In mathematics and computer science, a tuple is an ordered list of elements. In set theory, an (ordered) $n$-tuple is a sequence (or ordered list) of $n$ elements, where $n$ is a positive integer. There is also one $0$-tuple, an empty sequence. An $n$-tuple is defined inductively using the construction of an ordered pair. Tuples are usually written by listing the elements within parentheses "$(\backslash text\{\; \})$" and separated by commas; for example, $(2,\; 7,\; 4,\; 1,\; 7)$ denotes a $5$-tuple. Sometimes other delimiters are used, such as square brackets "$[\backslash text\{\; \}]$" or angle brackets "$\backslash langle\backslash text\{\; \}\backslash rangle$". Braces "$\backslash \{\backslash \}$" are almost never used for tuples, as they are the standard notation for sets.

Tuples are often used to describe other mathematical objects, such as vectors. In algebra, a ring is commonly defined as a 3-tuple $(E,+,\backslash times)$, where $E$ is some set, and "$+$", and "$\backslash times$" are functions mapping the Cartesian product $E\; \backslash times\; E$ to $E$ with specific properties. In computer science, tuples are directly implemented as product types in most functional programming languages. More commonly, they are implemented as record types, where the components are labeled instead of being identified by position alone. This approach is also used in relational algebra.

Etymology

The term originated as an abstraction of the sequence: single, double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple, septuple, octuple, ..., $n$‑tuple, ..., where the prefixes are taken from the Latin names of the numerals. The unique $0$‑tuple is called the null tuple. A $1$‑tuple is called a singleton, a $2$‑tuple is called a pair and a $3$‑tuple is a triple or triplet. The $n$ can be any nonnegative integer. For example, a complex number can be represented as a $2$‑tuple, a quaternion can be represented as a $4$‑tuple, an octonion can be represented as an ''octuple'', (many mathematicians write the abbreviation "$8$‑tuple") and a sedenion can be represented as a $16$‑tuple.

Although these uses treat ''‑tuple'' as the suffix, the original suffix was ''‑ple'' as in "triple" (three-fold) or "decuple" (ten‑fold). This originates from a medieval Latin suffix ''‑plus'' (meaning "more") related to Greek ‑πλοῦς, which replaced the classical and late antique ''‑plex'' (meaning "folded").

Formal definitions

Characteristic properties

The main properties that distinguish a tuple from, for example, a set are that

# a tuple can contain multiple instances of the same element; $(1,2,2,3)\; \backslash neq\; (1,2,3)$, but $\backslash \{1,2,2,3\backslash \}\; =\; \backslash \{1,2,3\backslash \}$. # a tuple's elements are ordered; $(1,2,3)\; \backslash neq\; (3,2,1)$, but $\backslash \{1,2,3\backslash \}\; =\; \backslash \{3,2,1\backslash \}$. # a tuple may only have a finite number of elements, while a set may have an infinite number of elements.

Note that (1) distinguishes a tuple from an ordered set and that (2) distinguishes a tuple from a multiset. This is often formalized by giving the following rule for the identity of two $n$-tuples: : $(a\_1,\; a\_2,\; \backslash ldots,\; a\_n)\; =\; (b\_1,\; b\_2,\; \backslash ldots,\; b\_n)$ if and only if $a\_1=b\_1,\backslash text\{\; \}a\_2=b\_2,\backslash text\{\; \}\backslash ldots,\backslash text\{\; \}a\_n=b\_n$

Tuples as functions

An $n$-tuple can also be regarded as a function whose domain is the tuple's set of element indices, and whose codomain is the tuple's set of elements. Formally: : $(a\_1,\; a\_2,\; \backslash dots,\; a\_n)\; \backslash equiv\; (X,Y,F)$ where: :

