the Vatican. Unpopular with the local chapter of Opus Dei,^[2] Illich was called to Rome for questioning, due in part to a report from the CIA.^[5] In 1976, Illich, apparently concerned by the influx of formal academics and the potential side effects of its own "institutionalization," shut the center down with consent from the other members of the CIDOC. Several of the members subsequently continued language schools in Cuernavaca, of which some still exist. Illich himself resigned from the active priesthood in the late 1960s (having attained the rank of monsignor), but continued to identify as a priest and occasionally performed private masses.

In the 1970s, Illich was popular among leftist intellectuals in France, his thesis having been discussed in particular by André Gorz. However, his influence declined after the 1981 election of François Mitterrand as he was considered too pessimistic at a time when the French Left took control of the government.^[5]

In the 1980s and beyond, Illich traveled extensively, mainly splitting his time between the United States, Mexico, and Germany. He held an appointment as a Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Science, Technology and Society at Penn State. He also taught at the University of Bremen and University of Hagen.^[8]

During his later years, he suffered from a cancerous growth on his face that, in accordance with his critique of professionalized medicine, was treated with traditional methods. He regularly smoked opium to deal with the pain caused by this tumor. At an early stage, he consulted a doctor about having the tumor removed, but was told that there was too great a chance of losing his ability to speak, and so he lived with the tumor as best he could. He called it "my mortality."^[9]

[edit] Deschooling Society

Wikiversity has learning materials about Ivan Illich: Deschooling Society

The book that brought Ivan Illich to public attention was Deschooling Society (1971), a critical discourse on education as practised in "modern" economies. Full of detail on contemporary programs and concerns, the book remains in the opinion of some^[who?] as radical today as it was when first published. Giving examples of what he regards as the ineffectual nature of institutionalized education, Illich posited self-directed education, supported by intentional social relations, in fluid informal arrangements:

Universal education through schooling is not feasible. It would be no more feasible if it were attempted by means of alternative institutions built on the style of present schools. Neither new attitudes of teachers toward their pupils nor the proliferation of educational hardware or software (in classroom or bedroom), nor finally the attempt to expand the pedagogue's responsibility until it engulfs his pupils' lifetimes will deliver universal education. The current search for new educational funnels must be reversed into the search for their institutional inverse: educational webs which heighten the opportunity for each one to transform each moment of his living into one of learning, sharing, and caring. We hope to contribute concepts needed by those who conduct such counterfoil research on education--and also to those who seek alternatives to other established service industries.

—Ivan Illich, [1]

The last sentence makes clear what the title suggests—that the institutionalization of education tends towards the institutionalization of society and that ideas for de-institutionalizing education may be a starting point for a de-institutionalized society.

The book is more than a critique—it contains suggestions for a reinvention of learning throughout society and lifetime. Particularly striking is his call (in 1971) for the use of advanced technology to support "learning webs."

The operation of a peer-matching network would be simple. The user would identify himself by name and address and describe the activity for which he sought a peer. A computer would send him back the names and addresses of all those who had inserted the same description. It is amazing that such a simple utility has never been used on a broad scale for publicly valued activity.

—Ivan Illich

According to a contemporary review in The Libertarian Forum, "Illich's advocacy of the free market in education is the bone in the throat that is choking the public educators."^[10] Although it is important to note that Illich's opposition was not merely to publicly-funded schooling, as with the libertarians, but to schooling as such; the disestablishment of schools was for him not a means to a free market in educational services, but a deschooled society, which was a more fundamental shift. As he later asserted in After Deschooling, What? (1973): 'We can disestablish schools, or we can deschool culture'.^[11] He actually opposed advocates of free-market education as "the most dangerous category of educational reformers."^[12]

[edit] Tools for Conviviality

Tools for Conviviality (1973) was published only two years after Deschooling Society. In this new work Illich generalized the themes that he had previously applied to the field of education: the institutionalization of specialized knowledge, the dominant role of technocratic elites in industrial society, and the need to develop new instruments for the reconquest of practical knowledge by the average citizen. He wrote that "[e]lite professional groups . . . have come to exert a 'radical monopoly' on such basic human activities as health, agriculture, home-building, and learning, leading to a 'war on subsistence' that robs peasant societies of their vital skills and know-how. The result of much economic development is very often not human flourishing but 'modernized poverty,' dependency, and an out-of-control system in which the humans become worn-down mechanical parts."^[2] Illich proposed that we should "invert the present deep structure of tools" in order to "give people tools that guarantee their right to work with independent efficiency."^[13]

