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- published: 30 Mar 2011
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- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 2003 - Димна завеса
- 2003 - The Suicide File
- 2003 - Suicide File
- 2003 - Nina Gordon
Душата ми вихрушка я обрули,
защо я пуснах гола и пеша,
сред вашите ласкателства и хули,
защо ви дадох своята душа?!
Защо ли като храм ви я отворих,
без да помисля аз, че някой ден
незнайно кой от вас, жестоки хора
иконите без срам ще окраде.
Не съжалявам, че е пуст олтарът
и че вратите са разбити с бяс,
но съжалявам, че със свойта вяра
днес няма где да се помоля аз.
Душата ми обрулена и мъртва,
пустее без икони и олтар,
във нея аз ви пуснах като в църква,
а трябваше да сложа катинар.
In the end what's left
Won't be your feathered hair or your fake breasts or your fast food or your slow death.
All the rallies and all the marches,
All the fireworks and all the garbage.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
The american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
In the end what's left
Won't be your feathered hair or your fake breasts or your fast food or your slow death.
All the rallies and all the marches,
All the fireworks and all the garbage.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
The american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
hey baby why'd you turn away i was about to say
something baby i thought would make you smile
at least for a little while oh well baby that's the
way it goes right from my head to my toes and
you're the first to know that i've got a brilliant
plan i hope you understand i want to meet in
2OO3 i want to see what the future can bring to
me and when i do i'll meet you here my darling
and when i'm free i'll be waiting where i said i
would be my love will you wait for me what
we've found is such a precious thing that's what
i 'm trying to sing but before i lose my nerve i
better write down these words 'cause i don't
know what you heard and you know that i won't
change my mind i made a promise to be true let
them say that it's a selfish game but i don' t play
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The 30 best songs of 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Updated: 02 May 2013
the updated version including 88 songs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_xpBRH_0DY.
http://wn.com/The_30_best_songs_of_2003
the updated version including 88 songs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_xpBRH_0DY.
Rap R&b; Hip Hop Song of 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 06 May 2013
Rap R&b; Hip Hop Song of 2003 1. Jennifer Lopez ft. LL Cool J : All i have 2. Fabolous ft. Tamia : Into you 3. Chingy : Right Thurr 4. Missy Elliott ft. Ludac...
http://wn.com/Rap_R&b;_Hip_Hop_Song_of_2003
Rap R&b; Hip Hop Song of 2003 1. Jennifer Lopez ft. LL Cool J : All i have 2. Fabolous ft. Tamia : Into you 3. Chingy : Right Thurr 4. Missy Elliott ft. Ludac...
- published: 13 Mar 2012
- views: 320104
- author: fanaa28
2003 年大事回顧 Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:50
- Updated: 06 Nov 2006
令人感觸的一年
http://wn.com/2003_年大事回顧_Part_1
令人感觸的一年
- published: 06 Nov 2006
- views: 97759
Holes 2003 Full Movie HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 117:26
- Updated: 07 May 2013
CLICK THE LINK BELOW SO YOU UNDERSTAND THAT YOUTUBE DOES NOT ALLOW SYNDICATION (MOBILE VIEWERS) ON THIS VIDEO http://oi48.tinypic.com/2e3tq13.jpg Yes My Othe...
http://wn.com/Holes_2003_Full_Movie_HD
CLICK THE LINK BELOW SO YOU UNDERSTAND THAT YOUTUBE DOES NOT ALLOW SYNDICATION (MOBILE VIEWERS) ON THIS VIDEO http://oi48.tinypic.com/2e3tq13.jpg Yes My Othe...
- published: 07 Nov 2012
- views: 707721
- author: joe74270
1993年～2003年のヒット曲集 高速メドレー
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 03 May 2013
「ちょっと懐かしい名曲集７７」に触発されて作りました。元ネタは自分じゃありません。一曲がかなり短いですが、その分曲を多く入れたので・・・。全部で107曲あります。ヒット曲＞＞＞懐かしい＝自分の好きな曲が大体の基準です。 最近はヒットチャートの概念が変わりつつあります。論点をどこにおくかによって、人の答えは様々です...
http://wn.com/1993年～2003年のヒット曲集 高速メドレー
「ちょっと懐かしい名曲集７７」に触発されて作りました。元ネタは自分じゃありません。一曲がかなり短いですが、その分曲を多く入れたので・・・。全部で107曲あります。ヒット曲＞＞＞懐かしい＝自分の好きな曲が大体の基準です。 最近はヒットチャートの概念が変わりつつあります。論点をどこにおくかによって、人の答えは様々です...
- published: 27 Jul 2009
- views: 5987982
- author: suisuup
Lance Armstrong 2003 TDF - The Ascent of Luz Ardiden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:15
- Updated: 03 May 2013
Lance Armstrong 2003 TDF - The Ascent of Luz Ardiden.
http://wn.com/Lance_Armstrong_2003_TDF_The_Ascent_of_Luz_Ardiden
Lance Armstrong 2003 TDF - The Ascent of Luz Ardiden.
- published: 15 Jan 2011
- views: 362885
- author: ThePerfectCadence1
Snap - Rhythm Is A Dancer 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 02 May 2013
Snap- Rhythm is a Dancer 2003 the best remix in the world ;) Please for subscribe.
http://wn.com/Snap_Rhythm_Is_A_Dancer_2003
Snap- Rhythm is a Dancer 2003 the best remix in the world ;) Please for subscribe.
- published: 19 Dec 2007
- views: 3416427
- author: deasus
[HQ] Radiohead - Glastonbury 2003 [Full Concert]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:53
- Updated: 06 May 2013
Watch in HD: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFjAWhY1Amg&hd;=1 Hey all; here's my second hour+ concert performance by Radiohead. A huge 990mb avi file converte...
http://wn.com/_HQ_Radiohead_Glastonbury_2003_Full_Concert_
Watch in HD: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFjAWhY1Amg&hd;=1 Hey all; here's my second hour+ concert performance by Radiohead. A huge 990mb avi file converte...
- published: 05 Sep 2008
- views: 616549
- author: AustinBrock
2003 National Championship - Syracuse vs Kansas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:32
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Vote Now For the All-Time March Madness Players, Teams and Moments! http://www.ncaa.com/75-moments.
http://wn.com/2003_National_Championship_Syracuse_vs_Kansas
Vote Now For the All-Time March Madness Players, Teams and Moments! http://www.ncaa.com/75-moments.
- published: 31 Jan 2013
- views: 12660
- author: ncaaondemand
2003 Kentucky Derby
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 04 May 2013
2003 Kentucky Derby.
http://wn.com/2003_Kentucky_Derby
Roger Federer vs Andre Agassi Houston 2003 Final HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:11
- Updated: 01 May 2013
Tennis Masters Cup 2003 Houston | Final + Interview Roger Federer [2] vs Andre Agassi Hope You Enjoy it)
http://wn.com/Roger_Federer_vs_Andre_Agassi_Houston_2003_Final_HD
Tennis Masters Cup 2003 Houston | Final + Interview Roger Federer [2] vs Andre Agassi Hope You Enjoy it)
- published: 29 Sep 2012
- views: 59063
- author: mrNaiman009
Bringing Down The House (2003) Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 105:15
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Rated PG13. DVD Quality. A Crazy Comedy Starring Steve Martin, Queen Latifah & Eugene Levy.
http://wn.com/Bringing_Down_The_House_2003_Full_Movie
Rated PG13. DVD Quality. A Crazy Comedy Starring Steve Martin, Queen Latifah & Eugene Levy.
- published: 03 Feb 2013
- views: 651586
- author: Roger Robertson
Hulk (Trailer 2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Bruce Banner (Eric Bana), a brilliant scientist with a cloudy past about his family, is involved in an accident in his laboratory causing him to become expos...
http://wn.com/Hulk_Trailer_2003
Bruce Banner (Eric Bana), a brilliant scientist with a cloudy past about his family, is involved in an accident in his laboratory causing him to become expos...
- published: 08 Jan 2008
- views: 3943619
- author: myxmovie
MONSTER - Trailer ( 2003 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Trailer for Patty Jenkins's film.
http://wn.com/MONSTER_Trailer_2003_
Microsoft Access Tutorial for Beginners #1 - Overview (Access 2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:00
- Updated: 05 May 2013
This overview of Microsoft Access covers setting up a simple Access database, complete with Table, Form, Query and Report. More tutorials to follow that will...
http://wn.com/Microsoft_Access_Tutorial_for_Beginners_1_Overview_Access_2003
This overview of Microsoft Access covers setting up a simple Access database, complete with Table, Form, Query and Report. More tutorials to follow that will...
- published: 23 Jul 2011
- views: 306615
- author: MotionTraining
Steve Jobs Keynote Macworld 2003 SF
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 120:13
- Updated: 22 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/Steve_Jobs_Keynote_Macworld_2003_SF
Star Wars: Clone Wars 2003 Season 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 63:39
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Comments are welcome. Please keep it clean. Thank you!
http://wn.com/Star_Wars_Clone_Wars_2003_Season_2
Comments are welcome. Please keep it clean. Thank you!
- published: 27 Jan 2013
- views: 51950
- author: Mega Starkey
Lynyrd Skynyrd - Free Bird (Live 2003) Full version - best audio
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:12
- Updated: 07 May 2013
Live concert in Nashville, Tennessee (2003). It was during their Vicious Cycle Tour, and marked the band's 30 years of rock 'n roll. "Free Bird" was first fe...
http://wn.com/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_Free_Bird_Live_2003_Full_version_best_audio
Live concert in Nashville, Tennessee (2003). It was during their Vicious Cycle Tour, and marked the band's 30 years of rock 'n roll. "Free Bird" was first fe...
- published: 29 Mar 2011
- views: 1399791
- author: Paul fromMN
Lietuva (Lithuania) - Ispanija (Spain). Eurobasket 2003 Finalas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 106:47
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Europos krepšinio čempionatas, vykęs 2003 m. rugsėjo 5-14 dienomis Švedijoje (Burosas, Liuleo, Noršiopingas, Sioderteljė ir Stokholmas). Finale Lietuva nugal...
http://wn.com/Lietuva_Lithuania_Ispanija_Spain_Eurobasket_2003_Finalas
Europos krepšinio čempionatas, vykęs 2003 m. rugsėjo 5-14 dienomis Švedijoje (Burosas, Liuleo, Noršiopingas, Sioderteljė ir Stokholmas). Finale Lietuva nugal...
- published: 04 Apr 2012
- views: 15197
- author: dalevels1
Boat Race 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 01 Apr 2013
http://www.bloomsbury.com/bloodoverwater On a blustery, overcast April day in 2003, David and James Livington raced against each other in the 149th Oxford-Ca...
http://wn.com/Boat_Race_2003
http://www.bloomsbury.com/bloodoverwater On a blustery, overcast April day in 2003, David and James Livington raced against each other in the 149th Oxford-Ca...
