- published: 15 Aug 2012
- views: 1819448
- author: bigthink
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-
Episode : The Planets
USA:1999...
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- Universe - Bone Thugs-N-Harmony
- Universe - T Rex
- Universe - Marc Bolan and T. Rex
- Universe - Rebecca St. James
- Universe - Magnum
- Universe - Sarah Slean
- Universe - Mark Wills
- Universe - Alien Ant Farm
- Universe - Savage Garden
- Universe - Insania
- Universe - Maaya Sakamoto
- Universe - Microphones
- Universe - Evereve
- Universe - Gallery
- Universe - Pale Divine
- Universe - Jennifer Brown
- Universe - Stretch Princess
- Universe - Alice Russell
- Universe - Stephen Simmonds
- Universe - Alice In Darkland
- Universe - Monkeeman
[Intro: Krayzie (Bizzy)]
What you gon' do nigga? (Turn the track up, aww yeah)
Turn it up! (This my shit right here, Bone back together baby)
Let's go! (In these days and times of my life)
Yeah, yeah, yeah, Bone Thugs-N-Harmonyyyyyy
(In these days and times of my life, yeah, c'mon)
Y'all know y'all been waitin for this man - haha yeah
(In these days and times of my life) Y'all like that
What they say? Them Bone Boys is BACK, yeah
It's like, it's like, it's like, it's like, it's like, it's like
[Chorus: Bone Thugs - all together]
In these days and times of my life
Even though I hustle, even though I struggle
In these days and times of my life
Even though I hustle - I surviiiive
Layzie, Krayzie, Bizzy, Wish, Flesh
Universe, one verse, five's the best
Layzie, Krayzie, Bizzy, Wish, Flesh
Universe, one verse, five's the best
[Bone Thugs-N-Harmony - all alternating lines]
Layzie, Krayzie, Bizzy, Wish, Flesh
So amazin, blazin, nigga it's just the five
The Uni-5 right off the 9-9, 9-9
Let's flow, show 'em how we the greatest
They listen up, yup, put some magic in the music
Put some classic in your music - and put some tragic in your music
And make it platinum when you do it - and feed your family while you do it
That's how my Thugstas get it crackin, attackin and move to it
Make it happen, take advantage, do that and act true to it
We're ready for anything and we sing to make through it
No time for delays, back down, we can't do it
Doin our thang, see the Bone remain strong, y'all knew it
[Interlude: Bone Thugs]
So give it all you got, give it all you got, don't stop
Give it all you got, give it all you got, don't stop
Still maintainin got quick flow flamin hot
Try us if you think we're not live enough to take your spot
[Chorus]
[Bone Thugs-N-Harmony - all alternating lines]
Layzie, Krayzie, Bizzy, Wish, Flesh
Never met another that could spit it like us
The design and precisest flow so the nicest
Righteous ices, wicked with the style and the wildest
Been up the come up - since our childhood
Sound good - just like our orchestra when we 'round wood
Late night - burnin barrels; play fight - singin carols
Stage fright - nigga never, we be on the level!
The World's Enemy - rebel never settle for less
No them haters ain't on our, level - incredible, yes we are the best
We gets live, it'll be no others liver
Wise when they ride with us - soul survivors
[Interlude]
[Chorus]
[Bone Thugs-N-Harmony - all alternating lines]
Layzie, Krayzie, Bizzy, Wish, Flesh
United we stand even though we might fall out
It's all in the fam if family members brawl out
Whenever whatever, never say never, yes we goin all out
We stuck with a plan, them Thugstas boys made it
Now we keep 'em stuck in a trance, it's hard to shake it
With that lyrical combination that flipped it and swept the nation
Mystical, creator, motivator of true innovations
It's music don't abuse it, just use it and evade your pain
Don't let them harmonies fool ya, still take aim
Comin to let it go, we show no mercy to lames
A whole fifth sippin, that ounce of kush we smokin mayne
[Interlude]
Interplanetary Waltz
Hey there sister
Let's face the Universe and dance
Hey there sister
Let's face the Universe and dance
We'll bop over the galaxies
We'll stroll over to Mars
We'll romance on Jupiter
Make love among the stars
If you really love me sister
Let's face the Universe and dance
If you really love me sister
Let's face the Universe and dance
Interplanetary Waltz
Hey there sister
Let's face the Universe and dance
Hey there sister
Let's face the Universe and dance
We'll bop over the galaxies
We'll stroll over to Mars
We'll romance on Jupiter
Make love among the stars
If you really love me sister
Let's face the Universe and dance
If you really love me sister
Let's face the Universe and dance
Like the river that runs to the sea
The oceans speak of Your love for me
It's wider than I can imagine and I don't have to ever be afraid
'Cause nothing in the universe could take this love away
If I were to fly on the wings of the sunrise
Settle on the farthest side of the sea
If I go up to the heavens where You are there
If I make my bed in the depths You're there
If I were to count every thought that You think of me
They would be more than the sand on the shore
When I'm awake You see what I'm thinking
And when I'm asleep You're watching
Like the river that runs to the sea
The oceans speak of Your love for me
It's deeper than I can imagine
And higher than the sky is Your love for me
Like the river that runs to the sea
The sky it speaks of Your love for me
Wider than I can imagine and I don't have to ever be afraid
'Cause nothing in the universe could take this love away
If I were to walk through the deepest valley
If I were to hide my face in shame
Even there You see what I'm thinking
I can't get away from You
Like the river that runs to the sea
The oceans speak of Your love for me
It's deeper than I can imagine
And higher than the sky is Your love for me
Like the river that runs to the sea
The sky it speaks of Your love for me
It's wider than I can imagine and I don't have to ever be afraid
'Cause nothing in the universe could take this love away
If I were to fly, if I were to go
If I were to ride on the wings of the dawn
If I were to run, if I were to hide
Even there you know my heart, Lord You know my mind
Like the river that runs to the sea
The oceans speak of Your love for me
It's deeper than I can imagine
I don't have to ever be afraid
Like the river that runs to the sea
The sky it speaks of Your love for me
It's wider than I can imagine and I don't have to ever be afraid
'Cause nothing in the universe could take this love away
Could take this love away, could take this love away
Could take this love away
Like the river, like the river that runs to the sea
It speaks of Your love for me
And nothing could take this love away
And nothing, nothing
Here we go through the wide open spaces
oh cold winds blow sands of time in our faces
beggars plead with others greed in high places
oh love is won love is lost leaves no traces
take your eyes across the seas past the mountains
oh do you hear through its far someones counting
people write armies fight children shouting
oh love is warm love is real love's abounding
who holds the answer to the universe
who holds the answer to the universe
who holds the answer to the universe
eagles fly past the sun to the rainbow
yes they decide where they're from where they can go
but no one cries someone hides in the shadows
oh love is kind love is yours love is mellow
who holds the answer to the universe
who holds the answer to the universe
Once I took the universe to dinner
When she failed to yeild the earth's demands
'Oh,' she said 'you mean that little ant farm?
I'm alright, dear, I've got other plans'
And we're sad because we think we don't belong here
We're guilty 'cause we think we should be stars
Floating in a navy soup, we're sailing
There you are
There you are
She's so bright
And then she's gone
Don't mind me
I'm just sailing
On a sunrise
It's my favourite thing
And when are you
Going to realize
I don't blame you
I never have
And when she talks, she fills the room with sunlight
She can name her babies, every one
I've returned to the place of my beginning
And I can see her turning off the sun
And we're sad because we think we don't belong here
We're guilty 'cause we think we should be stars
Floating in a navy soup, we're sailing
There you are
There you are
She's so bright
And then she's gone
Don't mind me
I'm just sailing
On a sunrise
It's my favourite thing
And when are you
Going to realize
I don't blame you
Bet you didn't know you were sacred to me
Like a cathedral rising high into the blue
Bet you didn't know all the courage I have
Came from you, it was you
Bet you didn't know you were my tower of strength
Through the hurricane
Like a child I found peace in your arms time and again
Time and again
You were my life through the storm
You were the shelter that kept me warm
You were my heart, my soul, my kingdom come
The breath I breathe, the sky, the sun, the moon and stars
All wrapped into one
In other words you're my universe
Bet you didn't know you inspired my dreams
You help me believe in myself, yes, you did
Bet you didn't know you're the only one who stood by me
When there was no one else, when there was no one else
You were my life through the storm
You were the shelter that kept me warm
You were my heart, my soul, my kingdom come
The breath I breathe, the sky, the sun, the moon and stars
All wrapped into one
In other words you're my universe
You were my life through the storm
You were my shelter that kept me warm
You were my heart, my soul, my kingdom come
The breath I breathe, the sky, the sun, the moon and stars
All wrapped into one
We should have waited
We should have waited
We love to break the season
And you're the reason
We use to shake the beehive
To relax and rewind
See why you cry, see why you save
Your regimen is gonna die
See what you know
Let's see what you throw
Your regimen
Waiting? So
Waiting? I know
See why you came, see why you go
Your regiment is oh too slow
See why you cry, get sting from the hive
Your regimen
Waiting? So
Waiting? I know
See! And we don't mind
Well I'd like to take you as I find you
Imagine our clothes are on the floor
Feel my caress so soft and gentle
So delicate you cry for more
But you know baby, You know baby does it right
And you know baby does it right.
Universe inside of your heart
You gotta let me know
So you can be free baby
You wanted it so much
And now that its over
You don't know what you want
Put time in a capsule
Two minds consensual
Entwined to perfection, If we could....
Cuddle up close, Lay on my chest
Listen my heart beats coming down
If you get tired you close your eyes now.
When you wake you wont be found now
Cause I know baby
I know you are the nervous kind
With so much going on in your mind
Universe inside of your heart
You gotta let me know
So you can be free baby
You wanted it so much
And now that its over
You don't know what you want
But let me tell you that, this time
I'm gonna make you mine
(I wont let you go)
Cause I know this time
I'm gonna make sure I look out for me.
Cause you know baby, You know baby does it right
And you know baby does it right.
You will only end up lost in loneliness
And wake up with the words on your lips.
So I'll let you go baby
So I'll let you go...
Universe inside of your heart
You gotta let me know
So you can be free baby
You wanted it so much
And now that its over
Through THE UNIVERSE I VILL GO,
TO PLACE I´VE NEVER SEEM BEFORE.
I VILL RIDE THROUGH THE GALAXIES,
AND FIND MY WAY BACK HOME...
I´m facing my destiny, as i look up in the sjy.
Beyond the shadows the dream stays alive,
the gates of my freedom,
The edge of my life, Can´t stay here anymore.
is my own life i´m living today an illusion?
In silence i cry, in darkness i hide,
away from the feelings that i kept inside,
don´t tell me i am scared.
BRIDEGE: I know my time will come,
someday you´ll see.
if i reach the end of light,
my home it will be.
TROUGH THE UNIVERSE I WILL GO,
TO PLACES NO ONE SEEM BEFORE.
I ´LL RIDE TROUGH THE GALAXIESAND FIND MY WAY BACK HOME.
CAN YOU SEE, SEE THE LIGHT?
tHE LIGHT THAT SHINES SO BRIGHT IN THE SKY.
How many tears will it take for us to see?
Killing the nature in anguish and hate,
killing each other,
this world in in pain. We van´t take anymore.
open your eyes, tell if you like that you see.
faith in key to see what is real,
the world must change to what it should be,
don´t tell me it´s to late.
REPEAT: BRIDGE & CHORUS
Iam- pridem ! Iam pridem !
Iam pridem inter primores, pugnat sagitta ictus est.
inter caleum fugerem ifinitas.
sicolorum legum vitae, nesic mentis lumini.
nec deus consilium, pericolum.
There comes a day, when you can´t explain.
No matter what you will say.
Our future is in the hands of our god you´ll see!
(( Solo: Dhalin/ västilä/ Dhalin/ juhano/ dhalin ))
REPEAT: CHORUS
Holding up this feeling that can’t be put into words
I’ve been searching for its name
In the gap between darkness and dawn, I’m all alone
I keep stretching out like I’m running
One of my countless prayers is here
I’m looking up at 60 hundred million lonelinesses
Fixing my eyes on this boundless sky
Carrying this teeny-tiny wish
In the rouund stars, a blue lamplight is lit
The universe
Under the moonlight, how many lights from windows?
Above the same stars, how many lights from windows?
I’ll count each one
I keep stretching out upright
The true answers are within me
I’m looking up at 60 hundred million lonelinesses
Fixing my eyes on this boundless sky
That limited life burns
In the rouund stars, a blue lamplight is lit
The universe
now that i have disappeared i have my sight
beautiful black you are unvailed
now you're mine
so let my voice bellow about you silent night
and let my voice echo out from caves and mines
you have a bright disguise
mountains and light
but universe i see your face in blackest night
and you see mine
oh universe i see your face looks just like mine
Give me the sleep I need to forget
My pain and my sorrow, my grief and my dept
Give me the sleep I need to forget
Hypocrisy, cruelty, hatred and if
There's someone to hear me - Then answer my cries
And if you are near me - Please drop your disguise
I need to get out, please show me a way
To cope with my dread and my fear every day
Restricted are my paths, destinations of myself far away
The wheel of life has stopped turning, an angel leads me astray
I am longing for farewell, just a passenger in a boat
A boat called life - after which wave will it lose its load
Void, peace and stillness - Is what I yearned for
Let me be a fallen star - Insignificance is what I will earn
Universe - I want to drift in your eternity
Universe - lay your arms around my soul
Universe - a part of you I want to be
Universe - your star of death I've seen it glow
I want to drift into your eternity - Lay your arms around my soul
A part of you I want to be - Your star of death I've seen it glow
Prepared for your reception
Your timeless nothingness awaits me
Universe - are you a part of me?
A part of you I want to be.
UNIVERSE
I can move like the stars through the milky way
There is time and some space for a while to stay
Any sense to this play seems eternally
There’s a meaning I guess in this entropy
Universe alone will be there for you now
Now as love tears apart we remind the clue
Far beyond the blue skies I still think of you
Universe alone will be there for you now
http://www.gallerymania.de
The book that I live in is such a masterpiece man
It doesn't mean a thing unless I make it, yeah
The text is all in code that only I understand
It's another universe
And when I don't feel like existing I just watch some TV
It's amazing what they cram in two dimensions, yeah
But stranger things have happened every day for ten years
In another universe
There's nobody here but me
There's nobody here but me
As far as my mind can see
There's nobody here but me
Nobody here but me
The man who writes my novel, he's a cynical man
To someone somewhere I am just a plaything
The key to my survival, I am words on a page
I am a book and you're the reader
I'm a need and you're the needer
There's nobody here but me
There's nobody here but me
As far as my mind can see
There's nobody here but me
Nobody here but me
I am the center of my...
I am the center of my...
I am the center, I am the center of my world
I am, I am, I am the center of my world
Center of my world
you lift me from myself
you take me somewhere else
is this something i am dreaming?
never wake me if im sleeping
take me with you to your universe
slowly lift me to your own world
because lying in your arms is sweet surrender
and i never had a love so tender and complete
you feel me with just one look
you read me like a book
overcome the fears that i have hidden
it steers me back towards the rhytm
take me with you to your universe
slowly lift me to your own world
because lying in your arms is sweet surrender
and i never had a love so tender and complete
let me glide along with you towards the heavens
let me float between the living and the dreaming
take me with you to your universe
slowly lift me to your own world
because lying in your arms is sweet surrender
and i never had a love so tender and complete
sometimes, at the back of my mind
there's space for you
I belong to nowhere more
than you want me to
it's not such a beautiful thing
you tell me again
but it's the end of a universe
you love the idea
of you and me here
[say you said so]
do what you will
always say what you feel
[say you said so]
(you can't have? everything...
you can't have everything...)
sometimes, when you think of me
do I get there too soon
I'm closer now to nowhere more than you think I deserve to
it's not such a beautiful thing you tell me again
but it's the end of a universe
you love the idea
of you and me here
[say you said so]
do what you will,
always say what you feel
[save yourself]
(you can't have? everything...
Everybody seems to have it better?
They just show the bits they only want you to see
Then I think to have it, have it better,
It’s fine for all to show the bits they only want you to see
To see…..
When things, once where, free and easy,
Abstract space time, Ancient readings,
Are all, the books, read and written
Unfolding the universe?
Let’s go and see, let’s go and see, go and look at it in a book
Go and see, for yourself
Everybody wants to be as free as the wind,
As our thirst for knowledge it doth wind and bend,
Imagination captures then invites you in, to play
Then it shows the bits it only wants you to see, to see
When things, once where, free and easy,
Abstract space time, Ancient readings,
Are all, the books, read and written
Unfolding the universe?
Let’s go and see, let’s go and see, go and look at it in a book
Go and see, for yourselves……!
When things, once where, free and easy,
Abstract space time, Ancient readings,
Are all, the books, read and written
Unfolding the universe?
No one owns the universe
The universe owns none
Love is the only beauty that exists beneath the sun
Give me 'cause I don't know how
Give me and I'll learn, yeah
I feel it coming closer now
I feel the tables turn, yeah
All to do is far from done
No you're not the only one
The revolution is yet to come
Tears will fall and men will die
The gap of evil is open wide
It kills the soul but not the mind
Darkness can't oppose the light and so we shall see
Children knowing wrong from right
The truth will set them free
Plant the seeds and the will grow
Break the ancient walls, yeah
When it's time then you will know
You will watch them fall
All to do is far from done
No you're not the only one
The revolution is yet to come
Tears will fall and men will die
The gap of evil is open wide
It kills the soul but not the mind
All to do is far from done
No you're not the only one
The revolution is yet to come
Tears will fall and men will die
The gap of evil is open wide
The sun is dying and the light with him as well
Sadly embraced they drown far away
The night rises again
The dark mystery
Falls softly on me
With her innocent veil
Crumbs of light stud her black mantle
And playful figures spring up
Invading the sky
That black painting
Depicted with stars
As a living picture
Renewed every night
Let them admire
What their eyes are unable to notice
The immense and boundless infinite
Hidden behind it
As a wonderful dream destined to vanish completely
Into a neverending burning horizon
The sun and light die again
Black and majestic the night comes back
Oh sweet pale-faced moon
Deathly pale queen of the obscure empire
What you hide behind you
Show me the secret for my eyes
Show me the infinite spheres of light
Jealously guarded by you
So what about diving in the falling rain
And what about waiting yeah i suffer the same
Let s sleep in a field where the grass is green
CHORUS: You could be the first in the universe to make me
cry girl
To make me cry
And what about wanting what about pain
This is the real thing it?s not agame
Let?s climb the big hills where the grass is green
ALBUMS
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- I
- Fields
- Minerals
- Faces
- Returning for a Journey
- Ginger Gold Light
- Whale Hill
- Gazing
- Nova Albion
- Mountains & Minds
- Mr. Lennon (2008)
- Raz wróg, raz brat
- Miałem sen
- Byle było
- Pewnie też to znasz
- Ciągle szukam drogi
- Syn wyklęty
- Kusi mnie grzech
- Żyje się tylko jeden raz
- Tacy byliśmy
- Noc i ja
- Mijam jak deszcz
- Pytania
- Zanim się skończy czas
- Ja - taki fajny gość
- Nie ty, nie ja
- Dziś tylko jedno wiem
- Samoopadanie
- Bierz wino i lej
- Nie płosz nadziei
- Kto wziął? Kto dał?
- Czego chcesz jeszcze
- Starych przyjaciół nie ma
- Żyje się tylko jeden raz
- To był maj
- Tacy byliśmy
- Sen o San Francisco
- Mr. Lennon
- Hej Panie B.
- Kino niespełnionych marzeń
- Wymyślone łąki
- Jak małe łzy
- Co naprawdę we mnie śpi
- Sto różnych słońc
- Nie zostawiaj nic na potem
- Jola opanuj się
- Ogolę się na łyso
- Była mi aniołem
- Mijam jak deszcz
- Tyle chciałem Ci dać (feat. Beata Kozidrak)
- Najbardziej z wszystkich kobiet
- Zostań ze mną
- Drugie narodzenie
- Wróżki
- Tak musi być
- Jestem obok ciebie
- Być przy tobie
- Niby bracia
- Byle było
- Ballada o dwóch przyjacielach
- Ona wie
- Wołanie przez ciszę
- Dokąd uciec chcesz
- Jak Piotruś Pan
- Bajecznie zimowa piosenka
- Daj mi wreszcie święty spokój
- Nie wiem czy to miłość
- Mr. Lennon
- W perły zmienić deszcz
- Nie, nie
- Bo to taka piękna miłość
- Kocham więc to, co jest
- Głupia żaba
- To był maj
- Blues na wpół do piątej rano
- Deszczowa nieznajoma w parku
- Badź moją iskrą
- Wołanie przez ciszę
- Latawce marzeń
- Jesteś tylko jedna
- Ty masz to, czego nie mam ja
- Tyle chciałem ci dać
- Tacy byliśmy
- Kwiaty kuszą dłonie
- Bahama Yellow
- Pieśń - skutek porannego wstawania
- Tak musi być
- A dziś mamy taki piękny dzień
- Izabella
- Popłyń ze mną przez świat
- Zostań ze mną - jeśli kochasz
- Jesteś niebem
- Ty wiesz - ja wiem
- Znowu tańczy wiatr
- Ballada o dwóch przyjacielach
- Życie to miłość
- Nie, nie
- Krajcok
- Bądź moją iskrą
- Ona wie
- Muszę ją zabić
- Miałem sen
- Za krew weź krew
- Niech żyją żądze
- Kocham więc to co jest
- Kusi mnie grzech
- Latawce marzeń
- W perły zmienić deszcz
- Wszystko po to, aby być przy tobie
- Gdzieś
- Espania mi Amor
- Jestem obok ciebie
- Niby bracia
- Chiny
- Zawsze ze mną bądź
- Przyjdź do mnie
- Kolorowa gazeta
- Tyle chciałem Ci dać
- Więc chodź
- To był maj
- Diabelska muza
- Ile trzeba iść
- Wśród ludzi Go znajdę
- Kocham Cię Ojcze
- Znowu będzie jazz
- Daj mi wreszcie święty spokój
- Już mam Cię dość
- Nie będę sam
- Proste słowo - miłość
- Inny ktoś
- Ciągle szukam drogi
- Dokąd uciec chcesz
- Bądź znowu przy mnie
- Deszczowa nieznajoma
- Jesteś tylko jedna
- Bo to taka piękna miłość
- Eliza! Czekam na Ciebie
- Sami znów
- Znów kochać kwiaty
- Nie wiem czy to miłość
- Magnes serc
- Trzecia nad ranem
- Zdradź mi
- Parę słów od Pana Boga
- Najbardziej z wszystkich kobiet
- Tacy byliśmy
- Masz jeszcze czas
- Dlatego błagam
- Mr. Lennon
- Gwiezdna podróż
- Tak trudno się zakochać
- Twarda sztuka
- Czy to był żart?
