Michael Fred Phelps (born June 30, 1985) is an American swimmer who has, overall, won 16 Olympic medals—six gold and two bronze at Athens in 2004, and eight gold at Beijing in 2008, becoming the most successful athlete at both of these Olympic Games editions. In doing so he has twice equaled the record eight medals of any type at a single Olympics achieved by Soviet gymnast Alexander Dityatin at the 1980 Moscow Summer Games. His five gold medals in individual events tied the single Games record set by compatriot Eric Heiden in the 1980 Winter Olympics and equaled by Vitaly Scherbo at the 1992 Summer Games. Phelps holds the record for the most gold medals won in a single Olympics; his eight at the 2008 Beijing Games surpassed American swimmer Mark Spitz's seven-gold performance at Munich in 1972. Phelps' Olympic medal total is second only to the 18 Soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina won over three Olympics, including nine gold. Phelps also holds the all-time record for most gold Olympic medals, at 14.
Phelps's international titles and record breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award six times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eight times. He has won a total of sixty-six medals in major international competition, fifty-four gold, nine silver, and three bronze spanning the Olympics, the World, and the Pan Pacific Championships. His unprecedented Olympic success in 2008 earned Phelps Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of the Year award.
After the 2008 Summer Olympics, Phelps started the Michael Phelps Foundation, which focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles. As a participant in the US Anti-Doping Agency's "Project Believe" program, Phelps is regularly tested to ensure that his system is clean of performance-enhancing drugs.
Phelps was born and raised in the Rodgers Forge neighborhood of Towson, Maryland, a northwest suburb of Baltimore City.[6] Michael was the youngest of three children. His mother, Deborah Sue "Debbie" (née Davisson), is a middle school principal.[7] His father, Michael Fred Phelps, was a football player in high school and almost made the team for the Washington Redskins.[7] His ancestry includes English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and German.[8]
Phelps began swimming at the age of seven, partly because of the influence of his sisters and partly to provide him with an outlet for his energy.[9] When Phelps was in the sixth grade, he was diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[10][11] His parents divorced in 1994 and Michael and his sisters went to live with their mother. By the age of 10, he held a national record for his age group, and Phelps began to train at the North Baltimore Aquatic Club under coach Bob Bowman. More age group records followed, and Phelps' rapid improvement culminated in his qualifying for the 2000 Summer Olympics at the age of 15 and becoming the youngest male to make a U.S. Olympic swim team in 68 years.[12] While he did not win a medal, he did make the finals and finished fifth in the 200-m butterfly.[13]
At the World Championship Trials for the 2001 World Aquatics Championships, on 22 July, Phelps broke the world record in the 200-m butterfly to become, at 15 years and 9 months, the youngest man ever to set a swimming world record, breaking the record previously held by Ian Thorpe when he lowered the 400-m freestyle world record at 16 years, 10 months.[14] At the World Championships in Fukuoka, Phelps broke his own world record in the 200-m butterfly en route to becoming a world champion for the first time.[15]
| Pan Pacific medal record |
| 2002 Yokohama – Men's swimming |
Competitor for the  United States |
| Gold |
200 m individual medley |
1:59.70 |
| Gold |
400 m individual medley |
4:12.48 |
| Gold |
4 × 100 m medley relay |
3:33.48 (WR) |
| Silver |
200 m butterfly |
1.55.41 |
| Silver |
4×200 m freestyle relay |
7:11.81 |
At Nationals, the selection meet for the 2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, in Fort Lauderdale, Phelps set an American record in the 200-m individual medley and was just off the world record in the 200-m butterfly.[16] In the 400-m individual medley, Phelps bettered the world record held by Tom Dolan with a time of 4:11.09, just ahead of Erik Vendt, who finished second with a time of 4:11.27, also below the old world record. In the 200-m freestyle, Phelps was barely beaten by Klete Keller and in the 100 m butterfly, Phelps beat Ian Crocker.[17]
At the 2002 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Yokohama, Phelps won three gold medals and two silvers. In his first event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps won gold ahead of Erik Vent with a time of 4:12.48. In the 200-m butterfly, Phelps lost to Tom Malchow, finishing behind him 1:55.41 to 1:55.21. Phelps said he lost because he did not take butterfly training seriously after he broke the world record. In the 200-m individual medley, Phelps won with a time of 1:59.70. In the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Nate Dusing, Klete Keller, and Chad Carvin, won the silver medal with a time 7:11.81 finishing behind Australia. The U.S. 4×100-m medley relay team consisted of Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, Phelps, and Ian Crocker. In the final for the medley relay, Phelps swam a 51.1 split, at the time the fastest split in history. The final time of 3:33.48 was a world record.[18]
At Nationals, Phelps won the 200-m freestyle, 200-m backstroke, and the 100-m butterfly.[19] He became the first American swimmer to win three different races in three different strokes at a national championship.[19] At the 2003 Duel in the Pool, a meet that pits swimming stars from Australia and the United States, Phelps broke the world record in the 400-m individual medley with a time of 4:10.73 and almost broke the world record in the 100-m butterfly, just missing the record by 0.03 seconds.[20] At a meet in Santa Clara, Phelps broke the world record in the 200-m individual medley with a time of 1:57.94.[21] Phelps said he broke the 200-m individual medley world record after Don Talbot said Phelps was unproven, using his words as motivation.[22]
At the 2003 World Aquatics Championships, Phelps won four gold medals, two silver medals, and broke five world records.[23] Phelps broke his first world record on July 22 in the semi-finals for the 200-m butterfly. Phelps swam a 1:53.93 to break his own world record of 1:54.58 set in 2001 and became the first man to swim under 1:54.00.[24] In the final of the 200-m butterfly, on July 23, Phelps easily won the gold medal, but did not come close to his world record with a time of 1:54.35.[25] Less than an hour later, Phelps swam the lead-off leg for the 4×200-m freestyle relay. Phelps put up a solid time of 1:46.60 (an American record) but the Americans could not match the depth of the Australians and ultimately finished second 7:10.26 to 7:08.58.[26] In the 200-m individual medley, Phelps showed complete dominance. On July 24, in the semifinals of the 200-m IM, Phelps broke his own world record with a time of 1:57.52.[27] On July 25, in the final of the 200-m IM, Phelps smashed his own record with a time of 1:56.04 to win the gold medal and finished almost 3 seconds ahead of Ian Thorpe.[28] About an hour before the final of the 200-m IM, Phelps swam in the semifinals of the 100-m butterfly. Phelps again showed dominance, finishing in the top seed with a world record time of 51.47.[29] However, in the final of the 100-m butterfly, on July 26, Ian Crocker erased Phelps' world record with a time of 50.98, to become the first man under 51 seconds. Phelps swam a 51.10 (also under his former world record), but had to settle for silver.[30] In the final of the 400-m individual medley, on July 27, Phelps broke his own world record with a time of 4:09.09 to easily claim the gold medal.[31] About half an hour later, Phelps earned his final gold medal when the United States team won the 4×100-m medley relay.[32] Phelps did not swim in the finals, but still earned a medal because he swam in the heats.[33]
At the 2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials, Phelps competed in six events, including the 200- and 400-m IM, the 100- and 200-m butterfly, the 200-m freestyle, and the 200-m backstroke.[34] In his first event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps easily won with a world record time of 4:08.41.[35] Two days later, in the 200-m freestyle, Phelps won with a time of 1:46.27, finishing sixth-tenths of a second ahead of Klete Keller.[36] Phelps, however, was not pleased with the result and wanted to be in the 1:45s and was uncertain if he would swim the event in Athens.[37] The following day, Phelps won in the 200-m butterfly with a time of 1:54.31, three seconds ahead of second place finisher Tom Malchow.[38] After two days off, Phelps was back in the pool and finished second to Aaron Peirsol in the 200-m backstroke.[39] Less than half an hour later, Phelps won the 200 m individual medley title ahead of Ryan Lochte by 2.70 seconds.[40][41] The following day, Phelps finished second to Ian Crocker in the 100 m butterfly. Crocker won in a time of 50.76, a world record and 0.39 seconds ahead of Phelps.[42] When the Trials were over, Phelps became the first person to qualify in six individual events for a U.S. Olympic team.[43] However, Phelps dropped the 200-m backstroke to focus on the 200-m freestyle because he wanted to race Ian Thorpe.[43] Even though Phelps didn't compete in the 100-m freestyle at the Trials, he was still selected for the 4×10-m freestyle relay. Gary Hall, Jr. thought this was unfair and said Phelps did not deserve a spot on the relay. Phelps argued his program was too crowded to compete in 100-m freestyle and was at least among the top four swimmers because he had beaten the top-seeded Jason Lezak the last time he had swum against him.[44]
In his first event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps won with a world record time of 4:08.26 to win his first Olympic gold medal.[45][46] The following day, in the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Ian Crocker, Neil Walker, and Jason Lezak, finished in third place with a time of 3:14.62.[47][48] Crocker's lead-off time of 50.05 was the worst among the field and was blamed on sickness.[49][50] In the event many were calling The Race of the Century, held the following day, Phelps finished in third place behind Ian Thorpe and Pieter van den Hoogenband in the 200-m freestyle.[51][52] Although this race ended the chance to match Spitz's record, Phelps had savored the challenge even though it was not his strongest event, saying "How can I be disappointed? I swam in a field with the two fastest freestylers of all time".[53] In his fourth event, the 200-m butterfly, held the following day, Phelps finished first with a time of 1:54.04, breaking Tom Malchow's Olympic record.[54][55] About an hour later, in the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Ryan Lochte, Peter Vanderkaay, and Klete Keller, finished in first place with a time of 7:07.33.[56] Two days later, in the 200-m individual medley, Phelps finished first with a time of 1:57.14, an Olympic record.[57] In the 100-m butterfly final, held the following day, Phelps defeated American teammate Ian Crocker (who held the world record in the event at the time) by just 0.04 seconds with a time of 51.25.[58][59] Traditionally, the Olympian who places highest in an individual event will be automatically given the corresponding leg of the 4×100 m medley relay. This gave Phelps an automatic entry into the medley relay, but he deferred and Crocker swam instead.[59][60] Phelps' gesture gave Crocker a chance to make amends as well getting his final shot at a gold medal.[60] The American medley team went on to win the event in world-record time, and, since Phelps had raced in a preliminary heat of the medley relay, he was also awarded a gold medal along with the team members who competed in the final.[61][62] In winning six gold and two bronze medals, Phelps, still a teenager, had the second-best performance ever at a single Olympics, behind Mark Spitz's seven gold medals in Munich in 1972. Also, he became the second male swimmer ever to win more than two individual titles at a single Games with four, tying Spitz's four from 1972.