- published: 16 Mar 2009
- views: 39263
- author: BloomsburyPublishing
Federer vs Philippoussis 2003 Final Wimbledon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 102:47
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/Federer_vs_Philippoussis_2003_Final_Wimbledon
Amy Winehouse - "Stronger Than Me" (2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 24 Jul 2011
http://wn.com/Amy_Winehouse_Stronger_Than_Me_2003
- published: 24 Jul 2011
- views: 784487
Steve Jobs Keynote iTunes 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 67:34
- Updated: 10 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/Steve_Jobs_Keynote_iTunes_2003
photo: AP / Mark Duncan
07 May 2013
Amanda Berry, left, and Gina DeJesus right, both went missing as teens a decade ago. (Getty Images, APF / FBI) ... The women were found after one woman was able to escape the house and pleaded with a 911 dispatcher to send help ... "Help me, I'm Amanda Berry ... I need police ... ... I'm Amanda Berry ... Berry disappeared at age 16 on April 21, 2003, when she called her sister to say she was getting a ride home from her job at a Burger King ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
photo: AP / Nelson Salting
07 May 2013
Posted. May 7, 2013. A Philippine volcano killed at least five climbers and injured more than a dozen others after it spewed huge rocks and ash just after daybreak on Tuesday. Officials announced the deaths as rescue teams and helicopters rushed to Mayon volcano to bring out the dead and rescue the remaining hikers ... Some of the boulders were the size of living rooms ... Jesalva reported rushing back to the closest base camp to call for help....(size: 2.7Kb)
photo: AP Photo/Baz Ratner
05 May 2013
BEIRUT -- A look at the reasons for and possible implications of the escalation of Israel's involvement in Syria's civil war. WHY NOW?. Israel has said repeatedly it does not want to get dragged into Syria's civil war but has also warned that it will not allow so-called "game-changing" sophisticated weapons to flow across the border to Lebanon's Hezbollah, an Islamic militant group allied with the Syrian regime ... WHAT IS THE U.S. VIEW? ... ....(size: 15.2Kb)
photo: USMC / Cpl Daniel Wulz
07 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When it was announced that the Taliban in Afghanistan had again launched another spring offensive against U.S. forces, the twelfth one since 2001, it was reminiscent of Bernard Fall, a prominent war correspondent and expert on Indochina. He referred to the desperate and horrific battle of Dien Bien Phu as. "Hell in a very small place." ... lost its colony in Iran ... 11, 2001 despite U.S....(size: 5.1Kb)
photo: AP
07 May 2013
There was tight security around the courthouse as the NSU trial began in Munich on Monday. The case was later adjourned for one week after defense lawyers questioned the impartiality of the judges. It is the biggest trial on far-right extremism in Germany since World War II, centering on Beate Zschäpe and the National Socialist Underground (NSU) neo-Nazi group she allegedly co-founded ... Just one incident required police intervention ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
Austin American Statesman
08 May 2013
Deccan Chronicle
08 May 2013
Bengaluru. Mahesh Kumar, the suspended Member (Staff) Railway Board, and Narayan Manjunath Rao, managing director of Bengaluru-based G.G. Tronics – the two prime accused in the `90 lakh railway bribery scam who are both currently in CBI custody – first met when Kumar was divisional railway manager, South Western Railway in Bengaluru in 2003, CBI sources told Deccan Chronicle ... Agarwal, GM, North Western Railway, and V.K....(size: 2.5Kb)
The Washington Post
08 May 2013
HUNTSVILLE, Texas — A Texas death row inmate convicted of killing a fellow drug dealer while robbing him outside of a Waco convenience store 10 years ago was executed Tuesday evening ... Then he said he had a “statement to the world.” He said he was “in the midst of the truth.”. “I am good ... CDT ... 11, 2003, and he and a friend, Earl Whiteside, went to rob Dominguez of the money later that evening ... ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
The Dallas Morning News
08 May 2013
HUNTSVILLE — A Texas death row inmate convicted of killing a fellow drug dealer while robbing him outside of a Waco convenience store 10 years ago was executed Tuesday evening ... Then he said he had a “statement to the world.” He said he was “in the midst of the truth.” ... 11, 2003, and he and a friend, Earl Whiteside, went to rob Dominguez of the money later that evening ... Texas inmate executed for fatal Waco drug-deal robbery in 2003 ... What....(size: 7.7Kb)
The New York Times
08 May 2013
Select Month May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 ......(size: 10.1Kb)
The New York Times
08 May 2013
Select Month May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 ......(size: 11.8Kb)
The Times of India
08 May 2013
On Tuesday, Muzammil Akhtar, an accused in the March 13, 2003, Mulund train blast, completed 10 years in jail, but the trial in the case is yet to begin. He was picked up from his Vasai office on May 7, 2003, and shown arrested a week later ... 2002, blasts at a Vile Parle market and at an eatery on Mumbai Central station premises on January 27, 2003....(size: 1.9Kb)
The Florida Times Union
08 May 2013
The water surrounding the par-3 17th green of the TPC Sawgrass Players Stadium Course has claimed the most balls hit by competitors at The Players Championship in the 31-year history of the tournament — certifiably so in the ShotLink Era since 2003, with 481 balls finding the drink ... The water hazard on the left of the fifth fairway has claimed 105 balls, the only other hole on the course with more than 100 waters balls since 2003....(size: 4.6Kb)
Newstrack India
08 May 2013
Spike
08 May 2013
10.35am. Unleashed (2005). Unleashed (2005). 1.20pm. Skyline (2010). Skyline (2010). 3.45pm. Underworld (2003). Underworld (2003). 7.15pm. Resident Evil (2002). Resident Evil (2002). 9.40pm. Resident Evil (2002). Resident Evil (2002). 12.05am. Underworld (2003). Underworld (2003). 3.30am. Entourage. Oh, Mandy. 9.00am. World's Widlest Police Videos. World’s Wildest Police Videos. 10.00am. World's Widlest Police Videos. World’s Wildest Police Videos. 10.00am ... 60....(size: 7.3Kb)
Spike
08 May 2013
10.35am. Unleashed (2005). Unleashed (2005). 1.20pm. Skyline (2010). Skyline (2010). 3.45pm. Underworld (2003). Underworld (2003). 7.15pm. Resident Evil (2002). Resident Evil (2002). 9.40pm. Resident Evil (2002). Resident Evil (2002). 12.05am. Underworld (2003). Underworld (2003). 3.30am. Entourage. Oh, Mandy. 9.00am. World's Widlest Police Videos. World’s Wildest Police Videos. 10.00am. World's Widlest Police Videos. World’s Wildest Police Videos. 10.00am ... 60....(size: 7.3Kb)
Huffington Post
08 May 2013
These three photographs obtained on May 6, 2013 courtesy of the FBI show Amanda Berry, who went missing on April 21, 2003, after leaving the fast food restaurant at which she was employed a decade ago, and was found alive May 6, 2013 in a residential area of Cleveland, Ohio ... Amanda Berry, who went missing in 2003, Gina DeJesus, who went missing in....(size: 11.8Kb)
Mail Guardian South Africa
08 May 2013
Amanda Berry was one of three victims who were abducted separately in 2002, 2003 and 2004 and found together in the home of 52-year-old Ariel Castro. (AFP) ... 'We thought she was dead,' says Amanda Berry's childhood friend ... The three victims were abducted separately in 2002, 2003 and 2004 but were found together in the home of 52-year-old Ariel Castro ... – AFP. ....(size: 2.0Kb)
This article is about the year 2003.
| 2003 : January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 20th century – 21st century – 22nd century |
| Decades: | 1970s 1980s 1990s – 2000s – 2010s 2020s 2030s |
| Years: | 2000 2001 2002 – 2003 – 2004 2005 2006 |
| Gregorian calendar | 2003 MMIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2756 |
| Armenian calendar | 1452 ԹՎ ՌՆԾԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6753 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 159–160 |
| Bengali calendar | 1410 |
| Berber calendar | 2953 |
| British Regnal year | 51 Eliz. 2 – 52 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2547 |
| Burmese calendar | 1365 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7511–7512 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬午年十一月廿九日 (4639/4699-11-29) — to —
癸未年十二月初九日(4640/4700-12-9) |
| Coptic calendar | 1719–1720 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1995–1996 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5763–5764 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2059–2060 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1925–1926 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5104–5105 |
| Holocene calendar | 12003 |
| Iranian calendar | 1381–1382 |
| Islamic calendar | 1423–1424 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 15 (平成15年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4336 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 92 民國92年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2546 |
| Unix time | 1041379200–1072915199 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2003 |
2003 (MMIII) was a common year that started on a Wednesday, according to the Gregorian calendar. It was the 2003rd year of Anno Domini; the 3rd year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century; and the 4th of the 2000s decade.
2003 was designated the:
- International Year of Freshwater.
- European Disability Year.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland.
- January 5 – Police arrest seven suspects in connection with Wood Green ricin plot.
- January 8 – US Airways Express Flight 5481 crashes at Charlotte/Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing all 21 people aboard.
- January 16 – STS-107: Space Shuttle Columbia is launched on its last flight.
- January 18 – The Canberra Bushfires in Canberra, Australia, kill 4 people.
- January 23 – The last signal is received from NASA's Pioneer 10 spacecraft, some 7.5 billion miles from Earth.
- January 25 – An international group of volunteers leaves London for Baghdad to act as voluntary human shields, hoping to avert a U.S. invasion.
- January 26 – The Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeated the Oakland Raiders by the score of 48–21 in Super Bowl XXXVII.
- January 29 – 2003 Phnom Penh riots: In Phnom Penh, Cambodia, the Thai embassy is burned and commercial properties of Thai businesses are vandalized.
February[link]
- February 1
- At the conclusion of the STS-107 mission, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all 7 astronauts onboard.
- In Northern Ireland, Protestant Ulster Defence Association Belfast leader John Gregg is killed by a loyalist faction.
- Morgan Spurlock begins his 30-day McDonald's diet.
- February 5 – Iraq disarmament crisis: U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell addresses the UN Security Council on Iraq.
- February 9
- The Cricket World Cup begins in South Africa.
- BBC Choice closes for the final time at 12:30 a.m., being replaced with BBC Three at 7 p.m.
- War in Darfur begins.
- February 15 – Global protests against Iraq war: More than 10 million people protest in over 600 cities worldwide, the largest to take place before a war occurs.
- February 18 – An arsonist destroys a train in Daegu, South Korea, killing more than 190.
- February 20 – The Station nightclub fire in West Warwick, Rhode Island, claims the lives of 100 people.
- February 26 – An American businessman is admitted to the Vietnam France Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam, with the first identified case of SARS. WHO doctor Carlo Urbani reports the unusual, highly contagious disease to WHO. Both the businessman and doctor later die of the disease.
- February 27 – Former Bosnian Serb leader Biljana Plavšić is sentenced by the U.N. tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands, to 11 years in prison.
March[link]
- March 12
- Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Ðindic was assassinated in Belgrade.
- The WHO issues a global alert on SARS.
- March 13 – Human evolution: The journal Nature reports that 350,000-year-old upright-walking human footprints had been found in Italy.
- March 15 – Hu Jintao becomes President of the People's Republic of China, replacing Jiang Zemin.
- March 18 - FBI agents raid the corporate headquarters of HealthSouth Corporation in Birmingham, Alabama, on suspicion of massive corporate fraud led by the company's top executives.
- March 19 – Iraq War begins with the invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and allied forces.
- March 23 – The 2003 Cricket World Cup ends as Australia beat India by 125 runs in Johannesburg, South Africa.
April[link]
- April 3
- A passenger bus hits a remote-controlled land mine in the Chechen capital, killing at least 8.
- U.S. forces seize control of Saddam International Airport, changing the airport's name to Baghdad International Airport.
- April 9 – U.S. forces seize control of Baghdad, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein.
- April 14 – The Human Genome Project is completed, with 99% of the human genome sequenced to 99.99% accuracy.
- April 17 – The Stevens Report concludes that members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary and British Army cooperated with the Ulster Defence Association in the killings of Catholics in Northern Ireland.
- April 29 – The United States announces the withdrawal of troops stationed in Saudi Arabia, and the redeployment of some at the Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar.
May[link]
- May 1 – U. S. president George W. Bush lands on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, where he gives a speech announcing the end of major combat in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. A banner behind him declares "Mission Accomplished".
- May 2 – The Monkeyman superhero hoax begins in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK.
- May 3 – The Old Man of the Mountain, a rock formation in New Hampshire, crumbles after heavy rain.
- May 4–May 10 – A major severe weather outbreak spawns more tornadoes than any week in U.S. history; 393 tornadoes are reported in 19 states.
- May 4 – Top Thrill Dragster opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster.
- May 11 – Benvenuto Cellini's Saliera is stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.
- May 12
- A suicide truck-bomb attack kills at least 60 at a government compound in northern Chechnya.
- In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 26 people are killed in the Riyadh Compound Bombings.
- May 14 – A female suicide bomber blows up explosives strapped to her waist in a crowd of thousands of Muslim pilgrims, killing at least 18 people in Chechnya.
- May 15 – The date predicted by Pana-Wave Laboratory, a Japanese cult, on which a close encounter with an unknown planet would result in the extinction of most of humankind.
- May 16 – In Casablanca, Morocco, 33 civilians are killed and more than 100 injured in the Casablanca terrorist attacks.
- May 17 – Arsenal beat Southampton 1–0 to win the FA Cup.
- May 19
- Pen Hadow becomes the first person to walk alone, without any outside help, from Canada to the North Pole.
- The Indonesian military begins an operation in Aceh province.
- May 21
- F.C. Porto defeat Celtic 3–2 (AET) in the UEFA Cup Final in Seville, Spain.
- An earthquake in the Boumerdès region of northern Algeria kills 2,200.
- May 22 – The Sheffield Winter Gardens are officially opened by Elizabeth II.
- May 23 – Dewey, the first deer cloned by scientists at Texas A&M University, is born.
- May 24 – Sertab Erener wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 for Turkey with the song Every Way That I Can, in Riga, Latvia.
- May 25 – After docking in Miami at 05:00, the SS Norway (old SS France) is severely damaged by a boiler explosion at 06:30, that kills 7, and injures 17 crew members. A few weeks later it is announced by NCL that she will never sail again as a commercial ocean liner.
- May 26 – A draft of the proposed European Constitution is unveiled.
- May 28 – Prometea, the first horse cloned by Italian scientists, is born.
- May 28 – AC Milan defeats fellow Italian rival Juventus 3–2 on penalties after a scoreless tie to win the UEFA Champions League, their sixth European title.
- May 31 – Eric Rudolph, suspected in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in 1996, is captured in Murphy, North Carolina.
June[link]
- June 1
- The 29th G8 summit opens in Évian-les-Bains, France, to tight security and tens of thousands of protesters.
- The People's Republic of China begins filling the lake behind the massive Three Gorges Dam, raising the water level near the dam over 100 metres.
- June 4 – Martha Stewart and her broker are indicted for using privileged investment information and then obstructing a federal investigation. Stewart also resigns as chairperson and chief executive officer of Martha Stewart Living.
- June 5 – A female suicide bomber detonates a bomb near a bus carrying soldiers and civilians to a military airfield in Mozdok, a major staging point for Russian troops in Chechnya, killing at least 16.
- June 22 – The largest hailstone ever recorded falls in Aurora, Nebraska.
- June 23 – Grutter v. Bollinger: The Supreme Court of the United States upholds affirmative action in university admissions.