- Wołanie przez ciszę
- Ty masz to, czego nie mam ja
- Godzina zero
- Drugie narodzenie
- Głupia żaba
- Ja chciałbym być poetą
- Dzień w kolorze śliwkowym
- Już tak nas ta miłość nie obchodzi
- Zamierzam być u ciebie
- Metafizyczny kleszcz
- Jaka szkoda
- Berlin 1913
- Jurgowska karczma
- Kwiecista zwiewna twa sukienka
- Nie ma nas
- Obciążenia rodzinne
- Nasze ognisko
- Dziękuję ci, Muzyko
- Także i ty
- Starzy
- Ja nie jestem Amadeusz Mozart
- Moja obrona
- Spieszmy się
- Pod Baranami też już inny czas
Send this Playlist by SMS
Michio Kaku: The Universe in a Nutshell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:14
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
The Universe in a Nutshell: The Physics of Everything Michio Kaku, Henry Semat Professor of Theoretical Physics at CUNY What if we could find one single equa...
http://wn.com/Michio_Kaku_The_Universe_in_a_Nutshell
The Universe in a Nutshell: The Physics of Everything Michio Kaku, Henry Semat Professor of Theoretical Physics at CUNY What if we could find one single equa...
Documentary The Universe Quantum Physics Microscopic Universe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:03
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
http://wn.com/Documentary_The_Universe_Quantum_Physics_Microscopic_Universe
The Known Universe by AMNH
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:31
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
The Known Universe takes viewers from the Himalayas through our atmosphere and the inky black of space to the afterglow of the Big Bang. Every star, planet, ...
http://wn.com/The_Known_Universe_by_AMNH
The Known Universe takes viewers from the Himalayas through our atmosphere and the inky black of space to the afterglow of the Big Bang. Every star, planet, ...
- published: 15 Dec 2009
- views: 11755980
- author: AMNHorg
Documentary The Universe How Big, How Far, How Fast
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:04
- Updated: 26 May 2013
http://wn.com/Documentary_The_Universe_How_Big,_How_Far,_How_Fast
Is the Universe Infinite?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:54
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Explore the biggest question of all. How far do the stars stretch out into space? And what's beyond them? In modern times, we built giant telescopes that hav...
http://wn.com/Is_the_Universe_Infinite?
Explore the biggest question of all. How far do the stars stretch out into space? And what's beyond them? In modern times, we built giant telescopes that hav...
- published: 24 Nov 2010
- views: 1293379
- author: SpaceRip
The Universe Explained in Under 3 Minutes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
While we're at it we'll throw in the meaning of life for free. ---- Follow us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/StormCloudsGathering Follow us on Twitter:...
http://wn.com/The_Universe_Explained_in_Under_3_Minutes
While we're at it we'll throw in the meaning of life for free. ---- Follow us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/StormCloudsGathering Follow us on Twitter:...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 53566
- author: StormCloudsGathering
Life in The Universe Documentary | HD 1080p 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 93:12
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
NEW CHANNEL HERE: http://goo.gl/0upHZ Like me on Facebook: http://on.fb.me/YkOACU Follow me on Twitter: http://goo.gl/X7abM This documentary was made, produc...
http://wn.com/Life_in_The_Universe_Documentary_|_HD_1080p_2013
NEW CHANNEL HERE: http://goo.gl/0upHZ Like me on Facebook: http://on.fb.me/YkOACU Follow me on Twitter: http://goo.gl/X7abM This documentary was made, produc...
- published: 24 Jan 2013
- views: 681775
- author: DocumentaryKingHD
Documentary The Universe UFO's The Real Deal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:03
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
http://wn.com/Documentary_The_Universe_UFO's_The_Real_Deal
EVE Online - Universe Origins
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 08 May 2013
EVE Online - Universe Origins trailer marks a decade of EVE Online, as well as depicting the origin thematics of the EVE Universe that connects the MMO with ...
http://wn.com/EVE_Online_Universe_Origins
EVE Online - Universe Origins trailer marks a decade of EVE Online, as well as depicting the origin thematics of the EVE Universe that connects the MMO with ...
- published: 30 Apr 2013
- views: 5623
- author: GamesHQMedia
The Beginning and End of the Universe: What Physics Says
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:31
- Updated: 03 Jun 2013
Visit: http://www.uctv.tv/) Berkeley Lab's Science at the Theater traveled across the Bay to San Francisco's Herbst Theater for a star turn by two of the La...
http://wn.com/The_Beginning_and_End_of_the_Universe_What_Physics_Says
Visit: http://www.uctv.tv/) Berkeley Lab's Science at the Theater traveled across the Bay to San Francisco's Herbst Theater for a star turn by two of the La...
- published: 14 Mar 2013
- views: 3500
- author: UCtelevision
The Largest Black Holes in the Universe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:59
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
Meet the new record-holder for the LARGEST BLACK HOLE IN THE UNIVERSE (so far) in this EXPANDED and UPDATED version (in 1080p) of our most popular Cosmic Jou...
http://wn.com/The_Largest_Black_Holes_in_the_Universe
Meet the new record-holder for the LARGEST BLACK HOLE IN THE UNIVERSE (so far) in this EXPANDED and UPDATED version (in 1080p) of our most popular Cosmic Jou...
- published: 26 Sep 2012
- views: 1059775
- author: SpaceRip
The Universe - Brian Cox Lecture
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:29
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
In this lecture, Brian Cox explains how the Universe was created. What was the Universe like in the first fractions of the first second? How's your quantum m...
http://wn.com/The_Universe_Brian_Cox_Lecture
In this lecture, Brian Cox explains how the Universe was created. What was the Universe like in the first fractions of the first second? How's your quantum m...
- published: 01 Jul 2012
- views: 259732
- author: JamJarMMX
Into The Universe With Stephen Hawking: The Story of Everything
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 86:36
- Updated: 01 Jun 2013
In two mind-blowing hours, Hawking reveals the wonders of the cosmos to a new generation. Delve into the mind of the world's most famous living scientist and...
http://wn.com/Into_The_Universe_With_Stephen_Hawking_The_Story_of_Everything
In two mind-blowing hours, Hawking reveals the wonders of the cosmos to a new generation. Delve into the mind of the world's most famous living scientist and...
- published: 05 Apr 2013
- views: 56827
- author: Luka Mrdovic
DC Universe Online - Origin Crisis: Quantum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 61:44
- Updated: 27 May 2013
http://www.dcuniverseonline.eu http://www.facebook.com/dcuoeu Origin Crisis introduces a tenth Powerset to DCUO: Quantum! Do not miss this first in depth loo...
http://wn.com/DC_Universe_Online_Origin_Crisis_Quantum
http://www.dcuniverseonline.eu http://www.facebook.com/dcuoeu Origin Crisis introduces a tenth Powerset to DCUO: Quantum! Do not miss this first in depth loo...
- published: 24 Apr 2013
- views: 23987
- author: DCUniverseOnlineEU
The Universe - S01E08 - Saturn: Lord of the Rings - History Channel (1080p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:09
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
A look at the planet Saturn and its fascinating rings; how they may have been created; how the latest probes have answered questions and revealed new mysteri...
http://wn.com/The_Universe_S01E08_Saturn_Lord_of_the_Rings_History_Channel_1080p
A look at the planet Saturn and its fascinating rings; how they may have been created; how the latest probes have answered questions and revealed new mysteri...
- published: 08 Feb 2013
- views: 23591
- author: yourfuntubes2
![Journey through the universe at the speed of light [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130606040404im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/5vOU6-1yNZs/default.jpg "Journey through the universe at the speed of light [HD]")
Journey through the universe at the speed of light [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:11
- Updated: 01 Jun 2013
Excellent documentary. Mind blowing and superbly narrated hope you all enjoy..
http://wn.com/Journey_through_the_universe_at_the_speed_of_light_HD_
Excellent documentary. Mind blowing and superbly narrated hope you all enjoy..
- published: 09 Feb 2013
- views: 80219
- author: LordDanofLondon
The Universe- Secrets of the Sun: Episode- 1 (Season 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:21
- Updated: 03 Jun 2013
Playlist for whole episode: The Universe (TV series): Season 1 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLuFV9dXtVEfw0Ms_LNu08QisvyM7vHQcA The Universe: Playlis...
http://wn.com/The_Universe_Secrets_of_the_Sun_Episode_1_Season_1
Playlist for whole episode: The Universe (TV series): Season 1 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLuFV9dXtVEfw0Ms_LNu08QisvyM7vHQcA The Universe: Playlis...
- published: 15 Dec 2012
- views: 18162
- author: sasijayaram
The Universe - Supernovae
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:28
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
The Universe - Supernovae.flv.
http://wn.com/The_Universe_Supernovae
Understanding The Universe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:13
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
Join astronomers and astrophysicists as they probe light years beyond the Milky Way, in Understanding The Universe, part of Discovery's popular television se...
http://wn.com/Understanding_The_Universe
Join astronomers and astrophysicists as they probe light years beyond the Milky Way, in Understanding The Universe, part of Discovery's popular television se...
- published: 27 Apr 2012
- views: 318752
- author: mindfuckuniverse
Birth Of The Universe. Big Bang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:17
- Updated: 18 May 2013
http://wn.com/Birth_Of_The_Universe_Big_Bang
How Big is the Universe?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 31 May 2013
It has NO EDGE. And NO CENTER... or does it? The Scale of the Universe - http://htwins.net/scale2/ MinutePhysics is on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6 And fac...
http://wn.com/How_Big_is_the_Universe?
It has NO EDGE. And NO CENTER... or does it? The Scale of the Universe - http://htwins.net/scale2/ MinutePhysics is on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6 And fac...
- published: 25 Feb 2013
- views: 1102370
- author: minutephysics
The Most Powerful Objects in the Universe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:07
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Enjoy this 1080P EXPANDED and REVISED version of our show originally titled "Cold Sparks and Black Holes." All across the immense reaches of time and space, ...
http://wn.com/The_Most_Powerful_Objects_in_the_Universe
Enjoy this 1080P EXPANDED and REVISED version of our show originally titled "Cold Sparks and Black Holes." All across the immense reaches of time and space, ...
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 331634
- author: SpaceRip
Polipoli8 - Sensible Universe (Dedicated to Big M.) (Inspired by Swomee Swan)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 16 May 2013
Little impro. for my love, Big M. Chords: Bbm, G#, F#5 Guitar: Epiphone Les Paul 100 (350 CAN $ two years ago, pretty close to 800$ one imo) Tuning: Eb (half...
http://wn.com/Polipoli8_Sensible_Universe_Dedicated_to_Big_M_Inspired_by_Swomee_Swan
Little impro. for my love, Big M. Chords: Bbm, G#, F#5 Guitar: Epiphone Les Paul 100 (350 CAN $ two years ago, pretty close to 800$ one imo) Tuning: Eb (half...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 261
- author: polipoli8
Send this Playlist by SMS
Nice Guys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
http://wn.com/Nice_Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 46531285
- author: nigahiga
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 95620428
- author: RihannaVEVO
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_RYAN_LEWIS_THRIFT_SHOP_FEAT_WANZ_OFFICIAL_VIDEO
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 332631018
- author: Ryan Lewis
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 89898603
- author: RihannaVEVO
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_Titanium_ft_Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 188971244
- author: davidguettavevo
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150255450
- author: RihannaVEVO
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_She_Wolf_Falling_To_Pieces_ft_Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 157210260
- author: davidguettavevo
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 130047581
- author: PinkVEVO
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Russian_Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 102535251
- author: RihannaVEVO
PEWDIEPIE Song - Dj Fortify
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Due to so many request I decided to upload this epic track as well. Enjoy it bros!
http://wn.com/PEWDIEPIE_Song_Dj_Fortify
Due to so many request I decided to upload this epic track as well. Enjoy it bros!
- published: 28 Jan 2012
- views: 10626577
- author: PewDiePie
![MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130606040404im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/fvDQy53eldY/default.jpg "MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]")
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_X_RYAN_LEWIS_OTHERSIDE_REMIX_FEAT_FENCES_MUSIC_VIDEO_
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 25712097
- author: Ryan Lewis
Will & Jaden Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff and Alfonso Ribeiro Rap! - The Graham Norton Show - BBC One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:22
- Updated: 03 Jun 2013
More about this programme: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01y17gc Will Smith treats Graham to a star-studded rap medley. With Jaden Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff an...
http://wn.com/Will_Jaden_Smith,_DJ_Jazzy_Jeff_and_Alfonso_Ribeiro_Rap!_The_Graham_Norton_Show_BBC_One
More about this programme: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01y17gc Will Smith treats Graham to a star-studded rap medley. With Jaden Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff an...
- published: 24 May 2013
- views: 14749106
- author: BBC
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video! Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs: http://...
http://wn.com/Draw_My_Life_Ryan_Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video! Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs: http://...
- published: 11 Apr 2013
- views: 8940194
- author: nigahiga
Steve Jobs vs Bill Gates. Epic Rap Battles of History Season 2.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Download This Song: http://bit.ly/KzLBGB Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://bit.ly/Nt9lg8 Hi. My name is Nice Peter, and this is EpicLLOYD, and this is th...
http://wn.com/Steve_Jobs_vs_Bill_Gates_Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_Season_2
Download This Song: http://bit.ly/KzLBGB Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://bit.ly/Nt9lg8 Hi. My name is Nice Peter, and this is EpicLLOYD, and this is th...
- published: 14 Jun 2012
- views: 56316666
- author: ERB
The Worst Boyfriend Ever
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
No one is perfect right? Follow Catherine!!! https://twitter.com/CDekoekkoek Twitter http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga Facebook http://www.facebook.com/...
http://wn.com/The_Worst_Boyfriend_Ever
No one is perfect right? Follow Catherine!!! https://twitter.com/CDekoekkoek Twitter http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga Facebook http://www.facebook.com/...
- published: 12 Aug 2012
- views: 12210902
- author: nigahiga
Assassin's Creed Meets Parkour in Real Life
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Watch the Behind The Scenes in this link below: http://youtu.be/36CLFOyaml0 Make sure to subscribe to this channel for new vids each week! http://youtube.com...
http://wn.com/Assassin's_Creed_Meets_Parkour_in_Real_Life
Watch the Behind The Scenes in this link below: http://youtu.be/36CLFOyaml0 Make sure to subscribe to this channel for new vids each week! http://youtube.com...
- published: 04 Sep 2012
- views: 24006522
- author: devinsupertramp
Einstein vs Stephen Hawking -Epic Rap Battles of History #7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this Vid-ee-oh: http://clicktotweet.com/TpUg9 Hi. My name is Nice Peter,...
http://wn.com/Einstein_vs_Stephen_Hawking_-Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_7
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this Vid-ee-oh: http://clicktotweet.com/TpUg9 Hi. My name is Nice Peter,...
- published: 30 Mar 2011
- views: 69511080
- author: nicepeter
Rihanna - Stay ft. Mikky Ekko
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Download "Stay" from Unapologetic now: http://smarturl.it/UnapologeticDlx Music video by Rihanna performing Stay ft. Mikky Ekko. © 2013 The Island Def Jam Mu...
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Stay_ft_Mikky_Ekko
Download "Stay" from Unapologetic now: http://smarturl.it/UnapologeticDlx Music video by Rihanna performing Stay ft. Mikky Ekko. © 2013 The Island Def Jam Mu...
- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 142710281
- author: RihannaVEVO
Rihanna - We Ride
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing We Ride. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_We_Ride
Music video by Rihanna performing We Ride. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 43039920
- author: RihannaVEVO
Justin Timberlake - Mirrors (Boyce Avenue feat. Fifth Harmony cover) on iTunes & Spotify
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:37
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
Tickets + VIP Meet & Greets: http://smarturl.it/BATour iTunes: http://smarturl.it/BAiTunes Spotify: http://smarturl.it/BoyceCCV2bSpotify - - - - - - - - - - ...
http://wn.com/Justin_Timberlake_Mirrors_Boyce_Avenue_feat_Fifth_Harmony_cover_on_iTunes_Spotify
Tickets + VIP Meet & Greets: http://smarturl.it/BATour iTunes: http://smarturl.it/BAiTunes Spotify: http://smarturl.it/BoyceCCV2bSpotify - - - - - - - - - - ...
- published: 12 May 2013
- views: 5041889
- author: boyceavenue
First World Problems
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:57
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Send this video to someone with FWP and let them know how much we care... Special thanks to: Greg: http://www.youtube.com/slopsmcgee Dtrix: http://www.youtub...
http://wn.com/First_World_Problems
Send this video to someone with FWP and let them know how much we care... Special thanks to: Greg: http://www.youtube.com/slopsmcgee Dtrix: http://www.youtub...
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- views: 7677149
- author: nigahiga
Censorship Makes No Sense!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
This may get me a lot of angry letters from parents, but I had to get this off my chest! Censorship makes no sense to me.. Thank you to Greg for the letter a...
http://wn.com/Censorship_Makes_No_Sense!
This may get me a lot of angry letters from parents, but I had to get this off my chest! Censorship makes no sense to me.. Thank you to Greg for the letter a...
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 8749315
- author: nigahiga
![B.o.B - Airplanes ft. Hayley Williams of Paramore [OFFICIAL VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130606040404im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/kn6-c223DUU/default.jpg "B.o.B - Airplanes ft. Hayley Williams of Paramore [OFFICIAL VIDEO]")
B.o.B - Airplanes ft. Hayley Williams of Paramore [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
Watch the best B.o.B music videos on YouTube here: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLakoz4isJL_kSGOMG8FONyR1QBak_27RP http://www.bobatl.com/ http://www....
http://wn.com/BoB_Airplanes_ft_Hayley_Williams_of_Paramore_OFFICIAL_VIDEO_
Watch the best B.o.B music videos on YouTube here: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLakoz4isJL_kSGOMG8FONyR1QBak_27RP http://www.bobatl.com/ http://www....
- published: 17 Jun 2010
- views: 192424801
- author: AtlanticVideos
Send this Playlist by SMS
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 130047581
- author: PinkVEVO
![THE LEGEND OF ZELDA RAP [MUSIC VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130606040404im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/mO1QBTG6EXs/default.jpg "THE LEGEND OF ZELDA RAP [MUSIC VIDEO]")
THE LEGEND OF ZELDA RAP [MUSIC VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
WATCH BLOOPERS & MORE: http://bit.ly/ZELDAxtras DOWNLOAD THE SONG: http://smo.sh/13NrBp8 DOWNLOAD UNCENSORED SONG: http://smo.sh/WMYpsf GET LEGEND OF SMOSH T...
http://wn.com/THE_LEGEND_OF_ZELDA_RAP_MUSIC_VIDEO_
WATCH BLOOPERS & MORE: http://bit.ly/ZELDAxtras DOWNLOAD THE SONG: http://smo.sh/13NrBp8 DOWNLOAD UNCENSORED SONG: http://smo.sh/WMYpsf GET LEGEND OF SMOSH T...
- published: 18 Nov 2011
- views: 37077948
- author: smosh
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
http://wn.com/James_Arthur_sings_Shontelle's_Impossible_The_Final_The_X_Factor_UK_2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
- published: 09 Dec 2012
- views: 23559959
- author: TheXFactorUK
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_RYAN_LEWIS_THRIFT_SHOP_FEAT_WANZ_OFFICIAL_VIDEO
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 332631018
- author: Ryan Lewis
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 14 Dec 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Rehab_ft_Justin_Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 54000175
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 25602092
- author: PinkVEVO
Kristen Bell's Sloth Meltdown
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
Kristen Bell loves sloths. You might even say she's obsessed with them. She told Ellen about what happened when her boyfriend, Dax Shepard, introduced her to...
http://wn.com/Kristen_Bell's_Sloth_Meltdown
Kristen Bell loves sloths. You might even say she's obsessed with them. She told Ellen about what happened when her boyfriend, Dax Shepard, introduced her to...