Victory lap of the 100 m butterfly during the 2005 FINA World Championships in Montréal. Phelps is far right.
At the 2005 World Championship Trials, Phelps decided to drop his specialty events, the 400-m individual medley and the 200-m butterfly, and experiment with the 400-m freestyle and the 100-m freestyle.[63] Phelps went on to win the 400-m freestyle, the 200-m freestyle, the 100-m butterfly, the 100-m freestyle, and the 200-m individual medley at the Trials.[64][65][66][67][68]
At the 2005 World Aquatics Championships, Phelps won a total of six medals, 5 golds and one silver.[69] In the 400-m freestyle, Phelps did not make it past the preliminary heats and finished 18th overall with a time of 3:50.53.[70] Later that day, in the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps won his first gold in the Championships.[71] Two days later, on July 26, Phelps won his second gold in the 2000m freestyle with a new American record time of 1:45.20, finishing ahead of Grant Hackett.[72] Two days later, on July 28, Phelps finished 7th in the 100-m freestyle final.[73] Later that day, Phelps won his third gold in the 200-m individual medley.[74] On July 29, Phelps, along with Ryan Lochte, Peter Vanderkaay and Klete Keller, won the gold in the 4×200-m freestyle relay with a time of 7:06.58. This was the fourth gold medal for Phelps.[75] On July 30, Phelps swam in his last individual event, the 100-m butterfly. In the final, Phelps could not match the speed of Ian Crocker and had to settle for silver, finishing 51.65 to 50.40.[76] On July 31, Phelps earned his final gold medal when the United States team won the 4×100-m medley relay.[77] Phelps did not swim in the finals but still earned a medal because he swam in the heats.[78]
| Pan Pacific medal record |
| 2006 Victoria – Men's swimming |
| Competitor for the USA |
| Gold |
200 m butterfly |
1:53.80 (WR) |
| Gold |
200 m individual medley |
1:55.84 (WR) |
| Gold |
400 m individual medley |
4:10.47 |
| Gold |
4×100 m freestyle relay |
3:12.46 (WR) |
| Gold |
4×200 m freestyle relay |
7:05.28 |
| Silver |
200 m backstroke |
1:56.81 |
At the 2006 National Championships, Phelps won a total of three events.[79] In his first event, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps won with a time of 1:54.32.[80] In his second event, the 100-m butterfly, Phelps just edged out Ian Crocker 51.51 to 51.73.[81] In his third event, the 200-m individual medley, Phelps won with a time of 1:56.50, just ahead of Ryan Lochte's time of 1:56.78.[82]
At the 2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Victoria, Phelps won five gold medals and one silver.[83] In his first event, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps won in a world record time of 1:53.80, his first world record in two years.[84] In his second event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps easily won with a time of 4:10.47, 3.38 seconds ahead of second place finisher Robert Margalis.[85] In his third event, the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Ryan Lochte, Peter Vanderkaay, and Klete Keller, won the gold medal with a time of 7:05.28.[86] In his fourth event, the 200-m backstroke, Phelps won the silver medal, finishing behind Aaron Peirsol 1:56.81 to 1:54.44.[87] In his fifth event, the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps, along with Neil Walker, Cullen Jones, and Jason Lezak, won the gold medal with a world-record time 3:12.46.[88] In his sixth event, the 200-m individual medley, Phelps won with a world record time of 1:55.84, breaking his record of 1:55.94 set in 2003.[89]
At the 2007 World Aquatics Championships, Phelps won seven gold medals, tying the record, and broke five world records.[90] Phelps first gold medal came in the 4×100-m freestyle. Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 48.42 and Neil Walker, Cullen Jones and Jason Lezak each expanded the lead to win in a Championship record of 3:12.72, just missing the world record of 3:12.46 set the previous year.[91] Phelps set his first world record in the Championships in the 200-m freestyle, his second race. Phelps won the gold ahead of Pieter van den Hoogenband and broke Ian Thorpe's six-year-old world record with a time of 1:43.86.[92] For his third race, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps won the gold and bettered his own world record of 1:53.71 with a time of 1:52.09.[93] For his fourth race, the 200-m individual medley, Phelps set his third world record with a time of 1:54.98, bettering his own world-record time of 1:55.84[94] For his fifth race, the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 1:45.36 as the American team of Ryan Lochte, Klete Keller, and Peter Vanderkaay went on to win the gold medal and beat the previous world record set by Australia in 2001 with a time 7:03.24.[95] For his sixth race, the 100-m butterfly, Phelps edged out Ian Crocker 50.77 to 50.82 to win his sixth gold medal.[96] For his seventh event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps won the gold medal in a world-record time of 4:06.22, more than 3.5 seconds ahead of Ryan Lochte.[97] The 4×100-m medley relay team would have competed in the final, but received a disqualification for a false start during a changeover in the heats, ending Phelps' chance of eight gold medals.[98]
At the 2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials, Phelps competed in six individual events. In his first event, the 400-m individual medley, Phelps broke his own world record of 4:06.22 with a time of 4:05.25.[99] In his second event, the 200-m freestyle, Phelps won with a time of 1:44.10, ahead of Peter Vanderkaay's time 1:45.85.[100] In his third event, the 100-m freestyle, Phelps placed second in his heat with a time of 47.92, ensuring him a spot on the relay.[101] In his fourth event, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps won with a time of 1:52.20.[102] In his fifth event, the 200-m individual medley, Phelps broke his own world record of 1:54.98 with a time of 1:54.80.[103] In his sixth and final event, the 100-m butterfly, Phelps won with a time of 50.89.[104] When asked about his chances of winning eight gold medals in Beijing, Phelps said, "I am going to prepare for that meet just like I do every other meet ... There is only so much I can do in a month and then I am going to prepare myself the best that I can."[105]
Phelps set an Olympic record in the preliminary heats of the men's 400-m individual medley.[106][107] He followed that up in the final by winning the gold medal, as well as breaking his previous world record by nearly two seconds.[108][109]
Phelps swam the first leg of the men's 4×100-m freestyle relay in a time of 47.51 seconds (an American record for the 100-m freestyle), and won his second gold medal of the 2008 Olympics, as well as setting his second world record of the Olympics (3:08.24).[110] Teammate Jason Lezak, after beginning the anchor leg more than half a body length behind Alain Bernard, managed to finish ahead of the second-place French team by eight hundredths of a second. The top five teams in the final finished ahead of the world record of 3:12.23 set the previous day by the American B team in a preliminary heat.[111]
For his third race, Phelps broke his previous world record in the 200-m freestyle by nearly a second and won his third gold medal. He also set his third world record at the Olympics, 1:42.96, winning by nearly two seconds over silver medalist Park Tae-Hwan.[112] In this race, Phelps became only the fifth Olympic athlete in modern history to win nine gold medals, joining Mark Spitz, Larisa Latynina, Paavo Nurmi, and Carl Lewis.[113]
The next day, Phelps participated in two finals. In his first event, the 200 m butterfly, Phelps made it four gold medals and world records in four events by swimming the final in 1:52.03, defeating silver medalist László Cseh by almost seven-tenths of a second despite his goggles' having filled up with water and being unable to "see anything for the last 100 meters.[114] This fourth gold medal was his tenth, and made him the all-time leader for most Olympic gold medals won by an individual in the modern Olympic era.[115]
Less than one hour after his gold medal victory in the 200-m butterfly, Phelps swam the lead-off leg of the 4×200-m freestyle relay. With Lochte, Ricky Berens, and Peter Vanderkaay, he won his fifth gold and set his fifth world record as the American team finished first with a time of 6:58.56. The Americans were the first team to break the seven-minute mark in the relay, and broke the previous record, set in Melbourne, Australia, by more than four and a half seconds.[116]
After taking a day off from finals (Phelps did swim in qualifying heats), Phelps won his sixth gold of the Beijing Games on August 15 by winning the 200-m individual medley with a world record time of 1:54.23, finishing ahead of Cseh by over two seconds.[117]
Before the final of the 100-m butterfly, Serbian-American swimmer Milorad Čavić caused a minor stir when he said it would be "good" if Phelps lost. "It'd be good for him if he loses. It would be nice if historians talk about Michael Phelps winning seven gold medals and losing the eight to 'some guy.' I'd like to be that guy", Čavić said.[118] Phelps responded, "When people say things like that, it fires me up more than anything."[119] On August 16, Phelps won his seventh gold medal of the Games in the men's 100-m butterfly, setting an Olympic record for the event with a time of 50.58 seconds and edging out his nearest competitor Čavić, by 1/100 of a second.[120]
Unlike all six of his previous events in the 2008 Games, Phelps did not set a new world record, leaving intact Ian Crocker's world-record time of 50.40 seconds, set in 2005.