Tools for Conviviality attracted worldwide attention. A resume of it was published by French social philosopher André Gorz in Les Temps Modernes, under the title "Freeing the Future."^[14] The book's vision of tools that would be developed and maintained by a community of users had a significant influence on the first developers of the personal computer, notably Lee Felsenstein.^[15]

[edit] Medical Nemesis

In his Medical Nemesis, first published in 1975, also known as Limits to Medicine, Illich subjected contemporary Western medicine to detailed attack. He argued that the medicalization in recent decades of so many of life's vicissitudes—birth and death, for example—frequently caused more harm than good and rendered many people in effect lifelong patients. He marshalled a body of statistics to show what he considered the shocking extent of post-operative side-effects and drug-induced illness in advanced industrial society. He introduced to a wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease ^[16] which had been scientifically established a century earlier by British nurse Florence Nightingale (1820–1910). Others have since voiced similar views, but none so trenchantly, perhaps, as Illich.^[17]

Concepts[link]

Counterproductivity

The main notion of Ivan Illich is the concept of counterproductivity: when institutions of modern industrial society impede their purported aims. For example, Ivan Illich calculated that, in America in the 1970s, if you add the time spent to work to earn the money to buy a car, the time spent in the car (including traffic jam), the time spent in the health care industry because of a car crash, the time spent in the oil industry to fuel cars ...etc., and you divide the number of kilometres traveled per year by that, you obtain the following calculation: 10000 km per year per person divided by 1600 hours per year per American equals 6 km per hour. So the real speed of a car would be about 3.7 miles per hour.

Specific Diseconomy

Specific diseconomy is another term Illich used, as a measure of the degree of institutional counterproductivity that is occurring—referring to the exact degree to which, for example, the medical industry induces illness, educational institutions induce ignorance, the judicial system perpetuates injustice, or national defense may make a nation less secure. When specific diseconomy is on the increase, this means an institution or industry is increasingly counterproductive to its original intentions.

Radical monopoly

He invented the concept of radical monopoly: when a technical medium is or appears to be more effective, it creates a monopoly which denies access to other media. The mandatory consumption of a medium which uses a lot of energy (for example motorised transportation) narrows the fruition of use value (innate transit ability).

By "radical monopoly" I mean the dominance of one type of product rather than the dominance of one brand. I speak about radical monopoly when one industrial production process exercises an exclusive control over the satisfaction of a pressing need, and excludes nonindustrial activities from competition.^[18]

Conviviality

Illich worked to open new possibilities. He argued that we need convivial tools as opposed to machines. A tool may accept more than one utilisation, sometimes even distant from its original use. A tool accepts expression from its user. On the contrary, with a machine, humans become servants, their role consisting only of running the machine for a single purpose.

See also[link]

• Credentialism
• Critical pedagogy
• Critique of technology
• Development criticism
• Ecopedagogy
• Holistic education
• Shadow work

References[link]

List of works[link]