Tuples as nested ordered pairs

Another way of formalizing tuples is as nested ordered pairs: # The $0$-tuple (i.e. the empty tuple) is represented by the empty set $\backslash emptyset$. # An $n$-tuple, with $n\; >\; 0$, can be defined as an ordered pair of its first entry and an $(n-1)$-tuple (which contains the remaining entries when $n\; >\; 1$): #: $(a\_1,\; a\_2,\; a\_3,\; \backslash ldots,\; a\_n)\; =\; (a\_1,\; (a\_2,\; a\_3,\; \backslash ldots,\; a\_n))$ This definition can be applied recursively to the $(n-1)$-tuple: : $(a\_1,\; a\_2,\; a\_3,\; \backslash ldots,\; a\_n)\; =\; (a\_1,\; (a\_2,\; (a\_3,\; (\backslash ldots,\; (a\_n,\; \backslash emptyset)\backslash ldots))))$

Thus, for example: :

This definition mirrors the most common representation of tuples as linked lists—as used, for example, in standard implementations of the Lisp programming language.

A variant of this definition starts "peeling off" elements from the other end: # The $0$-tuple is the empty set $\backslash emptyset$. # For $n\; >\; 0$: #: $(a\_1,\; a\_2,\; a\_3,\; \backslash ldots,\; a\_n)\; =\; ((a\_1,\; a\_2,\; a\_3,\; \backslash ldots,\; a\_\{n-1\}),\; a\_n)$ This definition can be applied recursively: : $(a\_1,\; a\_2,\; a\_3,\; \backslash ldots,\; a\_n)\; =\; ((\backslash ldots(((\backslash emptyset,\; a\_1),\; a\_2),\; a\_3),\; \backslash ldots),\; a\_n)$

Thus, for example: :

Tuples as nested sets

Using Kuratowski's representation for an ordered pair, the second definition above can be reformulated in terms of pure set theory: # The $0$-tuple (i.e. the empty tuple) is represented by the empty set $\backslash emptyset$; # Let $x$ be an $n$-tuple $(a\_1,\; a\_2,\; \backslash ldots,\; a\_n)$, and let $x\; \backslash rightarrow\; b\; \backslash equiv\; (a\_1,\; a\_2,\; \backslash ldots,\; a\_n,\; b)$. Then, $x\; \backslash rightarrow\; b\; \backslash equiv\; \backslash \{\backslash \{x\backslash \},\; \backslash \{x,\; b\backslash \}\backslash \}$

In this formulation: :

Relational model

In database theory, the relational model uses a tuple definition similar to tuples as functions, but each tuple element is identified by a distinct name, called an ''attribute'', instead of a number; this leads to a more user-friendly and practical notation, A tuple in the relational model is formally defined as a finite function that maps attributes to values. For example: : (player : "Harry", score : 25) In this notation, attribute–value pairs may appear in any order. The distinction between tuples in the relational model and those in set theory is only superficial; the above example can be interpreted as a $2$-tuple if an arbitrary total order is imposed on the attributes (e.g. $player\; \backslash leq\; score$) and then the elements are distinguished by this ordering rather than by the attributes themselves. Conversely, a $2$-tuple may be interpreted as relational model tuple over the attributes $\backslash \{1,\; 2\backslash \}$.

In the relational model, a relation is a (possibly empty) finite set of tuples all having the same finite set of attributes. This set of attributes is more formally called the sort of the relation, or more casually referred to as the set of column names. A tuple is usually implemented as a row in a database table, but see relational algebra for means of deriving tuples not physically represented in a table.

Type theory

In type theory, commonly used in programming languages, a tuple has a product type; this fixes not only the length, but also the underlying types of each component. Formally: : $(x\_1,\; x\_2,\; \backslash ldots,\; x\_n)\; :\; \backslash text\{T\}\_1\; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{T\}\_2\; \backslash times\; \backslash ldots\; \backslash times\; \backslash text\{T\}\_n$ and the projections are term constructors: : $\backslash pi\_1(x)\; :\; \backslash text\{T\}\_1,\backslash text\{\; \}\backslash pi\_2(x)\; :\; \backslash text\{T\}\_2,\backslash text\{\; \}\backslash ldots,\backslash text\{\; \}\backslash pi\_n(x)\; :\; \backslash text\{T\}\_n$

The tuple with labeled elements used in the relational model has a record type. Both of these types can be defined as simple extensions of the simply typed lambda calculus.