Phelps's 0.01-second finish ahead of Čavić prompted the Serbian delegation to file a protest. Subsequent analysis of the video by the FINA panel, which required analyzing frames shot 1/10,000th of a second apart, was used to officially confirm Phelps's victory,[121] but the images were not immediately released to the press. The initial refusal by official timekeeper Omega to release underwater photos of the finish also raised questions due to Phelps's sponsorship relationship with Omega.[122] Čavić later wrote in his blog, "People, this is the greatest moment of my life. If you ask me, it should be accepted and we should move on. I've accepted defeat, and there's nothing wrong with losing to the greatest swimmer there has ever been".[123] However, in August 2009, Omega officials admitted that while Čavić "for sure" touched the wall first, "Phelps did it more forcefully," thus registering the time first.[124]
| Epic. It goes to show you that not only is this guy the greatest swimmer of all time and the greatest Olympian of all time, he's maybe the greatest athlete of all time. He's the greatest racer who ever walked the planet. |
| —Mark Spitz (on Phelps winning his 7th gold medal)[125] |
Phelps's seventh gold medal of the Games tied Mark Spitz's record for gold medals won in a single Olympic Games, set in the 1972 Olympics. It was also his fifth individual gold medal in Beijing, tying the record for individual gold medals at a single Games originally set by Eric Heiden in the 1980 Winter Olympics and equaled by Vitaly Scherbo at the 1992 Summer Games. Said Phelps upon setting his seventh-straight Olympic record of the Games in as many events, "Dream as big as you can dream, and anything is possible ... I am sort of in a dream world. Sometimes I have to pinch myself to make sure it is real."
Michael Phelps celebrates with his team-mates after winning his 8th gold medal.
On August 17, Phelps won his eighth gold medal in the men's 4×100-m medley relay, breaking Mark Spitz's record of seven gold medals won in a single Olympic Games, which had stood since 1972.[126] Phelps, along with teammates Brendan Hansen, Aaron Peirsol, and Jason Lezak, set a new world record in the event with a time of 3 minutes and 29.34 seconds, 0.7 seconds ahead of second-place Australia and 1.34 seconds faster than the previous record set by the United States at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. When Phelps dived in to swim the 100-m butterfly leg, the third leg of the 400-meter medley, the United States had been trailing Australia and Japan. Phelps completed his split in 50.1 seconds, the fastest butterfly split ever for the event, giving teammate Jason Lezak a more than half-second lead for the final leg, which he would hold onto to clinch the event in world record time.[127] Said Phelps, upon completing the event that awarded him his eighth gold medal and eighth Olympic record in as many events, "Records are always made to be broken no matter what they are ... Anybody can do anything that they set their mind to."[128]
At the 2009 National Championships, Phelps drastically shortened his program, swimming in only three individual events. In his first event, the 200-m freestyle, Phelps won with a time of 1:44.23.[129] In his second event, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps easily won with a time of 1:52.76, 0.88 seconds ahead of the second place finisher.[130] In his third event, the 100-m butterfly, Phelps won with a world-record time of 50.22.[131]
Phelps (center) before the start of the 200 m butterfly semifinal during 2009 FINA World Championships.
At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, Phelps won a total of 6 medals, 5 golds and 1 silver. In his first event, the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 47.78, well off his 47.51 performance in Beijing, but the American team was able to edge out Russia and France for the gold.[132] For his second race, the 200-m freestyle, Phelps lost his first race in four years to Germany's Paul Biedermann. Phelps touched second in 1:43.22, but Biedermann smashed Phelps' record of 1:42.96 set in Beijing a year ago with a time of 1:42.00.[133] Phelps took the silver graciously, but coach Bob Bowman threatened to withdraw Phelps from international competition because Bowman claimed Biedermann had an unfair advantage because he was wearing a full polyurethane swim suit, specifically an Arena X-Glide. Bowman said, "It took me five years to get Michael from 1:46 to 1:42 and this guy has done it in 11 months. That's an amazing training performance. I'd like to know how to do that."[134] Phelps rebounded from this loss and for his third race, the 200-m butterfly, Phelps won the gold and broke his own world record of 1:52.03 with a time of 1:51.51.[135] For his fourth race, the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 1:44.49 as the team went on to win the gold medal and break the world record set the previous year.[136] After his loss in the 200-m freestyle, many thought Phelps was vulnerable coming into the final for the 100-m butterfly.[137] His closest competitor, Milorad Čavić, who wore an Arena X-Glide (the same suit Biedermann beat Phelps with), thought people were making excuses for Phelps because he was wearing an LZR Racer. Čavić even offered to buy Phelps a new suit.[138] For his fifth race, the 100-m butterfly, Phelps won the gold and became the first man to complete it in under 50 seconds, beating Čavić 49.82 to 49.95.[139] The victory prompted a fierce celebration from Phelps, who sat on the lane rope and pumped his chest and swimsuit.[140] For his final event, the 4×100-m medley relay, Phelps won his fifth gold medal. Phelps, along with teammates Aaron Peirsol, Eric Shanteau, and David Walters, set a new world record in the event with a time of 3 minutes and 27.28 seconds.[141]
| Pan Pacific medal record |
| 2010 Irvine – Men's swimming |
| Competitor for the USA |
| Gold |
100 m butterfly |
50.86 |
| Gold |
200 m butterfly |
1:54.11 |
| Gold |
4×100 m freestyle relay |
3:11.74 |
| Gold |
4×200 m freestyle relay |
7:03.84 |
| Gold |
4×100 m medley relay |
3:32.48 |
At the 2010 National Championships, Phelps competed in five individual events. In the 200-m freestyle, Phelps won ahead of Ryan Lochte in a time of 1:45.61.[142] About an hour later, Phelps returned to the pool to win the 200-m butterfly.[143] But Phelps was not happy with his performance and called it the "worst" 200-m butterfly of his life. In the 100-m butterfly, Phelps won his 50th national title in 50.65.[144] After the race, Phelps said he was "fairly pleased" with the result.[145][146] In the 200-m individual medley, Phelps finished second to Lochte 1:55.94 to 1:54.84.[147] It was the first time Lochte had beat Phelps in a major national meet.[148] In the 200-m backstroke, Phelps finished in 4th place in 1:56.98.[149]
On the first day of competition at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, Phelps opted out swimming in the final of the 200-m freestyle to focus on the 200-m butterfly. In the 200-m butterfly, Phelps led from start to finish, coming in first with a time of 1:54.11. Although it was much slower than his 1:51.51 time from the previous year, Phelps has not lost a 200-m butterfly final since 2002.[150][151] On day two of the competition, Phelps swam in the heats of the 400-m individual medley and contributed in the 4×200-m freestyle relay. In the heats of the 400-m individual medley, Phelps failed to make the A final, with Lochte and Tyler Clary taking the top two American positions.[152] Phelps did not swim in the B final of the 400-m individual medley. In the 4×200-m freestyle relay, Phelps, with Peter Vanderkaay, Ricky Berens, and Lochte, finished first ahead of Japan and Australia.[153] On day three of the competition, Phelps competed in the 100-m butterfly and contributed in the 4×100-m freestyle relay. In the 100-m butterfly, Phelps finished first in a time of 50.86, a championship record.[154] In the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps, with Lochte, Jason Lezak, and Nathan Adrian, finished first ahead of Australia and South Africa. As the lead-off leg in the 4×100-m freestyle relay, Phelps set the championship record in the 100-m freestyle with a time of 48.13.[155] In his final event, Phelps swam in the 4×100-m medley relay with Aaron Peirsol, Mark Gangloff, and Adrian and finished first ahead of Japan and Australia.[156]
In his first event at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, Phelps won bronze in the 4×100-m freestyle relay with Garrett Weber-Gale, Jason Lezak, and Nathan Adrian.[157] This was Phelps' first bronze in a World Aquatics Championships. Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 48.08, the second-best lead-off in the field behind James Magnussen's 47.49. In his second event, the 200-m freestyle, Phelps won silver for the second consecutive time at a World Aquatics Championships. This time he finished second to Ryan Lochte in the event with a time of 1:44.79, compared to Lochte's time of 1:44.44.[158] In his third final, the 200-m butterfly, he won his first gold medal with a time of 1:53.34 to become the first swimmer to win five gold medals in one discipline at the World Aquatics Championships.[159] In his fourth event, the 200-m individual medley, Phelps again finished second to Lochte in a personal best of 1:54.16, which was 0.16 behind Lochte who swam a new world record.[160] It was Phelps' 30th medal in the World Aquatics Championships. Shortly after completing the semifinals of the 100-m butterfly, Phelps competed in the 4×200-m freestyle relay with Peter Vanderkaay, Ricky Berens, and Ryan Lochte. Phelps' team won the gold medal in a time of 7:02.67. Phelps swam the lead-off leg in 1:45.53, the third-best leg in the field.[161] In the 100-m butterfly, Phelps won his third consecutive title (also winning in 2007 and 2009) and second individual title of the meet with a time of 50.71.[162] In his last event, the 4×100-m medley relay, Phelps teamed with Nick Thoman, Mark Gangloff, and Nathan Adrian to win gold in a time of 3:32.06. Phelps' butterfly leg of 50.57 was by far the fastest butterfly leg in the field.[163]
Phelps has said he will compete at the 2012 Summer Olympics but it would likely be his last Olympics.[164][165] For the 2012 Olympics, Phelps has stated he will never do eight events again and will try new events. Phelps has said he will for sure drop the 400-m individual medley from his program, but his other events are in question. Phelps said, "I keep saying I want to go down and start sprinting, but Bob really isn't so keen on that ... I don't think that's going to happen ... Over the next four years, I'd like to try some different events, maybe not do some of the events I did here."[166][167]
Michael Phelps starting a race, Santa Clara, California, 2009.
