A tropical year (also known as a solar year), for general purposes, is the length of time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice. Because of the precession of the equinoxes, the seasonal cycle does not remain exactly synchronised with the position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun. As a consequence, the tropical year is about 20 minutes shorter than the time it takes Earth to complete one full orbit around the Sun as measured with respect to the fixed stars (the sidereal year).

Since antiquity, astronomers have progressively refined the definition of the tropical year, and currently define it as the time required for the mean Sun's tropical longitude (longitudinal position along the ecliptic relative to its position at the vernal equinox) to increase by 360 degrees (that is, to complete one full seasonal circuit). (Meeus & Savoie, 1992, p. 40)

History[link]

Origin[link]

The word "tropical" comes from the Greek tropikos meaning "turn". (tropic, 1992) Thus, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn mark the extreme north and south latitudes where the Sun can appear directly overhead, and where it appears to "turn" in its annual seasonal motion. Because of this connection between the tropics and the seasonal cycle of the apparent position of the Sun, the word "tropical" also lent its name to the "tropical year". The early Chinese, Hindus, Greeks, and others made approximate measures of the tropical year; early astronomers did so by noting the time required between the appearance of the Sun in one of the tropics to the next appearance in the same tropic. (Meeus & Savoie, 1992, p. 40)

Early value, precession discovery[link]

In the 2nd century BC Hipparchus introduced a new definition which was still used by some authors in the 20th century, the time required for the Sun to travel from an equinox to the same equinox again. He measured the length of the year to be 365 solar days, 5 hours, 55 minutes, 12 seconds. A modern computer model gives 365 solar days, 5 hours 49 minutes 19 seconds. He adopted the new definition because the instrument he used, the meridian armillae, was better able to detect the more rapid motion in declination at the time of the equinoxes, compared to the solstices. (Meeus & Savoie, 1992, p. 40)

Hipparchus also discovered that the equinoctial points moved along the ecliptic (plane of the Earth's orbit, or what Hipparchus would have thought of as the plane of the Sun's orbit about the Earth) in a direction opposite that of the movement of the Sun, a phenomenon that came to be named "precession of the equinoxes". He measured the value as 1° per century, a value that was not improved upon until about 1000 years later, by Arabian astronomers. Since this discovery a distinction has been made between the tropical year and the sidereal year. (Meeus & Savoie, 1992, p. 40)

Middle Ages and the Renaissance[link]

During the Middle Ages and Renaissance a number of progressively better tables were published that allowed computation of the positions of the Sun, Moon and planets relative to the fixed stars. An important application of these tables was the reform of the calendar.

The Alfonsine Tables, published in 1252, were based on the theories of Ptolemy and were revised and updated after the original publication; the most recent update in 1978 was by the French National Centre for Scientific Research. The length of the tropical year (using the equinox-based definition) was 365 solar days 5 hours 49 minutes 16 seconds. It was these tables that were used in the reform process that led to the Gregorian calendar. (Meeus & Savoie, 1992, p. 41)

In the 16th century Copernicus put forward a heliocentric cosmology. Erasmus Reinhold used Copernicus' theory to compute the Prutenic Tables in 1551, and found a tropical year length of 365 solar days, 5 hours, 55 minutes, 58 seconds. (Meeus & Savoie, 1992, p. 41)

Major advances in the 17th century were made by Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton. In 1609 and 1619 Kepler published his three laws of planetary motion. (McCarthy & Seidelmann, 2009, p. 26) In 1627, Kepler used the observations of Tycho Brahe and Waltherus to produce the most accurate tables up to that time, the Rudolphine Tables. He evaluated the tropical year as 365 solar days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45 seconds. (Meeus & Savoie, 1992, p. 41)

Newton's three laws of dynamics and theory of gravity were published in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687. Newton's theoretical and mathematical advances influenced tables by Edmund Halley published in 1693 and 1749. (McCarthy & Seidelmann, 2009, pp. 26–28) and provided the underpinnings of all solar system models until Albert Einstein's theory of General relativity in the 20th century.

18th and 19th century[link]

From the time of Hipparchus and Ptolemy, the year was based on two equinoxes (or two solstices) a number of years apart, to average out both observational errors and the effects of nutation (irregular motions of the axis of rotation of the earth, the main cycle being 18.6 years) and the movement of the Sun caused by the gravitational pull of the planets. These effects did not begin to be understood until Newton's time. To model short term variations of the time between equinoxes (and prevent them from confounding efforts to measure long term variations) requires either precise observations or an elaborate theory of the motion of the Sun. The necessary theories and mathematical tools came together in the 18th century due to the work of Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Joseph Louis Lagrange, and other specialists in celestial mechanics. They were able to express the mean longitude of the Sun as

L₀ = A₀ + A₁T + A₂T² days

where T is the time in Julian centuries. The inverse of the derivative of L₀, dT/dL₀ gives the length of the tropical year as a linear function of T. When this is computed, an expression giving the length of the tropical year as function of T results.

Two equations are given in the table. Both equations estimate that the tropical year gets roughly a half second shorter each century.

Newcomb's tables were successful enough that they were used by the joint American-British Astronomical Almanac for the Sun, Mecury, Venus, and Mars through 1983. (Seidelmann, 1992, p. 317)

20th and 21st centuries[link]

The length of the mean tropical year is derived from a model of the solar system, so any advance that improves the solar system model potentially improves the accuracy of the mean tropical year. Many new observing instruments became available, including

• artificial satellites
• tracking of deep space probes such as Pioneer 4 beginning in 1959 (Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2005)
• radars able to measure other planets beginning in 1961 (Butrica, 1996)
• lunar laser ranging since the 1969 Apollo 11 left the first of a series of retroreflectors which allow greater accuracy than reflectorless measurements
• artificial satellites such as LAGEOS (1976) and the Global Positioning System (initial operation in 1993)
• Very Long Baseline Interferometry which finds precise directions to quasars in distant galaxies, and allows determination of the Earth's orientation with respect to these objects whose distance is so great they can be considered to show minimal space motion (McCarthy & Seidelmann, 2009, p. 265)

The complexity of the model used for the solar system must be limited to the available computation facilities. In the 1920s punched card equipment came into use by L. J. Comrie in Britain. At the American Ephemeris an electromagnetic computer, the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator was used since 1948. When modern computers became available, it was possible to compute ephemerides using numerical integration rather than general theories; numerical integration came into use in 1984 for the joint US-UK almanacs. (McCarthy & Seidelmann, 2009, p. 32)

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity provided a more accurate theory, but the accuracy of theories and observations did not require the refinement provided by this theory (except for the advance of the perihelion of Mercury) until 1984. Time scales incorporated general relativity beginning in the 1970s. (McCarthy & Seidelmann, 2009, p. 37)