The notion of a tuple in type theory and that in set theory are related in the following way: If we consider the natural model of a type theory, and use the Scott brackets to indicate the semantic interpretation, then the model consists of some sets $S\_1,\; S\_2,\; \backslash ldots,\; S\_n$ (note: the use of italics here that distinguishes sets from types) such that: : $[\backslash ![\backslash text\{T\}\_1]\backslash !]\; =\; S\_1,\backslash text\{\; \}[\backslash ![\backslash text\{T\}\_2]\backslash !]\; =\; S\_2,\backslash text\{\; \}\backslash ldots,\backslash text\{\; \}[\backslash ![\backslash text\{T\}\_n]\backslash !]\; =\; S\_n$ and the interpretation of the basic terms is: : $[\backslash ![x\_1]\backslash !]\; \backslash in\; [\backslash ![\backslash text\{T\}\_1]\backslash !],\backslash text\{\; \}[\backslash ![x\_2]\backslash !]\; \backslash in\; [\backslash ![\backslash text\{T\}\_2]\backslash !],\backslash text\{\; \}\backslash ldots,\backslash text\{\; \}[\backslash ![x\_n]\backslash !]\; \backslash in\; [\backslash ![\backslash text\{T\}\_n]\backslash !]$.

The $n$-tuple of type theory has the natural interpretation as an $n$-tuple of set theory: : $[\backslash ![(x\_1,\; x\_2,\; \backslash ldots,\; x\_n)]\backslash !]\; =\; ([\backslash ![x\_1]\backslash !],\; [\backslash ![x\_2]\backslash !],\; \backslash ldots,\; [\backslash ![x\_n]\backslash !])$ The unit type has as semantic interpretation the $0$-tuple.

See also

Arity

Exponential object

Formal language

OLAP: Multidimensional Expressions

Relation (mathematics)

Tuplespace

Notes

References

The set theory definitions herein are found in any textbook on the topic, e.g.

Abraham Adolf Fraenkel, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Azriel Lévy, ''Foundations of set theory'', Elsevier Studies in Logic Vol. 67, Edition 2, revised, 1973, ISBN 0720422701, p. 33

Gaisi Takeuti, W. M. Zaring, ''Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory'', Springer GTM 1, 1971, ISBN 978-0-387-90024-7, p. 14

George J. Tourlakis, ''Lecture Notes in Logic and Set Theory. Volume 2: Set theory'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-75374-6, pp. 182-193

Keith Devlin, ''The Joy of Sets''. Springer Verlag, 2nd ed., 1993, ISBN 0-387-94094-4, pp. 7-8

External links

Prefixes & Words Based On Latin Number Names

Category:Data management Category:Mathematical notation Category:Sequences and series Category:Basic concepts in set theory Category:Type theory

ca:N-pla cs:Uspořádaná n-tice de:Tupel et:N-korteež es:Tupla eo:Opo fr:N-uplet gl:Tupla ko:튜플 hr:N-torka it:Ennupla he:N-יה סדורה kk:Кортеждер жиыны lv:Kortežs hu:Rendezett n-es nl:Tupel ja:タプル pl:Krotka (struktura danych) pt:Enupla ru:Кортеж simple:Tuple sv:Tupel uk:Кортеж zh:多元组

Marc Mellits (born 1966) is an American composer and musician.

Mellits was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at the Eastman School of Music from 1984 to 1988, the Yale School of Music from 1989 to 1991, Cornell University from 1991 to 1996, and at Tanglewood in the summer of 1997. His composition instructors include Joseph Schwantner, Samuel Adler, Martin Bresnick, Bernard Rands, Christopher Rouse, Roberto Sierra, Jacob Druckman, Poul Ruders, and Steven Stucky.