A few physical attributes particularly suit Phelps to swimming: his long, thin torso offers low drag; his arms span 6 feet 7 inches (201 cm)—disproportionate to his height of 6 feet 4 inches (193 cm)—and act as long, propulsive "paddles"; his relatively short legs lower drag, and perhaps add the speed enhancement of a hydrofoil; his size-14 feet provide the effect of flippers; and his hypermobile ankles can extend beyond the pointe of a ballet dancer, enabling him to whip his feet as if they were fins for maximum thrust through the water.[168]
Throughout the 2008 Olympics, Phelps was questioned by the press as to whether perhaps his feats were "too good to be true", a reference to unsupported rumors that Phelps might be taking performance enhancing drugs.[169][170] In response, Phelps noted that he had signed up for Project Believe, a project by the United States Anti-Doping Agency in which U.S. Olympians can volunteer to be tested in excess of the World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines.[171] During the Games, Phelps was tested nine times, and passed all of them.[172][173]
Phelps has trained under Bob Bowman since he was 11 years old.[174] Bowman swam for Florida State University from 1983 to 1985.[175] Phelps has said Bowman reminded him of a drill sergeant because of his disciplined and regimented ways.[176] However, Phelps has said, "Training with Bob is the smartest thing I've ever done ... I'm not going to swim for anyone else."[177] After the 2004 Summer Olympics, Bowman was hired as the head coach for the University of Michigan after Jon Urbanchek retired. Phelps joined Bowman at Michigan to train and even took a few classes, but did not pursue a degree.[178][179] After the 2008 Summer Olympics, Bowman returned to Baltimore as CEO at the North Baltimore Aquatic Club. Phelps also returned to Baltimore with Bowman.[180]
Michael Phelps at Santa Clara, California, 2009.
Bob Bowman described Phelps as "a solitary man"[181] with a "rigid focus"[6] at the pool prior to a race, but afterwards "a man incredibly invested in the success of the people he cares about".[6] "He's unbelievably kind-hearted",[181] recounting Phelps's interaction with young children after practices.[6]
In November 2004, at the age of 19, Phelps was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol in Salisbury, Maryland.[182] He pleaded guilty to driving while impaired the following month and was granted probation before judgment and ordered to serve 18 months' probation, fined $250, obligated to speak to high school students about drinking and driving and had to attend a Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) meeting.[183] Questioned about the incident later that month by Matt Lauer on the Today Show, Phelps said it was an "isolated incident" and that he had "definitely let myself down and my family down ... I think I let a lot of people in the country down."[6]
In early 2009, Phelps admitted to "behavior which was regrettable and demonstrated bad judgment" following the publication of a photo by the British tabloid, The News of the World, showing him using a bong, a device used for smoking tobacco or marijuana.[184] Following an investigation, the Richland County Sheriff's Department announced on February 16 that Phelps would not be prosecuted in connection with the incident because there was not enough evidence.[185] USA Swimming suspended Phelps from swimming competitively for three months, and Kellogg's announced that it would not renew his endorsement contract.[186]
Phelps idolized Australian Ian Thorpe as a teenager, modelling his public image after him.[187] Thorpe initially said it was highly unlikely for Phelps to win eight gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.[188] His remarks were used by Phelps, who stuck them on his locker as motivation during the Games.[189] Thorpe was in the stands for the men's 4×100 meter medley relay, where Phelps was swimming for his eighth Olympic title. When Phelps and his teammates captured the gold, Thorpe gave a congratulatory kiss to Phelps' mother, then gave a handshake and a hug to congratulate Phelps. Thorpe afterwards said "I'm really proud of him not just because he won eight golds. Rather, it's how much he has grown up and matured into a great human being. Never in my life have I been so happy to have been proved wrong. I enjoyed every moment of it."[126] He added, "I just couldn't envision it happening. And I didn't think he would get all eight, not because Michael couldn't win, but because of the competition. It's been a very tough week to get through. I couldn't do it. You couldn't imagine much closer races. The 4×100 free goes down as one of the all-time great races."[190][191]
After the 2008 Olympics, Phelps used his $1 million Speedo bonus to set up the Michael Phelps Foundation.[192][193] His foundation focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles.[194]
In 2010 the Michael Phelps Foundation, the Michael Phelps Swim School and KidsHealth.Org developed and nationally piloted the im program for Boys & Girls Club members. The im program teaches children the importance of being active and healthy, with a focus on the sport of swimming. It also promotes the value of planning and goal-setting.[195]
Phelps was a USA Olympic Team Member in 2000, 2004, and 2008, and holds the records for most Olympic gold medals (14), most such medals in individual events (9), and most such medals at a single games (8, in Beijing 2008).[4] A street in his hometown of Baltimore was re-named The Michael Phelps Way in 2004.[196] On April 9, 2009, Phelps was invited to appear before the Maryland House of Delegates and the Maryland Senate, to be honored for his Olympic accomplishments.[197]
Phelps has also received the following awards:
- World Swimmer of the Year Award: 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009[198]
- American Swimmer of the Year Award: 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009[198][199]
- Golden Goggle Male Performance of the Year: 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009[4]
- Golden Goggle Relay Performance of the Year: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009[4]
- Golden Goggle Male Athlete of the Year: 2004, 2007, 2008[4]
- USOC SportsMan of the Year Award: 2004, 2008[200]
- James E. Sullivan Award: 2003[201]
- Laureus World Sports Sportsman of the Year Award (Nominated): 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009[202][203][204][205]
- Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year: 2008[206]
With 39 world records (29 individual, 10 relay) as of 02009-12-19December 19, 2009, Phelps has set more records than any other swimmer, surpassing Mark Spitz's previous record of 33 world records (26 individual, 7 relay). All but two of the records were set in a long-course (50-meter) pool; records that currently stand are indicated in bold. Currently, he holds seven world records.
| No. |
Distance |
Event |
Time |
Location |
Date |
Ref |
| 1 |
200 m |
Butterfly |
1:54.92 |
Austin, Texas, US |
02001-03-30March 30, 2001 |
[207] |
| 2 |
200 m |
Butterfly (2) |
1:54.58 |
Fukuoka, Japan |
02001-07-24July 24, 2001 |
[207] |
| 3 |
400 m |
Individual medley |
4:11.09 |
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, US |
02002-08-15August 15, 2002 |
[208] |
| 4 |
4×100 m |
Medley relay[a] |
3:33.48 |
Yokohama, Japan |
02002-08-29August 29, 2002 |
[209] |
| 5 |
400 m |
Individual medley (2) |
4:10.73 |
Indianapolis, Indiana, US |
02003-04-06April 6, 2003 |
[210] |
| 6 |
200 m |
Individual medley |
1:57.94 |
Santa Clara, California, US |
02003-06-29June 29, 2003 |
[211] |
| 7 |
200 m |
Butterfly (3) |
1:53.93 |
Barcelona, Spain |
02003-07-22July 22, 2003 |
[212] |
| 8 |
200 m |
Individual medley (2) |
1:57.52 |
Barcelona, Spain |
02003-07-24July 24, 2003 |
[212] |
| 9 |
100 m |
Butterfly |
0:51.47 |
Barcelona, Spain |
02003-07-25July 25, 2003 |
[212] |
| 10 |
200 m |
Individual medley (3) |
1:56.04 |
Barcelona, Spain |
02003-07-25July 25, 2003 |
[212] |
| 11 |
400 m |
Individual medley (3) |
4:09.09 |
Barcelona, Spain |
02003-07-27July 27, 2003 |
[212] |
| 12 |
200 m |
Individual medley (4) |
1:55.94 |
College Park, Maryland, US |
02003-08-09August 9, 2003 |
[213] |
| 13 |
400 m |
Individual medley (4) |
4:08.41 |
Long Beach, California, US |
02004-07-07July 7, 2004 |
[214] |
| 14 |
400 m |
Individual medley (5) |
4:08.26 |
Athens, Greece |
02004-08-14August 14, 2004 |
[215] |
| 15 |
200 m |
Butterfly (4) |
1:53.80 |
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |
02006-08-17August 17, 2006 |
[216] |
| 16 |
4×100 m |
Freestyle relay[b] |
3:12.46 |
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |
02006-08-19August 19, 2006 |
[216] |
| 17 |
200 m |
Individual medley (5) |
1:55.84 |
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |
02006-08-20August 20, 2006 |
[216] |
| 18 |
200 m |
Butterfly (5) |
1:53.71 |
Columbia, Missouri, US |
02007-02-17February 17, 2007 |
[217] |
| 19 |
200 m |
Freestyle |
1:43.86 |
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
02007-03-27March 27, 2007 |
[218] |
| 20 |
200 m |
Butterfly (6) |
1:52.09 |
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
02007-03-28March 28, 2007 |
[218] |
| 21 |
200 m |
Individual medley (6) |
1:54.98 |
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
02007-03-29March 29, 2007 |
[218] |
| 22 |
4×200 m |
Freestyle relay[c] |
7:03.24 |
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
02007-03-30March 30, 2007 |
[218] |
| 23 |
400 m |
Individual medley (6) |
4:06.22 |
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia |
02007-04-01April 1, 2007 |
[218] |
| 24 |
400 m |
Individual medley (7) |
4:05.25 |
Omaha, Nebraska, US |
02008-06-29June 29, 2008 |
[219] |
| 25 |
200 m |
Individual medley (7) |
1:54.80 |
Omaha, Nebraska, US |
02008-07-04July 4, 2008 |
[219] |
| 26 |
400 m |
Individual medley (8) |
4:03.84 |
Beijing, China |
02008-08-10August 10, 2008 |
[220] |
| 27 |
4×100 m |
Freestyle relay (2)[d] |
3:08.24 |
Beijing, China |
02008-08-11August 11, 2008 |
[220] |
| 28 |
200 m |
Freestyle (2) |
1:42.96 |
Beijing, China |
02008-08-12August 12, 2008 |
[221] |
| 29 |
200 m |
Butterfly (7) |
1:52.03 |
Beijing, China |
02008-08-13August 13, 2008 |
[222] |
| 30 |
4×200 m |
Freestyle relay (2)[e] |
6:58.56 |
Beijing, China |
02008-08-13August 13, 2008 |
[223] |
| 31 |
200 m |
Individual medley (8) |
1:54.23 |
Beijing, China |
02008-08-15August 15, 2008 |
[224] |
| 32 |
4×100 m |
Medley relay (2)[a] |
3:29.34 |
Beijing, China |
02008-08-17August 17, 2008 |
[225] |
| 33 |
100 m |
Butterfly (2) |
0:50.22 |
Indianapolis, Indiana, US |
02009-07-09July 9, 2009 |
[226] |
| 34 |
200 m |
Butterfly (8) |
1:51.51 |
Rome, Italy |
02009-07-29July 29, 2009 |
[227] |
| 35 |
4×200 m |
Freestyle relay (3)[f] |
6:58.55 |
Rome, Italy |
02009-07-31July 31, 2009 |
[227] |
| 36 |
100 m |
Butterfly (3) |
0:49.82 |
Rome, Italy |
02009-08-01August 1, 2009 |
[227] |
| 37 |
4×100 m |