- June 26 – Lawrence v. Texas: The U.S. Supreme Court declares sodomy laws unconstitutional.
- June 29 – A balcony collapse in Chicago kills 13.
- June 30 – In Irvine, California, Joseph Hunter Parker kills 2 Albertsons employees with a sword, before being shot to death by the police.
July[link]
- July 1 – 500,000 Hong Kong people march to protest Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, which controversially redefines treason.
- July 2 – At the International Olympic Committee session in Prague, Vancouver, British Columbia is declared the host city for the XXI Olympic Winter Games in 2010.
- July 5
- SARS is declared to be contained by WHO.
- A double suicide bombing at a Moscow rock concert kills the attackers and 15 other people.
- July 6 – The 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar sends a METI message Cosmic Call 2 to 5 stars: Hip 4872, HD 245409, 55 Cancri, HD 10307 and 47 Ursae Majoris, that will arrive at these stars in 2036, 2040, 2044, 2044 and 2049 respectively.
- July 7
- Corsica voters reject a referendum for increased autonomy from France by a very narrow margin.
- Canon Jeffrey John, the first would-be gay bishop in the Church of England, withdraws his acceptance of the post of Bishop of Reading after discussions with church leaders.
- July 8 – Sudan Airways Flight 39, with 117 people on board, crashes in Sudan; the only survivor is a 2-year-old child.
- July 10 – A Russian security agent dies in Moscow, while trying to defuse a bomb a woman had tried to carry into a cafe on central Moscow's main street.
- July 14 – CIA leak scandal: Washington Post columnist Robert Novak publishes the name of Valerie Plame, blowing her cover as a CIA operative.
- July 18
- The Convention on the Future of Europe finishes its work and proposes the first European Constitution.
- The body of David Kelly, a scientist at the Ministry of Defence, is found a few miles from his home, leading to the Hutton inquiry.
- July 21 – Eleven support towers on Kinzua Bridge collapse after being hit by an F-1 tornado.
- July 22 – Uday and Qusay Hussein, sons of Saddam Hussein, are killed by the U.S. military in Iraq, after being tipped off by an informant.
- July 23 – Operation Warrior Sweep is the first major military deployment of the Afghan National Army.
- July 24 – The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands, Operation Helpem Fren, led by Australia, begins.
- July 26 – The electorate of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma approves a new constitution redesignating the tribe "Cherokee Nation" without "of Oklahoma" and specifically disenfranchising the Cherokee Freedmen.
- July 30 – The last Volkswagen Type 1 rolls off its production line in Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
August[link]
- August 1 – A suicide bomber rams a truck filled with explosives into a military hospital near Chechnya, killing 50 people, including Russian troops wounded in Chechnya.
- August 2 – The United Nations authorizes an international peacekeeping force for Liberia.
- August 10 – The highest temperature ever recorded in the UK: 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) at Brogdale near Faversham in Kent.[1]
- August 11
- NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.
- Jemaah Islamiah leader Riduan Isamuddin, is arrested in Bangkok, Thailand.
- A heat wave in Paris causes temperatures up to 44 °C (112 °F).
- August 14
- A widespread power outage affects the northeastern United States and South-Central Canada.
- A 6.4 Richter scale earthquake occurs near the Greek Ionian island of Lefkada; 24 are injured.
- August 15 – Oil price increases since 2003: Global oil production begins a 4-year plateau (and subsequent decline) in the face of rising demand, causing new price increases.
- August 16 – The 2003 Okanagan Mountain Park Fire spreads quickly on the outskirts of Kelowna, British Columbia, threatening to engulf the largest town in British Columbia's interior.
- August 22 – A rocket explosion kills 21 at the Brazilian rocket complex in Alcântara, Brazil, due to the premature ignition of a solid rocket booster.
- August 25
- Two bomb blasts in Mumbai, India, kill 52.
- The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, during Delta II.
- August 27 – Perihelic opposition: Mars makes its closest approach to Earth in over 50,000 years.
- August 28
- Bank robber Brian Douglas Wells is killed when a time bomb around his neck explodes, allegedly in an act of betrayal by his co-conspirators.
- An electricity blackout cuts off power to around 500,000 people living in southeast England and brings 60% of London's underground rail network to a halt.
September[link]
- September 3 – The Hubble Space Telescope starts Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
- September 4 – Europe's busiest shopping centre, the Bullring in Birmingham, is officially opened by Sir Albert Bore.
- September 10
- Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh is stabbed in a Stockholm department store and dies the next day.
- Estonia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
- September 11
- Hurricane Isabel reaches peak winds.
- September 14 – Sweden rejects adopting the euro in a referendum.
- September 15 – The ELN kidnaps 8 foreign tourists in the Ciudad Perdida in Colombia; they demand a human rights investigation and release the last hostages 3 months later.
- September 16 – Two suicide bombers drive an explosive-filled truck into a government security services building near Chechnya, killing 3 and injuring 25.
- September 18 – Hurricane Isabel makes landfall as a Category 2 Hurricane on North Carolina's Outer Banks. It directly kills 16 people in the Mid-Atlantic area.
- September 27 – Smart 1, a European Space Agency satellite, is launched from French Guiana.
- September 28 – A power failure affects all of Italy except Sardinia, cutting service to more than 56 million people.
- September 29 – Hurricane Juan lands at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, as a category 2 storm, killing 2 directly and 5 indirectly.
October[link]
- October 5 – Israeli warplanes strike inside Syrian territory.
- October 7 – 2003 California recall: Voters recall Governor Gray Davis from office and elect actor Arnold Schwarzenegger to succeed him.
- October 10 – Facing an investigation surrounding allegations of illegal drug use, American right-wing radio host Rush Limbaugh publicly admits that he is addicted to prescription pain killers, and will seek treatment.
- October 12 – Michael Schumacher wins the 2003 FIA Formula One World Championship in Suzuka, Japan, beating Kimi Räikkönen to the title.
- October 15
- China launches Shenzhou 5, their first manned space mission.
- The 2003 Staten Island Ferry crash kills 11 after one of its ferries slams into a pier.
- October 17 – Bolivian President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada is ousted from office, ending the bolivian gas conflict, and flees to the United States.
- October 24 – The Concorde makes its last commercial flight, bringing the era of airliner supersonic travel to a close, at least for the time being.
- October 25
- The Cedar Fire begins in San Diego County, burning 280,000 acres (1,100 km2), 2,232 homes and killing 14.
- The Florida Marlins defeat the New York Yankees to win their second World Series title.
- October 31 – Mahathir Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia after 22 years in power.
November[link]
- November 5 – Gary Ridgway, the "Green River Killer", confesses to murdering 48 women.
- November 9 – A lunar eclipse is seen in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Central Asia.
- November 12 – Occupation of Iraq: In Nasiriya, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 Iraq war, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base.
- November 15 – Two car bombs explode simultaneously in Istanbul, Turkey, targeting 2 synagogues, killing at least 25 people and wounding more than 300; Al-Qaida claims responsibility.
- November 18
- U.S. President George W. Bush makes a state visit to London in the midst of massive protests.
- The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, rules anti-same-sex marriage laws unconstitutional in Massachusetts.
- November 19 – At the end of a long public inquiry, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, John Prescott, gives planning approval to London Bridge Tower, set to become the tallest building in Europe.
- November 20 – Several bombs explode in Istanbul, Turkey, destroying the Turkish head office of HSBC and the British consulate.
- November 22 – 2003 Rugby World Cup: England defeat Australia 20–17 after extra time.
- November 23
- The Georgian Rose Revolution ends in overwhelming victory; president Eduard Shevardnadze resigns following weeks of mass protests over fraudulent elections.
- A total solar eclipse is seen over Antarctica.
- November 24 – The High Court in Glasgow imposes a minimum sentence of 27 years for Al Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, the Libyan convicted of bombing Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.
December[link]
- December 1
- The use of hand-held cell phones while driving is made illegal in the United Kingdom.
- Boeing chairman and CEO Phil Condit resigns unexpectedly. He is replaced by Lewis Platt as non-executive chairman and Harry Stonecipher as president and CEO.
- December 5
- A suicide bombing on a commuter train in southern Russia kills 44 people. President Vladimir Putin condemns the attack as a bid to destabilize the country 2 days before parliamentary elections.
- The eighteenth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting opens in Abuja, Nigeria.
- December 7
- Parliamentary elections are held in Russia.
- Australian schoolboy Daniel Morcombe disappears from a bus stop on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is one of the country's highest profile mysteries.
- December 8 – The Aso Rock Declaration is issued at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, outlining the Commonwealth's priority objectives.
- December 9 – A female suicide bomber detonates outside Moscow's National Hotel, across from the Kremlin and Red Square, killing 5 bystanders.
- December 12
- Paul Martin becomes the 21st Prime Minister of Canada.
- Olympic Airlines, Greece's new flag carrier, is launched.
- December 13 – Saddam Hussein, former President of Iraq, is captured in Tikrit by the U.S. 4th Infantry Division.
- December 16 – The United Kingdom announces plans to build a new runway at Stansted Airport in Essex and a short-haul runway at Heathrow Airport, sparking anger from environmental groups.
- December 18 – The Soham Murder Trial ends at the Old Bailey in London, with Ian Huntley found guilty of two counts of murder. His girlfriend Maxine Carr is found guilty of perverting the course of justice.
- December 20 – Libya admits to building a nuclear bomb.
- December 22
- An earthquake in California kills 2.
- Parmalat is first accused of falsifying accounts to the tune of USD $5 billion, later admitted by founder Calisto Tanzi; observers call it "Europe's Enron".
- December 23
- A PetroChina Chuandongbei natural gas field explosion in Guoqiao, Kai County, Chongqing, China, kills 234.
- WTO becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.
- December 24
- A BSE (mad cow disease) outbreak in Washington State is announced. Several countries including Brazil, Australia and Taiwan ban the import of beef from the United States.
- At the request of the U.S. Embassy in Paris, the French Government orders Air France to cancel several flights between France and the U.S. in response to terrorist concerns.
- The Spanish police thwart an attempt by ETA to detonate 50 kg of explosives at 3:55 p.m. on Christmas Eve inside Madrid's busy Chamartín Station.
- December 25
- Beagle 2 is scheduled to land on Mars, but nothing is heard from the lander.
- President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan escapes the second assassination attempt in 2 weeks.
- The final episode of Britain's biggest entertainment show, Only Fools and Horses, is aired.
- December 26 – A massive earthquake devastates southeastern Iran; over 40,000 people are reported killed in the city of Bam.
- December 31
- David Bieber is arrested on suspicion of the Boxing Day police shootings in Leeds.
- British Airways Flight 223, a Boeing 747-400 flying from London Heathrow to Washington Dulles, is escorted into Dulles Airport by F-16 fighter jets after intelligence reports of terrorists trying to board the jet and use it in a terrorist attack.
- Parts of the UK are left without power on New Year's Eve due to wintry weather including blizzards and thunderstorms.