- published: 31 Jan 2012
- views: 16187996
- author: TheEllenShow
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150255450
- author: RihannaVEVO
![Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130606040404im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/T6DJcgm3wNY/default.jpg "Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]")
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
http://wn.com/Man_of_Steel_Official_Trailer_3_HD_
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 23714262
- author: WarnerBrosPictures
FIRETRUCK! (Official Music Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
BLOOPERS: http://bit.ly/FiretruckBloopers GET THE SONG: http://smo.sh/WMZv7l MILKSHAKE MUSIC VIDEO: http://bit.ly/MilkyMilkshake CHECK OUT THIS FIRETRUCK TEE...
http://wn.com/FIRETRUCK!_Official_Music_Video
BLOOPERS: http://bit.ly/FiretruckBloopers GET THE SONG: http://smo.sh/WMZv7l MILKSHAKE MUSIC VIDEO: http://bit.ly/MilkyMilkshake CHECK OUT THIS FIRETRUCK TEE...
- published: 27 Aug 2010
- views: 13217534
- author: smosh
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Tweets_About_Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8321989
- author: JimmyKimmelLive
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_X_RYAN_LEWIS_OTHERSIDE_REMIX_FEAT_FENCES_MUSIC_VIDEO_
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 25712097
- author: Ryan Lewis
Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Mean_Tweets_2
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 14893097
- author: JimmyKimmelLive
P!nk - So What
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing So What. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 952031 (C) 2008 LaFace Records, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_So_What
Music video by P!nk performing So What. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 952031 (C) 2008 LaFace Records, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 91417121
- author: PinkVEVO
Threw It On The Ground
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Download on iTunes: http://goo.gl/gcVR7 THREE T-Shirt designs!: http://goo.gl/jr4sY So many things to throw on the ground! Featuring Ryan Reynolds and Elijah...
http://wn.com/Threw_It_On_The_Ground
Download on iTunes: http://goo.gl/gcVR7 THREE T-Shirt designs!: http://goo.gl/jr4sY So many things to throw on the ground! Featuring Ryan Reynolds and Elijah...
- published: 26 Jul 2011
- views: 54296200
- author: thelonelyisland
P!nk - Raise Your Glass
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Raise_Your_Glass
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 02 Nov 2010
- views: 71076830
- author: PinkVEVO
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
http://wn.com/Mortal_Kombat_Legacy_Season_2_Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 5526589
- author: machinima
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video! Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs: http://...
http://wn.com/Draw_My_Life_Ryan_Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video! Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs: http://...
- published: 11 Apr 2013
- views: 8940194
- author: nigahiga
Adele - Someone Like You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Music video by Adele performing Someone Like You. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd.
http://wn.com/Adele_Someone_Like_You
Music video by Adele performing Someone Like You. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd.
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 276225551
- author: AdeleVEVO
Assassin's Creed Meets Parkour in Real Life
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Watch the Behind The Scenes in this link below: http://youtu.be/36CLFOyaml0 Make sure to subscribe to this channel for new vids each week! http://youtube.com...
http://wn.com/Assassin's_Creed_Meets_Parkour_in_Real_Life
Watch the Behind The Scenes in this link below: http://youtu.be/36CLFOyaml0 Make sure to subscribe to this channel for new vids each week! http://youtube.com...
- published: 04 Sep 2012
- views: 24006522
- author: devinsupertramp
Ella Henderson's performance - Cher's Believe - The X Factor UK 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
See more at itv.com/xfactor Download Ella's live performances on iTunes: http://bit.ly/ONRfpf Visit the official site: http://itv.com/xfactor Watch Ella Hend...
http://wn.com/Ella_Henderson's_performance_Cher's_Believe_The_X_Factor_UK_2012
See more at itv.com/xfactor Download Ella's live performances on iTunes: http://bit.ly/ONRfpf Visit the official site: http://itv.com/xfactor Watch Ella Hend...
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 16832017
- author: TheXFactorUK
Adele - Rolling In The Deep
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Music video by Adele performing Rolling In The Deep. (C) 2010 XL Recordings Ltd. #VEVOCertified on July 25, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.yo...
http://wn.com/Adele_Rolling_In_The_Deep
Music video by Adele performing Rolling In The Deep. (C) 2010 XL Recordings Ltd. #VEVOCertified on July 25, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.yo...
- published: 30 Nov 2010
- views: 408273515
- author: AdeleVEVO
P!nk - Try (The Truth About Love - Live From Los Angeles)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Try (The Truth About Love - Live From Los Angeles). (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Try_The_Truth_About_Love_Live_From_Los_Angeles
Music video by P!nk performing Try (The Truth About Love - Live From Los Angeles). (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 18 Sep 2012
- views: 4568235
- author: PinkVEVO
2:50
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls...
published: 31 May 2011
author: nigahiga
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at http://www.youtube.com/higatv Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the...
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 46531285
- author: nigahiga
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) ...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: RihannaVEVO
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 95620428
- author: RihannaVEVO
3:53
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id55...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 332631018
- author: Ryan Lewis
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 5720...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: RihannaVEVO
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 89898603
- author: RihannaVEVO
4:06
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it...
published: 21 Dec 2011
author: davidguettavevo
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 188971244
- author: davidguettavevo
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
author: RihannaVEVO
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150255450
- author: RihannaVEVO
3:58
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it...
published: 28 Sep 2012
author: davidguettavevo
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 157210260
- author: davidguettavevo
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 130047581
- author: PinkVEVO
4:24
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Grou...
published: 05 Dec 2009
author: RihannaVEVO
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 102535251
- author: RihannaVEVO
4:55
PEWDIEPIE Song - Dj Fortify
Due to so many request I decided to upload this epic track as well. Enjoy it bros!...
published: 28 Jan 2012
author: PewDiePie
PEWDIEPIE Song - Dj Fortify
Due to so many request I decided to upload this epic track as well. Enjoy it bros!
- published: 28 Jan 2012
- views: 10626577
- author: PewDiePie
5:05
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a hal...
published: 31 Aug 2011
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 25712097
- author: Ryan Lewis
6:22
Will & Jaden Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff and Alfonso Ribeiro Rap! - The Graham Norton Show - BBC One
More about this programme: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01y17gc Will Smith treats Grah...
published: 24 May 2013
author: BBC
Will & Jaden Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff and Alfonso Ribeiro Rap! - The Graham Norton Show - BBC One
More about this programme: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01y17gc Will Smith treats Graham to a star-studded rap medley. With Jaden Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff an...
- published: 24 May 2013
- views: 14749106
- author: BBC
7:35
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my D...
published: 11 Apr 2013
author: nigahiga
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video! Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs: http://...
- published: 11 Apr 2013
- views: 8940194
- author: nigahiga
2:48
Steve Jobs vs Bill Gates. Epic Rap Battles of History Season 2.
Download This Song: http://bit.ly/KzLBGB Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://bit.ly/Nt9l...
published: 14 Jun 2012
author: ERB
Steve Jobs vs Bill Gates. Epic Rap Battles of History Season 2.
Download This Song: http://bit.ly/KzLBGB Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://bit.ly/Nt9lg8 Hi. My name is Nice Peter, and this is EpicLLOYD, and this is th...
- published: 14 Jun 2012
- views: 56316666
- author: ERB
Vimeo results:
5:00
Earth
Time lapse sequences of photographs taken by the crew of expeditions
28 & 29 onboard the ...
published: 12 Nov 2011
author: Michael König
Earth
Time lapse sequences of photographs taken by the crew of expeditions
28 & 29 onboard the International Space Station from August to October,
2011, who to my knowledge shot these pictures at an altitude of around 350 km.
All credit goes to them.
HD, refurbished, smoothed, retimed, denoised, deflickered, cut, etc.
All in all I tried to keep the looks of the material as original as possible,
avoided adjusting the colors and the like, since in my opinion the original
footage itself already has an almost surreal and aestethical visual nature.
Music: Jan Jelinek | Do Dekor, faitiche back2001
w+p by Jan Jelinek, published by scape Publishing / Universal
http://www.janjelinek.com | http://www.faitiche.de
Image Courtesy of the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory,
NASA Johnson Space Center, The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth
http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov
Editing: Michael König | http://www.koenigm.com
Shooting locations in order of appearance:
1. Aurora Borealis Pass over the United States at Night
2. Aurora Borealis and eastern United States at Night
3. Aurora Australis from Madagascar to southwest of Australia
4. Aurora Australis south of Australia
5. Northwest coast of United States to Central South America at Night
6. Aurora Australis from the Southern to the Northern Pacific Ocean
7. Halfway around the World
8. Night Pass over Central Africa and the Middle East
9. Evening Pass over the Sahara Desert and the Middle East
10. Pass over Canada and Central United States at Night
11. Pass over Southern California to Hudson Bay
12. Islands in the Philippine Sea at Night
13. Pass over Eastern Asia to Philippine Sea and Guam
14. Views of the Mideast at Night
15. Night Pass over Mediterranean Sea
16. Aurora Borealis and the United States at Night
17. Aurora Australis over Indian Ocean
18. Eastern Europe to Southeastern Asia at Night
29:59
KONY 2012
To see real time reports on LRA activity in the D.R.Congo, Central African Republic and So...
published: 20 Feb 2012
author: INVISIBLE CHILDREN
KONY 2012
To see real time reports on LRA activity in the D.R.Congo, Central African Republic and South Sudan visit: http://www.lracrisistracker.com/
To learn more about Invisible Children's recovery efforts in the post-conflict regions of northern Uganda AND our work with communities currently affected in D.R.Congo, Central African Republic and South Sudan visit: http://www.invisiblechildren.com/programs.html
To view our response to common critiques to the KONY 2012 film and campaign visit:
http://www.invisiblechildren.com/critiques.html
To see our worldwide youth mobilization initiatives:
http://www.invisiblechildren.com/movement.html
Learn More: http://kony2012.com
Donate to Invisible Children: https://stayclassy.org/checkout/set-donation?eid=14711
For official MEDIA and artist REPRESENTATION ONLY: PR@invisiblechildren.com
DIRECTOR: Jason Russell LEAD EDITOR: Kathryn Lang EDITORS: Kevin Trout, Jay Salbert, Jesse Eslinger LEAD ANIMATOR: Chad Clendinen ANIMATOR: Jesse Eslinger 3-D MODELING: Victor Soto VISUAL EFFECTS: Chris Hop WRITERS: Jason Russell, Jedidiah Jenkins, Kathryn Lang, Danica Russell, Ben Keesey, Azy Groth PRODUCERS: Kimmy Vandivort, Heather Longerbeam, Chad Clendinen, Noelle Jouglet ORIGINAL SCORES: Joel P. West SOUND MIX: Stephen Grubbs, Mark Friedgen, Smart Post Sound COLOR: Damian Pelphrey, Company 3 CINEMATOGRAPHY: Jason Russell, Bobby Bailey, Laren Poole, Gavin Kelly, Chad Clendinen, Kevin Trout, Jay Salbert, Shannon Lynch, Mariana Blanco, Laurence Vannicelli PRODUCTION ASSISTANT: Jaime Landsverk LEAD DESIGNER: Tyler Fordham DESIGNERS: Chadwick Gantes, Stephen Witmer
MUSIC CREDIT:
Original Instrumental Scores by Joel P. West http://www.joelpwest.com/
“02 Ghosts I” Performed by Nine Inch Nails, Written by Atticus Ross and Trent Reznor, Produced by Alan Moulder, Atticus Ross, and Trent Reznor, Nine Inch Nails appear courtesy of The Null Corporation
“Punching in a Dream”, Performed by The Naked and Famous, Written by Aaron Short, Alisa Xayalith, and Thom Powers, Produced by Thom Powers, The Naked and Famous appear courtesy of Somewhat Damaged and Universal Republic
“Arrival of the Birds”, Performed by The Cinematic Orchestra, Written by The Cinematic Orchestra, Produced by The Cinematic Orchestra, The Cinematic Orchestra appears courtesy of Disney Records
“Roll Away Your Stone”, Performed by Mumford and Sons, Written by Benjamin Lovett, Edward Dwane, Marcus Mumford, and Winston Marshall, Produced by Markus Dravs, Mumford and Sons appear courtesy of Glassnote Entertainment Group LLC
“On (Instrumental)”, Performed by Bloc Party
Written by Bloc Party, Produced by Jacknife Lee, Bloc Party appears courtesy of Vice Records
“A Dream within a Dream”, Performed by The Glitch Mob, The Glitch Mob appears courtesy of Glass Air
“I Can’t Stop”, Performed by Flux Pavilion, Flux Pavilion appears courtesy of Circus Records Limited
3:49
View from the ISS at Night
Every frame in this video is a photograph taken from the International Space Station. All ...
published: 16 Jul 2012
author: Knate Myers
View from the ISS at Night
Every frame in this video is a photograph taken from the International Space Station. All credit goes to the crews on board the ISS.
I removed noise and edited some shots in photoshop. Compiled and arranged in Sony Vegas.
*** Thank you all for the amazing support this video has received. I'm glad so many have enjoyed it.****
Music by John Murphy - Sunshine (Adagio In D Minor)
Performed by the City Of Prague Philharmonic
http://www.amazon.com/dp/B003YYX1YG/?tag=you09f-20
Image Courtesy of the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory,
NASA Johnson Space Center, The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth
http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov
8:29
RUIN
RUIN - An animated short set in a post-apocalyptic universe. It's only a tiny sliver of a ...
published: 15 Mar 2012
author: Wes Ball
RUIN
RUIN - An animated short set in a post-apocalyptic universe. It's only a tiny sliver of a much larger story. Thankfully, it's now set up at 20th Century Fox to become a full length feature.
Check out our new Facebook Fan Page at http://www.facebook.com/ruinfilm
Youtube results:
4:15
The Worst Boyfriend Ever
No one is perfect right? Follow Catherine!!! https://twitter.com/CDekoekkoek Twitter http:...
published: 12 Aug 2012
author: nigahiga
The Worst Boyfriend Ever
No one is perfect right? Follow Catherine!!! https://twitter.com/CDekoekkoek Twitter http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga Facebook http://www.facebook.com/...
- published: 12 Aug 2012
- views: 12210902
- author: nigahiga
2:42
Assassin's Creed Meets Parkour in Real Life
Watch the Behind The Scenes in this link below: http://youtu.be/36CLFOyaml0 Make sure to s...
published: 04 Sep 2012
author: devinsupertramp
Assassin's Creed Meets Parkour in Real Life
Watch the Behind The Scenes in this link below: http://youtu.be/36CLFOyaml0 Make sure to subscribe to this channel for new vids each week! http://youtube.com...
- published: 04 Sep 2012
- views: 24006522
- author: devinsupertramp
2:36
Einstein vs Stephen Hawking -Epic Rap Battles of History #7
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this ...
published: 30 Mar 2011
author: nicepeter
Einstein vs Stephen Hawking -Epic Rap Battles of History #7
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this Vid-ee-oh: http://clicktotweet.com/TpUg9 Hi. My name is Nice Peter,...
- published: 30 Mar 2011
- views: 69511080
- author: nicepeter
4:08
Rihanna - Stay ft. Mikky Ekko
Download "Stay" from Unapologetic now: http://smarturl.it/UnapologeticDlx Music video by R...
published: 12 Feb 2013
author: RihannaVEVO
Rihanna - Stay ft. Mikky Ekko
Download "Stay" from Unapologetic now: http://smarturl.it/UnapologeticDlx Music video by Rihanna performing Stay ft. Mikky Ekko. © 2013 The Island Def Jam Mu...
- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 142710281
- author: RihannaVEVO
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 130047581
- author: PinkVEVO
3:34
THE LEGEND OF ZELDA RAP [MUSIC VIDEO]
WATCH BLOOPERS & MORE: http://bit.ly/ZELDAxtras DOWNLOAD THE SONG: http://smo.sh/13NrBp8 D...
published: 18 Nov 2011
author: smosh
THE LEGEND OF ZELDA RAP [MUSIC VIDEO]
WATCH BLOOPERS & MORE: http://bit.ly/ZELDAxtras DOWNLOAD THE SONG: http://smo.sh/13NrBp8 DOWNLOAD UNCENSORED SONG: http://smo.sh/WMYpsf GET LEGEND OF SMOSH T...
- published: 18 Nov 2011
- views: 37077948
- author: smosh
4:00
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossi...
published: 09 Dec 2012
author: TheXFactorUK
James Arthur sings Shontelle's Impossible - The Final - The X Factor UK 2012
Watch judges' comments at http://itv.com/XFactor (UK ONLY) Watch James Arthur sing Impossible by Shontelle Sweeeeet! As potential Winner's Singles go, this o...
- published: 09 Dec 2012
- views: 23559959
- author: TheXFactorUK
3:53
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id55...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 332631018
- author: Ryan Lewis
4:39
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 200...
published: 14 Dec 2009
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 54000175
4:05
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk pe...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 25602092
- author: PinkVEVO
3:44
Kristen Bell's Sloth Meltdown
Kristen Bell loves sloths. You might even say she's obsessed with them. She told Ellen abo...
published: 31 Jan 2012
author: TheEllenShow
Kristen Bell's Sloth Meltdown
Kristen Bell loves sloths. You might even say she's obsessed with them. She told Ellen about what happened when her boyfriend, Dax Shepard, introduced her to...
- published: 31 Jan 2012
- views: 16187996
- author: TheEllenShow
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
author: RihannaVEVO
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150255450
- author: RihannaVEVO
3:03
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warne...
published: 17 Apr 2013
author: WarnerBrosPictures
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 23714262
- author: WarnerBrosPictures
2:48
FIRETRUCK! (Official Music Video)
BLOOPERS: http://bit.ly/FiretruckBloopers GET THE SONG: http://smo.sh/WMZv7l MILKSHAKE MUS...
published: 27 Aug 2010
author: smosh
FIRETRUCK! (Official Music Video)
BLOOPERS: http://bit.ly/FiretruckBloopers GET THE SONG: http://smo.sh/WMZv7l MILKSHAKE MUSIC VIDEO: http://bit.ly/MilkyMilkshake CHECK OUT THIS FIRETRUCK TEE...
- published: 27 Aug 2010
- views: 13217534
- author: smosh
3:11
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube c...
published: 22 Mar 2012
author: JimmyKimmelLive
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8321989
- author: JimmyKimmelLive
5:05
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a hal...
published: 31 Aug 2011
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 25712097
- author: Ryan Lewis
2:23
Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel fe...
published: 25 Jul 2012
author: JimmyKimmelLive
Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 14893097
- author: JimmyKimmelLive
3:46
P!nk - So What
Music video by P!nk performing So What. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 952031 (C) 2008 LaFa...
published: 25 Oct 2009
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - So What
Music video by P!nk performing So What. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 952031 (C) 2008 LaFace Records, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 91417121
- author: PinkVEVO
Vimeo results:
5:00
Earth
Time lapse sequences of photographs taken by the crew of expeditions
28 & 29 onboard the ...
published: 12 Nov 2011
author: Michael König
Earth
Time lapse sequences of photographs taken by the crew of expeditions
28 & 29 onboard the International Space Station from August to October,
2011, who to my knowledge shot these pictures at an altitude of around 350 km.
All credit goes to them.
HD, refurbished, smoothed, retimed, denoised, deflickered, cut, etc.
All in all I tried to keep the looks of the material as original as possible,
avoided adjusting the colors and the like, since in my opinion the original
footage itself already has an almost surreal and aestethical visual nature.