Medley relay (3)[g] |
3:27.28 |
Rome, Italy |
02009-08-02August 2, 2009 |
[227] |
| 38 |
4×100 m |
Medley relay (sc)[h] |
3:20.71 |
Manchester, United Kingdom |
02009-12-18December 18, 2009 |
[228] |
| 39 |
4×100 m |
Freestyle relay (sc)[i] |
3:03.30 |
Manchester, United Kingdom |
02009-12-19December 19, 2009 |
[229] |
- a with Aaron Peirsol, Brendan Hansen, and Jason Lezak
- b with Neil Walker, Cullen Jones, and Jason Lezak
- c with Ryan Lochte, Klete Keller, and Peter Vanderkaay
- d with Garrett Weber-Gale, Cullen Jones, and Jason Lezak
- e with Ryan Lochte, Ricky Berens, and Peter Vanderkaay
- f with Ryan Lochte, Ricky Berens, and David Walters
- g with Aaron Peirsol, Eric Shanteau and David Walters
- h short course record with Nick Thoman, Mark Gangloff and Nathan Adrian
- i short course record with Nathan Adrian, Matt Grevers and Garrett Weber-Gale
- ^ "Michael Phelps biography and family!". FAQGO.com. 2008-08-10. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. http://www.webcitation.org/5sG7LpKho. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ^ Harris, Nick (2008-08-11). "'Baltimore Bullet' has history in his sights". The Independent (London). Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. http://www.webcitation.org/5sFuQpI5B. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ^ "'Flying Fish' Phelps largely unknown in China". MSNBC.com. 2008-08-17. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26249018/ns/beijing_olympics-beijing_olympics_news/t/flying-fish-phelps-largely-unknown-china/. Retrieved 2012-04-21.
- ^ a b c d e f "USA Swimming bio: Michael Phelps". USA Swimming. http://www.usaswimming.org/DesktopModules/BioViewManaged.aspx?personid=4beec290-d7ae-483d-a512-36b18a4e022a&TabId=1453&Mid=10312. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b c d e "Phelps' voyage". The Baltimore Sun. 2008-08-03. Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. http://www.webcitation.org/5sWfHxTXl. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ^ a b Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 15.
- ^ http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/olympics08/phelps.htm
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 16.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 24.
- ^ Schaller, p. 4.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 85.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 78.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 88.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 92.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 109.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 110
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 111
- ^ a b Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 122.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 123.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 134.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 133.
- ^ "Phelps breaks fifth record at aquatic worlds". CBC. 2003-07-28. http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2003/07/27/phelps030727.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- ^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 200 m butterfly results (semifinal)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F74_ResSummary_216_Semifinal_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_116_Final_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 4×200 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_121_Final_Men_4x200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (semifinal)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F74_ResSummary_225_Semifinal_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_125_Final_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 100 m butterfly results (semifinal)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F74_ResSummary_229_Semifinal_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_129_Final_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 400 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_138_Final_Men_400_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 4×100 m medley relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F73_ResByHeat_140_Final_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2003 World Championships – Men's 4×100 m medley relay results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/F74_ResSummary_40_Prelim_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 179.
- ^ "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Men's 400 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/longbeach_2_2004/F73_ResByHeat_101_Final_Men_400_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Men's 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/longbeach_2_2004/F73_ResByHeat_107_Final_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 181.
- ^ "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Men's 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/longbeach_2_2004/F73_ResByHeat_112_Final_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Men's 200 m backstroke results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/longbeach_2_2004/F73_ResByHeat_118_Final_Men_200_Back.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 184.
- ^ "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/longbeach_2_2004/F73_ResByHeat_120_Final_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2004 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/longbeach_2_2004/F73_ResByHeat_123_Final_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ a b Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 186.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 191.
- ^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 400 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73A1_Res1Heat_101_Final_1_Men_400_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Schaller, p. 35.
- ^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 4×100 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73B1_Res1HeatRelay_112_Final_1_Men_4x100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Schaller, p. 36.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 202.
- ^ Schaller, p. 37.
- ^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73A1_Res1Heat_108_Final_1_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Schaller, p. 38.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 204.
- ^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73A1_Res1Heat_114_Final_1_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Schaller, p. 39.
- ^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 4×200 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73B1_Res1HeatRelay_119_Final_1_Men_4x200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73A1_Res1Heat_123_Final_1_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73A1_Res1Heat_127_Final_1_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ a b Schaller, p. 40.
- ^ a b Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 218.
- ^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 4×100 m medley relay results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C74B_ResSummaryRelay_32_Prelim_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad – Men's 4×100 m medley relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2004/athensog2004/C73B1_Res1HeatRelay_132_Final_1_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 243.
- ^ "2005 World Championship Trials – Men's 400 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/indianapolis2005/F73_ResByHeat_102_Finals_Men_400_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championship Trials – Men's 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/indianapolis2005/F73_ResByHeat_108_Finals_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championship Trials – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/indianapolis2005/F73_ResByHeat_113_Finals_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championship Trials – Men's 100 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/indianapolis2005/F73_ResByHeat_117_Finals_Men_100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championship Trials – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/indianapolis2005/F73_ResByHeat_119_Finals_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Schaller, p. 59.
- ^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 400 m freestyle results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F74_ResSummary_2_Heats_Men_400_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 4×100 m freestyle relay results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_108_Finals_Men_4x100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_110_Finals_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 100 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_119_Finals_Men_100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_121_Finals_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 4×200 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_132_Finals_Men_4x200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_130_Finals_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 4×100 m medley relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F73_ResByHeat_140_Finals_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2005 World Championships – Men's 4×100 m medley relay results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2005/montreal2005/F74_ResSummary_40_Heats_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 261.
- ^ "2006 ConocoPhillips National Championships – Men's 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/irvine1_2006/F73_ResByHeat_112_Finals_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2006 ConocoPhillips National Championships – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/irvine1_2006/F73_ResByHeat_115_Finals_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2006 ConocoPhillips National Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/irvine1_2006/F73_ResByHeat_122_Finals_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 264.
- ^ "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/F73_ResByHeat_108_Finals_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 400 m individual medley results (final)". http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/F73_ResByHeat_114_Finals_Men_400_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4×200 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/F74_ResSummary_16_Heats_Men_4x200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 m backstroke results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/F73_ResByHeat_122_Finals_Men_200_Back.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 4×100 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/F74_ResSummary_24_Heats_Men_4x100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/F73_ResByHeat_126_Finals_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Schaller, p. 60.