Births[link]
- November 8 – Lady Louise Windsor, British Princess and daughter of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex
- December 7 – Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, daughter of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange and Princess Maxima of the Netherlands
Deaths[link]
Main article: Deaths in 2003
January[link]
- January 8 – Ron Goodwin, English composer and conductor (b. 1925)
- January 11
- Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (b. 1925)
- Richard Simmons, American actor (b. 1913)
- January 12
- Dean Amadon, American ornithologist (b. 1912)
- Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentine dictator (b. 1926)
- Maurice Gibb, British rock musician (Bee Gees) (b. 1949)
- January 15 – Doris Fisher, American singer-songwriter (b. 1915)
- January 17 – Richard Crenna, American actor (Marooned) (b. 1926)
- January 20 – Al Hirschfeld, American cartoonist (b. 1903)
- January 23 – Nell Carter, African-American singer and actress (b. 1948)
- January 24 – Gianni Agnelli, Italian auto executive (b. 1921)
- January 26
- Valeriy Brumel, Russian athlete (b. 1942)
- Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton, English historian (b. 1917)
- January 27 – Henryk Jablonski, former President of Poland (b. 1909)
- January 29 – Frank Moss, American politician (b. 1911)
February[link]
- February 1
- Michael P. Anderson, American astronaut (b. 1959)
- David M. Brown, American astronaut (b. 1956)
- Kalpana Chawla, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- Laurel Clark, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- Rick Husband, American astronaut (b. 1957)
- William McCool, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- February 2 – Lou Harrison, American composer (b. 1917)
- February 10
- Edgar de Evia, American photographer (b. 1910)
- Ron Ziegler, American White House Press Secretary (b. 1939)
- Curt Hennig, American wrestler (b. 1958)
- February 19 – Johnny Paycheck, American singer (b. 1938)
- February 20
- Maurice Blanchot, French philosopher and writer (b. 1907)
- Orville Freeman, American politician (b. 1918)
- February 27 – Fred Rogers, American children's television host (b. 1928)
- February 28
- Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (b. 1917)
- Rudolf Kingslake, British lens designer and engineer (b. 1903)
March[link]
- March 2
- Yevgeny Matveyev, Russian actor and film director (b. 1922)
- Hank Ballard, American musician (b. 1927)
- March 9 – Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (b. 1946)
- March 12
- Zoran Đinđić, Serbian prime minister (b. 1952)
- Howard Fast, American novelist (b. 1914)
- March 22 – Milton G. Henschel, American Jehovah's Witnesses leader (b. 1920)
- March 26 – Daniel Patrick Moynihan, American politician (b. 1926)
- March 29 – Carlo Urbani, Italian physician (b. 1956)
- March 30 – Michael Jeter, American actor (b. 1952)
April[link]
- April 1 – Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong singer and actor (b. 1956)
- April 2 – Edwin Starr, American soul singer (b. 1942)
- April 7 – Cecile de Brunhoff, French storyteller (b. 1903)
- April 9
- Jerry Bittle, American cartoonist (b. 1949)
- Jorge Oteiza, Spanish painter (b. 1908)
- April 11 – Cecil Howard Green, British-born geophysicist and businessman (b. 1900)
- April 14 – Jyrki Otila, Finnish quiz show judge and Member of the European Parliament (b. 1941)
- April 17
- Robert Atkins, American nutritionist (b. 1930)
- Paul Getty, American-born philanthropist (b. 1932)
- Earl King, American musician (b. 1934)
- April 19 – Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Indian-born Muslim leader (b. 1928)
- April 20
- Ruth Hale, American playwright and actress (b. 1908)
- Bernard Katz, German-born biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1911)
- Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (b. 1976)
- April 21 – Nina Simone, American singer (b. 1933)
- April 23 – Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer (b. 1910)
- April 26 – Peter Stone, American writer (b. 1930)
- April 30 – Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (b. 1923)
May[link]
- May 11 – Noel Redding, English musician (b. 1946)
- May 12 – Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, French UN High Commissioner for Refugees (b. 1933)
- May 14
- Wendy Hiller, English actress (b. 1912)
- Robert Stack, American actor (b. 1919)
- May 15
- June Carter Cash, American singer (b. 1929)
- Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (b. 1924)
- May 26 – Kathleen Winsor, American writer (b. 1919)
- May 27 – Luciano Berio, Italian composer (b. 1925)
- May 28
- Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist and chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1917)
- Martha Scott, American actress (b. 1912)
June[link]
- June 2
- Burke Marshall, American lawyer and politician (b. 1922)
- Freddie Blassie, American professional wrestler and manager (b. 1918)
- June 10
- Donald Regan, American Treasury Secretary (b. 1918)
- Bernard Williams, English philosopher (b. 1929)
- June 11 – David Brinkley, American television reporter (b. 1920)
- June 12 – Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
- June 14 – Jimmy Knepper, American musician (b. 1927)
- June 15
- Hume Cronyn, Canadian actor (b. 1911)
- Kaiser Matanzima, President of Transkei bantustan (b. 1915)
- June 18 – Larry Doby, American baseball player (b. 1923)
- June 21 – Leon Uris, American writer (b. 1924)
- June 25 – Lester Maddox, American politician (b. 1915)
- June 26
- Denis Thatcher, British husband of Margaret Thatcher (b. 1915)
- Strom Thurmond, American politician (b. 1902)
- Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroon footballer (b. 1975)
- June 29 – Katharine Hepburn, American actress (b. 1907)
- June 30 – Buddy Hackett, American comedian and actor (b. 1924)
July[link]
- July 1
- Herbie Mann, American jazz flautist (b. 1930)
- N!xau, Namibian actor (b. 1944)
- George Roper, British comedian (b. 1934)
- July 4 – Barry White, American singer (b. 1944)
- July 5 – Roman Lyashenko, Russian hockey player (b. 1979)
- July 6 – Buddy Ebsen, American actor (b. 1908)
- July 10
- Winston Graham, English writer (b. 1908)
- Hartley Shawcross, Baron Shawcross, British chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials (b. 1902)
- July 11 – Zahra Kazemi, Iranian-Canadian freelance photographer. (b. 1949)
- July 12 – Benny Carter, American musician (b. 1907)
- July 13 – Compay Segundo, Cuban musician (Buena Vista Social Club) (b. 1907)
- July 14 – Éva Janikovszky, Hungarian novelist (b. 1926)
- July 15
- Roberto Bolaño, Chilean writer (b. 1953)
- Tex Schramm, American football team president and general manager (b. 1920)
- July 16
- Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (b. 1924)
- Carol Shields, American-born writer (b. 1935)
- July 17 – Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (b. 1914)
- July 22
- Uday Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1964)
- Qusay Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1966)
- July 25
- Ludwig Bölkow, German aeronautical engineer (b. 1912)
- John Schlesinger, English film director (b. 1926)
- July 27 – Bob Hope, English-born American comedian (b. 1903)
- July 30 – Sam Phillips, American record producer (b. 1923)
August[link]
- August 1 – Marie Trintignant, French actress (b. 1962)
- August 4
- Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
- Brian Trueman, English musician (b. 1930)
- August 9 – Gregory Hines, American dancer and actor (b. 1946)
- August 11 – Armand Borel, Swiss mathematician (b. 1923)
- August 14 – Helmut Rahn, German footballer (b. 1929)
- August 16 – Idi Amin, Ugandan dictator (b. 1924)
- August 19
- Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (b. 1948)
- Carlos Roberto Reina, President of Honduras (b. 1926)
- August 22 – Imperio Argentina, Argentinian singer and actress (b. 1906)
- August 23 – Jack Dyer, Australian football player, coach, and commentator (b. 1913)
- August 29 – Vladimir Vasicek, Czech painter (b. 1919)
- August 30 – Charles Bronson, American actor (b. 1921)
September[link]
- September 1
- Terry Frost, English artist (b. 1915)
- John Gould, American humorist, essayist, and columnist (b. 1908)
- September 6 – Harry Goz, American actor (b. 1932)
- September 7 – Warren Zevon, American singer (b. 1947)
- September 8 – Leni Riefenstahl, German film director (b. 1902)
- September 9
- Larry Hovis, American actor (b. 1936)
- Edward Teller, Hungarian-born physicist (b. 1908)
- September 11
- Anna Lindh, Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1957)
- John Ritter, American actor (b. 1948)
- September 12 – Johnny Cash, American singer and guitarist (b. 1932)
- September 13 – Frank O'Bannon, American politician (b. 1930)
- September 14 – John Serry, Sr., American musician (b. 1915)
- September 17 – Sheb Wooley, American actor and singer (b. 1921)
- September 22 – Gordon Jump, American actor (b. 1932)
- September 23 – Yuri Senkevich, Russian TV anchorman (b. 1937)
- September 24 – Edward Said, Palestinian-born literary critic (b. 1935)
- September 25
- Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- George Plimpton, American writer and actor (b. 1927)
- September 26
- Robert Palmer, English singer (b. 1949)
- Shawn Lane, American musician (b. 1963)
- September 27 – Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1925)
- September 28
- Althea Gibson, American tennis player (b. 1927)
- Elia Kazan, Greek-American director (b. 1909)
- September 30 – Robert Kardashian, Armenian-American attorney and businessman (b. 1944)
October[link]
- October 1 – Huntington Hardisty, American admiral (b. 1929)
- October 3 – William Steig, American cartoonist (b. 1907)
- October 5
- Timothy Treadwell, American environmentalist and filmmaker (b. 1957)
- Denis Quilley, British actor (b. 1927)
- Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (b. 1978)
- Neil Postman, American educator, media theorist, and cultural critic (b. 1931)
- October 10 – Eugene Istomin, American pianist (b. 1925)
- October 12
- Jim Cairns, Australian politician (b. 1914)
- Bill Shoemaker, American jockey (b. 1931)
- October 13 – Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- October 16
- László Papp, Hungarian boxer (b. 1926)
- Stu Hart, Canadian wrestling promoter (b. 1915)
- October 19
- Alija Izetbegović, Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (b. 1925)
- Michael Hegstrand American wrestler (b. 1957)
- October 20 – Jack Elam, American actor (b. 1918)
- October 21 – Elliott Smith, American musician (b. 1969)
- October 23 – Soong May-ling, Chinese wife of Chiang Kai-shek (b. 1898)
- October 24 – Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish cross-country skier (b. 1925)
- October 25
- Pandurang Shastri Athavale, Indian philosopher and social reformer (b. 1920)
- Robert Strassburg, American composer (b. 1915)
- October 29
- Hal Clement, American writer (b. 1922)
- Franco Corelli, Italian opera tenor (b. 1921)
- October 31 – Richard Neustadt, American political historian (b. 1919)
November[link]
- November 3 – Spider Jorgensen, American baseball player and coach (b. 1919)
- November 4 – Richard Wollheim, British philosopher (b. 1923)
- November 5 – Dorothy Fay, American actress (b. 1915)
- November 6
- Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (b. 1919)
- Mike Lockwood American wrestler (b. 1971)
- November 9 – Art Carney, American actor (b. 1918)
- November 10
- Canaan Banana, first President of Zimbabwe (b. 1936)
- Irv Kupcinet, American columnist and television personality (b. 1912)
- November 12
- Jonathan Brandis, American actor (b. 1976)
- Penny Singleton, American actress (b. 1908)
- November 15
- November 18 – Michael Kamen, American composer (b. 1948)
- November 20
- Robert Addie, British actor (b. 1960)
- David Dacko, first President of the Central African Republic (b. 1930)
- Jim Siedow, American actor (b. 1920)
- November 24
- Hugh Kenner, Canadian literary critic (b. 1922)
- Warren Spahn, American baseball player (b. 1921)
- November 26
- Abed Hamed Mowhoush, Iraqi general
- Stefan Wul, French writer (b. 1922)
- November 28 – Mihkel Mathiesen, Estonian statesman (b. 1918)
- November 30 – Gertrude Ederle, American swimmer (b. 1906)
December[link]
- December 3 – David Hemmings, English actor (b. 1941)
- December 4 – Iggy Katona, American race car driver (b. 1916)
- December 6
- Hans Hotter, German opera and Lieder bass-baritone singer (b. 1909)
- Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (b. 1918)
- December 7
- Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (b. 1913)
- Azie Taylor Morton, U.S. Treasurer (b. 1936)
- December 8 – Rubén González, Cuban pianist (Buena Vista Social Club) (b. 1919)
- December 9 – Paul Simon, U.S. Senator from Illinois (b. 1928)
- December 11 – Ahmadou Kourouma, Ivorian writer (b. 1927)
- December 12 – Heydar Aliyev, former President of Azerbaijan (b. 1923)
- December 14
- Jeanne Crain, American actress (b. 1925)
- Blas Ople, Filipino politician (b. 1927)
- December 15 – George Fisher, American political cartoonist (b. 1923)
- December 16
- Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia (b. 1914)
- Gary Stewart, American singer (b. 1945)
- December 17
- Ed Devereaux, Australian actor (b. 1925)
- Otto Graham, American football player (b. 1921)
- December 19
- Hope Lange, American actress (b.1933)
- Roger Conant, American herpetologist (b.1909)
- December 22 – Dave Dudley, American singer (b. 1928)
- December 27 – Alan Bates, English actor (b. 1934)
- December 29
- Earl Hindman, American actor (b. 1942)
- Dinsdale Landen, English actor (b. 1932)
- Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and game show host (b. 1928)
- December 30
- David Bale, South African–born activist (b. 1941)
- John Gregory Dunne, American writer (b. 1932)
- Anita Mui, Hong Kong singer (b. 1963)
- December 31 – Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born physicist (b. 1898)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Chemistry – Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon
- Economics – Robert F. Engle, Clive W. J. Granger
- Literature – John Maxwell Coetzee
- Peace – Shirin Ebadi
- Physics – Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, Anthony James Leggett
- Physiology or Medicine – Paul Lauterbur, Peter Mansfield
In fiction[link]
Main article: Works of fiction set in 2003
- In the video game Freedom Fighters, the game is set in an alternate timeline from 1945 on where world power shifted towards the Soviet Union, the Soviets invades and conquers the United States, causing a rebel resistance.
- In the TV series Stargate SG-1 the second alpha site is attacked by kull warriors.
- In The Simpsons timeline, the events of The Simpsons: Hit & Run take place between October 25 and October 31, with all seven levels taking place on one week.
- The events of Resident Evil: Extinction take place, before the last chapters of Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles.
- The events of 28 Days Later commence in 2003, with the initial uprising of the Rage virus and decimation of Great Britain, and then the sequel 28 Weeks Later is also set later on in 2003, with the resurgence of the virus. The third film, 28 Months Later is to be set around 2005.
- In the last chapters of Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles, Jill Valentine and Chris Redfield are sent to an Umbrella Fortress in February 2003.
- The Galactic Federation in the Metroid Backstory was formed in 2003.
- The main character in Osamu Tezuka's manga Tetsuwan Atom (1951) or Astro Boy was "born" on 7 April 2003.
- The 1981 arcade game Omega Race is set in the year 2003.
External links[link]
- 2003 Year in Review – comprehensive listing of 2003 reviews and lists
- 2003 Year-End Google Zeitgeist – Google's Yearly List of Major Events and Top Searches for 2003
References[link]
http://wn.com/2003
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the Tasmanian politician, see Lance Armstrong (politician).