Mellits is one of the leading American composers of his generation, with his music being performed throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe. His music is influenced by minimalist and rock music, and has been identified with the postminimalist stylistic trend. He often composes for electric guitar and other amplified instruments.

In 2004 Mellits received the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Award. Mellits's recent commissions include pieces for such internationally acclaimed artists as the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra, Bang on a Can All-Stars, Assad Duo, Kronos Quartet, and the Meridian Arts Ensemble. His music has also been arranged by guitarist Dominic Frasca and the experimental music group Electric Kompany.

Mellits is a founding member of Common Sense Composers' Collective, which focuses on new and alternative ways of collaborating with performance ensembles. Mellits is the artistic director and keyboard player in his own unique ensemble, the Mellits Consort. Mellits's goal in music is to explore musical material and musical processes that embrace the idea of each voice working together to create a whole far greater than just the sum of its parts.

As of 2011, Marc Mellits lives in Chicago, Illinois with his wife and two daughters, and teaches composition at the University of Illinois-Chicago.

Discography

1997 Common Sense Composers' Collective: ''Polysorbate 60''

2002 Shock of the Old, Common Sense Composers' Collective & American Baroque: ''11 Miiniatures for Baroque Ensemble''

2005 Deviations, Dominic Frasca: ''Dometude, Lefty's Elegy, Metaclopramide, Dark Age Machinery''

2006 String Quartet No. 2, Duke Quartet: ''String Quartet No. 2''

2006 Tight Sweater, Real Quiet plays the music of Marc Mellits: ''Tight Sweater, Agu, Fruity Pebbles, Disciples of Gouda''

2007 Dirty Little Secret, Andrew Russo: ''Etude No. 1: Medieval Induction''

2007 TIC, Common Sense Composers' Collective & New Millennium Ensemble: ''Spam''

2007 Paranoid Cheese, The Mellits Consort: ''Opening, Broken Glass, paranoid cheese, The Misadventures of Soup, Lefty's Elegy, Machine IV, Srećan Rođendan, Marija!, Troica, Dreadlocked, Machine III, Machine V''

2008 Melville's Dozen, Nicola Melville: ''Etude No. 2: Defensive Chili''

2008 Mix Tape, Andrew Russo: ''Spank Me (Menage a Deux), Curried Kaftka (No Strings Attached)''

2009 Serendipity, Society for New Music: "Platter of Discontent"

2009 American Journey, Roger McVey: "Agu"

2010 Convergence, Strike: "Tight Sweater Remix"

2010 Black, Sqwonk: ''Black''

References

Dickenson, J. Andrew: "Electric Counterpoint", ''Urban Guitar'', July 2006

External links

Marc Mellits' homepage

Marc Mellits Audio Portrait ASCAP

Category:Cornell University alumni Category:Living people Category:1966 births Category:People from Baltimore, Maryland Category:American composers Category:20th-century classical composers

Name	Ronnie James Dio
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Ronald James Padavona
Birth date	July 10, 1942Portsmouth, New Hampshire,
Death date	May 16, 2010Los Angeles, California,
Genre	Heavy metal, doom metal, power metal, hard rock, blues rock
Occupation	Musician, singer-songwriter, producer
Years active	1957–2010
Instrument	Vocals, bass, guitar, keyboards, trumpet, french horn
Associated acts	Dio, Rainbow, Black Sabbath, Heaven & Hell, Elf, Hear 'n Aid
Website	}}