Music: Jan Jelinek | Do Dekor, faitiche back2001
w+p by Jan Jelinek, published by scape Publishing / Universal
http://www.janjelinek.com | http://www.faitiche.de
Image Courtesy of the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory,
NASA Johnson Space Center, The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth
http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov
Editing: Michael König | http://www.koenigm.com
Shooting locations in order of appearance:
1. Aurora Borealis Pass over the United States at Night
2. Aurora Borealis and eastern United States at Night
3. Aurora Australis from Madagascar to southwest of Australia
4. Aurora Australis south of Australia
5. Northwest coast of United States to Central South America at Night
6. Aurora Australis from the Southern to the Northern Pacific Ocean
7. Halfway around the World
8. Night Pass over Central Africa and the Middle East
9. Evening Pass over the Sahara Desert and the Middle East
10. Pass over Canada and Central United States at Night
11. Pass over Southern California to Hudson Bay
12. Islands in the Philippine Sea at Night
13. Pass over Eastern Asia to Philippine Sea and Guam
14. Views of the Mideast at Night
15. Night Pass over Mediterranean Sea
16. Aurora Borealis and the United States at Night
17. Aurora Australis over Indian Ocean
18. Eastern Europe to Southeastern Asia at Night
29:59
KONY 2012
To see real time reports on LRA activity in the D.R.Congo, Central African Republic and So...
published: 20 Feb 2012
author: INVISIBLE CHILDREN
KONY 2012
To see real time reports on LRA activity in the D.R.Congo, Central African Republic and South Sudan visit: http://www.lracrisistracker.com/
To learn more about Invisible Children's recovery efforts in the post-conflict regions of northern Uganda AND our work with communities currently affected in D.R.Congo, Central African Republic and South Sudan visit: http://www.invisiblechildren.com/programs.html
To view our response to common critiques to the KONY 2012 film and campaign visit:
http://www.invisiblechildren.com/critiques.html
To see our worldwide youth mobilization initiatives:
http://www.invisiblechildren.com/movement.html
Learn More: http://kony2012.com
Donate to Invisible Children: https://stayclassy.org/checkout/set-donation?eid=14711
For official MEDIA and artist REPRESENTATION ONLY: PR@invisiblechildren.com
DIRECTOR: Jason Russell LEAD EDITOR: Kathryn Lang EDITORS: Kevin Trout, Jay Salbert, Jesse Eslinger LEAD ANIMATOR: Chad Clendinen ANIMATOR: Jesse Eslinger 3-D MODELING: Victor Soto VISUAL EFFECTS: Chris Hop WRITERS: Jason Russell, Jedidiah Jenkins, Kathryn Lang, Danica Russell, Ben Keesey, Azy Groth PRODUCERS: Kimmy Vandivort, Heather Longerbeam, Chad Clendinen, Noelle Jouglet ORIGINAL SCORES: Joel P. West SOUND MIX: Stephen Grubbs, Mark Friedgen, Smart Post Sound COLOR: Damian Pelphrey, Company 3 CINEMATOGRAPHY: Jason Russell, Bobby Bailey, Laren Poole, Gavin Kelly, Chad Clendinen, Kevin Trout, Jay Salbert, Shannon Lynch, Mariana Blanco, Laurence Vannicelli PRODUCTION ASSISTANT: Jaime Landsverk LEAD DESIGNER: Tyler Fordham DESIGNERS: Chadwick Gantes, Stephen Witmer
MUSIC CREDIT:
Original Instrumental Scores by Joel P. West http://www.joelpwest.com/
“02 Ghosts I” Performed by Nine Inch Nails, Written by Atticus Ross and Trent Reznor, Produced by Alan Moulder, Atticus Ross, and Trent Reznor, Nine Inch Nails appear courtesy of The Null Corporation
“Punching in a Dream”, Performed by The Naked and Famous, Written by Aaron Short, Alisa Xayalith, and Thom Powers, Produced by Thom Powers, The Naked and Famous appear courtesy of Somewhat Damaged and Universal Republic
“Arrival of the Birds”, Performed by The Cinematic Orchestra, Written by The Cinematic Orchestra, Produced by The Cinematic Orchestra, The Cinematic Orchestra appears courtesy of Disney Records
“Roll Away Your Stone”, Performed by Mumford and Sons, Written by Benjamin Lovett, Edward Dwane, Marcus Mumford, and Winston Marshall, Produced by Markus Dravs, Mumford and Sons appear courtesy of Glassnote Entertainment Group LLC
“On (Instrumental)”, Performed by Bloc Party
Written by Bloc Party, Produced by Jacknife Lee, Bloc Party appears courtesy of Vice Records
“A Dream within a Dream”, Performed by The Glitch Mob, The Glitch Mob appears courtesy of Glass Air
“I Can’t Stop”, Performed by Flux Pavilion, Flux Pavilion appears courtesy of Circus Records Limited
3:49
View from the ISS at Night
Every frame in this video is a photograph taken from the International Space Station. All ...
published: 16 Jul 2012
author: Knate Myers
View from the ISS at Night
Every frame in this video is a photograph taken from the International Space Station. All credit goes to the crews on board the ISS.
I removed noise and edited some shots in photoshop. Compiled and arranged in Sony Vegas.
*** Thank you all for the amazing support this video has received. I'm glad so many have enjoyed it.****
Music by John Murphy - Sunshine (Adagio In D Minor)
Performed by the City Of Prague Philharmonic
http://www.amazon.com/dp/B003YYX1YG/?tag=you09f-20
Image Courtesy of the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory,
NASA Johnson Space Center, The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth
http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov
8:29
RUIN
RUIN - An animated short set in a post-apocalyptic universe. It's only a tiny sliver of a ...
published: 15 Mar 2012
author: Wes Ball
RUIN
RUIN - An animated short set in a post-apocalyptic universe. It's only a tiny sliver of a much larger story. Thankfully, it's now set up at 20th Century Fox to become a full length feature.
Check out our new Facebook Fan Page at http://www.facebook.com/ruinfilm
Youtube results:
2:48
Threw It On The Ground
Download on iTunes: http://goo.gl/gcVR7 THREE T-Shirt designs!: http://goo.gl/jr4sY So man...
published: 26 Jul 2011
author: thelonelyisland
Threw It On The Ground
Download on iTunes: http://goo.gl/gcVR7 THREE T-Shirt designs!: http://goo.gl/jr4sY So many things to throw on the ground! Featuring Ryan Reynolds and Elijah...
- published: 26 Jul 2011
- views: 54296200
- author: thelonelyisland
3:23
P!nk - Raise Your Glass
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony M...
published: 02 Nov 2010
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Raise Your Glass
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 02 Nov 2010
- views: 71076830
- author: PinkVEVO
2:15
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I ...
published: 18 Feb 2013
author: machinima
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 5526589
- author: machinima
7:35
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my D...
published: 11 Apr 2013
author: nigahiga
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video! Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs: http://...
- published: 11 Apr 2013
- views: 8940194
- author: nigahiga
photo: AP / Turkpix
05 Jun 2013
Syrian pro-government forces have taken full control of the strategic town of Qusair, state TV and the rebels say. The town, near the Lebanese border, has been the centre of fighting for more than two weeks between rebels and Syrian troops backed by fighters from the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah. Syrian state TV said a large number of rebels had died and many had surrendered ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Markus Schreiber
05 Jun 2013
BERLIN - Rising river levels are still threatening vast parts of eastern and southern Germany and hundreds of people were being evacuated in Dresden. A city spokeswoman told German news agency dpa on Wednesday some 600 people needed to leave their homes and electricity was turned off in some parts of the eastern city that was flooded by the Elbe river ... In the eastern city of Halle, the downtown area was flooded ... All rights reserved ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
Edit
noodls
06 Jun 2013
Tuskegee University) 6/5/2013 ... Robert Bentley signed an appropriation bill today to mark an award of $9,069,227 to Tuskegee University ... According to the bill, the university has received appropriations from the state legislature since 1881 ... ©Tuskegee University 2013....(size: 1.3Kb)
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Shanghai Jiaotong University) University Student Designed Sixteen-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ... Yesterday afternoon, the final of the municipal "Challenge Cup" Competition was held in Shanghai Normal University, in which the autonomous sixteen-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed by an undergraduate wowed the audience....(size: 1.7Kb)
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Rutgers University) ... Our smooth integration into the Big Ten is a top priority for the university ... This noodl was issued by Rutgers University and was initially posted at www.rutgers.edu....(size: 0.9Kb)
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Colorado State University System) ... African American High School Students Gather at Colorado State University's Black Issues Forum Beginning June 11 ... FORT COLLINS - Dozens of African American high school seniors will come together to research issues pertinent to the African American community during the 21st annual Black Issues Forum at Colorado State University June 11-15....(size: 2.6Kb)
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George Washington University) ... CHENGDU-Officials from the George Washington University based in Washington, D.C., are in China this week to meet with business and education leaders in Beijing and Chengdu ... George Washington President Steven Knapp made opening remarks about the university's global reach ... GW has established relationships with Chinese universities, including Renmin University in Beijing and Fudan University in Shanghai....(size: 4.4Kb)
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University of Sydney) The CASE for excellence. University of Sydney recognised at international awards ... From a large pool of mainly American and British universities, the University of Sydney earned gold, silver and bronze CASE Circle of Excellence awards ... The University of Sydney won more awards than any other Australian university, and was one of only four Australian universities recognised....(size: 4.6Kb)
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06 Jun 2013
(Source. Biola University). Biola University is aware of a recent video posted online showing a student attempting to display inappropriate, graphic images on campus. Biola abhors the destruction of innocent life through the brutal practice of abortion on demand, and we support student efforts to raise awareness and advocate for biblical convictions ... This noodl was issued by Biola University and was initially posted at www.biola.edu....(size: 2.8Kb)
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Alaska Pacific University). A longtime Anchorage real estate broker who joined the University Board of Trustees in 2000, Bonnie L ... "As a graduate I have always been interested in raising the University's profile," Mehner said ... She joins Harry McDonald, '70, as the only graduates of the University to fill the board's top post. Mehner's connection to the University runs deep ... So yes, I certainly appreciate the value of University property....(size: 5.6Kb)
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George Washington University) ... WASHINGTON-Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs Esther Brimmer will join the George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs faculty as the J.B ... She received her master's degree in international relations and doctor of philosophy degree from the University of Oxford and her bachelor's in international relations from Pomona College....(size: 4.1Kb)
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Southern University System) Officials from Turkey take English language classes ... Southern University is hosting about 11 visiting faculty and administrators from Kirikkale University in Turkey ... The guests are part of an exchange program and partnership the university has with five universities in Turkey....(size: 1.6Kb)
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Washington University in Saint Louis) ... Washington University in St ... Wrighton will speak in Denver June 13 about the critical role research universities play in creating positive economic growth ... How Research Universities Foster ... The event is presented by Washington University in St ... For more than a half century research universities in America, including. Washington University, have contributed to economic advances....(size: 2.0Kb)
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University System of Ohio) ... The NSSBC, which is co-sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), was hosted in 2013 by the University of Washington, from May 31 to June 1 ... "We feel assured that The University of Akron is well equipped to ......(size: 1.6Kb)
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Queensland University of Technology). QUT has been named the Best University to Work for in Australia in 2012 by the nation's university jobs website UniJobs.com.au. More than 32,000 staff from Australian universities anonymously rated their employers on 11 issues including employee benefits and management decision making ... QUT HR Director Graham Mac Aulay said staff satisfaction was a priority for the university....(size: 2.0Kb)
For other uses, see Universe (disambiguation).
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The universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists,[1] including all matter and energy, the planets, stars, galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space.[2][3] Definitions and usage vary and similar terms include the cosmos, the world and nature. Scientific observation of earlier stages in the development of the universe, which can be seen at great distances, suggests that the universe has been governed by the same physical laws and constants throughout most of its extent and history. There are various multiverse theories, in which physicists have suggested that our universe might be one among many universes that likewise exist.[4][5]
Contents |
History[link]
Throughout recorded history, several cosmologies and cosmogonies have been proposed to account for observations of the universe. The earliest quantitative geocentric models were developed by the ancient Greek philosophers. Over the centuries, more precise observations and improved theories of gravity led to Copernicus's heliocentric model and the Newtonian model of the Solar System, respectively. Further improvements in astronomy led to the realization that the Solar System is embedded in a galaxy composed of billions of stars, the Milky Way, and that other galaxies exist outside it, as far as astronomical instruments can reach. Careful studies of the distribution of these galaxies and their spectral lines have led to much of modern cosmology. Discovery of the red shift and cosmic microwave background radiation revealed that the universe is expanding and apparently had a beginning.[citation needed]
According to the prevailing scientific model of the universe, known as the Big Bang, the universe expanded from an extremely hot, dense phase called the Planck epoch, in which all the matter and energy of the observable universe was concentrated. Since the Planck epoch, the universe has been expanding to its present form, possibly with a brief period (less than 10−32 seconds) of cosmic inflation. Several independent experimental measurements support this theoretical expansion and, more generally, the Big Bang theory. Recent observations indicate that this expansion is accelerating because of dark energy, and that most of the matter in the universe may be in a form which cannot be detected by present instruments, called dark matter[6]. The common use of the "dark matter" and "dark energy" placeholder names for the unknown entities purported to account for about 95% of the mass-energy density of the universe demonstrates the present observational and conceptual shortcomings and uncertainties concerning the nature and ultimate fate of the universe.[7]
Current interpretations of astronomical observations indicate that the age of the universe is 13.75 ± 0.17 billion years,[8] (whereas the decoupling of light and matter, see CMBR, happened already 380,000 years after the Big Bang), and that the diameter of the observable universe is at least 93 billion light years or 8.80×1026 metres.[9] According to general relativity, space can expand faster than the speed of light, although we can view only a small portion of the universe due to the limitation imposed by light speed. Since we cannot observe space beyond the limitations of light (or any electromagnetic radiation), it is uncertain whether the size of the universe is finite or infinite.
Etymology, synonyms and definitions[link]
The word universe derives from the Old French word Univers, which in turn derives from the Latin word universum.[10] The Latin word was used by Cicero and later Latin authors in many of the same senses as the modern English word is used.[11] The Latin word derives from the poetic contraction Unvorsum — first used by Lucretius in Book IV (line 262) of his De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things) — which connects un, uni (the combining form of unus', or "one") with vorsum, versum (a noun made from the perfect passive participle of vertere, meaning "something rotated, rolled, changed").[11]
An alternative interpretation of unvorsum is "everything rotated as one" or "everything rotated by one". In this sense, it may be considered a translation of an earlier Greek word for the universe, περιφορά, (periforá, "circumambulation"), originally used to describe a course of a meal, the food being carried around the circle of dinner guests.[12] This Greek word refers to celestial spheres, an early Greek model of the universe. Regarding Plato's Metaphor of the sun, Aristotle suggests that the rotation of the sphere of fixed stars inspired by the prime mover, motivates, in turn, terrestrial change via the Sun. Careful astronomical and physical measurements (such as the Foucault pendulum) are required to prove the Earth rotates on its axis.
A term for "universe" in ancient Greece was τὸ πᾶν (tò pán, The All, Pan (mythology)). Related terms were matter, (τὸ ὅλον, tò ólon, see also Hyle, lit. wood) and place (τὸ κενόν, tò kenón).[13][14] Other synonyms for the universe among the ancient Greek philosophers included κόσμος (cosmos) and φύσις (meaning Nature, from which we derive the word physics).[15] The same synonyms are found in Latin authors (totum, mundus, natura)[16] and survive in modern languages, e.g., the German words Das All, Weltall, and Natur for universe. The same synonyms are found in English, such as everything (as in the theory of everything), the cosmos (as in cosmology), the world (as in the many-worlds hypothesis), and Nature (as in natural laws or natural philosophy).[17]
Broadest definition: reality and probability[link]
The broadest definition of the universe can be found in De divisione naturae by the medieval philosopher and theologian Johannes Scotus Eriugena, who defined it as simply everything: everything that is created and everything that is not created.
Definition as reality[link]
More customarily, the universe is defined as everything that exists, (has existed, and will exist)[citation needed]. According to our current understanding, the universe consists of three principles: spacetime, forms of energy, including momentum and matter, and the physical laws that relate them.
Definition as connected space-time[link]
See also: Chaotic Inflation theory
It is possible to conceive of disconnected space-times, each existing but unable to interact with one another. An easily visualized metaphor is a group of separate soap bubbles, in which observers living on one soap bubble cannot interact with those on other soap bubbles, even in principle. According to one common terminology, each "soap bubble" of space-time is denoted as a universe, whereas our particular space-time is denoted as the universe, just as we call our moon the Moon. The entire collection of these separate space-times is denoted as the multiverse.[18] In principle, the other unconnected universes may have different dimensionalities and topologies of space-time, different forms of matter and energy, and different physical laws and physical constants, although such possibilities are currently speculative.
Definition as observable reality[link]
See also: Observable universe and Observational cosmology
According to a still-more-restrictive definition, the universe is everything within our connected space-time that could have a chance to interact with us and vice versa.[citation needed] According to the general theory of relativity, some regions of space may never interact with ours even in the lifetime of the universe, due to the finite speed of light and the ongoing expansion of space. For example, radio messages sent from Earth may never reach some regions of space, even if the universe would live forever; space may expand faster than light can traverse it. It is worth emphasizing that those distant regions of space are taken to exist and be part of reality as much as we are; yet we can never interact with them. The spatial region within which we can affect and be affected is denoted as the observable universe. Strictly speaking, the observable universe depends on the location of the observer. By traveling, an observer can come into contact with a greater region of space-time than an observer who remains still, so that the observable universe for the former is larger than for the latter. Nevertheless, even the most rapid traveler will not be able to interact with all of space. Typically, the observable universe is taken to mean the universe observable from our vantage point in the Milky Way Galaxy.
Size, age, contents, structure, and laws[link]
Main articles: Observable universe, Age of the universe, Large-scale structure of the universe, and Abundance of the chemical elements
The universe is immensely large and possibly infinite in volume. The region visible from Earth (the observable universe) is a sphere with a radius of about 46 billion light years,[19] based on where the expansion of space has taken the most distant objects observed. For comparison, the diameter of a typical galaxy is only 30,000 light-years, and the typical distance between two neighboring galaxies is only 3 million light-years.[20] As an example, our Milky Way Galaxy is roughly 100,000 light years in diameter,[21] and our nearest sister galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, is located roughly 2.5 million light years away.[22] There are probably more than 100 billion (1011) galaxies in the observable universe.[23] Typical galaxies range from dwarfs with as few as ten million[24] (107) stars up to giants with one trillion[25] (1012) stars, all orbiting the galaxy's center of mass. A 2010 study by astronomers estimated that the observable universe contains 300 sextillion (3×1023) stars.[26]
The observable matter is spread homogeneously (uniformly) throughout the universe, when averaged over distances longer than 300 million light-years.[27] However, on smaller length-scales, matter is observed to form "clumps", i.e., to cluster hierarchically; many atoms are condensed into stars, most stars into galaxies, most galaxies into clusters, superclusters and, finally, the largest-scale structures such as the Great Wall of galaxies. The observable matter of the universe is also spread isotropically, meaning that no direction of observation seems different from any other; each region of the sky has roughly the same content.[28] The universe is also bathed in a highly isotropic microwave radiation that corresponds to a thermal equilibrium blackbody spectrum of roughly 2.725 kelvin.[29] The hypothesis that the large-scale universe is homogeneous and isotropic is known as the cosmological principle,[30] which is supported by astronomical observations.
The present overall density of the universe is very low, roughly 9.9 × 10−30 grams per cubic centimetre. This mass-energy appears to consist of 73% dark energy, 23% cold dark matter and 4% ordinary matter. Thus the density of atoms is on the order of a single hydrogen atom for every four cubic meters of volume.[31] The properties of dark energy and dark matter are largely unknown. Dark matter gravitates as ordinary matter, and thus works to slow the expansion of the universe; by contrast, dark energy accelerates its expansion.
The most precise estimate of the universe's age is 13.72±0.12 billion years old, based on observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation.[32] Independent estimates (based on measurements such as radioactive dating) agree at 13–15 billion years.[33] The universe has not been the same at all times in its history; for example, the relative populations of quasars and galaxies have changed and space itself appears to have expanded. This expansion accounts for how Earth-bound scientists can observe the light from a galaxy 30 billion light years away, even if that light has traveled for only 13 billion years; the very space between them has expanded. This expansion is consistent with the observation that the light from distant galaxies has been redshifted; the photons emitted have been stretched to longer wavelengths and lower frequency during their journey. The rate of this spatial expansion is accelerating, based on studies of Type Ia supernovae and corroborated by other data.
The relative fractions of different chemical elements — particularly the lightest atoms such as hydrogen, deuterium and helium — seem to be identical throughout the universe and throughout its observable history.[34] The universe seems to have much more matter than antimatter, an asymmetry possibly related to the observations of CP violation.[35] The universe appears to have no net electric charge, and therefore gravity appears to be the dominant interaction on cosmological length scales. The universe also appears to have neither net momentum nor angular momentum. The absence of net charge and momentum would follow from accepted physical laws (Gauss's law and the non-divergence of the stress-energy-momentum pseudotensor, respectively), if the universe were finite.[36]
The universe appears to have a smooth space-time continuum consisting of three spatial dimensions and one temporal (time) dimension. On the average, space is observed to be very nearly flat (close to zero curvature), meaning that Euclidean geometry is experimentally true with high accuracy throughout most of the Universe.[37] Spacetime also appears to have a simply connected topology, at least on the length-scale of the observable universe. However, present observations cannot exclude the possibilities that the universe has more dimensions and that its spacetime may have a multiply connected global topology, in analogy with the cylindrical or toroidal topologies of two-dimensional spaces.[38]
The universe appears to behave in a manner that regularly follows a set of physical laws and physical constants.[39] According to the prevailing Standard Model of physics, all matter is composed of three generations of leptons and quarks, both of which are fermions. These elementary particles interact via at most three fundamental interactions: the electroweak interaction which includes electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force; the strong nuclear force described by quantum chromodynamics; and gravity, which is best described at present by general relativity. The first two interactions can be described by renormalized quantum field theory, and are mediated by gauge bosons that correspond to a particular type of gauge symmetry. A renormalized quantum field theory of general relativity has not yet been achieved, although various forms of string theory seem promising. The theory of special relativity is believed to hold throughout the universe, provided that the spatial and temporal length scales are sufficiently short; otherwise, the more general theory of general relativity must be applied. There is no explanation for the particular values that physical constants appear to have throughout our universe, such as Planck's constant h or the gravitational constant G. Several conservation laws have been identified, such as the conservation of charge, momentum, angular momentum and energy; in many cases, these conservation laws can be related to symmetries or mathematical identities.
Fine tuning[link]
Main article: Fine-tuned Universe
It appears that many of the properties of the universe have special values in the sense that a universe where these properties only differ slightly would not be able to support intelligent life.[40][41] Not all scientists agree that this fine-tuning exists.[42][43] In particular, it is not known under what conditions intelligent life could form and what form or shape that would take. A relevant observation in this discussion is that for an observer to exist to observe fine-tuning, the universe must be able to support intelligent life. As such the conditional probability of observing a universe that is fine-tuned to support intelligent life is 1. This observation is known as the anthropic principle and is particularly relevant if the creation of the universe was probabilistic or if multiple universes with a variety of properties exist (see below).