A key development in understanding the tropical year over long periods of time is the discovery that the rate of rotation of the earth, or equivalently, the length of the mean solar day, is not constant. William Ferrel in 1864 and Charles-Eugène Delaunay in 1865 indicated the rotation of the Earth was being retarded by tides. In 1921 William H Shortt invented the Shortt-Synchronome clock, the most accurate commercially produced pendulum clock; it was the first clock capable of measuring variations in the Earth's rotation. The next major time-keeping advance was the quartz clock, first built by Warren Marrison and J. W. Horton in 1927; in the late 1930s quartz clocks began to replace pendulum clocks as time standards. (McCarthy and Seidelmann, 2009, ch. 9)

A series of experiments beginning in the late 1930s led to the development of the first atomic clock by Louis Essen and J. V. L. Parry in 1955. Their clock was based on a transition in the cesium atom. (McCarthy & Seidelmann, 2009, pp. 157–9) Due to the accuracy the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 redefined the second in terms of the cesium transition.^[1] The atomic second, often called the SI second, was intended to agree with the ephemeris second based on Newcomb's work, which in turn makes it agree with the mean solar second of the mid-19th century. (McCarthy & Seidelman, 2009, pp. 81–2, 191–7)

Time scales[link]

As mentioned in History, advances in time-keeping have resulted in various time scales. One useful time scale is Universal Time (especially the UT1 variant), which is the mean solar time at 0 degrees longitude (the Greenwich meridian). One second of UT is 1/86,400 of a mean solar day. This time scale is known to be somewhat variable. Since all civil calendars count actual solar days, all civil calendars are based on UT.

The other time scale has two parts. Ephemeris time (ET) is the independent variable in the equations of motion of the solar system, in particular, the equations in use from 1960 to 1984. (McCarthy & Seidelmann, 2009, p. 378) That is, the length of the second used in the solar system calculations could be adjusted until the length that gives the best agreement with observations is found. With the introduction of atomic clocks in the 1950s, it was found that ET could be better realized as atomic time. This also means that ET is a uniform time scale, as is atomic time. ET was given a new name, Terrestrial Time (TT), and for most purposes ET = TT = International Atomic Time + 32.184 SI seconds. As of January 2010, TT is ahead of UT1 by about 66 seconds. (International Earth Rotation Service, 2010; McCarthy & Seidelman, 2009, pp. 86–7).

As explained below, long term estimates of the length of the tropical year were used in connection with the reform of the Julian calendar, which resulted in the Gregorian calendar. Of course the participants in that reform were unaware of the non-uniform rotation of the earth, but now this can be taken into account to some degree. The amount that TT is ahead of UT1 is known as ΔT, or Delta T. The table below gives Morrison and Stephenson's (S & M) 2004 estimates and standard errors (σ) for dates significant in the process of developing the Gregorian calendar.

The low precision extrapolations are computed with an expression provided by Morrison and Stephenson

ΔT = −20 + 32t²

where t is measured in Julian centuries from 1820. The extrapolation is provided only to show ΔT is not negligible when evaluating the calendar for long periods; Borkowski (1991, p. 126) cautions that "many researchers have attempted to fit a parabola to the measured ΔT values in order to determine the magnitude of the deceleration of the Earth's rotation. The results, when taken together, are rather discouraging."

Length of tropical year[link]

An over-simplified definition of the tropical year would be the time required for the Sun, beginning at a chosen ecliptic longitude, to make one complete cycle of the seasons and return to the same ecliptic longitude. Before considering an example, the equinox must be examined. There are two important planes in solar system calculations, the plane of the ecliptic (the Earth's orbit around the Sun), and the plane of the celestial equator (the Earth's equator projected into space). These two planes intersect in a line. The direction along the line from the Earth in the general direction of the zodiac sign Aries (Ram) is the Northward equinox, and is given the symbol ♈ (the symbol looks like the horns of a ram).

The opposite direction, along the line in the general direction of the sign Libra, is the Southward equinox and is given the symbol ♎. Because of precession and nutation these directions change, compared to the direction of distant stars and galaxies, whose directions have no measurable motion due to their great distance (see International Celestial Reference Frame).

The ecliptic longitude of the Sun is the angle between ♈ and the Sun, measured eastward along the ecliptic. This creates a complicated measurement, because as the Sun is moving, the direction the angle is measured from is also moving. It is convenient to have a fixed (with respect to distant stars) direction to measure from; the direction of ♈ at noon January 1, 2000 fills this role and is given the symbol ♈₀.

Using the over-simplified definition, there was an equinox on March 20, 2009, 11:44:43.6 TT. The 2010 March equinox was March 20, 17:33:18.1 TT, which gives a duration of 365 d 5 h 49 m 30s. (Astronomical Applications Dept., 2009) While the Sun moves, ♈ moves in the opposite direction . When the Sun and ♈ met at the 2010 March equinox, the Sun had moved east 359°59'09" while ♈ had moved west 51" for a total of 360° (all with respect to ♈₀). (Seidelmann, 1992, p. 104, expression for p_A)

If a different starting longitude for the Sun is chosen, the duration for the Sun to return to the same longitude will be different. This is because although ♈ changes at a nearly steady rate^[2] there is considerable variation in the angular speed of the Sun. Thus, the 50 or so arcseconds that the Sun does not have to move to complete the tropical year "saves" varying amounts of time depending on the position in the orbit.

Mean equinox tropical year[link]

As already mentioned, there is some choice in the length of the tropical year depending on the point of reference that one selects. But during the period when return of the Sun to a chosen longitude was the method in use by astronomers, one of the equinoxes was usually chosen because the instruments were most sensitive there. When tropical year measurements from several successive years are compared, variations are found which are due to nutation, and to the planetary perturbations acting on the Sun. Meeus and Savoie (1992, p. 41) provided the following examples of intervals between northward equinoxes:

Until the beginning of the 19th century, the length of the tropical year was found by comparing equinox dates that were separated by many years; this approach yielded the mean tropical year. (Meeus & Savoie, 1992, p. 42)

Values of mean time intervals between equinoxes and solstices were provided by Meeus and Savoie (1992, p. 42) for the years 0 and 2000.