 Armstrong at the Tour de France 2010 |
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| Personal information | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Lance Edward Armstrong | ||||||||||||||||||
| Nickname | The Boss, Juan Pelota, Big Tex, The Texan,[1] Mellow Johnny (from maillot jaune, French for yellow jersey)[2] |
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| Born | (1971-09-18) September 18, 1971 (age 40) Plano, Texas, United States |
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| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Weight | 71 kg (157 lb)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Team information | |||||||||||||||||||
| Current team | Livestrong | ||||||||||||||||||
| Discipline | Road | ||||||||||||||||||
| Role | Rider | ||||||||||||||||||
| Rider type | All-Rounder | ||||||||||||||||||
| Amateur team(s) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1990–1991 1991 |
Subaru-Montgomery US National Team |
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| Professional team(s) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1992–1996 1997 1998–2004 2005 2006–2008 2009 2010–2011 2012– |
Motorola Cofidis US Postal Discovery Channel Livestrong Astana Team RadioShack Livestrong |
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| Major wins | |||||||||||||||||||
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Medal record
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| Infobox last updated on July 26, 2008 |
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Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist who won the Tour de France a record seven consecutive times after having survived testicular cancer. He is also the founder and chairman of the Lance Armstrong Foundation for cancer research and support. He last rode for UCI ProTeam Team RadioShack, a team he helped found.
In October 1996 he was diagnosed as having testicular cancer with a tumor that had metastasized to his brain and lungs. His cancer treatments included brain and testicular surgery and extensive chemotherapy, and his prognosis was originally poor. He went on to win the Tour de France each year from 1999 to 2005, and is the only person to win seven times having broken the previous record of five wins shared by Miguel Indurain, Bernard Hinault, Eddy Merckx, and Jacques Anquetil.
In 1999, he was named the ABC Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year. In 2000 he won the Prince of Asturias Award in Sports.[4] In 2002, Sports Illustrated magazine named him Sportsman of the Year. He was also named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year for the years 2002–2005. He received ESPN's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006, and won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award in 2003. Armstrong announced his retirement from racing on July 24, 2005, at the end of the 2005 Tour de France but returned to competitive cycling in January 2009 and finished third in the 2009 Tour de France. He confirmed he had retired from competitive cycling for good on February 16, 2011.[5]
Contents |
Career[link]
Early career[link]
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2011) |
Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971, at Methodist Hospital in Plano, Texas in the southern sector of Dallas.[6] At the age of 12, he began his sporting career as a swimmer at the City of Plano Swim Club and finished fourth in Texas state 1,500-meter freestyle. He abandoned swimming-only competition after seeing a poster for a junior triathlon called the Iron Kids Triathlon, which he entered and won at age 13.[7]
In the 1987–1988 Tri-Fed/Texas ("Tri-Fed" was the former name of USA Triathlon), Armstrong was the number one ranked triathlete in the 19-and-under group; second place was Chann McRae, who became a US Postal Service cycling teammate and the 2002 USPRO national champion. Armstrong's points total for 1987 as an amateur was better than the five professionals ranked that year. At 16, Armstrong became a professional triathlete and became national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990 at 18 and 19, respectively.[8]
It became clear that his greatest talent was for bicycle racing after he won the U.S. Amateur Championship in 1991. Representing the U.S., he finished 14th in the 1992 Summer Olympics. This performance earned him his first professional contract with Motorola. He won his first race with Motorola, the Trophee Laigueglia in Italy, beating the favourite Moreno Argentin.
In 1993, Armstrong won 10 one-day events and stage races. He stunned the cycling world when at age 21 he became one of the youngest riders to ever win the UCI Road World Championship, held in pouring rain in Norway that year. Prior to his World's win, he took his first stage win at the Tour de France, in the stage from Châlons-sur-Marne to Verdun. He was in 97th place overall when he abandoned the 1993 race in the Alps after the 12th stage.
He also collected the Thrift Drug Triple Crown of Cycling: the Thrift Drug Classic in Pittsburgh, the K-Mart West Virginia Classic, and the CoreStates USPRO national championship in Philadelphia. Thrift Drug said it would award $1 million to a rider winning all three races, a feat previously unachieved. At the USPRO championship, Armstrong sat up on his bicycle on the final lap, took out a comb, combed his hair and smiled for the cameras.
In 1994, he again won the Thrift Drug Classic and came second in the Tour DuPont in the United States. His successes in Europe were second placings in Liège–Bastogne–Liège and the Clásica de San Sebastián, where just two years before, he finished in last place as his first all-pro event in Europe.
He won the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, and this time won the Tour DuPont and took a handful of stage victories in Europe, including the stage to Limoges in the Tour De France. He dedicated the win to teammate Fabio Casartelli who died in a crash on the descent of the Col de Portet d'Aspet on the 15th stage, two days before.
Armstrong's successes were much the same in 1996. He became the first American to win the La Flèche Wallonne and again won the Tour DuPont. However, his performances began to suffer and he was only able to compete for five days in the Tour De France. At Atlanta he was only able to finish 6th in the time trial and 12th in the road race in the 1996 Olympic Games.
Cancer[link]
On October 2, 1996, then aged 25, Armstrong was diagnosed as having developed stage three testicular cancer (Embryonal carcinoma).[9] The cancer spread to his lungs, abdomen and brain. On that first visit to a urologist in Austin, Texas, for his cancer symptoms he was coughing up blood and had a large, painful testicular tumor. Immediate surgery and chemotherapy were required to save his life. Armstrong had an orchiectomy to remove his diseased testicle. After his surgery, his doctor stated that he had less than a 40% survival chance.[10]
The standard chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of this type of cancer is a cocktail of the drugs bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (or Platinol) (BEP). Armstrong, however, chose an alternative, etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (VIP), to avoid the lung toxicity associated with the drug bleomycin.[10] This decision may have saved his cycling career. His primary treatment was received at the Indiana University (IU), Indianapolis, Medical Center, where Dr. Lawrence Einhorn had pioneered the use of cisplatinum to treat testicular cancer. His primary oncologist there was Dr. Craig Nichols.[10] His brain tumors were surgically removed by Scott A. Shapiro, MD, Professor of Neurosurgery at Indiana University and Resident Director, and were found to contain extensive necrosis.[11] According to Armstrong's first book, Dr. Shapiro convinced him that he was the right neurosurgeon for him by saying: "You'll have to convince me you know what you're doing," said Armstrong. "Look, I've done a large number of these," Shapiro said, "I've never had anyone die, and I've never made anyone worse." "Yeah, but why should you be the person who operates on my head?" Armstrong responded. "Because as good as you are at cycling"-he paused-"I'm a lot better at brain surgery".[10] His last chemotherapy treatment was received on December 13, 1996.
His cancer went into complete remission, and by January 1998 he was already engaged in serious training for racing, moving to Europe to race for the U.S. Postal team. A pivotal week (April 1998) in his comeback was one he spent training in the very challenging Appalachian terrain around Boone, North Carolina, with his racing friend Bob Roll.[10]
Tour de France success[link]
Before his cancer treatment, Armstrong had won two Tour de France stages. In 1993, he won the 8th stage and in 1995 he took stage 18 in honor of teammate Fabio Casartelli who crashed and died on stage 15. Armstrong dropped out of the 1996 Tour on the 7th stage after becoming ill, a few months before his diagnosis.
Armstrong's cycling comeback began in 1998 when he finished fourth in the Vuelta a España. In 1999 he won the Tour de France, including four stages. He beat the second rider, Alex Zülle, by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence of Jan Ullrich (injury) and Marco Pantani (drug allegations) meant Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names. Stage wins included the prologue, stage eight, an individual time trial in Metz, an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time trial on stage 19.
In 2000, Ullrich and Pantani returned to challenge Armstrong. The race that began a six-year rivalry between Ullrich and Armstrong ended in victory for Armstrong by 6 minutes 2 seconds over Ullrich. Armstrong took one stage in the 2000 Tour, the second individual time trial on stage 19. In 2001, Armstrong again took top honors, beating Ullrich by 6 minutes 44 seconds. In 2002, Ullrich did not participate due to suspension, and Armstrong won by seven minutes over Joseba Beloki.
The pattern returned in 2003, Armstrong taking first place and Ullrich second. Only 1 minute 1 second separated the two at the end of the final day in Paris. U.S. Postal won the team time trial on stage four, while Armstrong took stage 15, despite being knocked off on the ascent to Luz Ardiden, the final climb, when a spectator's bag caught his right handlebar. Ullrich waited for him, which brought Ullrich fair-play honors.[12]
In 2004, Armstrong finished first, 6 minutes 19 seconds ahead of German Andreas Klöden. Ullrich was fourth, a further 2 minutes 31 seconds behind. Armstrong won a personal best five individual stages, plus the team time trial. He became the first since Gino Bartali in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain stages; 15, 16, and 17. The individual time trial on stage 16 up Alpe d'Huez was won in style by Armstrong as he passed Ivan Basso on the way despite setting out two minutes after the Italian. He won sprint finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a significant gap in the last 250 m to nip Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final individual time trial, stage 19, to complete his personal record of stage wins.
In 2005, Armstrong was beaten by David Zabriskie in the Stage 1 time trial by 2 seconds, despite passing Ullrich on the road. His Discovery Channel team won the team time trial, while Armstrong won the final individual time trial. In the mountain stages, Armstrong was attacked multiple times mostly by Ivan Basso, but also by T-mobile leaders Jan Ullrich, Andreas Kloden and Alexandre Vinokourov and former teammate Levi Leipheimer. But still, the American champion handled them well, maintained his lead and, on some occasions, increased it. To complete his record-breaking feat, Armstrong crossed the line on the Champs-Élysées on July 24 to win his 7th consecutive Tour, finishing 4m 40s ahead of Basso, with Ullrich third. Another record achieved that year, was that Armstrong completed the tour at the highest pace in the race's history: his average speed over the whole tour being 41.7 km/h(26 mph).[13][14]
On July 24, 2005, Armstrong officially announced his retirement from professional cycling after his 7th consecutive Tour de France win.[15]
Comeback[link]
Astana: 2009[link]
See also: 2009 Astana season
Armstrong announced on September 9, 2008 that he would return to pro cycling with the express goal of participating in the 2009 Tour de France.[16] "After talking with my children, my family and my closest friends, I have decided to return to professional cycling in order to raise awareness of the global cancer burden", Armstrong said on his livestrong.org website.[17] VeloNews reported that Armstrong would race for no salary or bonuses and would post his internally tested blood results online.[18]
The announcement ended speculation that he would return with Astana in the Tour of California, Paris–Nice, the Tour de Georgia and the Dauphiné-Libéré. Astana missed the 2008 Tour de France after Alexandre Vinokourov was ejected from the 2007 Tour for blood doping.
Australian ABC radio reported on September 24, 2008 that Armstrong would compete in the UCI Tour Down Under through Adelaide and surrounding areas in January 2009. UCI rules say a cyclist has to be in an anti-doping program for six months before an event, but UCI allowed Armstrong to compete.[19] The Premier of South Australia, Mike Rann, declared that Armstrong's participation would make the tour "the biggest sporting event in South Australian history."[20]
In October 2008, Armstrong confirmed he would compete in the 2009 Giro d'Italia, his first participation.[21]
On January 17, Armstrong said at a press conference for the Tour Down Under that his comeback was motivated by spending most of his days spreading the Livestrong message and raising national awareness of cancer.[22][23] Though his fitness levels had supposedly returned to peak condition,[24] Armstrong placed 29th in the race.[25] Armstrong said he considered this a successful result, as the thousands of fans who flocked to Adelaide to see him compete – booking every hotel room in the city[24] – added A$17 million to the South Australian economy, and the government rewarded his effort by pledging A$4.1 million towards the construction of a centre for cancer research.[26]
Armstrong's Trek bicycle was stolen while he was in Sacramento, California, for the Amgen Tour of California. This time-trial bike was returned to the Sacramento police by an anonymous citizen on February 18, 2009, four days after it disappeared from the Astana team truck. A police statement read, "The facts surrounding how the person came into possession of the bicycle are not being released at this time due to an ongoing investigation."[27]
In February 2009, Armstrong was confirmed to compete in the Tour of Ireland from August 19–23, 2009, before then participating in the Livestrong Global Cancer Summit from August 24–26th in Dublin.[28] The Astana Cycling team confirmed in early March that Armstrong would return to Europe to continue his comeback season with races at Milan – San Remo and the Vuelta a Castilla y León.[29] He had to retire from the 2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León during the first stage after crashing in a rider pileup in Baltanás, Spain and breaking his collarbone.[30]
Armstrong flew back to Austin, Texas, for corrective surgery, which was successful, and was back training on a bicycle within four days of his operation.[31] On April 10, 2009, a controversy emerged between the French anti-doping agency AFLD and Armstrong and his team manager, Johan Bruyneel, stemming from a March 17, 2009 encounter with an AFLD anti-doping official who visited Armstrong after a training ride in Beaulieu-sur-Mer. When the official arrived, Armstrong claims he asked—and was granted—permission to take a shower while Bruyneel checked the official's credentials. In late April, the AFLD cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.[32] Armstrong returned to racing after his collarbone injury at the Tour of the Gila in New Mexico on April 29.[33]
On July 7, in the fourth stage of the 2009 Tour de France, Armstrong narrowly failed to win the yellow jersey after his Astana team won the team time trial. His Astana team won the 39 km lap of Montpellier but Armstrong ended up just over two tenths of a second (0.22) outside of Fabian Cancellara's overall lead.[34] Armstrong finished the 2009 Tour de France in third place overall, 5:24 behind the overall winner, his Astana teammate Alberto Contador.