- ^ "12th FINA World Championships – Men's 4×100 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/F73_ResByHeat_108_Finals_Men_4x100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "12th FINA World Championships – Men's 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/F73_ResByHeat_110_Finals_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "12th FINA World Championships – Men's 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/F73_ResByHeat_115_Finals_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "12th FINA World Championships – Men's 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/F73_ResByHeat_121_Finals_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "12th FINA World Championships – Men's 4×200 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/F73_ResByHeat_132_Finals_Men_4x200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "12th FINA World Championships – Men's 100 m butterfly results (final)". http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/F73_ResByHeat_130_Finals_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "12th FINA World Championships – Men's 400 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/F73_ResByHeat_138_Finals_Men_400_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "12th FINA World Championships – 4×100 m medley relay results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/F74_ResSummary_40_Heats_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – 400 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2008/Omaha_b_2008/C73A1_Res1Heat_101_Finals_1_Men_400_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2008/Omaha_b_2008/C73A1_Res1Heat_107_Finals_1_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – 100 m freestyle results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2008/Omaha_b_2008/C74A_ResSummary_14_Heats_Men_100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2008/Omaha_b_2008/C73A1_Res1Heat_112_Finals_1_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2008/Omaha_b_2008/C73A1_Res1Heat_112_Finals_1_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2008/Omaha_b_2008/C73A1_Res1Heat_123_Finals_1_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ Schaller, p. 83.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 45.
- ^ Schaller, p. 117.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 52.
- ^ Schaller, p. 129.
- ^ Schaller, p. 145.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 97.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 129.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 130.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 151.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 152.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 176.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 184.
- ^ Schaller, p. 174.
- ^ Schaller, p. 183.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 206.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 207.
- ^ Longman, Jeré (2008-08-20). "By Withholding Photos, Olympic Timekeeper Draws Attention to Relationship With Phelps". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/21/sports/olympics/21longman.html?em. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ Clarey, Christopher (2008-08-16). "Cavic Finds a Personal Triumph in the Narrowest of Defeats". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/17/sports/olympics/17cavic.html. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "Omega admit Čavić Olympic injustice". B92. 2009-08-07. http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=08&dd=07&nav_id=61012. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ Schaller, p. 197.
- ^ a b Phelps, No Limits, p. 218.
- ^ "Phelps claims Olympic-record eighth gold medal with relay win". Sports Illustrated. 2008-08-17. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. http://www.webcitation.org/5sG5JFJkf. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ^ "Phelps wins historic eighth gold medal". CNN. 2008-08-17. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. http://www.webcitation.org/5sG5Q2gsk. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ^ "2009 National Championships – 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2009/Indy2009/C73A1_Res1Heat_109_Finals_1_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "2009 National Championships – 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2009/Indy2009/C73A1_Res1Heat_112_Finals_1_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ "2009 National Championships – 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2009/Indy2009/C73A1_Res1Heat_115_Finals_1_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
- ^ Karen Crouse (2009-07-27). "World Records Fall in Swimming, and It's Only Day 1". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/sports/27swim.html?hpw. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
- ^ "2009 World Championships – 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2009/Roma2009/C73A1_Res1Heat_110_Finals_1_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
- ^ "Coach threatens to pull Phelps". ESPN. Associated Press. 2009-07-28. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sV8rNIaM. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "Phelps bounces back from loss with record in 200-meter butterfly". Sports Illustrated. 2009-07-29. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. http://www.webcitation.org/5sG5hd9Od. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ^ Matt Daily and Braden Reddall (2009-07-31). "U.S. seals men's 4x200 relay title in record time". The US Daily. http://theusdaily.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=811304&type=home. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
- ^ "Phelps refrains from adding to the fire". Television New Zealand. (Reuters). 2009-07-31. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sV9OasMh. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "Cavic: I'll buy Phelps new suit". ESPN. 2009-07-31. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/swimming/news/story?id=4368336. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ^ John Kenny (2009-08-03). "Phelps goes under 50 seconds in 100m butterfly". The Irish Times. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2009/0803/1224251928081.html. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
- ^ Rebecca Bryan (2009-08-02). "Phelps savours triumph over rival Cavic". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/phelps-savours-triumph-over-rival-cavic-20090802-e5eb.html. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
- ^ Karen Crouse (2009-08-02). "Phelps Leaves Rome With Another Gold". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/03/sports/03swim.html. Retrieved 2009-08-05.
- ^ "2010 ConocoPhillips National Championships – 200 m freestyle results (final)". Omega Timing. http://omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvineUS/C73A1_Res1Heat_109_Finals_1_Men_200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
- ^ "2010 ConocoPhillips National Championships – 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvineUS/C73A1_Res1Heat_112_Finals_1_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
- ^ "2010 ConocoPhillips National Championships – 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvineUS/C73A1_Res1Heat_115_Finals_1_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
- ^ "No surprises -Phelps takes gold". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. 2010-08-06. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVA0avnx. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "Michael Phelps 'fairly pleased' after making history at US nationals". The Guardian (London). 2008-08-06. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVAbeby0. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "2010 ConocoPhillips National Championships – 200 m individual medley results (final)". Omega Timing. http://omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvineUS/C73A1_Res1Heat_122_Finals_1_Men_200_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
- ^ Dillman, Lisa (2010-08-06). "Ryan Lochte upsets Michael Phelps at national swimming championships". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/06/sports/la-sp-national-swimming-20100807. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
- ^ "2010 ConocoPhillips National Championships – 200 m backstroke results (final)". Omega Timing. http://omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvineUS/C73A1_Res1Heat_127_Finals_1_Men_200_Back.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
- ^ "2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – 200 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvinePPchampionships/C73A1_Res1Heat_108_Finals_1_Men_200_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
- ^ "Phelps extends dominance in 200 fly at Pan Pacs". Associated Press. 2010-08-18. Archived from the original on 2010-08-18. http://www.webcitation.org/5s5gsNxKs. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
- ^ "2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – 400 m individual medley results (heats)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvinePPchampionships/C74A_ResSummary_16_Heats_Men_400_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
- ^ "2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – 4×200 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvinePPchampionships/C74B_ResSummaryRelay_20_Heats_Men_4x200_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
- ^ "2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – 100 m butterfly results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvinePPchampionships/C73A1_Res1Heat_124_Finals_1_Men_100_Fly.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
- ^ "2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – 4×100 m freestyle relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvinePPchampionships/C74B_ResSummaryRelay_30_Heats_Men_4x100_Free.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
- ^ "2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships – 4×100 m medley relay results (final)". Omega Timing. http://omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2010/IrvinePPchampionships/C74B_ResSummaryRelay_140_Finals_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
- ^ "FINA World Championships, Swimming: Australia Stuns France, U.S. For Men's 400 Free Relay Triumph; Two New Textile Bests". Swimming World Magazine. 2011-07-24. http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/27647.asp?q=FINA-World-Championships,-Swimming:--Australia-Stuns-France,-U.S.-For-Men's-400-Free-Relay-Triumph;-Two-New-Textile-Bests. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
- ^ "FINA World Championships, Swimming: Ryan Lochte Bests Michael Phelps For 200 Free Gold". Swimming World Magazine. 2011-07-26. http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/27675.asp?q=FINA-World-Championships,-Swimming:-Ryan-Lochte-Bests-Michael-Phelps-For-200-Free-Gold. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
- ^ "FINA World Championships, Swimming: Michael Phelps Closes Out Takeshi Matsuda for Gold Medal". Swimming World Magazine. 2011-07-27. http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/27694.asp?q=FINA-World-Championships,-Swimming:-Michael-Phelps-Closes-Out-Takeshi-Matsuda-for-Gold-Medal. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
- ^ "FINA World Championships, Swimming: Ryan Lochte Sets First Post Techsuit-Era World Record". Swimming World Magazine. 2011-07-28. http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/27712.asp?=FINA-World-Championships,-Swimming:-Ryan-Lochte-Sets-First-Post-Techsuit-Era-World-Record. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
- ^ "FINA World Championships, Swimming: Ryan Lochte's Monster Anchor Leg Secures United States Victory in 800 Free Relay". Swimming World Magazine. 2011-07-29. http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/27740.asp?q=FINA-World-Championships,-Swimming:-Ryan-Lochte's-Monster-Anchor-Leg-Secures-United-States-Victory-in-800-Free-Relay. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
- ^ "FINA World Championships, Swimming: Michael Phelps Threepeats 100 Fly". Swimming World Magazine. 2011-07-30. http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/27755.asp?q=FINA-World-Championships,-Swimming:-Michael-Phelps-Threepeats-100-Fly. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
- ^ "FINA World Championships, Swimming: United States Edges Australia for 400 Medley Relay Win". Swimming World Magazine. 2011-07-31. http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/27775.asp?q=FINA-World-Championships,-Swimming:-United-States-Edges-Australia-for-400-Medley-Relay-Win. Retrieved 2011-07-31.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 224.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 225.
- ^ Schaller, p.228.
- ^ Schaller, p. 229.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 67.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 185.
- ^ "I'm clean , says history making Phelps". Daily News and Analysis. 2008-08-15. http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_i-m-clean-says-history-making-phelps_1183542. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Craig Lord (2008-07-02). "Michael Phelps shrugs off question of drugs". The Sunday Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/olympics/article4537584.ece. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Allan Maki (2008-08-15). "Phelps deals with doping questions". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/archives/article704542.ece. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Gina Kolata (2008-08-15). "So Far, Drug Testing Has Revealed Only a Few Positives". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/sports/olympics/16doping.html. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Schaller, p. 24.
- ^ Schaller, p. 22.
- ^ Schaller, p. 25.
- ^ Kevin Van Valkenburg (2008-08-16). "Opposites attract". The Baltimore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bal-te.sp.bowman16aug16,0,265609.story. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
- ^ Schaller, p. 45.
- ^ Schaller, p. 66.
- ^ Schaller, p. 27.
- ^ a b "Profile: Michael Phelps". The Sunday Times (London). 2008-08-17. Archived from the original on 2010-09-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5sZXr3cIe. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
- ^ Schaller, p. 42.