Mean tropical year current value[link]

The mean tropical year, as of January 1, 2000 was 365.2421897 or 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45.19 seconds. This changes slowly; an expression suitable for calculating the length in days for the distant past is

365.2421896698 − 6.15359×10^⁻⁶T − 7.29×10^⁻¹⁰T² + 2.64×10^⁻¹⁰T³

where T is in Julian centuries of 36,525 days measured from noon January 1, 2000 TT (in negative numbers for dates in the past). (McCarthy & Seidelmann, 2009, p. 18.; Laskar, 1986)

Modern astronomers define the tropical year as time for the Sun's mean longitude to increase by 360°. The process for finding an expression for the length of the tropical year is to first find an expression for the Sun's mean longitude (with respect to ♈), such as Newcomb's expression given above, or Laskar's expression (1986, p. 64). When viewed over a 1 year period, the mean longitude is very nearly a linear function of Terrestrial Time. To find the length of the tropical year, the mean longitude is differentiated, to give the angular speed of the Sun as a function of Terrestrial Time, and this angular speed is used to compute how long it would take for the Sun to move 360°. (Meeus & Savoie, 1992, p. 42).

Calendar year[link]

The Gregorian calendar, as used for civil purposes, is an international standard. It is a solar calendar, meaning that it is designed to maintain synchrony with the tropical year. It has a cycle of 400 years (146,097 days). Each cycle repeats the months, dates, and weekdays. The average year length is 146,097/400 = 365+97/400 = 365.2425 days per year, a close approximation to the tropical year. (Seidelmann, 1992, pp. 576–81)

The Gregorian calendar is a reformed version of the Julian calendar. By the time of the reform in 1582, the date of the vernal equinox had shifted about 10 days, from about March 21 at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325, to about March 11. According to North, the real motivation for reform was not primarily a matter of getting agricultural cycles back to where they had once been in the seasonal cycle; the primary concern of Christians was the correct observance of Easter. The rules used to compute the date of Easter used a conventional date for the vernal equinox (March 21), and it was considered important to keep March 21 close to the actual equinox. (North, 1983, pp. 75–76)

If society in the future still attaches importance to the synchronization between the civil calendar and the seasons, another reform of the calendar will eventually be necessary. According to Blackburn and Holford-Strevens (who used Newcomb's value for the tropical year) if the tropical year remained at its 1900 value of 365.24219878125 days the Gregorian calendar would be 3 days, 17 min, 33 s behind the Sun after 10,000 years. Aggravating this error, the length of the tropical year (measured in Terrestrial Time) is decreasing at a rate of approximately 0.53 s per 100 tropical years. Also, the mean solar day is getting longer at a rate of about 1.5 ms per 100 tropical years. These effects will cause the calendar to be nearly a day behind in 3200. A possible reform would be to omit the leap day in 3200, keep 3600 and 4000 as leap years, and thereafter make all centennial years common except 4500, 5000, 5500, 6000, etc. The effects are not sufficiently predictable to form more precise proposals. (Blackburn & Holford-Strevens, 2003, p. 692)

Borkowski (1991, p. 121) states "because of high uncertainty in the Earth's rotation it is premature at present to suggest any reform that would reach further than a few thousand years into the future." He estimates that in 4000 the Gregorian year (which counts actual solar days) will be behind the tropical year by 0.8 to 1.1 days. (p. 126)

See also[link]

• Anomalistic year
• Tropical astrology

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Astronomical Applications Dept. of United States Naval Observatory. (2009). Multiyear Interactive Computer Almanac (ver. 2.2). Richmond VA: Willman-Bell.
• Blackburn, B. & Holford-Strevens, L. (2003, corrected reprint of 1999). The Oxford companion to the year. Oxford University Press.
• Borkowski, K. M. The tropical year and the solar calendar. (1991). Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 85(3), 121–130.
• Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. (2006). The International System of Units. author.
• Butrica, A. J. (1996) NASA SP-4218: To See the Unseen - A History of Planetary Radar Astronomy. NASA.
• Dershowitz, N. & Reingold, E.M. (2008). Calendrical Calculations (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70238-6
• International Earth Rotation Service (2010, January 28). Bulletin A 23(4). author.
• Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (2005). DSN: History. author.
• Laskar, J. (1986). Secular terms of the classical planetary theories using the results of general theory. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 157, 59–70. ISSN 0004-6361.
• McCarthy, D. D. & Seidelmann, P. K. (2009). Time from Earth rotation to atomic physics. Weinhein: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
• Meeus, J. & Savoie, D. (1992). The history of the tropical year. Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 102(1), 40–42.
• Morrison, L. V. & Stephenson, F. R. (2004). Historical values of the Earth's clock error ΔT and the calculation of eclipses. Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 35, Part 3, No. 120, p. 327–336
• Newcomb, S. (1898). Tables of the four inner planets (Vol. 6) in Astronomical papers prepared for the use of the American ephemeris and nautical almanac (2nd ed.). Washington: Bureau of Equipment, Navy Dept.
• North, J. D. (1983). The Western calendar - "Intolerabilis, horribilis, et derisibilis"; four centuries of discontent. In G. V. Coyne, M. A. Hoskin, & O. Pedersen (Eds.). Gregorian reform of the calendar. Vatican Observatory.
• Seidelmann, P. K. (Ed.). (1992). Explanatory supplement to the Astronomical almanac. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. ISBN 0-935702-68-7
• tropic. (1992). American Heritage Dictionary, 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.

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The X Factor finalists (UK series 7)}} The seventh UK series of The X Factor was broadcast on ITV between 21 August and 12 December 2010. The final 12 were declared on 3 October 2010. Four wildcards were announced on the first live show of the finals on 9 October 2010, bringing the number of finalists up to 16.^[1]

Boys[link]

The Boys category was mentored by Dannii Minogue. Contestants in this category are males aged 16 to 28. The eight candidates were Karl Brown, Matt Cardle, Nicolò Festa, Aiden Grimshaw, Marlon McKenzie, Tom Richards,, Paije Richardson and John Wilding. Minogue chose:

Matt Cardle[link]

Matt Cardle (born 15 April 1983)^[2] is a former painter and decorator from Little Maplestead, Essex.^[3] Born to parents David and Jennifer Cardle, he was diagnosed with Wilms' tumour, a form of cancer when he was a toddler. He recovered after one of his kidneys was removed at age 2.^[4] Before applying to The X Factor, he was the frontman and acoustic guitar player of the band Seven Summers^[5] alongside Alex Baker (drums), Jon Holland (bass) and Neillo (guitars). The band had alternative rock, pop, urban, and folk influences and released a debut album^[6] on 22 January 2010 with their debut single being "Picture of You".^[7]

Cardle auditioned for The X Factor with "You Know I'm No Good",^[3] sang "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" at bootcamp,^[8] "If I Were a Boy" at judges' houses.^[9] In the first week, Cardle sang "When Love Takes Over". Show bosses asked him to perform a "secret gig" at the Five Bells pub, in Colne Engaine providing footage for the Saturday ITV show.^[10] In week two, he sang "Just the Way You Are", and in week 3 "...Baby One More Time". After reaching the final two singers, it was revealed that his would be winning single would be a cover of Biffy Clyro's "Many of Horror" retitled as "When We Collide". He was announced overall winner of the competition during the final held on 12 December 2010. His debut album Letters, was released in the UK on October 17, 2011.^[11]