Ronald James Padavona (July 10, 1942 – May 16, 2010), better known as Ronnie James Dio, was an Italian American heavy metal vocalist and songwriter. He performed with, amongst others, Elf, Rainbow, Black Sabbath, Heaven & Hell, and his own band Dio, the word Dio means God in Italian. Other musical projects include the collective fundraiser Hear 'n Aid. He was widely hailed as one of the most powerful singers in heavy metal, renowned for his consistently powerful voice. He consistently ranks as one of the greatest rock vocalists of all time in various online polls and lists. He is credited with popularizing the "metal horns" hand gesture in metal culture. Prior to his death, he was collaborating on a project with former Black Sabbath bandmates Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, and Vinny Appice, under the moniker Heaven & Hell, whose only studio album, ''The Devil You Know'', was released on April 28, 2009. Dio died of stomach cancer on May 16, 2010. One of the last songs he recorded was titled "Metal Will Never Die".

Early years, education and musical training

Ronnie James Dio was born Ronald James Padavona in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the only child of Italian parents. They lived in Portsmouth until the family moved to Cortland, New York early in his life.

He initially played the trumpet and French horn and even recorded several singles with various rockabilly bands when he was a boy. When he was in high school, he joined a band called The Vegas Kings, in which he played the bass guitar. He eventually became the lead singer of this band, which changed its name to Ronnie & The Rumblers and finally to Ronnie And The Red Caps. Their first 7-inch single was released in 1958 on Reb Records under the name Ronnie & The Redcaps. Its A-side, 'Lover' still had Billy DeWolfe on vocals but Dio's voice can be heard clearly in the back. The B-side, 'Conquest' is an instrumental in the style of the Ventures, featuring Dio on trumpet.

Dio graduated from the Cortland City School in 1960, and was inducted to the Cortland City School Hall of Fame in 2004. He was also honored on November 15, 1988 by his hometown naming a street after him, Dio Way.

During a performance at the Darien Lake Performing Arts Center in Darien, NY (near Buffalo, NY) on September 19, 2007, Dio revealed that he had attended the University at Buffalo, majoring in pharmacy. He attended from 1960 to 1961 but did not graduate. He formed one of his early bands during his freshman year.

He was offered a scholarship to the Juilliard School of Music but did not pursue it due to his interest in rock music. Despite being known for his powerful singing voice, Dio claimed never to have taken any vocal training. He attributed his singing ability to the correct breathing techniques he learned when playing the French horn as a child.

Career

Early career

Dio's musical career began in 1957 when several Cortland, New York musicians formed the band The Vegas Kings, which soon changed their name to Ronnie and the Rumblers. This band's lineup had Padavona on the bass guitar, along with singer Billy DeWolfe, guitarist Nick Pantas, drummer Tom Rogers, and saxophone player Jack Musci.

In 1958, the band again changed their name, along with a few changes of personnel. The band was now known as Ronnie and the Redcaps. At this point, Padavona began singing, replacing DeWolfe. Musci also left the band, and a new guitarist, Dick Botoff, joined. The Redcaps lineup released two singles: "Lover" b/w "Conquest" (with DeWolfe on vocals on the A-side) on the Reb label, and on Seneca (S 178-102, USA), "An Angel Is Missing" with "What'd I Say" on the B side (both songs featuring Padavona on vocals).

In 1961, they changed their name to Ronnie Dio and The Prophets. The Prophets lineup lasted for quite a long time and produced several singles and one album. Some sources state that some of the single releases were made by Ronnie James Dio solo, but others, such as Dio himself, state that all of the singles were made as a band.

Padavona took up the name "Dio" after mafia member Johnny Dio, and first used it professionally in 1961, when he added it to the band's second release on Seneca. Soon after that the band changed their name to Ronnie Dio and the Prophets. The group released several singles during the following years, until 1967.

Ronnie Dio and the Prophets disbanded in 1967, but he and Prophets guitarist Nick Pantas started a new band called the Electric Elves. They shortened their name to Elf in 1969, and went on to become an opening act for Deep Purple.