Historical models[link]
See also: Cosmology and Timeline of cosmology
Many models of the cosmos (cosmologies) and its origin (cosmogonies) have been proposed, based on the then-available data and conceptions of the universe. Historically, cosmologies and cosmogonies were based on narratives of gods acting in various ways. Theories of an impersonal universe governed by physical laws were first proposed by the Greeks and Indians. Over the centuries, improvements in astronomical observations and theories of motion and gravitation led to ever more accurate descriptions of the universe. The modern era of cosmology began with Albert Einstein's 1915 general theory of relativity, which made it possible to quantitatively predict the origin, evolution, and conclusion of the universe as a whole. Most modern, accepted theories of cosmology are based on general relativity and, more specifically, the predicted Big Bang; however, still more careful measurements are required to determine which theory is correct.
Creation[link]
Main articles: Creation myth and Creator deity
Many cultures have stories describing the origin of the world, which may be roughly grouped into common types. In one type of story, the world is born from a world egg; such stories include the Finnish epic poem Kalevala, the Chinese story of Pangu or the Indian Brahmanda Purana. In related stories, the creation idea is caused by a single entity emanating or producing something by him- or herself, as in the Tibetan Buddhism concept of Adi-Buddha, the ancient Greek story of Gaia (Mother Earth), the Aztec goddess Coatlicue myth, the ancient Egyptian god Atum story, or the Genesis creation narrative. In another type of story, the world is created from the union of male and female deities, as in the Maori story of Rangi and Papa. In other stories, the universe is created by crafting it from pre-existing materials, such as the corpse of a dead god — as from Tiamat in the Babylonian epic Enuma Elish or from the giant Ymir in Norse mythology – or from chaotic materials, as in Izanagi and Izanami in Japanese mythology. In other stories, the universe emanates from fundamental principles, such as Brahman and Prakrti, or the yin and yang of the Tao.
Philosophical models[link]
Further information: Cosmology
See also: Pre-Socratic philosophy, Physics (Aristotle), Hindu cosmology, Islamic cosmology, and Time
From the 6th century BCE, the pre-Socratic Greek philosophers developed the earliest known philosophical models of the universe. The earliest Greek philosophers noted that appearances can be deceiving, and sought to understand the underlying reality behind the appearances. In particular, they noted the ability of matter to change forms (e.g., ice to water to steam) and several philosophers proposed that all the apparently different materials of the world are different forms of a single primordial material, or arche. The first to do so was Thales, who proposed this material is Water. Thales' student, Anaximander, proposed that everything came from the limitless apeiron. Anaximenes proposed Air on account of its perceived attractive and repulsive qualities that cause the arche to condense or dissociate into different forms. Anaxagoras, proposed the principle of Nous (Mind). Heraclitus proposed fire (and spoke of logos). Empedocles proposed the elements: earth, water, air and fire. His four element theory became very popular. Like Pythagoras, Plato believed that all things were composed of number, with the Empedocles' elements taking the form of the Platonic solids. Democritus, and later philosophers—most notably Leucippus—proposed that the universe was composed of indivisible atoms moving through void (vacuum). Aristotle did not believe that was feasible because air, like water, offers resistance to motion. Air will immediately rush in to fill a void, and moreover, without resistance, it would do so indefinitely fast.
Although Heraclitus argued for eternal change, his quasi-contemporary Parmenides made the radical suggestion that all change is an illusion, that the true underlying reality is eternally unchanging and of a single nature. Parmenides denoted this reality as τὸ ἐν (The One). Parmenides' theory seemed implausible to many Greeks, but his student Zeno of Elea challenged them with several famous paradoxes. Aristotle responded to these paradoxes by developing the notion of a potential countable infinity, as well as the infinitely divisible continuum. Unlike the eternal and unchanging cycles of time, he believed the world was bounded by the celestial spheres, and thus magnitude was only finitely multiplicative.
The Indian philosopher Kanada, founder of the Vaisheshika school, developed a theory of atomism and proposed that light and heat were varieties of the same substance.[44] In the 5th century AD, the Buddhist atomist philosopher Dignāga proposed atoms to be point-sized, durationless, and made of energy. They denied the existence of substantial matter and proposed that movement consisted of momentary flashes of a stream of energy.[45]
The theory of temporal finitism was inspired by the doctrine of Creation shared by the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Christian philosopher, John Philoponus, presented the philosophical arguments against the ancient Greek notion of an infinite past and future. Philoponus' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi (Alkindus); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon (Saadia ben Joseph); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali (Algazel). Borrowing from Aristotle's Physics and Metaphysics, they employed two logical arguments against an infinite past, the first being the "argument from the impossibility of the existence of an actual infinite", which states:[46]
- "An actual infinite cannot exist."
- "An infinite temporal regress of events is an actual infinite."
- "Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \therefore
An infinite temporal regress of events cannot exist."
The second argument, the "argument from the impossibility of completing an actual infinite by successive addition", states:[46]
- "An actual infinite cannot be completed by successive addition."
- "The temporal series of past events has been completed by successive addition."
- "Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \therefore
The temporal series of past events cannot be an actual infinite."
Both arguments were adopted by Christian philosophers and theologians, and the second argument in particular became more famous after it was adopted by Immanuel Kant in his thesis of the first antinomy concerning time.[46]
Astronomical models[link]
Main article: History of astronomy
Astronomical models of the universe were proposed soon after astronomy began with the Babylonian astronomers, who viewed the universe as a flat disk floating in the ocean, and this forms the premise for early Greek maps like those of Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus.
Later Greek philosophers, observing the motions of the heavenly bodies, were concerned with developing models of the universe based more profoundly on empirical evidence. The first coherent model was proposed by Eudoxus of Cnidos. According to Aristotle's physical interpretation of the model, celestial spheres eternally rotate with uniform motion around a stationary Earth. Normal matter, is entirely contained within the terrestrial sphere. This model was also refined by Callippus and after concentric spheres were abandoned, it was brought into nearly perfect agreement with astronomical observations by Ptolemy. The success of such a model is largely due to the mathematical fact that any function (such as the position of a planet) can be decomposed into a set of circular functions (the Fourier modes). Other Greek scientists, such as the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus postulated that at the center of the universe was a "central fire" around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion.[47] The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known individual to propose a heliocentric model of the universe. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner describes Aristarchus' heliocentric theory. Archimedes wrote: (translated into English)
You King Gelon are aware the 'universe' is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the center of which is the center of the Earth, while its radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the Sun and the center of the Earth. This is the common account as you have heard from astronomers. But Aristarchus has brought out a book consisting of certain hypotheses, wherein it appears, as a consequence of the assumptions made, that the universe is many times greater than the 'universe' just mentioned. His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved, that the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle, the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit, and that the sphere of fixed stars, situated about the same center as the Sun, is so great that the circle in which he supposes the Earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface.
Aristarchus thus believed the stars to be very far away, and saw this as the reason why there was no visible parallax, that is, an observed movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moved around the Sun. The stars are in fact much farther away than the distance that was generally assumed in ancient times, which is why stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes. The geocentric model, consistent with planetary parallax, was assumed to be an explanation for the unobservability of the parallel phenomenon, stellar parallax. The rejection of the heliocentric view was apparently quite strong, as the following passage from Plutarch suggests (On the Apparent Face in the Orb of the Moon):
Cleanthes [a contemporary of Aristarchus and head of the Stoics] thought it was the duty of the Greeks to indict Aristarchus of Samos on the charge of impiety for putting in motion the Hearth of the universe [i.e. the earth], . . . supposing the heaven to remain at rest and the earth to revolve in an oblique circle, while it rotates, at the same time, about its own axis. [1]
The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who supported Aristarchus' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia, a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus.[48][49][50] According to Plutarch, Seleucus was the first to prove the heliocentric system through reasoning, but it is not known what arguments he used. Seleucus' arguments for a heliocentric theory were probably related to the phenomenon of tides.[51] According to Strabo (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun.[52] Alternatively, he may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model, like what Nicolaus Copernicus later did in the 16th century.[53] During the Middle Ages, heliocentric models may have also been proposed by the Indian astronomer, Aryabhata,[54] and by the Persian astronomers, Albumasar[55] and Al-Sijzi.[56]
The Aristotelian model was accepted in the Western world for roughly two millennia, until Copernicus revived Aristarchus' theory that the astronomical data could be explained more plausibly if the earth rotated on its axis and if the sun were placed at the center of the universe.
| “ | In the center rests the sun. For who would place this lamp of a very beautiful temple in another or better place than this wherefrom it can illuminate everything at the same time? | ” |
|
—Nicolaus Copernicus, in Chapter 10, Book 1 of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestrum (1543) |
||
As noted by Copernicus himself, the suggestion that the Earth rotates was very old, dating at least to Philolaus (c. 450 BC), Heraclides Ponticus (c. 350 BC) and Ecphantus the Pythagorean. Roughly a century before Copernicus, Christian scholar Nicholas of Cusa also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis in his book, On Learned Ignorance (1440).[57] Aryabhata (476–550), Brahmagupta (598–668), Albumasar and Al-Sijzi, also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis.[citation needed] The first empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation on its axis, using the phenomenon of comets, was given by Tusi (1201–1274) and Ali Qushji (1403–1474).[citation needed]
This cosmology was accepted by Isaac Newton, Christiaan Huygens and later scientists.[58] Edmund Halley (1720)[59] and Jean-Philippe de Cheseaux (1744)[60] noted independently that the assumption of an infinite space filled uniformly with stars would lead to the prediction that the nighttime sky would be as bright as the sun itself; this became known as Olbers' paradox in the 19th century.[61] Newton believed that an infinite space uniformly filled with matter would cause infinite forces and instabilities causing the matter to be crushed inwards under its own gravity.[58] This instability was clarified in 1902 by the Jeans instability criterion.[62] One solution to these paradoxes is the Charlier universe, in which the matter is arranged hierarchically (systems of orbiting bodies that are themselves orbiting in a larger system, ad infinitum) in a fractal way such that the universe has a negligibly small overall density; such a cosmological model had also been proposed earlier in 1761 by Johann Heinrich Lambert.[63] A significant astronomical advance of the 18th century was the realization by Thomas Wright, Immanuel Kant and others of nebulae.[64]
The modern era of physical cosmology began in 1917, when Albert Einstein first applied his general theory of relativity to model the structure and dynamics of the universe.[65]
Theoretical models[link]
Of the four fundamental interactions, gravitation is dominant at cosmological length scales; that is, the other three forces play a negligible role in determining structures at the level of planetary systems, galaxies and larger-scale structures. Since all matter and energy gravitate, gravity's effects are cumulative; by contrast, the effects of positive and negative charges tend to cancel one another, making electromagnetism relatively insignificant on cosmological length scales. The remaining two interactions, the weak and strong nuclear forces, decline very rapidly with distance; their effects are confined mainly to sub-atomic length scales.
General theory of relativity[link]
Main articles: Introduction to general relativity, General relativity, and Einstein's field equations
Given gravitation's predominance in shaping cosmological structures, accurate predictions of the universe's past and future require an accurate theory of gravitation. The best theory available is Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which has passed all experimental tests hitherto. However, since rigorous experiments have not been carried out on cosmological length scales, general relativity could conceivably be inaccurate. Nevertheless, its cosmological predictions appear to be consistent with observations, so there is no compelling reason to adopt another theory.
General relativity provides a set of ten nonlinear partial differential equations for the spacetime metric (Einstein's field equations) that must be solved from the distribution of mass-energy and momentum throughout the universe. Since these are unknown in exact detail, cosmological models have been based on the cosmological principle, which states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic. In effect, this principle asserts that the gravitational effects of the various galaxies making up the universe are equivalent to those of a fine dust distributed uniformly throughout the universe with the same average density. The assumption of a uniform dust makes it easy to solve Einstein's field equations and predict the past and future of the universe on cosmological time scales.
Einstein's field equations include a cosmological constant (Λ),[65][66] that corresponds to an energy density of empty space.[67] Depending on its sign, the cosmological constant can either slow (negative Λ) or accelerate (positive Λ) the expansion of the universe. Although many scientists, including Einstein, had speculated that Λ was zero,[68] recent astronomical observations of type Ia supernovae have detected a large amount of "dark energy" that is accelerating the universe's expansion.[69] Preliminary studies suggest that this dark energy corresponds to a positive Λ, although alternative theories cannot be ruled out as yet.[70] Russian physicist Zel'dovich suggested that Λ is a measure of the zero-point energy associated with virtual particles of quantum field theory, a pervasive vacuum energy that exists everywhere, even in empty space.[71] Evidence for such zero-point energy is observed in the Casimir effect.
Special relativity and space-time[link]
Main articles: Introduction to special relativity and Special relativity
The universe has at least three spatial and one temporal (time) dimension. It was long thought that the spatial and temporal dimensions were different in nature and independent of one another. However, according to the special theory of relativity, spatial and temporal separations are interconvertible (within limits) by changing one's motion.
To understand this interconversion, it is helpful to consider the analogous interconversion of spatial separations along the three spatial dimensions. Consider the two endpoints of a rod of length L. The length can be determined from the differences in the three coordinates Δx, Δy and Δz of the two endpoints in a given reference frame
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): L^{2} = \Delta x^{2} + \Delta y^{2} + \Delta z^{2}
using the Pythagorean theorem. In a rotated reference frame, the coordinate differences differ, but they give the same length
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): L^{2} = \Delta \xi^{2} + \Delta \eta^{2} + \Delta \zeta^{2}.
Thus, the coordinates differences (Δx, Δy, Δz) and (Δξ, Δη, Δζ) are not intrinsic to the rod, but merely reflect the reference frame used to describe it; by contrast, the length L is an intrinsic property of the rod. The coordinate differences can be changed without affecting the rod, by rotating one's reference frame.
The analogy in spacetime is called the interval between two events; an event is defined as a point in spacetime, a specific position in space and a specific moment in time. The spacetime interval between two events is given by
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): s^{2} = L_{1}^{2} - c^{2} \Delta t_{1}^{2} = L_{2}^{2} - c^{2} \Delta t_{2}^{2}
where c is the speed of light. According to special relativity, one can change a spatial and time separation (L1, Δt1) into another (L2, Δt2) by changing one's reference frame, as long as the change maintains the spacetime interval s. Such a change in reference frame corresponds to changing one's motion; in a moving frame, lengths and times are different from their counterparts in a stationary reference frame. The precise manner in which the coordinate and time differences change with motion is described by the Lorentz transformation.
Solving Einstein's field equations[link]
See also: Big Bang and Ultimate fate of the universe
The distances between the spinning galaxies increase with time, but the distances between the stars within each galaxy stay roughly the same, due to their gravitational interactions. This animation illustrates a closed Friedmann universe with zero cosmological constant Λ; such a universe oscillates between a Big Bang and a Big Crunch.
In non-Cartesian (non-square) or curved coordinate systems, the Pythagorean theorem holds only on infinitesimal length scales and must be augmented with a more general metric tensor gμν, which can vary from place to place and which describes the local geometry in the particular coordinate system. However, assuming the cosmological principle that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic everywhere, every point in space is like every other point; hence, the metric tensor must be the same everywhere. That leads to a single form for the metric tensor, called the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): ds^2 = -c^{2} dt^2 + R(t)^2 \left( \frac{dr^2}{1-k r^2} + r^2 d\theta^2 + r^2 \sin^2 \theta \, d\phi^2 \right)
where (r, θ, φ) correspond to a spherical coordinate system. This metric has only two undetermined parameters: an overall length scale R that can vary with time, and a curvature index k that can be only 0, 1 or −1, corresponding to flat Euclidean geometry, or spaces of positive or negative curvature. In cosmology, solving for the history of the universe is done by calculating R as a function of time, given k and the value of the cosmological constant Λ, which is a (small) parameter in Einstein's field equations. The equation describing how R varies with time is known as the Friedmann equation, after its inventor, Alexander Friedmann.[72]
The solutions for R(t) depend on k and Λ, but some qualitative features of such solutions are general. First and most importantly, the length scale R of the universe can remain constant only if the universe is perfectly isotropic with positive curvature (k=1) and has one precise value of density everywhere, as first noted by Albert Einstein. However, this equilibrium is unstable and since the universe is known to be inhomogeneous on smaller scales, R must change, according to general relativity. When R changes, all the spatial distances in the universe change in tandem; there is an overall expansion or contraction of space itself. This accounts for the observation that galaxies appear to be flying apart; the space between them is stretching. The stretching of space also accounts for the apparent paradox that two galaxies can be 40 billion light years apart, although they started from the same point 13.7 billion years ago and never moved faster than the speed of light.
Second, all solutions suggest that there was a gravitational singularity in the past, when R goes to zero and matter and energy became infinitely dense. It may seem that this conclusion is uncertain since it is based on the questionable assumptions of perfect homogeneity and isotropy (the cosmological principle) and that only the gravitational interaction is significant. However, the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems show that a singularity should exist for very general conditions. Hence, according to Einstein's field equations, R grew rapidly from an unimaginably hot, dense state that existed immediately following this singularity (when R had a small, finite value); this is the essence of the Big Bang model of the universe. A common misconception is that the Big Bang model predicts that matter and energy exploded from a single point in space and time; that is false. Rather, space itself was created in the Big Bang and imbued with a fixed amount of energy and matter distributed uniformly throughout; as space expands (i.e., as R(t) increases), the density of that matter and energy decreases.
|
Space has no boundary – that is empirically more certain than any external observation. However, that does not imply that space is infinite...(translated, original German) |
| Bernhard Riemann (Habilitationsvortrag, 1854) |
Third, the curvature index k determines the sign of the mean spatial curvature of spacetime averaged over length scales greater than a billion light years. If k=1, the curvature is positive and the universe has a finite volume. Such universes are often visualized as a three-dimensional sphere S3 embedded in a four-dimensional space. Conversely, if k is zero or negative, the universe may have infinite volume, depending on its overall topology. It may seem counter-intuitive that an infinite and yet infinitely dense universe could be created in a single instant at the Big Bang when R=0, but exactly that is predicted mathematically when k does not equal 1. For comparison, an infinite plane has zero curvature but infinite area, whereas an infinite cylinder is finite in one direction and a torus is finite in both. A toroidal universe could behave like a normal universe with periodic boundary conditions, as seen in "wrap-around" video games such as Asteroids; a traveler crossing an outer "boundary" of space going outwards would reappear instantly at another point on the boundary moving inwards.
The ultimate fate of the universe is still unknown, because it depends critically on the curvature index k and the cosmological constant Λ. If the universe is sufficiently dense, k equals +1, meaning that its average curvature throughout is positive and the universe will eventually recollapse in a Big Crunch, possibly starting a new universe in a Big Bounce. Conversely, if the universe is insufficiently dense, k equals 0 or −1 and the universe will expand forever, cooling off and eventually becoming inhospitable for all life, as the stars die and all matter coalesces into black holes (the Big Freeze and the heat death of the universe). As noted above, recent data suggests that the expansion speed of the universe is not decreasing as originally expected, but increasing; if this continues indefinitely, the universe will eventually rip itself to shreds (the Big Rip). Experimentally, the universe has an overall density that is very close to the critical value between recollapse and eternal expansion; more careful astronomical observations are needed to resolve the question.
Big Bang model[link]
The prevailing Big Bang model accounts for many of the experimental observations described above, such as the correlation of distance and redshift of galaxies, the universal ratio of hydrogen:helium atoms, and the ubiquitous, isotropic microwave radiation background. As noted above, the redshift arises from the metric expansion of space; as the space itself expands, the wavelength of a photon traveling through space likewise increases, decreasing its energy. The longer a photon has been traveling, the more expansion it has undergone; hence, older photons from more distant galaxies are the most red-shifted. Determining the correlation between distance and redshift is an important problem in experimental physical cosmology.
Other experimental observations can be explained by combining the overall expansion of space with nuclear and atomic physics. As the universe expands, the energy density of the electromagnetic radiation decreases more quickly than does that of matter, since the energy of a photon decreases with its wavelength. Thus, although the energy density of the universe is now dominated by matter, it was once dominated by radiation; poetically speaking, all was light. As the universe expanded, its energy density decreased and it became cooler; as it did so, the elementary particles of matter could associate stably into ever larger combinations. Thus, in the early part of the matter-dominated era, stable protons and neutrons formed, which then associated into atomic nuclei. At this stage, the matter in the universe was mainly a hot, dense plasma of negative electrons, neutral neutrinos and positive nuclei. Nuclear reactions among the nuclei led to the present abundances of the lighter nuclei, particularly hydrogen, deuterium, and helium. Eventually, the electrons and nuclei combined to form stable atoms, which are transparent to most wavelengths of radiation; at this point, the radiation decoupled from the matter, forming the ubiquitous, isotropic background of microwave radiation observed today.
Other observations are not answered definitively by known physics. According to the prevailing theory, a slight imbalance of matter over antimatter was present in the universe's creation, or developed very shortly thereafter, possibly due to the CP violation that has been observed by particle physicists. Although the matter and antimatter mostly annihilated one another, producing photons, a small residue of matter survived, giving the present matter-dominated universe. Several lines of evidence also suggest that a rapid cosmic inflation of the universe occurred very early in its history (roughly 10−35 seconds after its creation). Recent observations also suggest that the cosmological constant (Λ) is not zero and that the net mass-energy content of the universe is dominated by a dark energy and dark matter that have not been characterized scientifically. They differ in their gravitational effects. Dark matter gravitates as ordinary matter does, and thus slows the expansion of the universe; by contrast, dark energy serves to accelerate the universe's expansion.