Nicolò Festa[link]

Nicolò Festa is a 21 year old student from Treviso, Italy.^[12][13] He is the son of Michele Festa, deputy commissioner of the police flying squad in Verona, who apprehended notorious Mafia boss Felice Maniero after his 1994 escape from prison.^[12][13][14] He studied Languages at Ca' Foscari University of Venice and then moved to London a few months before applying for The X Factor. His father said his son's dream is to remain living there.^[12] He auditioned with "A Song for You" after which Louis Walsh called him "a diva in the making".^[15] At bootcamp, he sang "Life on Mars?", and made it through to the next round.^[16] He said that his fame was "inevitable" before performing "New York" in the judges' houses stage and was picked for the live shows by Minogue.^[17] For the first live show, he sang, "Just Dance" and was eliminated in the series' first double elimination, after receiving the fewest public votes. In answer to host Dermot O'Leary's question how he felt being the first one to exit, he replied: "I feel like crap".^[18] In April 2011 he began collaborating with independent label Aztec Records writing and recording new songs.^[19]

Aiden Grimshaw[link]

Aiden Grimshaw performing on The X Factor Live Tour (2011)

Aiden Grimshaw (born 4 December 1991) is a student from North Shore, Blackpool.^[20] He attended the Michael Hall Theatre School.^[20] Before auditioning for The X Factor, he played Tom Holmes in an episode of CBBC show Half Moon Investigations.^[21][22] He auditioned with "Gold Digger",^[23] prompting Cowell to say "Now that's what I call a pop star!".^[23] He then auditioned with "This Year's Love" during Bootcamp,^[16] and "Cannonball" at Judge's Houses.^[24] Dannii Minogue selected Grimshaw as one of her three contestants to continue in the competition for the live shows. For the first live show he sang "Mad World", which the judges praised. In the second live show he sang "Jealous Guy". In the third live show, his performance of "Diamonds Are Forever" was praised by the judges. In live show 4 he sang a slower rendition of Michael Jackson's "Thriller". Grimshaw sang "Nothing Compares 2 U" in week 5, and in week 6, Grimshaw sang "Rocket Man". Grimshaw landed in the final showdown that week, along with Katie Waissel. While he was saved by Minogue and Walsh in the judges vote, Cole and Cowell had voted for Waissel to stay, thus leaving the votes deadlocked. The public vote revealed that Grimshaw received the fewest votes and he was eliminated.^[25] His debut album, Misty Eye, is due for release on 13 August 2012 via RCA Records. It will be preceded by his debut single, "Is This Love", which is due for release on June 3.^[26]. The music video for Grimshaw's new single was released on YouTube on 30 April 2012. The video, though being that of Grimshaw's song, features Grimshaw himself for only approximately 2 seconds, as an 'extra'. He is in a corridor of a club walking past two of the video's central actors. The song was written by Grimshaw, Jarrad Rogers & Athlete frontman Joel Pott.^[27]

Paije Richardson[link]

Paije Richardson (born 15 November 1990) is a cinema usher and former fashion student from Islington, London.^[28] He has recently finished a BTEC National Diploma in Art and Design (Fashion and Clothing) at City and Islington College.^[28] Richardson also had a cameo appearance in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. He appeared again in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 playing an extra in the Battle of Hogwarts.^[29] He first auditioned with "Fly Me to the Moon" but Walsh was the only judge to enthuse over his performance, Cowell compared him to a wedding singer and joined Cole in giving him a no.^[30] Walsh went backstage to ask him to come back at the end of the day with another song.^[30] When Richardson returned he performed "It's A Man's Man's Man's World",^[30] to which he received a yes from all three judges, with Cowell complimenting his taste in music.^[30] At the judges houses stage he performed "True Colors" ^[24] but failed to make it into the initial top 12.^[9] He was then chosen by Minogue as her wildcard.^[1] For the first live show he sang "Killing Me Softly with His Song", in the second live show he sang "If I Ain't Got You" and in the third live show he sang "Ain't Nobody", and in week 4 he sang Back To Black by Amy Winehouse. After performing "Let It Be" in week 7, Richardson was in the final showdown for the first time, along with Cher Lloyd. Only Minogue voted to save him, and he was eliminated.^[31] After the series finished, the voting figures revealed that Richardson had actually received more votes from the public than Lloyd in week 7. On April 25, 2012, Richardson unvieled his debut single, "Bang Bang", which is due for release on July 16, 2012. His debut album was funded via donations made through Pledge Music. It will be released during September 2012.^[32]

Girls[link]

The Girls category was mentored by Cheryl Cole. Contestants in this category are females aged 16 to 28. The eight candidates were Keri Arrindell, Annastasia Baker, Treyc Cohen, Rebecca Ferguson, Cher Lloyd, Gamu Nhengu, Raquel Thomas and Katie Waissel. Cole chose:

Treyc Cohen[link]

Treyc Cohen, 26, from Stonydelph in Tamworth^[33] is a call-centre worker^[34] and former music student, who quit studying at the University of Wolverhampton in the summer.^[33] In the 2009 series, Cohen was in the over-25s category, getting through to the final twenty-four, but was eliminated at the judges' houses stage.^[35] This series, Cohen was placed in the girls' category (after the age limit was changed to 28) and she once again was through to the judges' houses, where she sang "Ave Maria".^[33] She was not picked to be in the initial top 12 acts,^[9] but Cole chose her as a wildcard for the live finals.^[1]

Cohen faced controversy after it was revealed that she signed a management deal with Artimis Music Management Ltd^[36] that landed her a contract in October 2009 with Birmingham-based Ajoupa Records, that released her debut single entitled "A Time to Be Heard",^[37] which was also the debut single of Ajoupa Records itself. It was released on 14 December 2009 featuring the a cappella group The Black Voices.^[38] The rules of The X Factor strictly forbid record deals while a contestant is on the show, and the show's legal team worked to free her from her contract.^[37]

Her rendition of "One" in the first live show brought her rave comments including Cowell saying: "I am amazed that we overlooked you in this competition. I didn't like what you're wearing, but honestly that's not an issue, because by a far mile, that was the best vocal for the entire competition thus far".^[39] Cohen went on to sing "Purple Rain" in the second week, progressing onto the third week, and sang "Whole Lotta Love". However, Cohen landed in the final showdown with John Adeleye, but was able to progress onto the fourth week after her performance of "One Night Only" convinced the judges to keep her in the competition. Cohen then went on to sing "Relight My Fire", and got through to the fifth week. On week 5, Cohen sung "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". Cohen was once again in the bottom two, against Katie Waissal, and sang "Un-Break My Heart". Cheryl Cole, being both the girls' mentor, refused to send home either act, and after offering to go last to send the result to deadlock, the majority of votes was used. Only Minogue was in Treyc's favour, thus eliminating her from the competition and finishing tenth overall.^[40][41] After the series ended, it was revealed that Cohen received more votes than Waissel, meaning if Cole had been allowed to take the vote to deadlock, Waissel would not have been eliminated.

