Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. The basic substance, benzoic sulfilimine, has effectively no food energy and is much sweeter than sucrose, but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations. It is used to sweeten products such as drinks, candies, biscuits, medicines, and toothpaste.
Although saccharin was commercialized not long after its discovery, it was not until sugar shortages during World War I that its use became widespread. Its popularity further increased during the 1960s and 1970s among dieters, since saccharin is a calorie-free sweetener. In the United States saccharin is often found in restaurants in pink packets; the most popular brand is "Sweet'N Low".
Saccharin is an acid with a pKa of about 2 (the acidic hydrogen being that attached to the nitrogen).
Saccharin can be used to prepare exclusively disubstituted amines from alkyl halides via a Gabriel synthesis.
In 1911, the Food Inspection Decision 135 stated that foods containing saccharin were adulterated. However in 1912, Food Inspection Decision 142 stated that saccharin was not harmful.
More controversy was stirred in 1969 with the discovery of files from the FDA's investigations of 1948 and 1949. These investigations, which had originally argued against saccharin use, were shown to prove little about saccharin being harmful to human health. In 1972 the USDA made an attempt to completely ban the substance. However, this attempt was also unsuccessful and the sweetener is widely used in the United States; it is the third-most popular after sucralose and aspartame.
In the European Union saccharin is also known by the E number (additive code) E954.
The current status of saccharin is that it is allowed in most countries, and countries like Canada are considering lifting their previous ban of it as a food additive. The concerns that it is associated with bladder cancer were proved to be without foundation in experiments on primates.
Saccahrin was formerly on California's list of chemicals known to the state to cause cancer for the purposes of Proposition 65, but it was delisted in 2001.
However, in 2000, the warning labels were removed because scientists learned that rodents, unlike humans, have a unique combination of high pH, high calcium phosphate, and high protein levels in their urine. One or more of the proteins that is more prevalent in male rats combines with calcium phosphate and saccharin to produce microcrystals that damage the lining of the bladder. Over time, the rat's bladder responds to this damage by over-producing cells to repair the damage, and this leads to tumor formation. As this does not occur in humans, there is no elevated bladder cancer risk.
The delisting of saccharin led to legislation, which was signed into law on December 21, 2000, repealing the warning label requirement for products containing saccharin. In 2001 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the state of California reversed their positions on saccharin, declaring it safe for consumption. The FDA’s decision followed a 2000 determination by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' National Toxicology Program to remove saccharin from its list of carcinogens.
The EPA has officially removed saccharin and its salts from their list of hazardous constituents and commercial chemical products. In a December 14, 2010 release, the EPA stated that saccharin is no longer considered a potential hazard to human health.
Category:Sweeteners Category:Sulfonamides Category:Benzoisothiazolinones Category:Russian inventions
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A clip of "She's Got Me Dancing" was used by Apple in the iPod touch "Next Level Fun" television commercial as well as being featured in the soundtrack for the video game FIFA 10. It was also used in an advertisement for the Sony Eyepet. The song "I'm a Rope" featured in the soundtrack of Codemaster's racing game Colin McRae: DiRT 2.
Tommy Sparks has also gone on to form a new band called Health Club.
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Category:Swedish musicians Category:Living people Category:People from Kilburn, London Category:Island Records artists Category:Swedish dance musicians Category:People from Stockholm Category:Swedish pop musicians Category:Swedish singer-songwriters
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