Team RadioShack: 2010–11[link]
On July 21, 2009, Armstrong announced that he would return to the Tour de France in 2010.[35] RadioShack was named as the main sponsor for Armstrong's 2010 team, named Team RadioShack.[36][37] Armstrong made his 2010 season debut at the 2010 Tour Down Under where he finished 25th out of the 127 riders that completed the race. He made his European season debut at the 2010 Vuelta a Murcia finishing in 7th place overall. Armstrong was also set to compete in several classics such as the Milan – San Remo, Amstel Gold Race, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, and the Tour of Flanders, but bouts with gastroenteritis forced his withdrawal from three of the four races.[38] Armstrong returned to the United States in mid-April to compete in the Tour of Gila and May's Amgen Tour of California, both as preparation for the Tour de France. However, he crashed outside Visalia early in stage 5 of the Tour of California and had to withdraw from the race.[39] He showed fine shape after recovering from the Tour of California crash, placing second in the Tour of Switzerland and third in the Tour of Luxembourg.
On June 28, Armstrong announced via Twitter that the 2010 edition would be his final Tour de France.[40] Armstrong put in an impressive performance in the Tour de France prologue TT, finishing third, but was plagued by crashes in later stages that put him out of GC contention, especially a serious crash in stage 8. He rallied for the brutal Pyreneean stage 16, working as a key player in a successful break that included teammate Chris Horner. He finished his last tour in 23rd place, 39 minutes 20 seconds behind former winner Alberto Contador.[41] He was also a key rider in helping Team RadioShack win the team competition, beating Caisse D’Epargne by 9 minutes, 15 seconds.
In October, he announced the end of international career after the Tour Down Under of January 2011. He stated that after January 2011 he will only race in the U.S. with the Radioshack domestic team.[42]
Armstrong announced his retirement from competitive cycling 'for good' on February 16, 2011, while still facing a US federal investigation into doping allegations.[5][43]
Physical attributes[link]
Armstrong has recorded an aerobic capacity of 83.8 mL/kg/min (VO2 max),[44][45] much higher than the average person (40–50), but lower than some other Tour De France winners, such as Miguel Indurain (88.0, although reports exist that Indurain tested at 92–94) and Greg LeMond (92.5).[46] At his peak, he had a resting heart rate of 32–34 beats per minute (bpm) with a maximum heart rate of 201 bpm.[47]
Collaboration of sponsors[link]
Armstrong revolutionized the support behind his well-funded teams, asking sponsors and suppliers to contribute and act as part of the team.[48] For example, rather than having the frame, handlebars, and tires designed and developed by separate companies with little interaction, his teams adopted a Formula One relationship with sponsors and suppliers named "F-One",[49] taking full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations working in close communication. The team, Trek, Nike, AMD, Bontrager (a Trek company), Shimano, Sram, Giro and Oakley, collaborated for an array of products.
Family and personal life[link]
Armstrong was born to Linda Mooneyham, a secretary, and Eddie Charles Gunderson, a route manager for The Dallas Morning News. His great-grandfather was the son of Norwegian immigrants.[50] He was named after Lance Rentzel, a Dallas Cowboys wide receiver. His father left his mother when Lance was two and has two other children from another relationship. His mother later married Terry Keith Armstrong, a wholesale salesman, who adopted Lance in 1974. Armstrong refuses to meet his birth father.[51]
Armstrong met Kristin Richard in June 1997. They married on May 1, 1998 and had three children: Luke David, born October 1999, and twins Isabelle Rose and Grace Elisabeth, born November 2001. The pregnancy was possible through sperm Armstrong banked three years earlier, prior to chemotherapy and surgery.[52] The couple filed for divorce in September 2003. At Armstrong's request, his children flew in for the Tour de France podium ceremony in 2005, where Luke helped his father hoist the trophy, while his daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascot and bouquet of yellow flowers.
Armstrong began dating singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow in the autumn of 2003 and revealed their relationship in January 2004. The couple announced their engagement in September 2005 and their split in February 2006.
In December 2008, Armstrong announced that his girlfriend, Anna Hansen, was pregnant with his child. The couple started dating in July 2008 after meeting through Armstrong's charity work. Although it was believed that Armstrong could no longer father children, after having undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer, this child was conceived naturally.[53] The baby boy, Maxwell Edward Armstrong, was born on June 4, 2009 in Aspen, Colorado. Armstrong announced the birth via Twitter.[54] Armstrong has become a popular Twitter user, with precisely 3,385,486 followers on April 10, 2012. [55]
In April 2010, Armstrong, using Twitter, announced that Anna Hansen was having his fifth child. Olivia Marie Armstrong was born October 18, 2010.[56]
Armstrong owns homes in Austin, Texas, and Aspen, Colorado, as well as a ranch in the Texas Hill Country.[57] Armstrong is a fan of the University of Texas Longhorns college football program and is often seen on the sidelines supporting the team.
With regard to religion, he is agnostic, quoted as saying, "at the end of the day, if there was indeed some body or presence standing there to judge me, I hoped I would be judged on whether I had lived a true life, not on whether I believed in a certain book, or whether I'd been baptized. If there was indeed a god at the end of my days, I hoped he didn't say, 'But you were never a Christian, so you're going the other way from heaven.' If so, I was going to reply, 'You know what? You're right. Fine.' "[58]
Allegations of doping[link]
For much of the second phase of his career, Armstrong has faced persistent allegations of doping. A number of high-profile cyclists and assorted journalists have alleged that he cheated. However, no allegations have ever been substantiated, and Armstrong retains respect and prestige in many circles.[59]
In addition, Armstrong has been criticised for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of doping such as Paul Kimmage[60][61] and Christophe Bassons.[62][63] Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour de France which made references to doping in the peloton. Subsequently, Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during the 1999 Tour De France where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage to tell him "it was a mistake to speak out the way I [Bassons] do and he [Armstrong] asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'"[64] Armstrong confirmed the story. On the main evening news on TF1, a national television station, Armstrong said: "His accusations aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going home".[65] Kimmage, a professional cyclist in the 1980s who later became a sports journalist, referred to Armstrong as a "cancer in cycling".[63] He also asked Armstrong questions in relation to his "admiration for dopers" at a press conference at the Tour of California in 2009, provoking a scathing reaction from Armstrong.[63] This spat continued and is exemplified by Kimmage's articles in The Sunday Times.[66]
Armstrong has continually denied using illegal performance-enhancing drugs and has described himself as the most tested athlete in the world.[67] A 1999 urine sample showed traces of corticosteroid in an amount that was not in the positive range. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream for saddle sores which contained the substance.[68]
From his return to cycling in the fall of 2008 through March 2009, Armstrong submitted to 24 unannounced drug tests by various anti-doping authorities. All of the tests were negative for performance-enhancing drugs.[69][70]
U.S. federal prosecutors pursued allegations of doping by Armstrong from 2010–2012. The effort convened a grand jury to investigate doping charges, including taking statements under oath from Armstrong's former team members and other associates; met with officials from France, Belgium, Spain, and Italy; and requested samples from the French anti-doping agency. The investigation was led by federal agent Jeff Novitzky, who also investigated suspicions of steroid use by baseball players Barry Bonds and Roger Clemens. The probe was terminated on Feb 3, 2012 with no charges filed.[71]
Specific allegations[link]
Armstrong has been criticized for working with controversial trainer Michele Ferrari. Greg LeMond described himself as "devastated" on hearing of them working together, while Tour de France organizer Jean-Marie Leblanc said, "I am not happy the two names are mixed."[72] Following Ferrari's later-overturned conviction for "sporting fraud" and "abuse of the medical profession", Armstrong suspended his professional relationship with him, saying that he had "zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the use of performance-enhancing drugs" and denying that Ferrari had ever "suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing drugs."[73] Ferrari was later absolved of all charges by an Italian appeals court of the sporting fraud charges as well as charges of abusing his medical license to write prescriptions. The court stated that it overturned his conviction "because the facts do not exist" to support the charges.[74] Ferrari, however, is still banned from practicing medicine with cyclists by the Italian Cycling Federation. According to Italian law enforcement authorities, Armstrong met with Ferrari as recently as 2010 in a country outside of Italy.[75]
In 2004, reporters Pierre Ballester and David Walsh published a book alleging Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs (L. A. Confidentiel – Les secrets de Lance Armstrong). It contains allegations by Armstrong's former masseuse, Emma O'Reilly, who claimed Armstrong once asked her to dispose of used syringes and to give him makeup to conceal needle marks on his arms.[76] Another figure in the book, Steve Swart, claims he and other riders, including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while members of the Motorola team, a claim denied by other team members.[77][78] Allegations in the book were reprinted in the UK newspaper The Sunday Times in a story by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong sued for libel, and the paper settled out of court after a High Court judge in a pre-trial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect."[79] The newspaper's lawyers issued the statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr. Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologized for any such impression." (See also[80] in The Guardian). The same authors (Pierre Ballester and David Walsh) subsequently published "L.A. Official" and "Le Sale Tour" (The Dirty Trick), further cementing their claims that Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs throughout his career.
On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson filed a brief[81] in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of androstenone while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in Girona, Spain.[82] Androstenone is not on the list of banned drugs. Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance. Armstrong denied the claim and issued a counter-suit.[83] The two men reached an out-of-court settlement in November 2005; the terms of the agreement were not disclosed.[84]
On August 23, 2005, L'Équipe, a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline "le mensonge Armstrong" ("The Armstrong Lie") that 6 urine samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the 1999 Tour de France, frozen and stored since at "Laboratoire national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry" (LNDD), had tested positive for erythropoietin (EPO) in recent retesting conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.[85][86] Armstrong immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch hunt continues and tomorrow's article is nothing short of tabloid journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant's rights cannot be respected.' I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have never taken performance enhancing drugs."[87] In October 2008, the AFLD gave Armstrong the opportunity to have samples taken during the 1998 and 1999 Tours de France retested.[88] Armstrong immediately refused, saying, "the samples have not been maintained properly." Head of AFLD Pierre Bordry stated: "Scientifically there is no problem to analyze these samples – everything is correct" and "If the analysis is clean it would have been very good for him. But he doesn't want to do it and that's his problem."[89] However, according to the results of an investigative report by Emile Vrijman (a Dutch lawyer and the former head of the Dutch anti-doping agency, which he headed for ten years), who was appointed by the UCI to head an independent investigations into the LNDD lab’s findings, it was determined that the analysis of the urine samples were conducted improperly and that they “did not satisfy any standard for doping control testing.”[90][91] Vrijman’s report went on to state that handling and testing of the samples fell so far short of scientific standards, and that “the process that generated those results and the subsequent reports was so deficient” that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest that the results could "constitute evidence of anything,” and cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.[91][92][93][94] But WADA rejected these conclusions stating "The Vrijman report is so lacking in professionalism and objectivity that it borders on farcical.".[95]
In June 2006, French newspaper Le Monde reported claims by Betsy and Frankie Andreu during a deposition that Armstrong had admitted using performance-enhancing drugs to his physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas company attempting to withhold a $5-million bonus; this was settled out of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5 million, to cover the $5-million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. The testimony stated "And so the doctor asked him a few questions, not many, and then one of the questions he asked was... have you ever used any performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said yes. And the doctor asked, what were they? And Lance said, growth hormone, cortisone, EPO, steroids and testosterone."[96] Armstrong suggested Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his post-operative treatment which included steroids and EPO that are taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy.[97] The Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols,[98] or his medical history. According to Greg LeMond (who has been embroiled with his own disputes with Armstrong), he (LeMond) had a recorded conversation,[99] the transcript of which was reviewed by National Public Radio, with Stephanie McIlvain (Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc.) in which she said of Armstrong's alleged admission 'You know, I was in that room. I heard it.' However, McIlvain has contradicted LeMond allegations on the issue and denied under oath that the incident in question ever occurred in her sworn testimony.[96]
In July 2006, the Los Angeles Times published a story on the allegations raised in the SCA case.[100] The report cited evidence at the trial including the results of the LNDD test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness.[101] From the LA Times article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour. Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators the results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour."[102] Ashenden's finding were disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The LA Times article also provided information on testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate, Swart, Andreu and his wife Betsy and instant messaging conversation between Andreu and Jonathan Vaughters regarding blood-doping in the peloton. Vaughters signed a statement disavowing the comments and stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the conversation took place as indicated on the instant messaging logs submitted to the court. The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the LA Times reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered, Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were baseless." The L.A. Times' article provides a review of the disputed positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong, but notes that: "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but questionable in more formal legal proceedings."[103]
On May 20, 2010, former U.S. Postal teammate Floyd Landis accused Armstrong of doping in 2002 and 2003, and claimed that U.S. Postal team director Johan Bruyneel had bribed former UCI president Hein Verbruggen to keep quiet about a positive Armstrong test in 2002.[104][105] Landis admitted there was no documentation that supports these claims.[106] However, in July 2010 the president of the UCI, Pat McQuaid, revealed that Armstrong made two donations to the UCI: $25,000 in 2002, used by the juniors anti-doping program, and $100,000 in 2005, to buy a blood testing machine, and documentation of those payments does exist.[107] Landis also maintains that he witnessed Armstrong receiving multiple blood transfusions, and dispensing testosterone patches to his teammates on the United States Postal Service Team.[108] On May 25, 2010, The International Cycling Union disputed comments from Floyd Landis, "Due to the controversy following the statements made by Floyd Landis, the International Cycling Union wishes to stress that none of the tests revealed the presence of EPO in the samples taken from riders at the 2001 Tour of Switzerland," the UCI said in a statement. "The UCI has all the documentation to prove this fact." According to ESPN, "Landis claimed that Armstrong tested positive while winning in 2002, a timeline Armstrong himself said left him 'confused,' because he did not compete in the event in 2002."[109]
On May 19, 2011, former Armstrong teammate Tyler Hamilton told CBS News that he and Armstrong had together taken EPO before and during the 1999, 2000, and 2001 Tours de France. Armstrong's attorney, Mark Fabiani, responded that Hamilton was lying.[110] The accompanying 60 Minutes investigation alleges that two other former Armstrong teammates, Frankie Andreu and George Hincapie, have told federal investigators that they witnessed Armstrong taking banned substances, including EPO, or supplied Armstrong with such substances.[111] Fabiani stated in response that, "We have no way of knowing what happened in the grand jury and so can't comment on these anonymously sourced reports."[112] Hamilton further claimed that Armstrong tested positive for EPO during the 2001 Tour de Suisse; 60 Minutes reported that the Union Cycliste Internationale intervened to conceal those test results, and that donations from Armstrong totaling US$125,000 may have played into said actions.[113] Martial Saugy, chief of the Swiss anti-doping agency, later confirmed that they found four urine samples suspicious of EPO use at the 2001 race, but said there was no "positive test" and claimed not to know whether the suspicious results belonged to Armstrong. As a result, Armstrong's lawyers demanded an apology from 60 Minutes.[114] Instead of apologizing, CBS News chairman Jeff Fager said CBS News stands by its report as "truthful, accurate and fair", and added that the suspicious tests which Saugy confirmed to exist have been linked to Armstrong "by a number of international officials".[115]
On February 2, 2012, U.S. federal prosecutors officially dropped their investigation with no charges.[116]
Handling of urine tests[link]
In October 2005, in response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for an independent investigation, the UCI appointed Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to investigate the handling of urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman was head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against doping charges.[90] Vrijman's report cleared Armstrong because of improper handling and testing.[92][93] The report said tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they "constitute evidence of anything."[94] The recommendation of the commission's report was no disciplinary action against any rider on the basis of LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority.[91] The WADA rejected these conclusions stating "The Vrijman report is so lacking in professionalism and objectivity that it borders on farcical.".[95] The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured Dick Pound, the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong.