From 24 June 2011, Cohen is due to star as Dorothy Gale in a West Yorkshire Playhouse production of The Wiz; a re-telling of the 1978 film The Wiz.^[42]

Rebecca Ferguson[link]

Ferguson performing on the X Factor Live Tour

Rebecca Ferguson, (born 21 July 1986)^[43] is a student and single mother to Lillie May (5) and Karl (4) from Anfield, Liverpool.^[44] She is a qualified legal secretary, having studied at Hugh Baird College, Bootle.^[45] She had previously unsuccessfully auditioned for The X Factor and for P. Diddy's Starmaker in New York.^[44] She sang "A Change Is Gonna Come" during her initial audition.^[44] At her bootcamp audition, she sang "Like a Star" to which Cowell said "That is a recording voice!" and Nicole Scherzinger said, "I told you first time I saw her, she is our generation’s songbird."^[46] She sang "Fireflies" at judges' houses and made it through to the live shows.^[9] For the first live show she sang "Teardrops" and in the second live show she sang "Feeling Good". In the third live show she sang "Why Don't You Do Right?" and in the fourth live show she sang "Wicked Game". In the fifth live show, Rebecca received a standing ovation from Simon and Cheryl following her performance of "Make You Feel My Love". In the following episode, Rebecca received another standing ovation from Dannii and Cheryl after singing "Candle in the Wind". In the final, she performed a duet with Christina Aguilera, performing Aguilera's hit single "Beautiful". Ferguson's winner's song was a cover of Duffy's "Distant Dreamer", but she finished as the runner-up to Matt Cardle, making her the first female runner-up on The X Factor. After the final, it was announced that Ferguson had been signed by Syco Music,.^[47]

In January 2011 it was reported by The Sun that she had signed a joint record deal between Syco and Epic Records.^[48] Her debut album has been confirmed and is due for release on 5 December 2011.^[49]

She is the new face of Walkers crisps Sunbites as of June 2011.^[50]

On 20 November 2011, Ferguson released her debut single "Nothing's Real But Love", which debuted at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart. Nothing's Real But Love also charted at no.23 in Ireland, 16 in Italy and 24 in Switzerland. On December 5, 2011, Rebecca released her debut album, "Heaven", and it debuted at number 3 in the UK, Heaven also charted at number 7 in Switzerland, 9 in Ireland and 30 in Italy. Her second single, "Too Good to Lose", was released on March 4, 2012, and charted at 186 on the UK Singles Chart. Glitter & Gold was released as her third single on the 29th April 2012 and charted at 152 on the UK Singles Chart.

Cher Lloyd[link]

Cher Lloyd (born 28 July 1993)^{[citation needed]} from Malvern, where she lives with her parents Darren and Dina, brother Josh, 15, and sisters Sophie, 14, and Rosie, 12.^[51] She is of Romani ancestry through her mother.^[52][53] She studied performing arts at Dyson Perrins CE Sports College in 2009.^[51] She auditioned for The X Factor twice before (when the minimum age was lower) singing ballads but it was only after reinventing herself that she got through to see the judges.^[54] Lloyd has previously performed at holiday camps and said she gets a mixed reaction to her music.^[55] She auditioned singing the Keri Hilson version of "Turn My Swag On".^[55] At bootcamp she sang a rap version of "Viva La Vida"^[8] adding lyrics she claimed to have written herself, but this was disputed and reports claimed she took them from a song by rapper Swizz Beatz.^[56][57] At the judges' houses she performed "Cooler Than Me"^[24] but was unable to complete her song after suffering from tonsillitis.^[9] She was given a second chance, but broke down sobbing and could not complete the song. She was still picked, however, as one of the final three girls by mentor Cole.

Lloyd sang a rendition of "Just Be Good to Me" in the first of the live shows. In the second live show she sang "Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)". In the third live show, she sang a mashup of "No Diggity" and "Shout", and in the fourth live show she sang "Stay". This was the first time Lloyd did not rap in her performance, and Cowell even called it "the performance of the series". In week five, Lloyd sang "Empire State of Mind", but judges stated that after last week they were disappointed, and Cowell said it was copycat. In the seventh week, Lloyd was in the final showdown for the first time after her rendition of "Imagine", but Cowell, Cole and Walsh all saved her in the final showdown, resulting in Paije Richardson being eliminated. In the following week Cher performed "Girlfriend", followed by "Walk This Way". Both performances were credited by the judges and she was saved by the public vote the following night, securing her position in the semi final.^[31] In the semi-final, Lloyd performed "Nothin' on You" and "Love the Way You Lie" and was in the final showdown with Mary Byrne. She was saved by the judges again and put through to the final, even though voting statistics after the show revealed that Lloyd had the fewest votes.^[58] In the final she performed a mash-up of "The Clapping Song" and "Get Ur Freak On", followed by a duet with will.i.am, which was a mashup of "Where Is the Love?" and "I Gotta Feeling". Lloyd was then eliminated in fourth place, having received the fewest public votes.^[59]

After the final, it was announced that Lloyd had been signed by Syco Music.^[47] Her debut album has been confirmed and was released 7 November 2011.^[60] She has worked with songwriter Autumn Rowe and producer RedOne.^[61][62] Her debut single "Swagger Jagger" received its first airplay on 20 June. The single was leaked onto the internet on 15 June^[63] but this version was later confirmed as only the demo of the track on Lloyd's Twitter account.^[64] Lloyd performed at T4 on the Beach in 2011.^[65]

Katie Waissel[link]

Katie Waissel, 24 during the series, is a recording artist from Harefield, Middlesex.^[66] She is a former receptionist, waitress and once worked at OK! magazine.^[67] She has previously performed under the name Katie Vogel on the series Green Eyed World^[68] and had a recording contract under the name Lola Fontaine.^[69][70] Waissel has been on tour with East 17 and Andy Abraham^[71] and has performed in Hollywood for Paris Hilton together with friend and fellow contestant Storm Lee.^[72]

At her audition, she sang Queen's "We Are the Champions", but forgot some of the words.^[70] She then sang "At Last" by Etta James, and was put through to bootcamp by Cole and Cowell. At bootcamp, she sang "Make You Feel My Love" and reacted with shock when she was the first girl put through to the judges houses.^[16] She fell to pieces when performing the song "Smile" in front of Cole and will.i.am at the judges' houses stage,^[70] and had to stop to compose herself after crying, stating that "it's an emotional song for me".^[73] Despite stumbling through her song for the second time, Cole picked her as one of her final three girls. This was a very controversial decision as many viewers did not feel that Waissel deserved her place in the live shows over girls who did not forget their words or break down during their performance.