- ^ "Olympic Champ Sentenced For DUI". CBS News. 2004-12-29. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/08/national/main654380.shtml. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
- ^ "Michael Phelps: Behavior 'inappropriate'". The Baltimore Sun. 2009-02-02. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. http://www.webcitation.org/5sG4hWXFE. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ^ "Not enough evidence to charge Phelps, sheriff says". CNN. 2009-02-16. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. http://www.webcitation.org/5sG62yWfn. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ^ Juliet Macur (2009-02-05). "Phelps Disciplined Over Marijuana Pipe Incident". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/sports/othersports/06phelps.html?ref=sports. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 95.
- ^ Nicole Jeffery (2008-07-23). "Thorpe's doubt of eight gold sweep spurs Phelps". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/thorpes-doubt-of-eight-gold-sweep-spurs-phelps/story-e6frg7mo-1111116988410. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Phelps, Beneath the Surface, p. 281.
- ^ Schaller, p. 196.
- ^ Kaz Mochlinski (2008-08-20). "Ian Thorpe happy to have been proved wrong by Michael Phelps". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/olympics/2591815/Ian-Thorpe-happy-to-have-been-proved-wrong-by-Michael-Phelps-Olympics.html. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 227.
- ^ Bob Considine (2008-09-02). "Phelps to use $1 million bonus to start charity". TODAY People. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26506320/. Retrieved 2010-06-21.
- ^ Phelps, No Limits, p. 226.
- ^ Van Valkenburg, Kevin (6/24/2011). "Phelps expands swimming education initiative". http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bs-sp-phelps-foundation-0624-20110623,0,136720.story. Retrieved 8/4/2011.
- ^ "Athlete Bio: Michael Phelps". The New York Times. 2008-07-26. Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. http://www.webcitation.org/5sWfnpqdn. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ^ "Phelps wins over General Assembly, hopes Preakness stays in Maryland". Baltimore Sun. http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/local/politics/2009/04/michael_phelps_general_assembl.html. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ a b "Swimming World Magazine: Swimmers of the Year". Swimming World Magazine. 2009-12-01. http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/SwimmersOfTheYear.asp. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ^ "Swimming World Names 2009 American Swimmers of the Year". Swimming World Magazine. 2009-11-29. Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. http://www.webcitation.org/5sWbpfsY0. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ^ "USOC Athletes of the Year". United States Olympic Committee. http://www.teamusa.org/resources/olympic-facts-figures/olympic-honors/usoc-athletes-of-the-year. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ^ Freeman, Rick (2004-04-13). "Phelps joins prestigious Sullivan list". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. http://www.webcitation.org/5sWdylZVP. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ^ "Nominees archive (2004)". Laureus.com. http://www.laureus.com/nominees?year=2004. Retrieved 2010-09-05. [dead link]
- ^ "Nominees archive (2005)". Laureus.com. http://www.laureus.com/nominees?year=2005. Retrieved 2010-09-05. [dead link]
- ^ "Nominees archive (2008)". Laureus.com. http://www.laureus.com/nominees?year=2008. Retrieved 2010-09-05. [dead link]
- ^ "Nominees archive (2009)". Laureus.com. http://www.laureus.com/nominees?year=2009. Retrieved 2010-09-05. [dead link]
- ^ "Michael Phelps Named Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year". Swimming World Magazine. 2008-12-02. Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. http://www.webcitation.org/5sWbQ4lbJ. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
- ^ a b Litsky, Frank (2001-11-30). "Youngster Quickly Joins Elite". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVLxOxLh. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "World Record Not Quite Enough For Vendt In 400m IM". Usctrojans.com. 2002-08-15. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVMJml4q. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "U.S. Men Have Last Word, Set World Mark in 400m Medley Relay as Pan Pacs End With a Bang". Swimming World Magazine. 2002-08-29. Archived from the original on 2010-09-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5sZWtiOH7. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
- ^ "Phelps Lowers His Own World Record in the 400 IM at "Duel in the Pool"". Swimming World Magazine. 2003-04-06. Archived from the original on 2010-09-07. http://www.webcitation.org/5sZXBSEuy. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
- ^ Ostler, Scott (2003-06-30). "New world record? Phelps just starting". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVLAiZMa. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ a b c d e "10th FINA World Championships, Barcelona (ESP): Full Results Book: Records Broken By Event". Omega Timing. 2003-07-26. p. 167. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2003/barcelona2003/Book_All_Results.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "Phelps sets new world mark in 200m medley". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2003-08-10. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVIMBOM6. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ May, Meredith (2004-07-08). "Setting the pace / Phelps breaks own world record in Olympic qualifying". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVHrVe0A. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "Phelps earns first gold". Casper Star-Tribune. 2004-08-15. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVHVU0pN. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ a b c "2006 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships, Victoria, British Columbia (CAN): Full Results Book: Records Broken By Event". Omega Timing. 2006-08-20. p. 76. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2006/victoria_2006/2006_Pan_Pacs_Victoria_BC_CAN.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "Phelps sets world record at Grand Prix". Columbia Missourian. 2007-02-18. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVHD6Gvc. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ a b c d e "12th FINA World Championships, Melbourne (AUS): Full Results Book: Records Broken By Event". Omega Timing. 2007-04-01. p. 190. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2007/melbourne2007/Book_All_Results.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ a b "2008 U.S. Olympic Team Trials, Omaha (USA): Full Results Book: Records Broken By Event". Omega Timing. 2008-07-06. p. 162. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2008/Omaha_b_2008/2008_US_Olympic_Trials.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ a b "Men's long course world records as of December 18, 2009". Swimming World Magazine. 2009-12-18. http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/results/records/WorldRecords_LCM.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "Phelps picks up third gold medal in Beijing". The Belfast Telegraph. 2008-08-12. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVKuD9Wt. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "More gold and another day at the office for Michael Phelps". Daily News (New York). 2008-08-12. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVKezpiU. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ Stallman, Jason (2008-08-12). "Phelps Adds 2 More Gold Medals". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVKQ6zhN. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ Stallman, Jason (2008-08-15). "Phelps wins 200 individual medley for sixth gold". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVKGNyfJ. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "Michael Phelps overtakes Mark Spitz with record-breaking haul of eight gold medals". The Sunday Telegraph (London). 2008-08-17. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVJzUNDj. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "USA Swimming National Championships: Michael Phelps Demolishes World Record in 100 Fly". Swimming World Magazine. 2009-07-09. Archived from the original on 2010-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5sVFrlHMY. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ a b c d "13th FINA World Championships, Rome (ITA): Full Results Book: Records Broken By Event". Omega Timing. 2009-07-30. pp. 246–247. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2009/Roma2009/Book_All_Results.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "British Gas Duel in the Pool – 4×100 m medley relay (final)". Omega Timing. http://www.omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2009/DuelManchester/C73B1_Res1HeatRelay_102_Finals_1_Men_4x100_Medley.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
- ^ "British Gas Duel in the Pool: United States Team vs European Select Team: December 18–19 – 2009 Manchester (GBR): Full Results Book: Records Broken By Record Type". Omega Timing. 2009-12-19. p. 32. http://omegatiming.com/swimming/racearchives/2009/DuelManchester/Book_All_Results.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- Phelps, Michael (2004). Beneath the Surface. United States: Sports Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-1-59670-352-0.
- Phelps, Michael (2008). No Limits: The Will to Succeed. United States: Free Press. ISBN 1-4391-3072-8.
- Schaller, Bob (2008). Michael Phelps: The Untold Story of a Champion. United States: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-35737-0.
| Records |
Preceded by
Tom Malchow |
Men's 200 meter butterfly
world record holder (long course)
March 30, 2001 – Present |
Incumbent |
Preceded by
Tom Dolan |
Men's 400 meter individual medley
world record holder (long course)
August 15, 2002 – Present |
Incumbent |
Preceded by
 Jani Sievinen |
Men's 200 meter individual medley
world record holder (long course)
June 29, 2003 – July 30, 2009 |
Succeeded by
Ryan Lochte |
Preceded by
 Andriy Serdinov
Ian Crocker
 Milorad Čavić |
Men's 100 meter butterfly
world record holder (long course)
July 25, 2003 – July 26, 2003
July 9, 2009 – July 31, 2009
August 1, 2009 – present |
Succeeded by
Ian Crocker
Milorad Čavić
Incumbent |
Preceded by
 Ian Thorpe |
Men's 200 meter freestyle
world record holder (long course)
March 27, 2007 – July 28, 2009 |
Succeeded by
 Paul Biedermann |
| Awards |
Preceded by
Ian Thorpe
Grant Hackett |
World Swimmer of the Year
2003–2004
2006–2009 |
Succeeded by
Grant Hackett
Ryan Lochte |
Preceded by
Lenny Krayzelburg &
Tom Dolan
Aaron Peirsol |
American Swimmer of the Year
2001–2004
2006–2009 |
Succeeded by
Aaron Peirsol
Ryan Lochte |
Preceded by
Lance Armstrong
Tyson Gay |
USOC Sportsman of the Year
2004
2008 |
Succeeded by
Hunter Kemper
Todd Lodwick |
|
Michael Phelps – navigation templates
|
|
|
|
|
- 1908: Great Britain (Derbyshire, Radimilovic, Foster, Taylor)
- 1912: Australasia (Healy, Champion, Boardman, Hardwick)
- 1920: USA (McGillivray, Kealoha, Ross, Kahanamoku)
- 1924: USA (Weissmuller, O'Connor, Glancy, Breyer)
- 1928: USA (Weissmuller, Clapp, Laufer, Kojac)
- 1932: Japan (Yusa, Miyazaki, Yokoyama, Toyoda)
- 1936: Japan (Yusa, Sugiura, Arai, Taguchi)
- 1948: USA (Ris, McLane, Wolf, Smith)
- 1952: USA (Moore, Woolsey, Konno, McLane)
- 1956: Australia (O'Halloran, Devitt, Rose, Henricks)
- 1960: USA (Harrison, Blick, Troy, Farrell)
- 1964: USA (Schollander, Clark, Saari, Ilman)
- 1968: USA (Schollander, Spitz, Nelson, Rerych)
- 1972: USA (Spitz, Kinsella, Tyler, Genter)
- 1976: USA (Bruner, Furniss, Naber, Montgomery)
- 1980: Soviet Union (Kopliakov, Salnikov, Stukolkin, Krylov)
- 1984: USA (Heath, Larson, Float, Hayes)
- 1988: USA (Dalbey, Cetlinski, Gjertsen, Biondi)
- 1992: Unified Team (Lepikov, Pyshnenko, Tayanovich, Sadovyi)
- 1996: USA (Davis, Hudepohl, Schumacher, Berube)
- 2000: Australia (Thorpe, Klim, Pearson, Kirby)
- 2004: USA (Phelps, Lochte, Vanderkaay, Keller)
- 2008: USA (Phelps, Lochte, Berens, Vanderkaay)
|
|
|
|
|
- 1964: USA (Clark, Austin, Ilman, Schollander)
- 1968: USA (Zorn, Rerych, Spitz, Walsh)
- 1972: USA (Edgar, Murphy, Heidenreich, Spitz)
- 1984: USA (Cavanaugh, Heath, Biondi, Gaines)
- 1988: USA (Jacobs, Dalbey, Jager, Biondi)
- 1992: USA (Hudepohl, Biondi, Jager, Olsen)
- 1996: USA (Olsen, Davis, Schumacher, Hall, Jr.)