Rainbow

Dio's vocals caught the ear of Deep Purple guitarist Ritchie Blackmore, and when Blackmore left the band, he recruited Dio and other members of Elf to form Rainbow. Rainbow released its debut as ''Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow'' in 1975. Dio recorded two more classic albums (''Rising'' and ''Long Live Rock 'n' Roll'') and the live album ''On Stage'' with Rainbow, but he left the band due to creative differences: Blackmore had wanted to take the band in a more commercial direction.

Black Sabbath

In 1979, after leaving Rainbow, Dio joined Black Sabbath, replacing Ozzy Osbourne. That line-up released the highly successful ''Heaven and Hell'' album in 1980, which revitalized the band's career. They then went on to record ''Mob Rules'' with Vinny Appice on drums. Vinnie replaced original Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward during the tour for ''Heaven and Hell'' due to familial problems at the time. The album proved less successful than its predecessor, but still a hit. In 1982, disagreements over the mixing of ''Live Evil'' led to Ronnie Dio and Vinny Appice quitting the band to form the band Dio. In 1992, Dio briefly returned to Black Sabbath to record ''Dehumanizer''. The album was a minor hit, reaching the Top 40 in the United Kingdom, and #44 on the ''Billboard'' 200.

Dio

Wanting to continue together as a band, Ronnie James Dio and Vinnie Appice formed Dio, the band, in 1982. On guitar played Vivian Campbell and on bass Jimmy Bain, the latter whom he had known since the old Rainbow days. Their debut album, ''Holy Diver'', included the hit singles, "Rainbow in the Dark" and the title track, "Holy Diver". As the band changed members over the years, Dio was the only original member. Except a few breaks, Dio, the band, was always touring or recording. They released ten albums, with ''Master of the Moon'' being the last one, recorded in 2004. During September 2005, Dio toured Siberia and Russia's far east, kicking off in Khabarovsk. In 2000, Century Media released ''Holy Dio: Tribute to Ronnie James Dio'', an album featuring a number of covers by mainly power metal bands. The last song he recorded with his band was titled "Electra".

Heaven & Hell

In October 2006, it was confirmed that Dio would be joining Black Sabbath members Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, and former Black Sabbath drummer Vinny Appice to tour under the moniker Heaven & Hell, the title of the first Dio era Black Sabbath album. They chose the name Heaven & Hell as Tony Iommi and Geezer Butler were still in Black Sabbath with Ozzy Osbourne and felt it was best to use a different moniker for the Dio version of the band. Original Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward was to be involved in this project, but he later withdrew. In 2008 the band completed a 98-date world tour. The band released one album under the Heaven & Hell name, ''The Devil You Know'', to critical and commercial acclaim. They also had planned to release a follow-up in 2010.

Other projects involved

In 1974, Dio sang on the Roger Glover conducted and produced concept album ''The Butterfly Ball and the Grasshopper's Feast''. Along other guest-singers, the album featured Deep Purple alumni Glenn Hughes and David Coverdale. Dio provided vocals for the songs "Homeward", "Sitting in a Dream" and the UK single "Love is All".

In 1980, Dio sang the tracks "To Live for the King" and "Mask of the Great Deceiver" on Kerry Livgren's solo album ''Seeds of Change''. Dio, who was between stints as singer for Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow and Black Sabbath, later proved somewhat controversial among Livgren's Christian fans, as Black Sabbath and Dio were then perceived as "satanic" by many Christians. Dio said in an interview that he did not consider the album to be a "Christian" album and had performed on it as a favor to Livgren.

In 1985, Dio contributed to the metal world's answer to Band Aid and USA for Africa with the Hear'n Aid project. With a heavy metal all-star ensemble, which was the brainchild of his fellow Dio band mates Vivian Campbell & Jimmy Bain, he sang some of the vocals on the single "Stars" and an album full of songs from other artists given to charity.

The project raised $1 million within a year.

In 1997, Dio made a cameo on Pat Boone's ''In a Metal Mood: No More Mr. Nice Guy'', an album of famous heavy metal songs played in big band style. Dio can be heard singing backup on Boone's take of "Holy Diver".