In April 2009, Dr. Michael Ashenden said that "the LNDD absolutely had no way of knowing athlete identity from the sample they're given. They have a number on them, but that's never linked to an athlete's name. The only group that had both the number and the athlete's name is the federation, in this case it was the UCI." He added "There was only two conceivable ways that synthetic EPO could've gotten into those samples. One, is that Lance Armstrong used EPO during the '99 Tour. The other way it could've got in the urine was if, as Lance Armstrong seems to believe, the laboratory spiked those samples. Now, that's an extraordinary claim, and there's never ever been any evidence the laboratory has ever spiked an athlete's sample, even during the Cold War, where you would've thought there was a real political motive to frame an athlete from a different country. There's never been any suggestion that it happened."[117]
Dr. Michael Ashenden's statements are at odds with the findings of the Vrijman report "According to Mr. Ressiot, the manner in which the LNDD had structured the results table of its report – i.e. listing the sequence of each of the batches, as well as the exact number of urine samples per batch, in the same (chronological) order as the stages of the 1999 Tour de France they were collected at – was already sufficient to allow him to determine the exact stage these urine samples referred to and subsequently the identity of the riders who were tested at that stage." The Vrijman report also says "Le Monde of July 21 and 23, 1999 reveal that the press knew the contents of original doping forms of the 1999 Tour de France".[91]
Armstrong's work outside of cycling[link]
In 1997, Armstrong founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation, which supports people affected by cancer. The foundation has become one of the top 10 groups funding cancer research in the U.S., raising more than $325 million from the sale of yellow Livestrong bracelets[118] During his original retirement beginning after the 2005 season, he also maintained other interests. He was the pace car driver of the Chevrolet Corvette Z06 for the 2006 Indianapolis 500.
In 2007, Armstrong with Andre Agassi, Muhammad Ali, Warrick Dunn, Jeff Gordon, Mia Hamm, Tony Hawk, Andrea Jaeger, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Mario Lemieux, Alonzo Mourning, and Cal Ripken, Jr. founded Athletes for Hope, a charity which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and inspires non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.[119] In 2008 and 2009 he appeared on the PBS Kids show Arthur as himself. In these two appearances he taught biking skills and helped spread cancer awareness, respectively.
In August 2009, Armstrong headlined the inaugural charity ride "Pelotonia" in Columbus, Ohio, riding over 100 miles on Saturday with the large group of cyclists. He personally addressed the riders the Friday evening before the two-day ride and helped the ride raise millions for cancer research.[120]
Marathon[link]
Armstrong ran the 2006 New York City Marathon with friends Robert McElligott and Lewis Miles. With Nike, he assembled a pace team of Alberto Salazar, Joan Benoit Samuelson, and Hicham El Guerrouj to help him reach 3 hours. He struggled with shin splints and was on pace for a little above 3 hours but pushed through the last 5 miles (8.0 km) to 2h 59m 36s, finishing 856th. He said the race was extremely difficult compared to the Tour de France. "For the level of condition that I have now, that was without a doubt the hardest physical thing I have ever done. I never felt a point where I hit the wall. It was really a gradual progression of fatigue and soreness."[121] The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong throughout the event.[122] This camera, according to Armstrong, pushed him to continue through points in which he would have normally "stopped and stretched". He also helped raise $600,000 for his LiveStrong campaign during the run.
Armstrong ran the 2007 NYC Marathon in 2h 46m 43s finishing 232nd.[123] On April 21, 2008, he ran the Boston Marathon in 2h 50m 58s, finishing in the top 500.[124]
Triathlon[link]
Armstrong made his return to triathlon in the inaugural Ironman 70.3 Panama race, on February 12, 2012. He raced in the Professional category, finishing with a time of 3:50:55, 2nd overall to Bevan Docherty.[125] Armstrong's splits were 19:22 for the 1.2 mile swim, 2:10:18 for the 56 mile bike, and 1:17:01 for the run.[126] He also entered half-Ironman distance races in Texas (7th[127]) and St. Croix (3rd[128]) before breaking through with a victory at Ironman 70.3 Florida in an overall time of 3:45:38[129]. Armstrong also plans to race in Ironman France in an attempt to qualify for the 2012 World Ironman Championship in Kona, Hawaii.[130]
Politics[link]
In the New York Times, teammate George Hincapie hinted that Armstrong would run for Governor of Texas after cycling. In the July 2005 issue of Outside, Armstrong hinted at running for governor, although "not in '06".[131] Armstrong and former president George W. Bush, a Republican and fellow Texan, call themselves friends. Bush called Armstrong in France to congratulate him after his 2005 victory, and in August 2005, The Times reported the President had invited Armstrong to his Prairie Chapel Ranch to go mountain biking.[132] In a 2003 interview with The Observer, Armstrong said: "He's a personal friend, but we've all got the right not to agree with our friends."[133]
In August 2005, Armstrong hinted he had changed his mind about politics. In an interview with Charlie Rose on PBS on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that running for governor would require the commitment that led him to retire from cycling. Again, on August 16, 2005, Armstrong told a local Austin CBS affiliate[134] that he was no longer considering politics:
"The biggest problem with politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into politics?"[citation needed]
He does intend to be involved in politics as an activist for change in cancer policies, however. In a May 2006 interview with Sports Illustrated, Armstrong is quoted: "I need to run for one office, the presidency of the Cancer Fighters' Union of the World."[citation needed] Sports Illustrated quoted Armstrong that he fears halving his influence with legislators if he chose one side in politics. His foundation lobbies on behalf of cancer patients before United States Congress.
Armstrong is currently co-chair of a California campaign committee to pass the California Cancer Research Act, a ballot measure to be decided by California voters on June 5, 2012.[135] If passed, the measure is projected to generate over $500 million dollars annually for cancer research by levying a new $1-per-pack tax on tobacco products in California. Revenues will also be spent on smoking-cessation programs, and tobacco law-enforcement.[136]
Teams and victories[link]
Main article: List of career achievements by Lance Armstrong
Filmography[link]
- The Road to Paris (himself, 2000 documentary)
- Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (himself, cameo)
Accolades[link]
- United States Olympic Committee (USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)
- Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)
- World's Most Outstanding Athlete Award, Jesse Owens International Trophy (2000)
- Reuters Sportsman of the Year (2003)
- Prince of Asturias Award in Sports (2000)
- Sports Ethics Fellows by the Institute for International Sport (2003)
- Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year (2003)
- Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year (2000)
- Trophee de L'Academie des Sport [France] (2004)
- Vélo d'Or Award by Velo Magazine in France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
- Mendrisio d'Or Award in Switzerland (1999)
- Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro Trophy by the Fausto Coppi foundation in conjunction with La Gazzetta dello Sport (1999, 2000)
- Marca Legend Award by Marca, a Spanish sports daily in Madrid (2004)
- BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award (2003)
- ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006)
- ESPY Award for GMC Professional Grade Play Award (2005)
- ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete (2000)
- ESPN/Intersport's ARETE Award for Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)
- ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year (1999)
- Favorite Athlete award at Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (2006)
- Presidential Delegation to the XIX Olympic Winter Games (2002)[137]
- Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of the Year (2002)
- VeloNews magazine's International Cyclist of the Year (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
- VeloNews magazine's North American Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005)
- William Hill Sports Book of the Year: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (2000)[138]
- Union Cycliste Internationale: World Number 1 Ranked Elite Men's Cyclist (1996)
- Triathlon magazine's Rookie of the Year (1988)
- Pace car driver for the Indianapolis 500 (2006)
- An asteroid, 1994 JE9 was named 12373 Lancearmstrong in honor of him.
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Tufts University (2006)
- Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award presented by the United States Sports Academy (1999)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Gayle King Radio Show, Fed Ex http://www.oprah.com/media/20080601_oaf_20080619_oaf_gk
- ^ Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: Every Second Counts, Chapter 1, (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003.
- ^ a b TDF (2009). Astana – Lance Armstrong. Retrieved on 2009-07-04 from http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/RIDERS/us/coureurs/22.html.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong". http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria657.html. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- ^ a b "Lance Armstrong confirms retirement from cycling". BBC News website. February 16, 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/9399280.stm. Retrieved 2011=02-16.
- ^ "Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong’s mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly". bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com. July 20, 2009. http://bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/bfoc-interviews-lance-armstrongs-mom-linda-armstrong-kelly/. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
- ^ "LanceArmstrong.com". LanceArmstrong.com (located under "Bio" section). http://www.lancearmstrong.com/.
- ^ "Breaking Away: Lance Armstrong of the U.S. is the world cycling champ. Now he's eyeing a bigger prize". Sports Illustrated. July 4, 1994. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1005369/2/index.htm.
- ^ Samuel Abt (October 9, 1996). "Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/09/sports/armstrong-acknowledges-cancer-battle.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000.
- ^ "Scott A. Shapiro, MD Society of Neurosurgery Bio">http://www.societyns.org/society/bio.aspx?MemberID=12648
- ^ In his book "Every Second Counts" Armstrong casts doubt that Ullrich did, in fact, wait for him. He states that Ullrich only slowed when told to do so by other riders."Jan Ullrich wird zum "Ritter des Fair Play" (German for: Ullrich becomes "Knight of fairplay)". Fair play in Sports. http://www.sportunterricht.de/fairplay/janullrich03.html. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
- ^ http://www.dartford.gov.uk/tourdefrance/glossary.htm
- ^ http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/07/news/186088_186088
- ^ "Armstrong retires... – Event news". RoadCyclingUK. http://www.roadcyclinguk.com/event-news/armstrong-retires/576.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Associated Press via The Arizona Republic, "Lance Armstrong to return for 2009 Tour de France".
- ^ USATODAY, "Armstrong coming out of retirement for another Tour".
- ^ "Armstrong coming out of retirement for Tour". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/09/08/sports/s124636D30.DTL. Retrieved July 17, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Lance Armstrong given the all clear from UCI for Tour Down Under comeback". London: The Telegraph. October 8, 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/3160482/UCI-grant-Lance-Armstrong-the-all-clear-for-Tour-Down-Under-comeback-Cycling.html.