Multiverse theory[link]
Main articles: Multiverse, Many-worlds interpretation, Bubble universe theory, and Parallel universe (fiction)
Some speculative theories have proposed that this universe is but one of a set of disconnected universes, collectively denoted as the multiverse, challenging or enhancing more limited definitions of the universe.[18][73] Scientific multiverse theories are distinct from concepts such as alternate planes of consciousness and simulated reality, although the idea of a larger universe is not new; for example, Bishop Étienne Tempier of Paris ruled in 1277 that God could create as many universes as he saw fit, a question that was being hotly debated by the French theologians.[74]
Max Tegmark developed a four part classification scheme for the different types of multiverses that scientists have suggested in various problem domains. An example of such a theory is the chaotic inflation model of the early universe.[75] Another is the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. Parallel worlds are generated in a manner similar to quantum superposition and decoherence, with all states of the wave function being realized in separate worlds. Effectively, the multiverse evolves as a universal wavefunction. If the big bang that created our multiverse created an ensemble of multiverses, the wave function of the ensemble would be entangled in this sense.
The least controversial category of multiverse in Tegmark's scheme is Level I, which describes distant space-time events "in our own universe". If space is infinite, or sufficiently large and uniform, identical instances of the history of Earth's entire Hubble volume occur every so often, simply by chance. Tegmark calculated our nearest so-called doppelgänger, is 1010115 meters away from us (a double exponential function larger than a googolplex).[76][77] In principle, it would be impossible to scientifically verify an identical Hubble volume. However, it does follow as a fairly straightforward consequence from otherwise unrelated scientific observations and theories. Tegmark suggests that statistical analysis exploiting the anthropic principle provides an opportunity to test multiverse theories in some cases. Generally, science would consider a multiverse theory that posits neither a common point of causation, nor the possibility of interaction between universes, to be an idle speculation.
Shape of the universe[link]
Main article: Shape of the universe
The shape or geometry of the universe includes both local geometry in the observable universe and global geometry, which we may or may not be able to measure. Shape can refer to curvature and topology. More formally, the subject in practice investigates which 3-manifold corresponds to the spatial section in comoving coordinates of the four-dimensional space-time of the universe. Cosmologists normally work with a given space-like slice of spacetime called the comoving coordinates. In terms of observation, the section of spacetime that can be observed is the backward light cone (points within the cosmic light horizon, given time to reach a given observer). If the observable universe is smaller than the entire universe (in some models it is many orders of magnitude smaller), one cannot determine the global structure by observation: one is limited to a small patch.
Among the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) models, the presently most popular shape of the Universe found to fit observational data according to cosmologists is the infinite flat model,[78] while other FLRW models include the Poincaré dodecahedral space[79][80] and the Picard horn.[81] The data fit by these FLRW models of space especially include the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) maps of cosmic background radiation. NASA released the first WMAP cosmic background radiation data in February 2003. In 2009 the Planck observatory was launched to observe the microwave background at higher resolution than WMAP, possibly providing more information on the shape of the Universe. The data should be released in late 2012.
See also[link]
- Cosmic latte
- Cosmology
- Dyson's eternal intelligence
- Esoteric cosmology
- False vacuum
- Final anthropic principle
- Fine-tuned Universe
- Hindu cycle of the universe
- Jain cosmology
- Kardashev scale
- The Mysterious Universe (book)
- Nucleocosmochronology
- Non-standard cosmology
- Observable universe
- Omega Point
- Omniverse
- Rare Earth hypothesis
- Vacuum genesis
- World view
- Zero-energy universe
Notes and references[link]
- ^ Webster's New World College Dictionary. Wiley Publishing, Inc.. 2010. http://www.yourdictionary.com/universe.
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2010. http://www.yourdictionary.com/universe.
- ^ Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/universe.
- ^ multiverse. Astronomy.pomona.edu. Retrieved on 2011-11-28.
- ^ Palmer, Jason. (2011-08-03) BBC News – 'Multiverse' theory suggested by microwave background. Retrieved on 2011-11-28.
- ^ In contrast to dark energy, which is expansive ("negative pressure"), the dark matter leads to "clumping" through gravitation.
- ^ Universe, ed. Martin Rees, pp. 54-55, Dorling Kindersley Publishing, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0-7566-1364-8
- ^ Suyu, S. H.; Marshall, P. J.; Auger, M. W.; Hilbert, S.; Blandford, R. D.; Koopmans, L. V. E.; Fassnacht, C. D.; Treu, T. (2010). "Dissecting the gravitational lens B1608+656. II. Precision measurements of the Hubble constant, spatial curvature, and the dark energy equation of state". The Astrophysical Journal 711: 201–221. Bibcode 2010ApJ...711..201S. DOI:10.1088/0004-637X/711/1/201.
- ^ Lineweaver, Charles; Davis, Tamara M. (2005). "Misconceptions about the Big Bang". Scientific American. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=misconceptions-about-the-2005-03&page=5. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
- ^ The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, volume II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971, p.3518.
- ^ a b Lewis, C. T. and Short, S A Latin Dictionary, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-864201-6, pp. 1933, 1977–1978.
- ^ Liddell and Scott, p. 1392.
- ^ Liddell and Scott, pp. 1345–1346.
- ^ Yonge, Charles Duke (1870). An English-Greek lexicon. New York: American Bok Company. p. 567.
- ^ Liddell and Scott, pp. 985, 1964.
- ^ Lewis and Short, pp. 1881–1882, 1175, 1189–1190.
- ^ OED, pp. 909, 569, 3821–3822, 1900.
- ^ a b Ellis, George F.R.; U. Kirchner, W.R. Stoeger (2004). "Multiverses and physical cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 347 (3): 921–936. arXiv:astro-ph/0305292. Bibcode 2004MNRAS.347..921E. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07261.x.
- ^ Lineweaver, Charles; Tamara M. Davis (2005). "Misconceptions about the Big Bang". Scientific American. http://space.mit.edu/~kcooksey/teaching/AY5/MisconceptionsabouttheBigBang_ScientificAmerican.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
- ^ Rindler (1977), p.196.
- ^ Christian, Eric; Samar, Safi-Harb. "How large is the Milky Way?". http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980317b.html. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
- ^ I. Ribas, C. Jordi, F. Vilardell, E.L. Fitzpatrick, R.W. Hilditch, F. Edward (2005). "First Determination of the Distance and Fundamental Properties of an Eclipsing Binary in the Andromeda Galaxy". Astrophysical Journal 635 (1): L37–L40. arXiv:astro-ph/0511045. Bibcode 2005ApJ...635L..37R. DOI:10.1086/499161.
McConnachie, A. W.; Irwin, M. J.; Ferguson, A. M. N.; Ibata, R. A.; Lewis, G. F.; Tanvir, N. (2005). "Distances and metallicities for 17 Local Group galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 356 (4): 979–997. arXiv:astro-ph/0410489. Bibcode 2005MNRAS.356..979M. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08514.x. - ^ Mackie, Glen (February 1, 2002). "To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand". Swinburne University. http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
- ^ "Unveiling the Secret of a Virgo Dwarf Galaxy". ESO. 2000-05-03. http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
- ^ "Hubble's Largest Galaxy Portrait Offers a New High-Definition View". NASA. 2006-02-28. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hst_spiral_m10.html. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
- ^ Vergano, Dan (1 December 2010). "Universe holds billions more stars than previously thought". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2010-12-01-dwarf-stars_N.htm. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
- ^ N. Mandolesi, P. Calzolari, S. Cortiglioni, F. Delpino, G. Sironi (1986). "Large-scale homogeneity of the Universe measured by the microwave background". Letters to Nature 319 (6056): 751–753. Bibcode 1986Natur.319..751M. DOI:10.1038/319751a0.
- ^ Hinshaw, Gary (November 29, 2006). "New Three Year Results on the Oldest Light in the Universe". NASA WMAP. http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_mm.html. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ Hinshaw, Gary (December 15, 2005). "Tests of the Big Bang: The CMB". NASA WMAP. http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101bbtest3.html. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
- ^ Rindler (1977), p. 202.
- ^ Hinshaw, Gary (February 10, 2006). "What is the Universe Made Of?". NASA WMAP. http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101matter.html. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
- ^ "Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results" (PDF). nasa.gov. http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/dr3/pub_papers/fiveyear/basic_results/wmap5basic.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
- ^ Wright EL (2005). "Age of the Universe". UCLA. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/age.html. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
Krauss LM, Chaboyer B (3 January 2003). "Age Estimates of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way: Constraints on Cosmology". Science 299 (5603): 65–69. Bibcode 2003Sci...299...65K. DOI:10.1126/science.1075631. PMID 12511641. - ^ Wright, Edward L. (September 12, 2004). "Big Bang Nucleosynthesis". UCLA. http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBNS.html. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
M. Harwit, M. Spaans (2003). "Chemical Composition of the Early Universe". The Astrophysical Journal 589 (1): 53–57. arXiv:astro-ph/0302259. Bibcode 2003ApJ...589...53H. DOI:10.1086/374415.
C. Kobulnicky, E. D. Skillman; Skillman (1997). "Chemical Composition of the Early Universe". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 29: 1329. Bibcode 1997AAS...191.7603K. - ^ "Antimatter". Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council. October 28, 2003. http://www.pparc.ac.uk/ps/bbs/bbs_antimatter.asp. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
- ^ Landau and Lifshitz (1975), p. 361.
- ^ WMAP Mission: Results – Age of the Universe. Map.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 2011-11-28.
- ^ Luminet, Jean-Pierre; Boudewijn F. Roukema (1999). "Topology of the Universe: Theory and Observations". Proceedings of Cosmology School held at Cargese, Corsica, August 1998. arXiv:astro-ph/9901364.
Luminet, Jean-Pierre; J. Weeks, A. Riazuelo, R. Lehoucq, J.-P. Uzan (2003). "Dodecahedral space topology as an explanation for weak wide-angle temperature correlations in the cosmic microwave background". Nature 425 (6958): 593–595. arXiv:astro-ph/0310253. Bibcode 2003Natur.425..593L. DOI:10.1038/nature01944. PMID 14534579. - ^ Strobel, Nick (May 23, 2001). "The Composition of Stars". Astronomy Notes. http://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/s7.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
"Have physical constants changed with time?". Astrophysics (Astronomy Frequently Asked Questions). http://www.faqs.org/faqs/astronomy/faq/part4/section-4.html. Retrieved 2007-01-04. - ^ Stephen Hawking (1988). A Brief History of Time. Bantam Books. p. 125. ISBN 0-553-05340-X.
- ^ Martin Rees (1999). Just Six Numbers. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-465-03672-4.
- ^ Adams, F.C. (2008). "Stars in other universes: stellar structure with different fundamental constants". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2008 (8): 010. arXiv:0807.3697. Bibcode 2008JCAP...08..010A. DOI:10.1088/1475-7516/2008/08/010.
- ^ Harnik, R.; Kribs, G.D. and Perez, G. (2006). "A universe without weak interactions". Physical Review D 74 (3): 035006. arXiv:hep-ph/0604027. Bibcode 2006PhRvD..74c5006H. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.035006.
- ^ Will Durant, Our Oriental Heritage:
"Two systems of Hindu thought propound physical theories suggestively similar to those of Greece. Kanada, founder of the Vaisheshika philosophy, held that the world was composed of atoms as many in kind as the various elements. The Jains more nearly approximated to Democritus by teaching that all atoms were of the same kind, producing different effects by diverse modes of combinations. Kanada believed light and heat to be varieties of the same substance; Udayana taught that all heat comes from the sun; and Vachaspati, like Newton, interpreted light as composed of minute particles emitted by substances and striking the eye."
- ^ Stcherbatsky, F. Th. (1930, 1962), Buddhist Logic, Volume 1, p. 19, Dover, New York:
"The Buddhists denied the existence of substantial matter altogether. Movement consists for them of moments, it is a staccato movement, momentary flashes of a stream of energy... "Everything is evanescent“,... says the Buddhist, because there is no stuff... Both systems [Sānkhya, and later Indian Buddhism] share in common a tendency to push the analysis of Existence up to its minutest, last elements which are imagined as absolute qualities, or things possessing only one unique quality. They are called “qualities” (guna-dharma) in both systems in the sense of absolute qualities, a kind of atomic, or intra-atomic, energies of which the empirical things are composed. Both systems, therefore, agree in denying the objective reality of the categories of Substance and Quality,... and of the relation of Inference uniting them. There is in Sānkhya philosophy no separate existence of qualities. What we call quality is but a particular manifestation of a subtle entity. To every new unit of quality corresponds a subtle quantum of matter which is called guna “quality”, but represents a subtle substantive entity. The same applies to early Buddhism where all qualities are substantive... or, more precisely, dynamic entities, although they are also called dharmas ('qualities')."
- ^ a b c Craig, William Lane (June 1979). "Whitrow and Popper on the Impossibility of an Infinite Past". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 30 (2): 165–170 (165–6). DOI:10.1093/bjps/30.2.165.
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- ^ William P. D. Wightman (1951, 1953), The Growth of Scientific Ideas, Yale University Press p. 38, where Wightman calls him Seleukos the Chaldean.
- ^ Lucio Russo, Flussi e riflussi, Feltrinelli, Milano, 2003, ISBN 88-07-10349-4.
- ^ Bartel, p. 527
- ^ Bartel, pp. 527–9
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- ^ Misner, Thorne and Wheeler (1973), p. 754.
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- ^ Olbers HWM (1826). "Unknown title". Bode's Jahrbuch 111. . Reprinted as Appendix I in Dickson FP (1969). The Bowl of Night: The Physical Universe and Scientific Thought. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54003-2.
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Einstein A., de Sitter W. (1932). "On the relation between the expansion and the mean density of the universe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 18 (3): 213–214. Bibcode 1932PNAS...18..213E. DOI:10.1073/pnas.18.3.213. PMC 1076193. PMID 16587663. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1076193. - ^ Hubble Telescope news release. Hubblesite.org (2004-02-20). Retrieved on 2011-11-28.
- ^ "Mysterious force's long presence". BBC News. 2006-11-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6156110.stm.
- ^ Zel'dovich YB (1967). "Cosmological constant and elementary particles". Zh. Eksp. & Teor. Fiz. Pis'ma 6: 883–884. English translation in Sov. Phys. — JTEP Lett., 6, pp. 316–317 (1967).
- ^ Friedmann A. (1922). "Über die Krümmung des Raumes". Zeitschrift für Physik 10 (1): 377–386. Bibcode 1922ZPhy...10..377F. DOI:10.1007/BF01332580.
- ^ Munitz MK (1959). "One Universe or Many?". Journal of the History of Ideas 12 (2): 231–255. DOI:10.2307/2707516. JSTOR 2707516.
- ^ Misner, Thorne and Wheeler (1973), p.753.
- ^ Linde A. (1986). "Eternal chaotic inflation". Mod. Phys. Lett. A1 (2): 81–85. Bibcode 1986MPLA....1...81L. DOI:10.1142/S0217732386000129.
Linde A. (1986). "Eternally existing self-reproducing chaotic inflationary universe" (PDF). Phys. Lett. B175 (4): 395–400. Bibcode 1986PhLB..175..395L. DOI:10.1016/0370-2693(86)90611-8. http://www.stanford.edu/~alinde/Eternal86.pdf. Retrieved 17 March 2011. - ^ Tegmark M. (2003). "Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations". Scientific American 288 (5): 40–51. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40. PMID 12701329. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=parallel-universes.
- ^ Max Tegmark (2003). "Parallel Universes". In "Science and Ultimate Reality: from Quantum to Cosmos", honoring John Wheeler's 90th birthday. J. D. Barrow, P.C.W. Davies, & C.L. Harper eds. Cambridge University Press (2003): 2131. arXiv:astro-ph/0302131. Bibcode 2003astro.ph..2131T.
- ^ Shape of the Universe, WMAP website at NASA.
- ^ Luminet, Jean-Pierre; Jeff Weeks, Alain Riazuelo, Roland Lehoucq, Jean-Phillipe Uzan (2003-10-09). "Dodecahedral space topology as an explanation for weak wide-angle temperature correlations in the cosmic microwave background". Nature 425 (6958): 593–5. arXiv:astro-ph/0310253. Bibcode 2003Natur.425..593L. DOI:10.1038/nature01944. PMID 14534579.
- ^ Roukema, Boudewijn; Zbigniew Buliński, Agnieszka Szaniewska, Nicolas E. Gaudin (2008). "A test of the Poincare dodecahedral space topology hypothesis with the WMAP CMB data". Astronomy and Astrophysics 482 (3): 747. arXiv:0801.0006. Bibcode 2008A&A...482..747L. DOI:10.1051/0004-6361:20078777.
- ^ Aurich, Ralf; Lustig, S., Steiner, F., Then, H. (2004). "Hyperbolic Universes with a Horned Topology and the CMB Anisotropy". Classical and Quantum Gravity 21 (21): 4901–4926. arXiv:astro-ph/0403597. Bibcode 2004CQGra..21.4901A. DOI:10.1088/0264-9381/21/21/010.
Bibliography[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Universe |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Universe |
- Bartel (1987). "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500 (1): 525–545. Bibcode 1987NYASA.500..525V. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37224.x.
- Landau, Lev, Lifshitz, E.M. (1975). The Classical Theory of Fields (Course of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 2) (revised 4th English ed.). New York: Pergamon Press. pp. 358–397. ISBN 978-0-08-018176-9.
- Liddell, H. G. and Scott, R. A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-864214-8
- Misner, C.W., Thorne, Kip, Wheeler, J.A. (1973). Gravitation. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. pp. 703–816. ISBN 978-0-7167-0344-0.
- Rindler, W. (1977). Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological. New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 193–244. ISBN 0-387-10090-3.
Further reading[link]
- Weinberg, S. (1993). The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe (2nd updated ed.). New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02437-7. OCLC 28746057. For lay readers.
- Nussbaumer, Harry; Bieri, Lydia; Sandage, Allan (2009). Discovering the Expanding Universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51484-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=RaNOJkQ4l14C.
External links[link]
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Universe" article dated 2012-01-03, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- Is there a hole in the universe? at HowStuffWorks
- Stephen Hawking's Universe – Why is the universe the way it is?
- Cosmology FAQ
- Cosmos – An "illustrated dimensional journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos"
- Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets, the sun, and other stars
- Logarithmic Maps of the Universe
- My So-Called Universe – Arguments for and against an infinite and parallel universes
- The Dark Side and the Bright Side of the Universe Princeton University, Shirley Ho
- Richard Powell: An Atlas of the Universe – Images at various scales, with explanations
- Multiple Big Bangs
- Universe – Space Information Centre
- Exploring the Universe at Nasa.gov
Videos[link]
- The Known Universe created by the American Museum of Natural History
- Understand The Size Of The Universe – by Powers of Ten
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http://wn.com/Universe
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Michio Kaku 加来 道雄 |
|
|---|---|
| File:MichioKaku commons.jpg | |
| Born | (1947-01-24) January 24, 1947 (age 65) San Jose, California, United States |
| Residence | New York City, New York, United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Fields | Theoretical physics |
| Institutions | City University of New York New York University Institute for Advanced Study |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (S.B., 1968) University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D., 1972) |
| Doctoral advisor | Stanley Mandelstam |
| Known for | String field theory, popular science |
 |
This article contains Japanese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of kanji and kana. |
Michio Kaku (加来 道雄, Kaku Michio?, born January 24, 1947) is an American theoretical physicist, the Henry Semat Professor of Theoretical Physics in the City College of New York of City University of New York, a co-founder of string field theory,[1] a futurist, and a "communicator" and "popularizer" of science. He has written several books about physics and related topics; he has made frequent appearances on radio, television, and film; and he writes extensive online blogs and articles. He has written two New York Times best sellers, Physics of the Impossible (2008) and Physics of the Future (2011). He has hosted several TV specials for BBC-TV, the Discovery Channel, and the Science Channel.
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Kaku was born in San Jose, California to Japanese immigrant parents. His grandfather came to the United States to take part in the clean-up operation after the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake[citation needed]. His father was born in California but was educated in Japan and spoke little English. Both his parents were put in the Tule Lake War Relocation Center, where they met and where his two brothers were born.
At Cubberley High School in Palo Alto, Kaku assembled an atom smasher in his parents' garage for a science fair project.[2] At the National Science Fair in Albuquerque, New Mexico, he attracted the attention of physicist Edward Teller, who took Kaku as a protégé, awarding him the Hertz Engineering Scholarship. Kaku graduated summa cum laude from Harvard University in 1968 and was first in his physics class. He attended the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley and received a Ph.D. in 1972, and in 1972 he held a lectureship at Princeton University.
During the Vietnam War, Kaku completed his U.S. Army basic training at Fort Benning, Georgia and his advanced individual training at Fort Lewis, Washington.[3] However, the Vietnam War ended before he was deployed as an infantryman.
Academic career[link]
Kaku became a visiting professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton,[4] and New York University.[5] He currently holds the Henry Semat Chair and Professorship in theoretical physics at the City College of New York.[6]
Kaku has had over 70 articles published in physics journals such as Physical Review, covering topics such as superstring theory, supergravity, supersymmetry, and hadronic physics.[7] In 1974, along with Prof. Keiji Kikkawa of Osaka University, he authored the first papers describing string theory in a field form.[8][9]
Kaku is the author of several textbooks on string theory and quantum field theory.
Popular science[link]
Kaku is most widely known as a popularizer of science.[10] He has written books and appeared on many television programs as well as film. He also hosts a weekly radio program.