Tenacious D included a tribute song entitled "Dio" that appeared on their self-titled album. The song explains how he has to "pass the torch" for a new generation. Reportedly, Dio approved of it, and had Tenacious D appear in his video "Push" from ''Killing the Dragon'' in 2002. He also appeared in the film ''Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny'', playing himself.

In 2005, Dio was revealed to be the voice behind Dr. X in ''Operation: Mindcrime II'', the sequel to Queensrÿche's seminal concept album ''Operation: Mindcrime''. His part was shown in a prerecorded video on the subsequent tour, and Ronnie appeared onstage to sing the part live on at least one occasion (both shown on the ''Mindcrime at the Moore'' DVD).

On January 17, 2007, he was inducted into the Rock Walk of Fame at Guitar Center on Hollywood's Sunset Boulevard.

Dio is thanked in the end credits of the 2011 film ''Atlas Shrugged: Part I'', due to his being "one of the people who kept the project alive."

Personal life

Dio and his first wife, Loretta Berardi (born 1941), adopted a son, Dan Padavona.

After divorcing Berardi, he married Wendy Galaxiola (born 1945), who also served as his manager. In the 1980s she managed the Los Angeles rock bands Rough Cutt, Nuhaven (with drummer Doug Simpson), and Hellion. She is the chair of the privately sponsored organization, Children of the Night, dedicated to rescuing America's children from prostitution. Dio remained married legally to Galaxiola until his death.

Illness and death

On November 25, 2009, Wendy announced that Dio had been diagnosed as having stomach cancer:

"Ronnie has been diagnosed with the early stages of stomach cancer. We are starting treatment immediately at the Mayo Clinic. After he kills this dragon, Ronnie will be back on stage, where he belongs, doing what he loves best, performing for his fans. Long live rock and roll, long live Ronnie James Dio. Thanks to all the friends and fans from all over the world that have sent well wishes. This has really helped to keep his spirit up."

On March 14, 2010, Wendy posted an online update on his condition:

"It has been Ronnie's 7th chemo, another cat scan and another endoscopy, and the results are good – the main tumor has shrunk considerably, and our visits to Houston (cancer clinic in Texas) are now every three weeks instead of every two weeks."

On May 4, 2010, Heaven & Hell announced they were canceling all summer dates as a result of Dio's ill health.

Dio died at 7:45 am (CDT) on May 16, 2010, of metastasized stomach cancer, according to official sources. Wendy said on Dio's official site:

"Today my heart is broken, Ronnie passed away at 7:45am 16th May. Many, many friends and family were able to say their private good-byes before he peacefully passed away. Ronnie knew how much he was loved by all. We so appreciate the love and support that you have all given us. Please give us a few days of privacy to deal with this terrible loss. Please know he loved you all and his music will live on forever."

A free public memorial service was held on May 30, 2010 at 2 p.m. at The Hall Of Liberty, Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills, 6300 Forest Lawn Drive in Los Angeles. The hall was filled with over 1,500 people, so the remainder of the fans had to sit outside of the hall and watch from a live screen. Friends, family, and former and current band mates of Dio's gave speeches and performed, including Rudy Sarzo, John Payne, Glenn Hughes, Joey Belladonna & Dio/Heaven & Hell keyboard player Scott Warren. On the screen was an accompanying documentary covering Dio's career, from his beginnings in Elf to his final project Heaven & Hell. Everybody who attended had the opportunity to view Dio's coffin. The Westboro Baptist Church held a small rally, denouncing Dio as a Satan worshiper. Wendy Dio urged those attending the funeral to ignore the protest, saying:

"Ronnie hates prejudice and violence. We need to turn the other cheek on these people that only know how to hate someone they didn't know. We only know how to love someone we know!"