• Die philosophischen Grundlagen der Geschichtsschreibung bei Arnold J. Toynbee. Salzburg: Diss.. 1951. 
• Celebration of Awareness. 1971. ISBN 0-7145-0837-3. 
• Deschooling Society. 1971. ISBN 0-06-012139-4. 
• Tools for Conviviality. 1973. ISBN 0-06-080308-8, ISBN 0-06-012138-6. 
• Energy and Equity. 1974. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-06-136153-5|0-06-136153-5]]. 
• Medical Nemesis. London: Calder & Boyars. 1974. ISBN 0-7145-1096-3. OCLC 224760852. 
• Medical Nemesis. 1975. ISBN 0-394-71245-5, ISBN 0-7145-1095-5, ISBN 0-7145-1096-3. 
• The Right to Useful Unemployment. 1978. ISBN 0-7145-2628-2. 
• Toward a History of Needs. 1978. ISBN 0-394-41040-8, ISBN 0-394-73501-3. 
• Shadow Work. 1981. ISBN 0-7145-2711-4, ISBN 0-7145-2710-6. 
• Gender. 1982. ISBN 0-394-52732-1. 
• H₂O and the Waters of Forgetfulness. 1985. ISBN 0-911005-06-4. 
• ABC: The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind. 1988. ISBN 0-86547-291-2. 
• In the Mirror of the Past. 1992. ISBN 0-7145-2937-0. 
• In the Vineyard of the Text: A Commentary to Hugh's Didascalicon. 1993. ISBN 0-226-37235-9. 
• Blasphemy: A Radical Critique of Our Technological Culture. We the People. Morristown, NJ: Aaron Press. July 1995. ISBN 978-1-882206-02-5. 
• interviews with David Cayley, ed. (1992). Ivan Illich in Conversation. Toronto: House of Anansi Press. 
• The Rivers North of the Future - The Testament of Ivan Illich as told to David Cayley. Toronto: House of Anansi Press. 2005. ISBN 0-88784-714-5. 
• David Cayley, ed. (2000). Corruption of Christianity. ISBN 0-660-18099-5. 

Further reading[link]

• Derber, Charles; Schwartz, William A.; Magrass, Yale (1990). Power in the Highest Degree: Professionals and the Rise of a New Mandarin Order. Oxford University Press. 
• Gabbard, D. A. (1993). Silencing Ivan Illich: A Foucauldian Analysis of Intellectual Exclusion. New York: Austin & Winfield. ISBN 1-880921-17-0. 
• Hansom, Paul (2001). Twentieth-century European cultural theorists. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Group. pp. 212. ISBN 0-7876-4659-8. 
• du Plessix Gray, Francine (April 25, 1970). Profiles: The Rules of the Game. The New Yorker. pp. 40–92. 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ivan Illich

General[link]

• The People's Priest
• Thinking After Illich
• Collection of Illich Resources, including MP3s
• Ivan Illich Archives
• Full text of Tools for Conviviality
• Illich's writing on the web at The Preservation Institute
• Text of To Hell With Good Intentions - Cuernavaca, Mexico, on April 20, 1968
• Ivan Illich with Jerry Brown, KPFA - March 22, 1996
• An extensive set of Illich's writings and recordings
• Article in The encyclopaedia of informal education
• American Educational Research Association Ivan Illich Special Interest Group website
• The International Journal of Illich Studies
• Celebration of Awareness

Obituaries[link]

• "A Turbulent Priest in the Global Village" by Richard Wall, LewRockwell.com
• Obituary from The Guardian
• "Remembering Ivan Illich" Whole Earth Magazine, Spring 2003
• Obituary from The Lancet Volume 361, Issue 9352, Page 185, 11 January 2003 [2] by Pearce Wright,

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2010)

Edgar Morin

Edgar Morin is a French philosopher and sociologist born Edgar Nahoum in Paris on July 8, 1921. He is of Judeo-Spanish (Sefardi) origin. He is known for the transdisciplinarity of his works.

Biography[link]

At the beginning of the 20th century, Morin's family migrated from the Greek city of Salonica (Thessaloniki) to Marseille^[1] and later to Paris, where Edgar was born. He first became tied to socialism in connection with the Popular Front and the Spanish Republican Government during the Spanish Civil War. When the Germans invaded France in 1940, Edgar fled to Toulouse, where he assisted refugees and committed himself to Marxist socialism. As a member of the French Resistance he adopted the pseudonym Morin, which he would use for the rest of his life. He joined the French Communist Party in 1941. In 1945, Morin married Violette Chapellaubeau and they lived in Landau, where he served as a Lieutenant in the French Occupation army in Germany.

In 1946, he returned to Paris and gave up his military career to pursue his activities with the Communist party. Due to his critical posture, his relationship with the party gradually deteriorated until he was expelled in 1951 after he published an article in Le Nouvel Observateur. In the same year, he was admitted to the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS).

Morin founded and directed the magazine Arguments (1954–1962). In 1959 his book Autocritique was published.

In 1960, Morin travelled extensively in Latin America, visiting Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Mexico.He returned to France where he published L'Esprit du Temps.