In week 1 of the live shows, she sang "We Are the Champions". She was put in the bottom three as a result of the public vote, but because Nicolo Festa polled the fewest votes, Waissel had to sing in the final showdown with F.Y.D., the other bottom three act from week 1. She sang "Don't Let Me Down" in the final showdown and was saved from elimination by the judges by a majority vote, with only Cowell (F.Y.D.'s mentor) voting against her. In the second week of the live shows, Katie sang "I'd Rather Go Blind". She managed to avoid the bottom three this week and secured a place to the third week, where she sang "I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song)". In the fourth week she sang "Bewitched" and was in the final showdown with Belle Amie. Judges votes were deadlocked this time, but Waissel was announced as safe when it was revealed that Belle Amie had the fewest votes.^[74] She was in the final showdown again the next week after performing "Don't Speak" but was saved by a majority vote over Treyc Cohen when Cole refused to vote for either of her acts, while Cowell and Walsh voted to eliminate Cohen.^[40]

Waissel was in the final showdown for a third successive week when she sang "Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting", and this had been the fourth time Waissel had been in the final showdown. The judges votes were tied once again, but the public vote showed Aiden Grimshaw received fewer votes and he was eliminated.^[25] This was the first time in the show's history that a contestant was put into the final showdown four times and survived. In week 8, she performed "Sex on Fire" and "Everybody Hurts". In the series' third double elimination, Waissel received the fewest number of votes and was automatically eliminated.^[75]

Over 28s[link]

The Over 28s category was mentored by Louis Walsh. Contestants in this category are of either sex, aged 29 or over. There is no upper age limit. The eight candidates were John Adeleye, Mary Byrne, Wagner, Stephen Hunter, Justin Vanderhyde, Storm Lee, Yuli Minguel, and Elesha Moses. Walsh chose:

John Adeleye[link]

John Adeleye (as J'Nay) performing at Dalston Festival Vortex in 2008

John Adeleye, 30-31, is a care worker and award winning songwriter from Harlesden, London^[76] and had an artistic career under the stage name J'Nay. He was a founding member of the band Nu-park, with fellow musician Shad. The band was further expanded to become a 5-piece band by including Mylz (Tyga), Raheem and Anton Gordon.^[77] and a solo artist after the breakup of the group. In 2008, J'Nay released his EP Merry Go Round containing 5 tracks.^[77] Adeleye was working as an activity co-ordinator at Forrester Court care home in Westminster helping people with early onset dementia for two years,^[76] where he says he was inspired to enter The X Factor by the residents and his distinctive singing means they always remember him. He said one resident said to him "'When you sing, I feel a lot better'. That's when I decided to enter."^[78] Adeleye, under the name J'Nay, won the MOBO Unsung Award at the 2003 MOBO Awards.^[79] He has appeared on GMTV^[80] and Newsround,^[81] was signed by record company Universal-Island and has toured with Jamelia.^[82] At his first audition he sang "You Are So Beautiful",^[82] at the judges house stage he sang "Billionaire".^[24] In week 1 of the live shows, Adeleye sang "One Sweet Day" and in week 2, "A Song for You". He was safe in both weeks. After performing "Zoom" in week 3, he was voted in final showdown by the public and had a showdown with Treyc Cohen.. In the final showdown the, he sang "Because of You", but was voted out by Simon Cowell, who could have gone to deadlock. He finished 12th overall. However, at the end of the series, it was revealed that John had received more votes than Treyc, so if Cowell had gone to deadlock Adeleye would have remained in the competition.

Mary Byrne[link]

Mary Byrne (born November 1959) is a supermarket worker from Ballyfermot, Dublin, Ireland.^[83] She says she wanted to be a singer all her life but never had the confidence until now. She is a single mother to her 23-year-old daughter Deborah.^[84][85] She has performed with her brother Tommy under the name The Tommy Lee Experience.^[86] In 2008 she won the Irish television singing contest Nollaig No. 1 using the name Mary Lee, releasing the single "Siúil Leat".^[83][87]

At her first audition, she sang "I (Who Have Nothing)"^[9] and at the judges houses she performed "Fix You",^[9] though she forgot the words to the song.^[88] Her employer, Tesco Ireland, started a campaign for all staff to support her.^[89] Before the first live show, Byrne suffered a throat infection and the show's bosses asked her to quit smoking to avoid making the infection worse.^[88] She performed "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" in the first week, "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" in week 2 and "I Who Have Nothing" in week 3, the song she had sung in her audition. In week 8 she performed "All I Want Is You" and "Brass in Pocket" and was in the bottom three. She was saved by the judges after Katie Waissel and Wagner were eliminated.^[75] In week 9 she performed "Never Can Say Goodbye" and "The Way We Were" and was in the bottom two with Cher Lloyd. She sang "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" as her sing-off song but was eliminated by the judges.^[58] She finished in fifth place.

Byrne's debut album, Mine & Yours, was released on March 28, 2011.^[90] The album charted at number-one on the Irish Album Charts^[91] The album also charted at no.6 in the UK Album Chart^[92]

Storm Lee[link]

Storm Lee (born Lee Gardner), 37, is a singer songwriter born in Edinburgh,^[93] who later moved to Los Angeles when he was 17.^[94] Lee's mother, Arras Robertson, left the family home when he was four years old after her marriage with his father Robert Gardner collapsed in 1977. Lee and his mother only speak through Facebook, he has a half-sister Susan and older brother Gary, 40.^[95] He came out as gay on the Edinburgh Evening News in 2007, saying it's not a "huge part of my life, it's just part of my personality".^[96] His previous jobs include make-up artist, furniture re-upholster and a cleaner at KFC.^[97] Lee has performed in Hollywood for Paris Hilton together with friend and fellow contestant Katie Waissel^[72] and at the 2009 NewNowNext Awards.^[98] Lee appeared on US show The Singing Bee as part of the house band.^[93][99] and has a credit for original music on Bridezillas.^[100]

Lee has released his own album Soulfillapopkilla in January 2007.^[99][101] He collaborated with Andy Caldwell on the track "Black Diamond Sky" on Caldwell's Obsession album ^[102] and with Ricky Martin on four tracks for Martin's album.^[103] Lee has recorded backing vocals for many artists including Meat Loaf, Ozzy Osbourne and Carrie Underwood.^[93][97] He can be heard on backing vocals on Meat Loaf albums Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose^[104] and It's All Coming Back to Me Now,^[105] Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers,^[106] and Naked Truth^[107] by Sarah Hudson. Lee co-wrote a track on the album Confessional^[108] by Bryan Rice and he was nominated for a Latin Grammy for the composition on the Lipstick album by Alejandra Guzmán.^[99][109] He also played tenor saxophone on Utopía^[110] by Belinda.