Legacy

Dio's career spanned over five decades, from 1957 to 2010. During this period, and particularly in the 21st century, he received a number of distinctions and awards. He was inducted into the Cortland City Hall of Fame in 2004, and has a street named after him there called Dio Way. In his post-Elf band Rainbow, Ronnie wrote some of the first Power Metal lyrics. ''Classic Rock Magazine'' awarded Dio with the "Metal Guru Award" at their yearly "Roll Of Honour" awards ceremony in 2006. On January 17, 2007, Dio was inducted into Guitar Center's Rock Walk of Fame in Hollywood, CA. Dio was named "Best Metal Singer" at the ''Revolver'' Golden Gods Awards in April 2010 for his work on ''The Devil You Know'', making him the oldest recipient of this award at age 67. He accepted the award in person at what was to be his final public appearance, less than one month before his death. The main stage of Bloodstock Open Air is also named after him in tribute after Heaven and Hell pulled out upon his death. A Dio monument has been unveiled in Kavarna, Bulgaria.

''Rolling Stone'' magazine eulogized Dio with these words: "It wasn't just his mighty pipes that made him Ronnie James Dio — it was his moral fervor...what always stood out was Dio's raging compassion for the lost rock & roll children in his audience. Dio never pretended to be one of the kids — he sang as an adult assuring us that we weren't alone in our suffering, and some day we might even be proud of conquering it".

On July 10, 2011 in parallel to Ronnie Dio's birthday in Cortland, NY was held a day-long event featuring many central New York local bands and talent for a benefit to the Stand Up and Shout Cancer foundation for cancer research and Dio Memorial concert. Part of the proceeds from the event went to fund a memorial music scholarship for the local city high-school in his name.

Band timeline

The Vegas Kings (1957–1958)

Ronnie & The Rumblers (1958)

Ronnie and the Red Caps (1958–1961)

Ronnie Dio and the Prophets (1961–1967)

The Electric Elves (1967–1969)

The Elves (1969–1970)

Elf (1970–1975)

Rainbow (1975–1979)

Black Sabbath (1979–1982)

Dio (1982–1991)

Black Sabbath (1991–1992)

Dio (1993–2010)

Black Sabbath (2006) (Recording of three new songs for ''Black Sabbath: The Dio Years'')

Heaven & Hell (2006–2010)

Discography

References

External links

Ronnie James Dio at Billboard.com

Official website

Official Ronnie James Dio Twitter account

Memorial benefit event

Category:1942 births Category:2010 deaths Category:American rock singers Category:American heavy metal singers Category:American male singers Category:American rock bass guitarists Category:American musicians of Italian descent Category:American tenors Category:Rainbow members Category:Black Sabbath members Category:Dio (band) members Category:Cancer deaths in Texas Category:Deaths from stomach cancer Category:People from Cortland, New York Category:People from Portsmouth, New Hampshire Category:American fantasy writers

an:Ronnie James Dio az:Ronni Ceyms Dio be-x-old:Роні Джэймз Дыё bg:Рони Джеймс Дио ca:Ronnie James Dio cs:Ronnie James Dio da:Ronnie James Dio de:Ronnie James Dio et:Ronnie James Dio el:Ρόνι Τζέιμς Ντίο es:Ronnie James Dio fa:رانی جیمز دیو fr:Ronnie James Dio gl:Ronnie James Dio ko:로니 제임스 디오 hr:Ronnie James Dio id:Ronnie James Dio is:Ronnie James Dio it:Ronnie James Dio he:רוני ג'יימס דיו ka:რონი ჯეიმზ დიო lv:Ronijs Džeimss Dio hu:Ronnie James Dio nl:Ronnie James Dio ja:ロニー・ジェイムス・ディオ no:Ronnie James Dio pl:Ronnie James Dio pt:Ronnie James Dio ro:Ronnie James Dio ru:Ронни Джеймс Дио sq:Ronnie James Dio simple:Ronnie James Dio sk:Ronnie James Dio fi:Ronnie James Dio sv:Ronnie James Dio tr:Ronnie James Dio uk:Ронні Джеймс Діо