That same year, French sociologist Georges Friedmann brought him and Roland Barthes together to create a Centre for the Study of Mass Communication that, after several name-changes, became the Edgar Morin Centre of the EHESS, Paris.^[2]

Beginning in 1965, Morin became involved in a large multidisciplinary project, financed by the Délégation Générale à la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique in Plozévet.

In 1968, Morin replaced Henri Lefebvre at the University of Nanterre. He became involved in the student revolts that began to emerge in France. In May 1968, he wrote a series of articles for Le Monde that tried to understand what he called "The Student Commune." He followed the student revolt closely and wrote a second series of articles in Le Monde called "The Revolution without a Face," as well as co-authoring Mai 68: La brèche with Cornelius Castoriadis and Claude Lefort.^[3]

In 1969, Morin spent a year at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California.

In 1983, he published De la nature de l’URSS, which deepened his analysis of Soviet communism and anticipated the Perestroika of Mikhail Gorbachev.

Morin was married to Johanne Harrelle, with whom he lived for 15 years.

In 2002, Morin participated in the creation of the International Ethical, Scientific and Political Collegium.

Philosophical development[link]

According to Alfonso Montuori in "Edgar Morin: A partial introduction"

"The 5 volume Method is perhaps Morin’s culminating work, a remarkable and seemingly inexhaustible treasure trove of insights, reflection, and a real manual for those who are interested in broadening the nature of human inquiry. Drawing on cybernetics, information theory, systems theory, but also integrating all the work he has done before, from the work on imagination in his research on movies to his profound reflections on death, Method integrates Morin’s journey and provides the reader with an alternative to the traditional assumptions and method of inquiry of our time.".

Literary Work[link]

Books[link]

• 1951, L’Homme et la mort
• 1956, Le cinema ou l'homme imaginaire
• 1957, Les Stars
• 1969, La Rumeur d’Orléans
• 1967, Commune en France: La Metamorphose de Plodemet
• La Méthode (6 volumes)
  • 1977, La Nature de la nature
  • 1980, La Vie de la vie
  • 1986, La Connaissance de la connaissance
  • 1991, Les Idées
  • 2001, L’Humanité de l’humanité
  • 2004, L'Éthique complexe
• 1970, Journal de Californie
• 1973, Le paradigme perdu: la nature humaine
• 1981, Pour sortir du siècle XX
• 1982, Science avec conscience
• 1983, De la nature de l’URSS
• 1988, Penser L'Europe
• 1990, Introduction à la pensée complexe
• 1993, Terre-patrie
• 1994, Mes démons
• 1994, La Complexité humaine
• 1997, Comprendre la complexité dans les organisations de soins
• 1999, L’Intelligence de la complexité
• 1999, Relier les connaissances
• 1999, La Tête bien faite
• 2000, Les Sept savoirs nécessaires à l'éducation du futur
• 2001, Journal de Plozévet, Bretagne
• 2002, Pour une politique de civilisation
• 2002, Dialogue sur la connaissance. Entretiens avec des lycéens
• 2003, La Violence du monde
• 2003, Éduquer pour l’ère planétaire, la pensée complexe comme méthode d’apprentissage dans l’erreur et l’incertitude humaine
• 2003, Les Enfants du ciel: entre vide, lumière, matière
• 2004, Pour Entrer dans le siècle XXI
• 2006, Le Monde Moderne et La Question Juive
• 2007, Vers l'abîme ?
• 2007, Où va le monde ?
• 2007, L'An I de l'ère écologique : la Terre dépend de l'homme qui dépend de la Terre, Paris, Éditions Tallandier ?
• 2008, La Méthode, Seuil, Collection Opus (2 vol.) ?
• 2008, Pour une politique de civilisation, Paris, éditions Arléa ?
• 2011, La Voie. Pour l'avenir de l'humanité, Paris, Fayard

Articles[link]

• “The Noise and the Message”. Telos 33 (Fall 1977). New York: Telos Press.

Conferences[link]

• 2005, Restricted complexity, general complexity.^[4]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Edgar Morin

• The Persecution of Edgar Morin by Doug Ireland
• An interview and short biography on Unesco's web site
• (French) "La réalité semi-imaginaire de l'homme", chapitre conclusif du livre "Cinéma ou l'homme imaginaire" (1956), reproduit sur le site d'analyse L'oBservatoire (simple appareil).