Goldenville strata in quarry in Bedford, Canada. These are Middle Cambrian marine sediments. This formation covers over half of Nova Scotia and is recorded as being 29,000 feet thick in some areas.

In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural: strata) is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. The "stratum" is the fundamental unit in a stratigraphic column and forms the basis of the study of stratigraphy.

When planning civil engineering projects or other large constructions, the strata of the area where the construction takes place is a significant factor in design decisions. For example if a canal is to be built on a route where the strata are not watertight, the canal will have to be lined with some form of waterproof material (usually clay).

Characteristics[link]

The Permian through Jurassic strata in the Colorado Plateau area of southeastern Utah demonstrates the principles of stratigraphy. These strata make up much of the famous prominent rock formations in widely spaced protected areas such as Capitol Reef National Park and Canyonlands National Park. From top to bottom: Rounded tan domes of the Navajo Sandstone, layered red Kayenta Formation, cliff-forming, vertically jointed, red Wingate Sandstone, slope-forming, purplish Chinle Formation, layered, lighter-red Moenkopi Formation, and white, layered Cutler Formation sandstone. Picture from Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah.

Each layer is generally one of a number of parallel layers that lie one upon another, laid down by natural forces. They may extend over hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of the Earth's surface. Strata are typically seen as bands of different colored or differently structured material exposed in cliffs, road cuts, quarries, and river banks. Individual bands may vary in thickness from a few millimeters to a kilometer or more. Each band represents a specific mode of deposition: river silt, beach sand, coal swamp, sand dune, lava bed, etc. it also is very important

Naming[link]

Geologists study rock strata and categorize them by the material of beds. Each distinct layer is typically assigned to the name of sheet, usually based on a town, river, mountain, or region where the formation is exposed and available for study. For example, the Burgess Shale is a thick exposure of dark, occasionally fossiliferous, shale exposed high in the Canadian Rockies near Burgess Pass. Slight distinctions in material in a formation may be described as "members" (or sometimes "beds"). Formations are collected into "groups" while groups may be collected into "supergroups".

Gallery[link]

Strata on a mountain face in the French Alps   Interstate road cut through limestone and shale strata in East Tennessee   Rock strata at Depot Beach, New South Wales   Rainbow Basin Syncline in the Barstow Formation near Barstow, California. Folded strata.   Outcrop of Upper Ordovician limestone and minor shale, central Tennessee; College of Wooster students.   Chalk Layers in Cyprus - showing classic layered structure.   Heavy minerals (dark) as thin strata in a quartz beach sand (Chennai, India).   Stratified Island near La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.

See also[link]

• Archaeological horizon
• Geologic map
• Geologic unit
• Geologic formation
• Law of superposition

References[link]

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010)

External links[link]

Look up stratum in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• GeoWhen Database

This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (January 2012)

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2012)

Daniel Ingram is a Canadian composer and songwriter, primarily for animated series soundtracks. He has written more than 100 songs for television including the theme songs for My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic and Martha Speaks in genres ranging from current Pop and Classic Rock right through to large-scale Broadway-style musical theater.

Ingram has received several awards for his music, including the 2010 Leo Award for Best Music in an Animated Series for Martha Speaks, and the 2008 Leo Award for Best Music in a Variety Television Show for About a Girl.

Notable film scores[link]

• Martha Speaks, Seasons 1 - 4 (Composer)
• Pound Puppies, Seasons 1 & 2 (Composer)
• The Adventures of Chuck and Friends, Seasons 1 & 2 (Songwriter)
• My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, Seasons 1, 2 & 3 (Songwriter)
• Kung Fu Magoo (Composer)
• The Math Show (Composer)
• Leroy Dorsalfin (Composer)
• On Screen!, Season 3 (Composer)
• About a Girl, Season 1 (Composer)
• Ricky Sprocket, Season 1 (Additional Music)
• Empty Arms (Composer)
• The Older I Get the Wiser I Get (Composer)
• On Screen!, Season 2 (Composer)
• A Daughter’s Conviction (Additional Music)
• Imaginary Playmate (Additional Music)
• Last Chance Café (Additional Music)
• Pucca, Season 1 (Additional Music)
• EARTH = home (Additional Music)
• Children of Tsunami: No More Tears (Composer)
• Return of the Tall Ships (Composer)
• On Screen!, Season 1 (Composer)
• To Be Fat Like Me TV movie (Additional Music)
• Nobody TV movie (Additional Music)
• Love Notes TV movie (Composer)

Music Supervision/Music Editing[link]

• The Week the Women Went, Season 2
• Combat School, Season 1
• Ricky Sprocket, Season 1
• Crash Test Mommy, Seasons 2 - 4
• Pucca, Season 1
• Stunt Dawgs, Season 1
• The Stagers, Seasons 1 - 2
• Second Sight TV movie

Awards and nominations[link]

• 2008 Leo Award for Best Musical Score in a Music, Comedy, or Variety Program or Series (About a Girl, winner)
• 2009 Leo Award for Best Musical Score in an Animation Program or Series (Martha Speaks, nominee)
• 2010 Leo Award for Best Musical Score in an Animation Program or Series (Martha Speaks, winner)
• 2012 Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Original Song in a Children's or Animated Series (May The Best Pet Win - My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, nominee)
• 2012 Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Original Song in a Children's or Animated Series (Becoming Popular (The Pony Every Pony Should Know) - My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, nominee)

References[link]

• Interview on Equestria Daily
• Interview on Studio 4 with Host Fanny Kiefer
• Interview on The Express,Vancouver May 25, 2011
• Interview on 918TheFan

External links[link]

• Daniel Ingram at the Internet Movie Database
• Official Site
• Official Facebook Page
• Official Twitter Page