Lee's first audition was with "Every Breath You Take" and "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For".^[93] At the bootcamp he sang "Sweet Child O'Mine"^[8] and at the judges houses stage sang "Without You".^[9] He was eliminated from the live shows on October 17, after singing "Born to Run" and receiving the fewest public votes for week 2. He finished 14th overall. His album Soulfillapopkilla was re-released on 1 March 2011.^[111]

Wagner[link]

Wagner Fiuza-Carrilho ( /ˈvɑːɡnə/; born 1956), the oldest of the finalists, is a Brazilian born retired PE teacher and karate enthusiast now living in Pensnett, Dudley.^[112] Fiuza-Carrilho previously owned a martial arts and dance gym in Cradley Heath before becoming a P.E. teacher for a year at Leasowes Community College; he has also worked for a conservatory fitting company.^[113][114] He said he entered the contest to get a "new start" and to be able to provide for his son.^[112] At the judges houses Fiuza-Carrilho performed "You Got The Love"^[24] to which Walsh joked to his assistant judge Sharon Osbourne that "He fancies you".^[115] Although he was not picked to be one the initial top 12 acts,^[9] mentor Walsh chose him as his wildcard for the live finals.^[1] Wagner moved out of The X Factor house after the second live show after complaining about his fellow contestants' behaviour.^[116]

In week 8, Wagner performed "Creep" and "Addicted to Love" and was in the bottom three. Katie Waissel was automatically eliminated, and then Wagner and Mary Byrne performed in the final showdown. Wagner received three votes from the judges to be eliminated and left the competition.^[75]

During his time on the show, it was revealed that Wagner was presently a UK incapacity benefit claimant, based on his frozen shoulder. After his elimination, Work and Pensions Secretary Iain Duncan Smith commented on Sky News to Adam Boulton: "One of the people who was working on his case, I understand this, I don't know precisely, noticed [Wagner] was managing to leap in the air with his arms held above him when I am told that he had a frozen shoulder and frozen shoulders tend to mean that you can't have your arm in the air; it's impossible and therefore he was off work. I suspect he will find he will be asked to come in and explain himself as to why he was on benefits in the first place. If you don't mind me saying so, [Wagner's case] illustrates the biggest problem we have got, which is incapacity benefit has grown like mad."^[117] However it was revealed that Wagner was telling the truth and kept the DWP informed as he appeared on the show only 6 months after his second shoulder surgery - he is no longer on incapacity benefit.^{[citation needed]}

Groups[link]

The Groups category was mentored by Simon Cowell. Acts in this category are duos or vocal groups. All members must be aged 16 or over. The eight candidates were Belle Amie, Diva Fever, F.Y.D., Husstle, One Direction, Princes & Rogues, The Reason ( since 2011 named The Reason 4) and Twem. Cowell chose:

Belle Amie[link]

Belle Amie is a four-member girl band made up of Rebecca Creighton, 21, an unemployed hairdresser from Tallaght,^[118] Esther Campbell, 17, a student from London,^[119] Geneva Lane, 20, a student from Guildford^[119] and Sophia Wardman, 24 (born July 1987), a student from Scarborough.^[120] Lane has previously won 2008 Spanish singing contest The WOW Factor,^[121] while Wardman was a contestant on reality TV show Shipwrecked: Battle of the Islands 2007.^[122]

They all applied as solo candidates to the competition, but failed to qualify in the Girls category. The judges, after a suggestion by Cowell, put them together in a band, qualifying for the Groups category. Their qualifying song, as well as their first song ever as a group, was an acoustic version of "Faith".^[9] On the first week of live shows they sang Airplanes by B.o.B and were safe. On the second week of live shows they sang You Really Got Me. As a result of the public vote, they were put in bottom three and had to sing in the final showdown on 17 October, after Storm Lee polled the least amount of votes and was eliminated. They sang "Big Girls Don't Cry" and were saved when all three independent judges Walsh, Minogue and Cole opted for them to stay and eliminate Diva Fever instead, leaving no need for their mentor Cowell to vote either way.

In the third week, they sang "I'll Stand By You", in which they progressed to the fourth week, where they performed "Venus". However, that night they ended up in the bottom two with Katie Waissel, and sang "Breakaway" in the final showdown. After the judges votes became deadlocked, the public vote showed that Belle Amie had the least amount of votes and were eliminated.^[123]

In January 2011, Genava Lane had left the group, to continue her musical career as a solo artist. Lane has recorded a new song, titled "Karma", which is due for release in 2012. The video for the single premiered in September 2011. In March 2011, Belle Amie released a snippet of their debut single, titled "Girls Up". They signed a record deal with Dodient Records, and their single "Girls Up" was released in June 2011, peaking at 25 on the UK Singles Chart. In September 2011, they released a snippet of their new song, titled "Shine", which is due for release in 2012. However, in April 2012, Rebecca left the group to pursuit a solo career, leaving original members Sophia and Esther to form a Duo and re-record material for their debut album.

Diva Fever[link]

Diva Fever is a duo consisting of Craig Saggers, 21, and Josef Al-Smadi, 26, friends who met through the University of Leicester.^[124] Saggers from Longthorpe, Peterborough ^[124] is studying English Language and has recently completed his second year.^[125] Al-Smadi, from Wigston, Leicestershire^[125] is studying English through the Open University while working for British Gas in Leicester.^[125] Saggers has previously performed in his home town of Peterborough at Fireworks and Christmas Lights events ^[124] and won an X Factor style contest called the Top Notch Factor.^[126] They initially auditioned with "Let It Be" until Simon asked them to change it after expecting them to be “more interesting”.^[127] Saggers said “I’m singing my heart out because I’m not having a ‘no’.” and they then performed "Proud Mary" and received three yeses.^[127] At bootcamp they decided to apply facepaint to stand out and sang "Bad Romance".^[16] At the judges house they performed "Love Machine"^[8] but weren't picked to be in the initial top 12 acts.^[9] However, a wildcard option was introduced for this year's show and Simon chose them as his wildcard act for the live finals.^[1]

In week 1 of the live shows, they performed "Sunny" and they were safe. In week 2 they sang "Gotta Go Home" / "Barbra Streisand". In the song however, they made tributes not only to Barbra Streisand as in the original, but also to Judy Garland and to Louis Walsh in addition to shouting their own name as well. As a result of the public vote, they were put in Bottom Three and had to sing in a showdown with another of Cowell's acts, girl group Belle Amie. After singing "I Will Survive", they were eliminated by the judges vote 3-0, with Walsh, Minogue and Cole opting to eliminating Diva Fever. Their mentor, Cowell, didn't have to vote after all the independent judges opted for eliminating the duo act in favour of saving Belle Amie for one more week. Minogue based her vote on the performance of both bands on the final showdown, whereas Walsh said he based his vote on who he thought had be the greater potential to grow in the coming weeks. Cole decided to eliminate Diva Fever without giving her reasoning,^[128] and Diva Fever finished 13th overall. When the voting figures were released after the show, it revealed that Belle Amie received fewer votes than Diva Fever did^{[citation needed]}.