Books[link]
Kaku is the author of various popular science books.
- Hyperspace (1994)
- Beyond Einstein (with Jennifer Thompson) (1995)
- Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st Century[11] (1998)
- Einstein's Cosmos (2004)
- Parallel Worlds (2004)
- Physics of the Impossible (2008)
- Physics of the Future (2011)
Hyperspace was a best-seller and was voted one of the best science books of the year by both The New York Times[10] and The Washington Post. Parallel Worlds was a finalist for the Samuel Johnson Prize for non-fiction in the UK.[12]
Radio[link]
Kaku is the host of the weekly, one-hour radio program Explorations, produced by the Pacifica Foundation's WBAI in New York. "Explorations" is syndicated to community and independent radio stations and makes previous broadcasts available on the program's website. Kaku defines the show as dealing with the general topics of science, war, peace, and the environment.
In April 2006, Kaku began broadcasting Science Fantastic on 90 commercial radio stations, the only nationally syndicated science program on commercial radio in the United States. It is syndicated by Talk Radio Network and now reaches 130 radio stations and America's Talk on XM. The program is formatted as a live listener call-in show, focusing on "futurology," which he defines as the future of science.[citation needed] Featured guests include Nobel laureates and top researchers on the topics of string theory, time travel, black holes, gene therapy, aging, space travel, artificial intelligence, and SETI. When Kaku is busy filming for television, Science Fantastic goes on hiatus, sometimes for several months. Kaku is also a frequent guest on many programs, where he is outspoken in all areas and issues he considers of importance, such as the program Coast to Coast AM, where on 30 November 2007, he reaffirmed his belief that there is a 100% probability of extraterrestrial life in the universe.[13]
Kaku has appeared on The Opie and Anthony Show a number of times, discussing popular fiction such as Back to The Future, Lost, and the theories behind time-travel that these and other fictional entertainment focus on.
Television and film[link]
Kaku has appeared in many forms of media and on many programs and networks, including Good Morning America, The Screen Savers, Larry King Live, 60 Minutes, Nightline, 20/20, Naked Science, CNN, ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, Al Jazeera English, Fox News Channel, The History Channel, Conan, The Science Channel, The Discovery Channel, TLC, Countdown with Keith Olbermann, The Colbert Report, The Art Bell Show and its successor, Coast To Coast AM, BBC World News America, The Opie & Anthony Show, The Covino & Rich Show, Head Rush, The Late Show with David Letterman, and Real Time with Bill Maher.
- We Are the Guinea Pigs (1980)
- Borders (1989)
- Synthetic Pleasures (1995)
- Einstein Revealed (1996)
- Future Fantastic (1996)
- Stephen Hawking's Universe (1997)
- Bioperfection: Building a New Human Race (1998)
- Exodus Earth (1999)
- Me & Isaac Newton (1999)
- Space: The Final Junkyard (1999)
- Big Questions (2001)
- Parallel Universes (2001)
- Horizon: "Time travel" (2003)
- Robo sapiens (2003)
- Brilliant Minds: Secret Of The Cosmos (2003)
- Nova: "The Elegant Universe" (2003)
- Hawking (2004)
- The Screen Savers (2004)
- Unscrewed with Martin Sargent (2004)
- Alien Planet (2005)
- ABC News "UFOs: Seeing Is Believing" (2005)
- HARDtalk Extra (2005)
- Last Days on Earth (2005)
- Obsessed & Scientific (2005)
- Horizon: "Einstein's Unfinished Symphony" (2005)
- Prophets of Science Fiction (2006)
- Time (2006)
- 2057 (2007)
- The Universe (2007)
- Futurecar (2007)
- Attack of the Show! (2007)
- Visions of the Future (2008)
- Horizon: "The President's Guide to Science" (2008)
- Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe (2008)
- Horizon: "Who's Afraid of a Big Black Hole" (2009–2010)
- Sci Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible (2009–2010)
- Horizon: "What Happened Before the Big Bang?" (2010)
- GameTrailers TV With Geoff Keighley: "The Science of Games" (2010)
- How the Universe Works (2010)
- Seeing Black Holes (2010)
- Through the Wormhole (2011)
- Horizon: "What Happened Before the Big Bang?" (2011)
In 1999, Kaku was one of the scientists profiled in the feature-length film Me and Isaac Newton, directed by Michael Apted. It played theatrically in the United States, was later broadcast on national TV, and won several film awards.[citation needed]
In 2005, Kaku appeared in the short documentary Obsessed & Scientific. The film is about the possibility of time travel and the people who dream about it. It screened at the Montreal World Film Festival and a feature film expansion is in development talks. Kaku also appeared in the ABC documentary UFOs: Seeing Is Believing, in which he suggested that while he believes it is extremely unlikely that extraterrestrials have ever actually visited Earth, we must keep our minds open to the possible existence of civilizations a million years ahead of us in technology, where entirely new avenues of physics open up. He also discussed the future of interstellar exploration and alien life in the Discovery Channel special Alien Planet as one of the multiple speakers who co-hosted the show, and Einstein's Theory of Relativity on The History Channel.
In February 2006, Kaku appeared as presenter in the BBC-TV four-part documentary Time which seeks to explore the mysterious nature of time. Part one of the series concerns personal time, and how we perceive and measure the passing of time. The second in the series deals with cheating time, exploring possibilities of extending the lifespan of organisms. The geological time covered in part three explores the ages of the earth and the sun. Part four covers the topics of cosmological time, the beginning of time and the events that occurred at the instant of the big bang.
On January 28, 2007, Kaku hosted the Discovery Channel series 2057. This three-hour program discussed how medicine, the city, and energy could change over the next 50 years.
In 2008, Kaku hosted the three-hour BBC-TV documentary Visions of the Future, on the future of computers, medicine, and quantum physics, and he appeared in several episodes of the History Channel's Universe series.
On December 1, 2009, he began hosting a 12-episode weekly TV series for the Science Channel at 10 pm, called Sci Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible, based on his best-selling book. Each 30-minute episode discusses the scientific basis behind imaginative schemes, such as time travel, parallel universes, warp drive, star ships, light sabers, force fields, teleportation, invisibility, death stars, and even superpowers and flying saucers. Each episode includes interviews with the world's top scientists working on prototypes of these technologies, interviews with science fiction fans, clips from science fiction movies, and special effects and computer graphics. Although these inventions are impossible today, the series discusses when these technologies might become feasible in the future.[14]
In 2010, he began to appear in a series on the website Gametrailers.com called Science of Games, discussing the scientific aspects of various popular video games such as Mass Effect 2 and Star Wars: The Force Unleashed.
Kaku is popular in mainstream media because of his knowledge and his accessible approach to presenting complex subjects in science. While his technical writings are confined to theoretical physics, his public speaking and media appearances cover a broad range of topics, from the Kardashev scale to more esoteric subjects such as wormholes and time travel. In January 2007, Kaku visited Oman. While there, he talked at length to select members of that country's decision makers. In an interview with local media, Dr Kaku elaborated on his vision of mankind's future. Kaku considers climate change and terrorism as serious threats in man's evolution from a Type 0 civilization to Type 1.[15]
He is pictured in Symphony of Science's newest song (as of September 6, 2011), 'The Quantum World.'
On October 11, 2010, Michio Kaku appeared in the BBC program "What Happened Before the Big Bang" (along with Laura Mersini-Houghton, Andrei Linde, Roger Penrose, Lee Smolin, Neil Turok, and other notable cosmologists and physicists), where he propounded his theory of the universe created out of nothing.[16]
Social policy advocacy[link]
Kaku has publicly stated his concerns over matters including the anthropogenic cause of global warming, nuclear armament, nuclear power and the general misuse of science.[17] He was critical of the Cassini–Huygens space probe because of the 72 pounds (33 kg) of plutonium contained in the craft for use by its radioisotope thermoelectric generator. Conscious of the possibility of casualties if the probe's fuel were dispersed into the environment during a malfunction and crash as the probe was making a 'sling-shot' maneuver around earth, Kaku publicly criticized NASA's risk assessment.[18] He has also spoken on the dangers of space junk and called for more and better monitoring. Kaku is generally a vigorous supporter of the exploration of outer space, believing that the ultimate destiny of the human race may lie in extrasolar planets; but he is critical of some of the cost-ineffective missions and methods of NASA.
Kaku credits his anti-nuclear war position to programs he heard on the Pacifica Radio network, during his student years in California. It was during this period that he made the decision to turn away from a career developing the next generation of nuclear weapons in association with Edward Teller and focused on research, teaching, writing and media.[citation needed] Kaku joined with others such as Helen Caldicott, Jonathan Schell, Peace Action and was instrumental in building a global anti-nuclear weapons movement that arose in the 1980s, during the administration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan.
Kaku was a board member of Peace Action and on the board of radio station WBAI-FM in New York City where he originated his long running program, Explorations, that focused on the issues of science, war, peace and the environment.
His remark from an interview in support of SETI, "We could be in the middle of an intergalactic conversation...and we wouldn't even know.", is used in the third Symphony of Science installment "Our Place in the Cosmos".
Personal life[link]
Kaku is married to Shizue Kaku and has two daughters.[19]
Bibliography[link]
- Kaku, Michio; Trainer, Jennifer, eds. (1982). Nuclear Power: Both Sides. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-01631-5.
- Kaku, Michio; Daniel Axelrod (1987). To Win a Nuclear War: The Pentagon's Secret War Plans. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-321-7.
- Kaku, Michio (1993). Quantum Field Theory: A Modern Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507652-4.
- Kaku, Michio (1994). Hyperspace: A Scientific Odyssey Through Parallel Universes, Time Warps, and the Tenth Dimension. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286189-1.
- Kaku, Michio; Jennifer Trainer Thompson (1995). Beyond Einstein: Superstrings and the Quest for the Final Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-286196-4.
- Kaku, Michio (1999). Introduction to Superstrings and M-Theory. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98589-1.
- Kaku, Michio (1999). Strings, Conformal Fields, and M-Theory. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98892-0.
- Kaku, Michio (1999). Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st century and Beyond. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-288018-7.
- Kaku, Michio (2004). Einstein's Cosmos: How Albert Einstein's Vision Transformed Our Understanding of Space and Time. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-84755-4.
- Kaku, Michio (2004). Parallel Worlds: The Science of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9728-1.
- Kaku, Michio (2008). "M-Theory: The Mother of All Superstrings" in Riffing on Strings: Creative Writing Inspired by String Theory. New York: Scriblerus. ISBN 978-0-9802114-0-5.
- Kaku, Michio (2008). Physics of the Impossible. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-52069-0.
- Kaku, Michio (2011). Physics of the Future: How Science will Shape Human Destiny and our Daily Lives by the Year 2100. New York: Doubleday. LCCN 2010026569.
References[link]
- ^ About Michio Kaku
- ^ Kaku, Michio. "Physics of the Impossible". pp 11. Doubleday. http://books.google.com/books?id=ube-MQcFFZQC&pg=PR11&lpg=PR11&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
- ^ Kaku, Michio (1994). Hyperspace: a scientific odyssey through parallel universes, time warps, and the tenth dimension. Oxford University Press US. pp. 146. ISBN 0-19-508514-0. http://books.google.com/?id=_HBtAHuG6dwC&pg=PA164&dq=%22michio+kaku%22+%22fort+benning%22#v=onepage&q=.
- ^ "Previous People". Institute for Advanced Study. http://www.sns.ias.edu/previous?group=physics.
- ^ Hua, Long; Michio Kaku (1994). "Non-polynomial closed string field theory". Thesis (Ph.D.) New York University: 107 p.. http://aleph.library.nyu.edu/F/FPCJXNMBBKHEUMTJ8C6HUB6JHPLVVQQF1ACVTACEPTM9P18S2N-00900?func=direct&doc_number=003142571&format=999.
- ^ "Physics Department". The City College of New York. http://www1.ccny.cuny.edu/prospective/science/profiles/Kaku-Profile.cfm.
- ^ "List of research papers in American Physical Society Journals". http://publish.aps.org/search/query?&offset=0&q%5Bclauses%5D%5B%5D%5Bvalue%5D=kaku+michio&q%5Bclauses%5D%5B%5D%5Boperator%5D=AND&q%5Bclauses%5D%5B%5D%5Bfield%5D=author&q%5Bper_page%5D=25.
- ^ Kaku, Michio; Michio Kaku and K. Kikkawa (15). "Field theory of relativistic strings. I. Trees". Physical Review D 10 (4): 1110–1133. Bibcode 1974PhRvD..10.1110K. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.10.1110. http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v10/i4/p1110_1.
- ^ Kaku, Michio; Michio Kaku and K. Kikkawa (1974). "Field theory of relativistic strings. II. Loops and Pomerons". Phys. Rev. D. 1110 10 (6): 1823–1843. Bibcode 1974PhRvD..10.1823K. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.10.1823. http://prd.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v10/i6/p1823_1.
- ^ a b "Notable books of 1994". The New York Times. December 4, 1994. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E7DA1630F937A35751C1A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=22. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
- ^ "Amazon.com: Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21st Century (9780385484992): Michio Kaku: Books". amazon.com. 2011 [last update]. http://www.amazon.com/Visions-Science-Will-Revolutionize-Century/dp/0385484992. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
- ^ Kaku, Michio. "Samuel Johnson Prize for Non Fiction 2005 – Longlist". Parallel Worlds. BBC. http://www.thesamueljohnsonprize.co.uk/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=81.
- ^ Michio Kaku (30 November 2007) (Audio). Universe, Energy & SETI. with Art Bell. Coast to Coast AM. http://www.coasttocoastam.com/shows/2007/11/30.html. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ SCI-FI SCIENCE: Physics of the Impossible.
- ^ "The Upside Down World of Dr. Michio Kaku". BusinessToday Oman (Apex Press and Publishing). February 2007. http://www.apexstuff.com/bt/200702/cover.asp. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ "www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00vdkmj". http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00vdkmj.
- ^ Kaku, Michio (Summer 1992). "Nuclear Threats and the New World Order". CovertAction Quarterly 41 (2). http://www.ratical.org/radiation/inetSeries/NthrtsNnwo.html. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ Kaku, Michio (5 October 1997). A Scientific Critique of the Accident Risks from the Cassini Space Mission. Animated Software Company. http://www.animatedsoftware.com/cassini/mk9708so.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
- ^ Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100. Michio Kaku. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Michio Kaku |
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Michio Kaku" article dated 2007-07-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
- Official website
- Michio Kaku on Twitter
- Getting Physical: Dr. Michio Kaku Explains Einstein's Genius
- Russia Takes Aim at Asteroids, op-ed on asteroid defense, Wall St. Journal, Jan. 5, 2010
- The Skeptics' Guide To The Universe interview
- Michio Kaku at the Internet Movie Database
- Michio Kaku on National Public Radio
- About Michio Kaku
- Video: Michio Kaku discusses Physics of the Future on March 23, 2011, on Forum Network.
- In Depth interview with Kaku, October 3, 2010
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kaku, Michio |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American theoretical physicist |
| Date of birth | 1947-01-24 |
| Place of birth | San Jose, California, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Michio_Kaku
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Kaku
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Stephen Hawking | |
|---|---|
 Stephen Hawking at NASA, 1980s |
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| Born | Stephen William Hawking (1942-01-08) 8 January 1942 (age 70) Oxford, England, United Kingdom |
| Residence | United Kingdom |
| Nationality | British |
| Fields | |
| Institutions | |
| Alma mater | |
| Doctoral advisor | Dennis Sciama |
| Other academic advisors | Robert Berman |
| Known for | |
| Influences | |
| Notable awards |
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| Spouse |
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Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author. His key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding gravitational singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation (or sometimes as Bekenstein–Hawking radiation).
He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and in 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009. Subsequently, he became research director at the university's Centre for Theoretical Cosmology.