- 2000: Australia (Klim, Fydler, Callus, Thorpe)
- 2004: South Africa (Schoeman, Ferns, Townsend, Neethling)
- 2008: USA (Phelps, Weber-Gale, Jones, Lezak)
|
|
|
|
|
- 1960: USA (McKinney, Hait, Larson, Farrell)
- 1964: USA (Mann, Craig, Schmidt, Clark)
- 1968: USA (Hickcox, McKenzie, Russell, Walsh)
- 1972: USA (Stamm, Bruce, Spitz, Heidenreich)
- 1976: USA (Naber, Hencken, Vogel, Montgomery)
- 1980: Australia (Kerry, Evans, Tonelli, Brooks)
- 1984: USA (Carey, Lundquist, Morales, Gaines)
- 1988: USA (Berkoff, Schroeder, Biondi, Jacobs)
- 1992: USA (Rouse, Diebel, Morales, Olsen)
- 1996: USA (Rouse, Linn, Henderson, Hall, Jr.)
- 2000: USA (Krayzelburg, Moses, Crocker, Hall, Jr.)
- 2004: USA (Peirsol, Hansen, Crocker, Lezak)
- 2008: USA (Peirsol, Hansen, Phelps, Lezak)
|
|
|
|
|
- 1973: United States (Nash, Bottom, Montgomery, Murphy)
- 1975: United States (Furniss, Montgomery, Coan, Murphy)
- 1978: United States (Babashoff, Gaines, Montgomery, McCagg)
- 1982: United States (Cavanaugh, Leamy, McCagg, Gaines)
- 1986: United States (Jager, Heath, Wallace, Biondi)
- 1991: United States (Jager, Lang, Gjertsen, Biondi)
- 1994: United States (Olsen, Davis, Taner, Hall, Jr.)
- 1998: United States (Tucker, Olsen, Walker, Hall, Jr.)
- 2001: Australia (Klim, Callus, Pearson, Thorpe)
- 2003: Russia (Kapralov, Usov, Pimankov, Popov)
- 2005: United States (Phelps, Walker, Dusing, Lezak)
- 2007: United States (Phelps, Walker, Jones, Lezak)
- 2009: United States (Phelps, Lochte, Grevers, Adrian)
- 2011: Australia (Magnussen, Targett, Abood, Sullivan)
|
|
|
|
|
- 1973: United States (Krumpholz, Backhaus, Klatt, Montgomery)
- 1975: West Germany (Steinbach, Lampe, Geissler, Nocke)
- 1978: United States (Furniss, Forrester, Hackett, Gaines)
- 1982: United States (Saeger, Float, Miller, Gaines)
- 1986: East Germany (Hinneburg, Flemming, Richter, Lodziewski)
- 1991: West Germany (Sitt, Zesner, Pfeiffer, Groß)
- 1994: Sweden (Wallin, Werner, Frölander, Holmertz)
- 1998: Australia (Klim, Thorpe, Hackett, Kowalski)
- 2001: Australia (Hackett, Kirby, Klim, Thorpe)
- 2003: Australia (Hackett, Stevens, Sprenger, Thorpe)
- 2005: United States (Phelps, Lochte, Vanderkaay, Keller)
- 2007: United States (Phelps, Lochte, Keller, Vanderkaay)
- 2009: United States (Phelps, Berens, Walters, Lochte)
- 2011: United States (Phelps, Vanderkaay, Berens, Lochte)
|
|
|
|
|
- 1973: United States (Stamm, Hencken, Bottom, Montgomery)
- 1975: United States (Murphy, Colella, Jagenburg, Coan)
- 1978: United States (Jackson, Nevid, Bottom, McCagg)
- 1982: United States (Carey, Lundquist, Gribble, Gaines)
- 1986: United States (Veatch, Lundberg, Morales, Biondi)
- 1991: United States (Rouse, Wunderlich, Henderson, Biondi)
- 1994: United States (Rouse, Wunderlich, Henderson, Hall, Jr.)
- 1998: Australia (Welsh, Rogers, Klim, Fydler)
- 2001: Australia (Welsh, Harrison, Huegill, Thorpe)
- 2003: United States (Peirsol, Hansen, Crocker, Lezak)
- 2005: United States (Peirsol, Hansen, Crocker, Lezak)
- 2007: Australia (Welsh, Rickard, Lauterstein, Sullivan)
- 2009: United States (Peirsol, Shanteau, Phelps, Walters)
- 2011: United States (Thoman, Gangloff, Phelps, Adrian)
|
|
|
|
|
- 1985: USA (McCadam, Heath, Wallace, Biondi)
- 1987: USA (Jacobs, Oppel, Dalbey, Biondi)
- 1989: USA (Lang, Olsen, Gjertsen, Jager)
- 1991: USA (Jordan, Jager, Olsen, Biondi)
- 1993: USA (Hudepohl, Pepper, Fox, Olsen)
- 1995: USA (Fox, Hudepohl, Olsen, Hall)
- 1997: USA (Tucker, Schumacher, Olsen, Walker)
- 1999: AUS (Klim, English, Fydler, Thorpe)
- 2002: AUS (Callus, Pearson, Hackett, Thorpe)
- 2006: USA (Phelps, Walker, Jones, Lezak)
- 2010: USA (Phelps, Lochte, Lezak, Adrian)
|
|
|
|
|
- 1985: USA (Heath, Biondi, Dillon, Oppel)
- 1987: USA (Dalbey, Biondi, Cetlinski, Oppel)
- 1989: USA (Stewart, Jorgensen, Olsen, Gjertsen)
- 1991: USA (Dalbey, Jorgensen, Hudepohl, Olsen)
- 1993: USA (Burgess, Eckerman, Taner, Davis)
- 1995: AUS (Allen, Housman, Dunn, Kowalski)
- 1997: USA (Carvin, Malchow, Taner, Davis)
- 1999: AUS (Thorpe, Kirby, Hackett, Klim)
- 2002: AUS (Hackett, Stevens, Cram, Thorpe)
- 2006: USA (Phelps, Lochte, Vanderkaay, Keller)
- 2010: USA (Phelps, Vanderkaay, Berens, Lochte)
|
|
|
|
|
- 1985: USA (Carey, Moffet, Morales, Biondi)
- 1987: USA (Veatch, Schroeder, Morales, Biondi)
- 1989: USA (Rouse, Korhammer, Morales, Biondi)
- 1991: USA (Rouse, Barrowman, Henderson, Biondi)
- 1993: USA (Rouse, Van Neerden, Henderson, Olsen)
- 1995: USA (Rouse, Wunderlich, Henderson, Hall)
- 1997: USA (Krayzelburg, Grote, Dusing, Walker)
- 1999: USA (Krayzelburg, Grote, Wales, Walker)
- 2002: USA (Peirsol, Hansen, Phelps, Lezak)
- 2006: USA (Peirsol, Hansen, Crocker, Lezak)
- 2010: USA (Peirsol, Gangloff, Phelps, Adrian)
|
|
|
|
|
| Men's team |
|
|
|
| Women's team |
|
|
| Coaches |
|
|
|
|
|
| Men's Team |
|
|
|
| Women's Team |
|
|
| Coaches |
|
|
|
|
|
| Men's Team |
|
|
|
| Women's Team |
|
|
| Coaches |
|
|
|
|
| Persondata |
| Name |
Phelps, Michael Fred |
| Alternative names |
|
| Short description |
swimmer, Olympic Gold medalist |
| Date of birth |
June 30, 1985 |
| Place of birth |
Baltimore, Maryland, United States |
| Date of death |
|
| Place of death |
|
Media related to 