On September 8, 2011 the duo appeared on Celebrity Juice.

On December, 6 2011, the duo were signed by Chicago Town Pizza to create a video advertisement to promote Chicago Town's X-Factor Pizza. They recorded a parody version of 'Don't Stop Believin' but changed the lyrics to sing about Chicago Town Pizza's.

F.Y.D.[link]

F.Y.D. performing at the Stevenage Christmas Lights Switch-on in November 2010.

F.Y.D. is a five-member boy band made up of Matthew Newtion,^[129] 26 (a dancer and barman from London), Kalvin Lamey, 25 (a dance teacher from London), Alex Murdoch, 22 (a dance teacher from Sussex), Ryan-Lee Seager, 22 (a dance teacher from London), and Jordan Gabriel, 22 (a customer support co-ordinator from London).^[119] F.Y.D. stands for "Follow Your Destiny".^[130] The group met while taking dance classes at Pineapple Studios.^[131] The band was originally called F.Y.E., which stands for For Your Entertainment, and auditioned as such at The X Factor, but they changed it to F.Y.D. upon the insistence of The X Factor management, when it was discovered another band already had the name.^[130]

All F.Y.D. members have dancing, singing and acting experience.^[130] Newtion played in 2008 the role of Jimmy in a production of Ché Walker's musical The Frontline^[132][133] that played at the Globe Theatre in London. In 2009 Newtion toured the United States with the musical The Harder They Come.^[134] Seager has performed backing vocals for Paolo Nutini and Alphabeat. Murdoch was a contestant on the second series of Living TV show Dirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life^[135] and danced and sang on occasions for JLS. Whereas both Newtion and Lamey have performed on several occasions as backing singers for previous winners of The X Factor, Alexandra Burke and Joe McElderry.^[136] Lamey has additionally worked with singer Duffy and rappers DJ Ironik and Chipmunk. In 2007 Kalvin Lamey was a contestant on BBC show Dance X but was chosen to leave in show six and didn't make the final.^[137] The Sun newspaper website posted a video with Lamey performing with cross dressing cabaret artists The Globe Act at a number of events and venues.^[138][139]

For their qualifying song in the judges houses, they sang "Beggin'".^[9] In week 1, they sang "Billionaire", adding a reference to Cowell in the lyrics.^[140] As a result of the public vote, they were classified as Bottom Three and had to have a sing-off showdown with Katie Waissel, also a bottom three contestant. They sang "Don't Stop the Music". After the judges' votes, they were eliminated by a vote of 3-1 with all three judges Cole, Minogue and Walsh voting them out. Only F.Y.D.'s own mentor Cowell voted in their favour. They finished 15th place overall. After the series ended, it was revealed that they had received more votes than Waissel.

One Direction[link]

One Direction performing on the X Factor Live Tour (2011)

One Direction are a five-piece boyband consisting of Liam James Payne (born 29 August 1993 in Wolverhampton), a music technology student at City of Wolverhampton College;^[141] Louis William Tomlinson (born 24 December 1991^{[citation needed]} in Doncaster), a student at Hall Cross School;^[142] Niall James Horan (born 13 September 1993 in Mullingar, Westmeath, Ireland), a student at Coláiste Mhuire, Mullingar;^[143] Harry Edward Styles (born 1 February 1994 from Holmes Chapel, Cheshire), a student at Holmes Chapel Comprehensive School;.^[144] Zayn Javaad Malik^[145] (born Zain Javadd Malik; 12 January 1993)^[146][147] from West Lane Baildon, Bradford,^[148] a student at Tong High School.^[147] Horan, Malik, Payne, Styles and Tomlinson all applied as solo contestants, but failed to qualify for the Boys category. After a suggestion by guest judge Nicole Scherzinger, they were put together to form the band One Direction, thus qualifying for the Groups category.^[149]

Payne had auditioned in 2008 to The X Factor's fifth series when he was 14 and reached judges' houses, but Cowell thought he was not ready for the competition and asked him to come back in two years.^[141] This time Cowell chose him to be part of One Direction.^{[citation needed]} Styles was the frontman for the band White Eskimo with lead guitarist Haydn Morris, bass guitarist Nick Clough and drummer Will Sweeny.^[144] Malik was noted for becoming nervous in bootcamp, and when he was told he had to dance, he decided to remain backstage, effectively running the risk of elimination. Cowell noticed Malik missing from the dance routine and went backstage and convinced him to return.^[8]

For their qualifying song, and their first as a group, at judges houses, One Direction sang an acoustic version of "Torn".^[9] In week 1 of the live shows, they performed "Viva la Vida" and were safe for the week. Week 2 was "Musical Heroes", and One Direction sang "My Life Would Suck Without You", which received positive comments from the judges; Minogue called them "five heartthrobs"^{[citation needed]} and praised their performance, Cole called them "cute"^{[citation needed]} and Cowell said "You are the most exciting pop band in the country right now."^{[citation needed]} They sang "Nobody Knows" in week 3, "Total Eclipse of the Heart" in week 4. In week 4, girl band Belle Amie were eliminated, leaving One Direction as Cowell's last remaining act. They sang "Kids in America" in week 5, "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" in week 6 and "All You Need Is Love" in week 7. They were safe each week, never once being in the bottom two. For weeks 8 and 9, they performed two songs: "Summer of 69" and "You Are So Beautiful" in week 8 and "Only Girl (In the World)" and "Chasing Cars "in week 9. They were safe both times, making it to the final live show, being the first ever manufactured group to do so. In week 10, the boyband performed "Your Song". After performing "Torn" in the final, One Direction finished in third place behind runner-up, Rebecca Ferguson and winner, Matt Cardle but so far have been more successful.

See also[link]

• List of The X Factor (UK) finalists
• List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 1)
• List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 2)
• List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 3)
• List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 4)
• List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 5)
• List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 6)
• List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 8)

References[link]

External links[link]

• The X Factor Finalists at itv.com