Hawking has a motor neurone disease related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a condition that has progressed over the years. He is now almost completely paralysed and communicates through a speech generating device. He has been married twice and has three children. Hawking has achieved success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; these include A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times best-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 to Frank Hawking, a research biologist, and Isobel Hawking.[1] He has two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward.[2] Although Hawking's parents were living in North London, he was born in Oxford as his parents felt it was safer to stay in Oxford for the later stages of the pregnancy. (London was under attack at the time by the Luftwaffe).[3]
When his father became head of the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research[1] in 1950, Hawking and his family moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire.[3] Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls from 1950 to 1953 (At that time, boys could attend the girls' school until the age of 10).[2] and then from the age of 11, he attended St Albans School, where he was a good, but not exceptional, student.[3]
Inspired by his mathematics teacher, Hawking originally wanted to study the subject at university. However, Hawking's father wanted him to apply to University College, Oxford, where his father had attended. As University College did not have a mathematics fellow at that time, applications were not accepted from students who wished to study that discipline. Hawking therefore applied to read natural sciences with an emphasis in Physics. He was accepted and gained a scholarship.[3] While at Oxford, he coxed a rowing team, which, he stated, helped relieve his immense boredom at the university.[4] His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it. ... his mind was completely different from all of his contemporaries".[3]
Hawking's unimpressive study habits resulted in a final examination score on the borderline between first and second class honours, making an "oral examination" necessary.[3] Berman said of the oral examination: "And of course the examiners then were intelligent enough to realize they were talking to someone far more clever than most of themselves".[3] After receiving his B.A. degree at Oxford in 1962, he left for graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.[3]
Career[link]
1962-1975[link]
Although Hawking started developing symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as soon as he arrived at Cambridge and did not distinguish himself in his first two years at Cambridge, he returned to working on his PhD after the disease had stabilised and with the help of his doctoral tutor, Dennis William Sciama.[5]
When Hawking began his graduate studies In the 1960s, there was much debate in the physics community about the opposing theories of the creation of the universe: big bang, and steady state.[5] Hawking and his Cambridge friend and colleague, Roger Penrose, showed in 1970 that if the universe obeys general relativity and if the universe fits any of the Friedmann models, then the universe must have begun as a singularity.[6] This work showed that, far from being mathematical curiosities which appear only in special cases, singularities are a fairly generic feature of general relativity.[7]
Hawking's work with Brandon Carter, Werner Israel and D. Robinson, strongly supported John Wheeler's no-hair theorem – that any black hole is fully described by the three properties of mass, angular momentum, and electric charge.[8] With Bardeen and Carter, he proposed the four laws of black hole mechanics, drawing an analogy with thermodynamics.[9] In 1974, he calculated that black holes should thermally create and emit subatomic particles, known today as Bekenstein-Hawking radiation, until they exhaust their energy and evaporate.[6]
Hawking was elected one of the youngest Fellows of the Royal Society in 1974,[10] and in the same year he accepted the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar visiting professorship at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) to work with his friend, Kip Thorne, who was a faculty member there.[11] He continues to have ties with Caltech, spending a month each year there since 1992.[12]
1975-present[link]
The mid to late 1970s were a period of growing fame and success for Hawking, his work was now much talked about, he was appearing in popular television documentaries and in 1979 he was made the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, a post he held for 30 years until his retirement in 2009.[13][14] Hawking's inaugural lecture as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics had the title "Is the end in sight for Theoretical Physics" and promoted the idea that supergravity would help resolve many of the outstanding problems physicists were studying. [14]
In collaboration with Jim Hartle, Hawking developed a model in which the universe had no boundary in space-time, replacing the initial singularity of the classical Big Bang models with a region akin to the North Pole: one cannot travel north of the North Pole, as there is no boundary.[15] While originally the no-boundary proposal predicted a closed universe, discussions with Neil Turok led to the realisation that the no-boundary proposal is also consistent with a universe which is not closed.[16]
Along with Thomas Hertog at CERN, in 2006 Hawking proposed a theory of "top-down cosmology", which says that the universe had no unique initial state, and therefore it is inappropriate for physicists to attempt to formulate a theory that predicts the universe's current configuration from one particular initial state.[17] Top-down cosmology posits that in some sense, the present "selects" the past from a superposition of many possible histories. In doing so, the theory suggests a possible resolution of the fine-tuning question.[18]
Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet[link]
Main article: Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet
In 1997 Hawking made a public scientific wager with Thorne and John Preskill of Caltech concerning the black hole information paradox.[19] Thorne and Hawking argued that since general relativity made it impossible for black holes to radiate, and lose information, the mass-energy and information carried by Hawking Radiation must be "new", and must not originate from inside the black hole event horizon. Since this contradicted the idea under quantum mechanics of microcausality, quantum mechanics would need to be rewritten. Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the view of black holes given by general relativity must be modified in some way.[20] The winner of the bet was to receive an encyclopedia of the loser's choice, from which information may be accessed.[19]
In 2004, Hawking announced that he was conceding the bet, and that he now believed that black hole horizons should fluctuate and leak information, in doing so providing Preskill with a copy of Total Baseball.[19] Comparing the useless information obtainable from a black hole to "burning an encyclopedia", Hawking commented, "I gave John an encyclopedia of baseball, but maybe I should just have given him the ashes".[19]
Recognition[link]
Acclaim[link]
On 19 December 2007, a statue of Hawking by artist Ian Walters was unveiled at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, University of Cambridge.[21] The Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador, El Salvador, is named in honour of Stephen Hawking, citing his scientific distinction and perseverance in dealing with adversity.[22] The Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge opened on 17 April 2007. The building belongs to Gonville and Caius College and is used as an undergraduate accommodation and conference facility.[23]
Awards and honours[link]
- 1975 Eddington Medal[1]
- 1976 Hughes Medal of the Royal Society[1]
- 1979 Albert Einstein Medal[1]
- 1981 Franklin Medal[24]
- 1982 Commander of the Order of the British Empire[1]
- 1985 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society[1]
- 1986 Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences[1]
- 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics[1]
- 1989 Companion of Honour[1]
- 1999 Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society[25]
- 2003 Michelson Morley Award of Case Western Reserve University[1]
- 2006 Copley Medal of the Royal Society[26]
- 2008 Fonseca Prize of the University of Santiago de Compostela[27]
- 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in the United States[28]
Personal life[link]
Hawking has stated that, having been diagnosed with ALS during an early stage of his graduate work, he did not see much point in obtaining a doctorate if he were to die soon after. Hawking later said that the real turning point was his 1965 marriage to Jane Wilde, a language student.[29] Jane cared for him until 1990 when the couple separated.[1] They had three children: Robert, Lucy, and Timothy.[1] Hawking married his personal care assistant, Elaine Mason, in 1995; [1] the couple divorced In October 2006[30] amid claims by former nurses that she had abused him.[31] In 1999, Jane Hawking published a memoir, Music to Move the Stars, detailing the marriage and its breakdown; in 2010 she published a revised version, Travelling to Infinity, My Life with Stephen.[32]
Hawking supports the children's charity SOS Children's Villages UK[33] and has stated that his view on how to live life is to "seek the greatest value of our action".[34] He strongly opposed the Iraq War, calling it "a war crime" and "based on two lies" at a demonstration in Trafalgar Square, where he participated in a public reading of the names of Iraqi war victims.[35][36]
Hawking has named his secondary school mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta as an inspiration.[37] He maintains his connection with St Albans School, giving his name to one of the four houses and to an extracurricular science lecture series.[38]
Illness[link]
Hawking has a motor neurone disease that is related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a condition that has progressed over the years. He is now almost completely paralysed and communicates through a speech generating device. Hawking's illness has progressed more slowly than typical cases of ALS: survival for more than 10 years after diagnosis is uncommon.[39][40]
Symptoms of the disorder first appeared while he was enrolled at University of Cambridge; he lost his balance and fell down a flight of stairs, hitting his head.[4] The diagnosis of motor neurone disease came when Hawking was 21, shortly before his first marriage, and doctors said he would not survive more than two or three years. By 1974, he was unable to feed himself or get out of bed. His speech became slurred so that he could be understood only by people who knew him well. During a visit to CERN in Geneva in 1985, Hawking contracted pneumonia, which in his condition was life-threatening as it further restricted his already limited respiratory capacity. He had an emergency tracheotomy, and as a result lost what remained of his ability to speak.[41] A speech generating device was built in Cambridge, using software from an American company, that enabled Hawking to write onto a computer with small movements of his body, and then have a voice synthesiser speak what he typed.[42]
The particular voice synthesiser hardware he uses, which has an American English accent, is no longer being produced. Asked why he has still kept the same voice after so many years, Hawking stated that he has not heard a voice he likes better and that he identifies with it even though the synthesiser is both large and fragile by current standards. Although a mid-2009 corporate press release said that he had chosen NeoSpeech's VoiceText speech synthesiser as his new voice,[43] a 30 December 2011 interview with Hawking's technician indicates that Hawking is still using an older synthesiser containing a card "which dates back to the 1980s" and that any upgrade would have to be the same voice, otherwise "it wouldn't be Stephen's voice any more".[44]
For lectures and media appearances, Hawking appears to speak fluently through his synthesiser; however when preparing answers his system produces words at a rate of about one per minute.[44] Hawking's setup uses a predictive text entry system, which requires only the first few characters in order to auto-complete the word, but as he is only able to use his cheek for data entry, constructing complete sentences takes time.[44] During a TED Conference talk, it took him seven minutes to provide a brief answer to a question.[45]
He describes himself as lucky, despite his disease. Its slow progression has allowed him time to make influential discoveries and has not hindered him from having, in his own words, "a very attractive family".[42]
In popular culture[link]
Main article: Stephen Hawking in popular culture
Hawking has played himself on numerous television shows and has been portrayed in many more. He has played himself on a Red Dwarf anniversary special, played a hologram of himself on the episode "Descent" of Star Trek: The Next Generation,[46] and appeared on the Discovery Channel special Alien Planet.[47] He has also played himself in several episodes of The Simpsons and Futurama, and has had an action figure made of his Simpsons likeness.[48] The 2004 BBC4 TV film Hawking dealt with his early life and the onset of his illness. He was portrayed by Benedict Cumberbatch. In 2008, Hawking was the subject of and featured in the documentary series Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe for Channel 4. In September 2008, Hawking presided over the unveiling of the 'Chronophage' (time-eating) Corpus Clock at Corpus Christi College Cambridge.[49] His actual synthesiser voice was used on parts of the Pink Floyd song "Keep Talking" from the 1994 album The Division Bell, as well as on Turbonegro's "Intro: The Party Zone" on their 2005 album Party Animals, Wolfsheim's "Kein Zurück (Oliver Pinelli Mix)". On 5 April 2012 he appeared as a guest star in an episode of The Big Bang Theory.[50]
Space and spaceflight[link]
At the celebration of his 65th birthday on 8 January 2007, Hawking announced his plan to take a zero-gravity flight that year, with an intention to later take a sub-orbital spaceflight. Billionaire Richard Branson pledged to pay all expenses for a future flight on Virgin Galactic's space service, costing an estimated £100,000.[51] Stephen Hawking's zero-gravity flight in a "Vomit Comet" of Zero Gravity Corporation, during which he experienced weightlessness eight times, took place on 26 April 2007.[52] He became the first quadriplegic to float in zero gravity. The fee is normally US$3,750 for 10 to 15 plunges, but Hawking was not required to pay. Hawking was quoted before the flight saying:
Many people have asked me why I am taking this flight. I am doing it for many reasons. First of all, I believe that life on Earth is at an ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster such as sudden nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus, or other dangers. I think the human race has no future if it doesn't go into space. I therefore want to encourage public interest in space.[53]
In an interview with The Daily Telegraph, he suggested that space was the Earth's long term hope.[54] He continued this theme at a 2008 Charlie Rose interview.[55]
Hawking has indicated that he is almost certain that alien life exists in other parts of the universe, "To my mathematical brain, the numbers alone make thinking about aliens perfectly rational. The real challenge is to work out what aliens might actually be like".[56] He believes alien life not only certainly exists on planets but perhaps even in other places, like within stars or even floating in outer space. He has also warned that a few of these species might be intelligent and threaten Earth.[57] "If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn't turn out well for the Native Americans," he said.[56] He has advocated that, rather than try to establish contact, humans should try to avoid contact with alien life forms.[56] At a George Washington University lecture in honour of NASA's fiftieth anniversary, Hawking discussed the existence of extraterrestrial life, believing that "primitive life is very common and intelligent life is fairly rare".[58]
Religious views[link]
In his early work, Hawking spoke of God in a metaphorical sense, such as in A Brief History of Time: "If we discover a complete theory, it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason – for then we should know the mind of God."[59] In the same book he suggested the existence of God was unnecessary to explain the origin of the universe.[60] In the Channel 4 documentary Genius of Britain, in his 2010 book The Grand Design, and in interviews with the Telegraph, Hawking has clarified that he does not believe in a "personal" God.[61] Hawking writes, "The question is: is the way the universe began chosen by God for reasons we can't understand, or was it determined by a law of science? I believe the second."[61] He adds, "Because there is a law such as gravity, the Universe can and will create itself from nothing."[62]
His ex-wife, Jane, has described him as an atheist.[63] Hawking has stated that he is "not religious in the normal sense" and he believes that "the universe is governed by the laws of science. The laws may have been decreed by God, but God does not intervene to break the laws."[64] In an interview published in The Guardian newspaper, Hawking regarded the concept of Heaven as a myth, believing that there is "no heaven or afterlife" and that such a notion was a "fairy story for people afraid of the dark."[59][65] Hawking contrasted religion and science in 2010, saying: "There is a fundamental difference between religion, which is based on authority, [and] science, which is based on observation and reason. Science will win because it works."[66]
Philosophical views[link]
At Google’s Zeitgeist Conference in 2011, Hawking said that "philosophy is dead." He believes philosophers "have not kept up with modern developments in science" and that scientists "have become the bearers of the torch of discovery in our quest for knowledge.” He said that philosophical problems can be answered by science, particularly new scientific theories which "lead us to a new and very different picture of the universe and our place in it”.[67]
Publications[link]
Hawking's first popular science book, A Brief History of Time, was published on 1 April 1988. It stayed on the British Sunday Times best-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.[68] A Brief History of Time was followed by The Universe in a Nutshell (2001). A collection of essays titled Black Holes and Baby Universes (1993) was also popular. His book, A Briefer History of Time (2005), co-written by Leonard Mlodinow, updated his earlier works to make them accessible to a wider audience. In 2007 Hawking and his daughter, Lucy Hawking, published George's Secret Key to the Universe, a children's book focusing on science that Lucy Hawking described as "a bit like Harry Potter but without the magic."[69]
Popular[link]
- A Brief History of Time, (1988)
- Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays, (1994)
- The Universe in a Nutshell, (2001)
- On The Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy, (2002)
- A Briefer History of Time, (2005)
- God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History, (2005)[70]
- The Grand Design, (2010)[70]
Children's fiction[link]
These are co-written with his daughter Lucy.
- George's Secret Key to the Universe, (2007)
- George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt, (2009)[70]
- George and the Big Bang, (2011)
Films and series[link]
- A Brief History of Time (1991)
- Stephen Hawking's Universe (1997)
- Horizon: The Hawking Paradox[71] (2005)
- Masters of Science Fiction (2007)
- Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe[72] (2008)
- Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking[73] (2010)
- Brave New World with Stephen Hawking
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Larsen 2005, pp. x–xix.
- ^ a b Larsen 2005, pp. 3–5.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ferguson 2011, Chapter 3.
- ^ a b Hawking, Stephen W. (1 May 1992). Stephen Hawking's A brief history of time: a reader's companion. Bantam Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-553-07772-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=mCmUQgAACAAJ. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ a b Ferguson 2011, Chapter 4.
- ^ a b Ferguson 2011, Chapter 6.
- ^ Hawking, Stephen; Penrose, Roger (January 1970). "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology". Proceedings of the Royal Society A 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode 1970RSPSA.314..529H. DOI:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021. http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/314/1519/529.abstract.
- ^ Hawking, Stephen W.; Israel, Werner (30 March 1989). Three Hundred Years of Gravitation. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-521-37976-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=Vq787qC5PWQC&pg=PA278. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Larsen 2005, p. 38.
- ^ Larsen 2005, p. 44.
- ^ Ferguson 2011, Chapter 7.
- ^ "Stephen Hawking Returns to Caltech – One Night Only". Caltech Features. 6 Jan 2011. http://features.caltech.edu/features/96. Retrieved 7 Jan 2011.
- ^ "Hawking gives up academic title". BBC News. 30 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/8282358.stm. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ a b Ferguson 2011, Chapter 8.
- ^ Baird, Eric (30 September 2007). Relativity in Curved Spacetime: Life Without Special Relativity. Chocolate Tree Books. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-9557068-0-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=bU4xUMuJlukC&pg=PA234. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Yulsman, Tom (2003). Origins: the quest for our cosmic roots. CRC Press. pp. 174–176. ISBN 978-0-7503-0765-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=eh3_GfqlDlMC&pg=PA174. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Highfield, Roger (26 June 2008). "Stephen Hawking's explosive new theory". Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3345641/Stephen-Hawkings-explosive-new-theory.html. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ Hawking, S.; Hertog, T. (2006). "Populating the landscape: A top-down approach". Physical Review D 73 (12). DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.73.123527. edit
- ^ a b c d Hawking, S. (2005). "Information loss in black holes". Physical Review D 72 (8). DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013. edit
- ^ Preskill, John. "John Preskill's comments about Stephen Hawking's concession". California Institute of Technology. http://www.theory.caltech.edu/~preskill/jp_24jul04.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "Vice-Chancellor unveils Hawking statue". University of Cambridge. 21 December 2007. http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/2007122111. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
- ^ Komar, Oliver; Linda Buechner (October 2000). "The Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador Central America Honours the Fortitude of a Great Living Scientist". Journal of College Science Teaching XXX (2). Archived from the original on 30 July 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090730162105/http://geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/5046/article.html. Retrieved 28 September 2008.
- ^ "The Stephen Hawking Building". BBC News. 18 April 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/cambridgeshire/content/articles/2007/04/18/hawking_building_feature.shtml. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ Larsen 2005, p. 63.
- ^ "Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize". American Physical Society. http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/lilienfeld.cfm. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
- ^ "Oldest, space-travelled, science prize awarded to Hawking". The Royal Society. 24 August 2006. http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/news.asp?year=&id=5066. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
- ^ "Fonseca Prize 2008". University of Santiago de Compostela. http://www.usc.es/en/cursos/conciencia/premio_fonseca2008.html. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
- ^ MacAskill, Ewen (13 August 2009). "Obama presents presidential medal of freedom to 16 recipients". guardian.co.uk (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/13/obama-hawking-medal-freedom. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ Current Biography Yearbook: 1984. New York City: H. W. Wilson Company. 1985. ISBN 978-99942-3-211-6.
- ^ Sapsted, David (20 October 2006). "Hawking and second wife agree to divorce". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/10/20/nhawking20.xml. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
- ^ "Hawking's nurse reveals why she is not surprised his marriage is over". Daily Mail (UK). 20 October 2006. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-411781/Hawkings-nurse-reveals-surprised-marriage-over.html. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Welcome back to the family, Stephen". The Times (UK). 6 May 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-12-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20081203111754/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1751518.ece. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
- ^ "Our Friends". SOS Children's Villages. http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/sos-children-charity/our-friends.htm. Retrieved 6 May 2006.
- ^ Hough, Andrew (16 May 2011). "Stephen Hawking: 'heaven is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark'". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/stephen-hawking/8515639/Stephen-Hawking-heaven-is-a-fairy-story-for-people-afraid-of-the-dark.html. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ Campbell, Duncan (3 November 2004). "Hawking joins war protest tribute to Iraq dead". guardian.co.uk (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/nov/03/iraq.books. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "Stephen Hawking: Iraq War a 'Crime'". Fox News. 2 November 2004. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,137377,00.html. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- ^ Hoare, Geoffrey; Love, Eric (5 January 2007). "Dick Tahta". guardian.co.uk (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,,1983173,00.html. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Hawking Lectures Sign Off with Dinner". St-albans.herts.sch.uk. 13 May 2006. http://www.st-albans.herts.sch.uk/sascms/hawking-lectures-sign-off-with-dinner/. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ Mitsumoto, Hiroshi; Munsat, Theodore L. (1 January 2001). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a guide for patients and families. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-888799-28-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvTR2asXhNYC. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "How Has Stephen Hawking Lived to 70 with ALS?: Scientific American". Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=stephen-hawking-als&page=2. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^ Larsen 2005, p. 72–81.
- ^ a b "Living with ALS – Stephen Hawking". http://www.hawking.org.uk/living-with-als.html. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ "Stephen Hawking chooses a new voice". Gizmag. http://www.gizmag.com/go/2708/. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
- ^ a b c de Lange, Catherine (30 December 2011). "The man who saves Stephen Hawking's voice". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21323-the-man-who-saves-stephen-hawkings-voice.html.
- ^ "Stephen Hawking: Asking big questions about the universe (Video time index 8:25)". TED Conferences, LLC. http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/242. Retrieved 28 May 2008.
- ^ Okuda & Okuda 1999, p. 380.
- ^ "Discovery Channel :: Alien Planet :: About the Show". http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/alienplanet/about/about.html. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Cheng, Maria (5 January 2012). "Stephen Hawking to turn 70, defying disease". Boston. http://articles.boston.com/2012-01-05/lifestyle/30594112_1_hawking-first-stephen-hawking-universe/2. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ "Time to unveil Corpus Clock". Cambridgenetwork.co.uk. 22 September 2008. http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/article/default.aspx?objid=51566. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
- ^ "Professor Stephen Hawking films Big Bang Theory cameo". BBC. 12 March 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17337778. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
- ^ Highfield, Roger (8 January 2007). "Stephen Hawking plans to see space". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1538844/Stephen-Hawking-plans-to-see-space.html. Retrieved 18 March 2007.
- ^ "Hawking takes zero-gravity flight". BBC News. 27 April 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6594821.stm. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
- ^ "Physicist Hawking experiences zero gravity". CNN. 26 April 2007. Archived from the original on 4 May 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070504171857/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space/04/26/hawking.flight.ap/index.html. Retrieved 4 May 2007.
- ^ Highfield, Roger (16 October 2001). "Colonies in space may be only hope, says Hawking". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/10/16/nhawk16.xml. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
- ^ "Charlie Rose – A conversation with Dr. Stephen Hawking & Lucy Hawking". Charlie Rose LLC. http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/8973. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ a b c "Stephen Hawking warns over making contact with aliens". BBC News. 25 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8642558.stm. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
- ^ Hickman, Leo (25 April 2010). "Stephen Hawking takes a hard line on aliens". guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian News and Media. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/apr/26/stephen-hawking-issues-warning-on-aliens. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ Highfield, Roger (22 April 2008). "Stephen Hawking: Aliens probably exist". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3340426/Stephen-Hawking-Aliens-probably-exist.html. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ a b Sample, Ian (15 May 2011). "Stephen Hawking: 'There is no heaven; it's a fairy story'". guardian.co.uk (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/may/15/stephen-hawking-interview-there-is-no-heaven. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
- ^ Burgess, Anthony (29 December 1991). "Towards a Theory of Everything". The Observer: p. 42. "Though A Brief History of Time brings in God as a useful metaphor, Hawking is an atheist"
- ^ a b Roberts, Laura (2 September 2010). "Stephen Hawking: God was not needed to create the Universe". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/7976594/Stephen-Hawking-God-was-not-needed-to-create-the-Universe.html. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ Farmello, Graham (3 September 2010). "Has Stephen Hawking ended the God debate?". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/7979211/Has-Stephen-Hawking-ended-the-God-debate.html. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
- ^ Adams, Tim (4 April 2004). "A Brief History of a First Wife". The Observer (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2004/apr/04/features.review17. Retrieved 5 March 2012. "Jane took much of her dramatic hope at the time from her faith, and still sees something of the irony in the fact that her Christianity gave her the strength to support her husband, the most profound atheist. 'Stephen, I hope, had belief in me that I could make everything possible for him, but he did not share my religious – or spiritual – faith'."
- ^ "Pope sees physicist Hawking at evolution gathering | Science". Reuters. 31 October 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE49U6E220081031?feedType=RSS&feedName=scienceNews. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
- ^ "Stephen Hawking: Heaven Is A Myth". www.huffingtonpost.com. The Huffington Post. 16 May 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/16/stephen-hawking-heaven-is-a-myth_n_862394.html. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
- ^ Heussner, Ki Mae (7 June 2010). "Stephen Hawking on Religion: 'Science Will Win'". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/WN/Technology/stephen-hawking-religion-science-win/story?id=10830164. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ The Telegraph: Stephen Hawking tells Google ‘philosophy is dead’
- ^ Radford, Tim (31 July 2009). "How God propelled Stephen Hawking into the bestsellers lists". guardian.co.uk (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/jul/30/stephen-hawking-brief-history-time. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Man must conquer other planets to survive, says Hawking". Daily Mail (UK). 13 June 2006. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-390524/Man-conquer-planets-survive-says-Hawking.html. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ a b c "Books – Stephen Hawking". http://www.hawking.org.uk/books.html. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ "The Hawking Paradox". BBC. 2005. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/hawking_prog_summary.shtml. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ "Master of the Universe – Channel 4". channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/master-of-the-universe. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Into the Universe, with Stephen Hawking". Discovery Channel. 2010. http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/stephen-hawking/about/about.html. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Bibliography[link]
- Ferguson, Kitty (10 November 2011). Stephen Hawking: His Life and Work. Transworld. ISBN 978-1-4481-1047-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=nZLMWpujVUcC. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- Hawking, Stephen W. (1 September 1994). Black holes and baby universes and other essays. Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-37411-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=gTLGnTZabBQC. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- Larsen, Kristine (30 June 2005). Stephen Hawking: a biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32392-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=yL3RBMEI5OgC. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- Okuda, Michael; Okuda, Denise (1 October 1999). The Star trek encyclopedia: a reference guide to the future. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0-671-53609-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=VOeZQhAQZHgC. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
Further reading[link]
- Boslough, John (1 June 1989). Stephen Hawking's universe: an introduction to the most remarkable scientist of our time. Avon Books. ISBN 978-0-380-70763-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=lkntNIwunAAC. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- Pickover, Clifford A. (16 April 2008). Archimedes to Hawking: laws of science and the great minds behind them. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533611-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=SQXcpvjcJBUC. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
External links[link]
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- Stephen Hawking's web site
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Stephen Hawking at the Internet Movie Database
- Stephen Hawking at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Works by or about Stephen Hawking in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Stephen Hawking collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Stephen Hawking collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Archival material relating to Stephen Hawking listed at the UK National Register of Archives
- Portraits of Stephen William Hawking at the National Portrait Gallery, London
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hawking, Stephen |
| Alternative names | Hawking, Stephen William |
| Short description | Theoretical Physicist |
| Date of birth | 1942-01-08 |
| Place of birth | Oxford, England, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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