- ^ Migliaccio, Val; Kelton, Greg (September 25, 2008). "The 'king' rides Down Under". The Advertiser: p. 3. Archived from the original on November 14, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5lHTYvHjB. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^ "Rome News – Tribune". News.mywebpal.com. http://news.mywebpal.com/partners/680/public/news930123.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "An audience with Lance Armstrong, one of the greats » The Roar – Your Sports Opinion". The Roar. January 18, 2009. http://www.theroar.com.au/2009/01/18/an-audience-with-lance-armstrong-one-of-the-greats/. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Sharwood, Anthony (February 2009). "Mad about Lance Armstrong". Alpha (43): pp. 38–41. http://www.alphamagazine.com.au/features/article/lance-armstrong/. Retrieved September 17, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ a b Walker, Jamie (January 17, 2009). "Conscience clear, cycling's god Lance Armstrong is ready for his second coming". The Weekend Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/cyclings-god-ready-for-second-coming/story-e6frg7mo-1111118584865. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "www.cyclingnews.com presents the 11th Tour Down Under". Autobus.cyclingnews.com. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jan09/TDU09/?id=results/TDU096. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Kogoy, Peter (January 26, 2009). "What's in a name? For Lance, a lot". The Australian: p. 32. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/whats-in-a-name-for-lance-a-lot/story-e6frg6nf-1111118664694. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^ "Police Recover Lance Armstrong's Stolen Bike – Local News | News Articles | National News | US News". Fox News. February 19, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,496264,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Armstrong's visit prompts mixed feelings – The Irish Times – Tue, Feb 24, 2009". The Irish Times. February 2, 2009. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2009/0224/1224241710775.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong Skipping Critérium International And Flanders". BikeRadar. http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/lance-armstrong-skipping-critrium-international-and-flanders-20649. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Armstrong breaks his collarbone". BBC Sport. March 23, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7959765.stm. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Armstrong to return from injury". BBC Sport. April 28, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8023662.stm. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ "Armstrong just misses Tour lead". BBC Sport. July 7, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8138996.stm. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ Macur, Juliet (July 21, 2009). "Armstrong Says He Will Return for 2010". NY Times Sport. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/sports/cycling/22tour.html?em. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- ^ Ford, Bonnie (July 23, 2009). "Source: Lance's team lands sponsor". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2009/news/story?id=4349772. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ^ "Team RadioShack 2010". July 23, 2009. http://teamradioshack.com/getready/. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ^ Hood, Andrew (January 29, 2010). "VeloNews.com – Bruyneel confirms Armstrong will race classics". Velonews.competitor.com. http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/01/news/bruyneel-confirms-armstrong-will-race-classics_103190. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong heading to local hospital after crash outside of Visalia". May 20, 2010. http://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/article/20100520/NEWS01/100520013/Lance-Armstrong-heading-to-local-hospital-after-crash-outside-of-Visalia. Retrieved May 20, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "VeloNews.com – Lance Armstrong: "This will be my final Tour de France"". Velonews.competitor.com. June 28, 2010. http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/06/news/armstrong-this-will-be-my-final-tour_123714. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Contador wins Tour; Lance walks away". ESPN. July 25, 2010. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2010/news/story?id=5408382. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong au Tour Down Under" – cyclismactu du October 24, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010
- ^ Macur, Juliet (February 16, 2011). "Armstrong Retires From Cycling". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/sports/17armstrong.html. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
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- ^ "FAQ: VO2 Max". Running for Fitness. http://www.runningforfitness.org/faq/vo2.php. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
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- ^ The Lance Armstrong Performance Program ISBN 1-57954-270-0
- ^ Markoff, John (April 19, 2004). "New York Times: CYCLING; Overhauling Lance Armstrong". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E3DA113BF93AA25757C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
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- ^ Ancestry of Lance Armstrong
- ^ Balf, Todd (July 1994). "I'm Not the Next Greg LeMond. I'm the First Lance Armstrong.". Outside Magazine. http://outsideonline.com/magazine/0794/947flanc_2.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ Ruibal, Sal (May 22, 2002). "Cancer survivor Armstrong accepts new role". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2002-05-22-cover-armstrong.htm. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ Lance Armstrong, Girlfriend, Expecting Baby in June CNN.com, December 23, 2008
- ^ Armstrong, Lance (June 4, 2009). "Wassup, world? My name is...". Twitter. http://twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/2038590710. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong Twitter Home Page". Twitter. June 11, 2010. http://twitter.com/lancearmstrong. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
- ^ http://twitter.com/#!/lancearmstrong/status/27710013616
- ^ "Armstrong attempts to quell dispute over Hill Country swimming hole". Associated Press. October 25, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930211635/http://www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/10/25/StateLocal/Armstrong.Attempts.To.Quell.Dispute.Over.Hill.Country.Swimming.Hole-2400001.shtml?norewrite200610251211&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
- ^ Lance Armstrong's book: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life, published by G.P Putnam's Sons 2000. pp. 116–118
- ^ Roberts, Selena, and David Epstein, "The Case Against Lance Armstrong", Sports Illustrated, January 24, 2011, pp. 56–66.
- ^ Kimmage, Paul (June 29, 2008). "Countdown to the Tour de France Jonathan Vaughters and his drugsfree team". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/cycling/article4232249.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ Kimmage, Paul (July 29, 2007). "They bust the addicts but the dealers ride on". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/paul_kimmage/article2159415.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ Whittle, Jeremy (July 1, 2004). "Armstrong rounds on critics over drugs storm". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article451832.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ a b c Slot, Owen (February 17, 2009). "World in motion cycling divided by Paul Kimmage and Lance Armstrongs cancer row". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article5750574.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ "Le coup de blues de Christophe Bassons – l'Humanite". Humanite.fr. July 17, 1999. http://www.humanite.fr/1999-07-17_Sports_Le-coup-de-blues-de-Christophe-Bassons. Retrieved July 17, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Cited, L'Équipe, July 17, 1999.
- ^ Kimmage, Paul. "Tour gears up for return of Lance Armstrong", The Sunday Times, July 5, 2009.
- ^ BBC News (March 5, 2004). "Pound Stunned By Attack". http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3535573.stm. Retrieved August 12, 2006.
- ^ VeloNews Interactive, with wire services (2005). "L'Equipe alleges Armstrong samples show EPO use in 99 Tour". News & Features. Inside Communications. http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/tour-de-france/lequipe-alleges-armstrong-samples-show-epo-use-in-99-tour_8740. Retrieved July 26, 2006. - "Throughout his career only one test showed indications of the presence of doping products. In the 1999 Tour, a urine sample showed small traces of cortico-steroids. Armstrong was cleared, however, when his U.S. Postal team, produced a medical certificate showing that he used a cream to ease the pain of a saddle sore. Even that sample, however, was below the levels that would have triggered a positive result at the time."
- ^ Albergotti, Reed (April 8, 2009). "Lance to Drug Tester: Your Papers, Please". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123915747307299985.html
- ^ "Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims". Agence French Presse. April 7, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gpWQTJmkqpByIaAMzL_-ZAO8qiKg. Retrieved September 28, 2009
- ^ "Prosecutors close Armstrong inquiry, no charges". http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/C/CYC_DOPING_ARMSTRONG. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- ^ "Drugs issue refuses to go away due to winner's Ferrari links" The Guardian
- ^ "Disappointed Armstrong cuts ties with Ferrari after conviction" The Times
- ^ "www.cyclingnews.com – The World Centre of Cycling". Autobus.cyclingnews.com. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2006/may06/may27news. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ Associated Press, "Lance has suspicious ties: source", Japan Times, April 17, 2011, p. 17.
- ^ BBC News (March 5, 2004). "Pound Stunned By Attack". http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3535573.stm. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ Stop strong-arm tactics[dead link], The Scotsman, June 20, 2004
- ^ Juliet Macur (September 12, 2006). "2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/sports/othersports/12cycling.html. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "''The Guardian''". London: Sport.guardian.co.uk. July 1, 2006. http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2006/story/0,,1810152,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ William Fotheringham (July 26, 2005). "Armstrong faces legal marathon". London: Sport.guardian.co.uk. http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2005/story/0,,1536208,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Court brief, by Mike Anderson, March 31, 2005 – (warning: PDF-file, 2.8 MB)
- ^ Papers: Lance had steroid in home[dead link], The Austin American-Statesman, April 1, 2005
- ^ Armstrong asks Austin court to sanction his former assistant[dead link], The Austin American-Statesman, April 2, 2005
- ^ Lance Armstrong settles lawsuit with former assistant[dead link], The Austin American-Statesman, November 5, 2005
- ^ "L'EQUIPE.FR Cyclisme – CYCLISME – Affaire Armstrong". L'Équipe. France. http://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme/DOPAGE_ARMSTRONG.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Aug 23, 2005 (August 23, 2005). "AFP: No comment on Armstrong from US cycling, anti-doping groups". MyWire. http://www.mywire.com/pubs/AFP/2005/08/23/977278?&pbl=27. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Litke: Suspicion Remains Lance's Opponent"[dead link]
- ^ "Agency challenges Armstrong to have urine samples retested". ESPN. October 2, 2008. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=3620228. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Slater, Matt (October 2, 2008). "Doping boss rues Armstrong stance". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7648910.stm. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ a b "California Western Alumni Professional News". California Western School of Law. http://www.cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=alumni.asp&body=alumni/AlumProfessionalNews.asp. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Independent Investigation — Analysis Samples from the 1999 Tour de France" (PDF). VeloNews. Scholten c.s. Advocaten. Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071201220747/http://www.velonews.com/media/report1999.pdf. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b "Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry". BBC. May 31, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5033672.stm. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b "UCI report clears Armstrong". VeloNews. Associated Press. May 31, 2006. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071230103550/http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b Max, Arthur (May 31, 2006). "Report Exonorates Armstrong of Doping". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071228170310/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/31/sports/s045357D78.DTL&type=health. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b BBC "Wada boss slams Armstrong 'farce'". BBC. June 2, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5043260.stm BBC. Retrieved January 5, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Ex-Friends Say Armstrong Admitted Drug Use". Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5508863. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Armstrong issues statement[dead link]
- ^ Papers charge Armstrong admitted doping[dead link]
- ^ recorded conversation, mp3 file
- ^ Abrahamson, Abrahamson (July 9, 2006). "Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/sports/cycling/la-sp-armstrong9jul09,0,5275381.story. Retrieved July 10, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Evidence of a banned substance?[dead link]
- ^ Abrahamson, Alan (July 9, 2006). "Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jul/09/sports/sp-armstrong9?pg=4. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
- ^ Andy Shen (February 4, 2009). "Interviews – Michael Ashenden". Velocity Nation. http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
- ^ Hart, Simon (May 20, 2010). "Floyd Landis puts Lance Armstrong at the centre of new drug allegations". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/7746819/Floyd-Landis-puts-Lance-Armstrong-at-the-centre-of-new-drug-allegations.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Peter Cossins (May 21, 2010). "Kimmage: Landis allegations will decide the sport’s future". Cyclingnews.com. http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/kimmage-landis-allegations-will-decide-the-sports-future.
- ^ Bonnie D. Ford (May 20, 2010). "Landis admits doping, accuses Lance". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=5203604. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
- ^ Stephen Farrand (July 10, 2010). "McQuaid reveals Armstrong made two donations to the UCI". Cyclingnews. http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/mcquaid-reveals-armstrong-made-two-donations-to-the-uci. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
- ^ "Floyd Landis Nightline Interview – ABC News". USA: ABC. http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/floyd-landis-nightline-interview/story?id=11226456&page=2. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
- ^ "International Cycling Union refutes Floyd Landis' claims about 2001 Tour de Suisse – ESPN". ESPN. May 25, 2010. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=5218887. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
- ^ Associated Press, "Ex-teammate says Lance Armstrong injected EPO", Yahoo! News, May 20, 2011.
- ^ CBS Evening News, May 20, 2011.
- ^ Associated Press, "Report says Hincapie told feds Armstrong used PEDs", Japan Times, May 22, 2011, p. 16.
- ^ Ex-teammate: I saw Lance Armstrong inject EPO – Page 6, CBS News, May 20, 2011
- ^ Risling, Greg, "Armstrong's lawyers want apology from '60 Minutes'", Yahoo! News, June 1, 2011.
- ^ Tim Maloy, "[3]", The Wrap, June 1, 2011.
- ^ Frieden, Terry, "Prosecutors drop Lance Armstrong doping investigation", CNN, February 3, 2012.
- ^ "The possibility of tampering". Velocitynation.com. http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Frederix, Emily and Liedtke, Michael (Aug. 8, 2010) "Scandal could impact Lance Armstrong's foundation". stltoday.com http://www.stltoday.com/sports/other/article_a1309459-b5e2-5bf4-b307-977e9da3506f.html
- ^ "Athletes for Hope". Athletes for Hope. http://www.athletesforhope.org/. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Binkley, Collin. "Cyclists hit the streets for second Pelotonia Tour". The Columbus Dispatch. http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2010/08/21/pelotonia-2010.html. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong: A Classic Case of Too Much, Too Soon?". TheFinalSprint.com. January 7, 2007. http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2007/01/a-classic-case-of-too-much-too-soon/. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
- ^ "Watch the NYC Marathon ONLINE — Live or OnDemand!". TheFinalSprint.com. November 2, 2006. http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2006/11/watch-the-nyc-marathon-online-live-or-ondemand/. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
- ^ Jud Santos (October 10, 2007). "Results – The ING New York City Marathon". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071010035518/http://www.nycmarathon.org/results/index.php. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Search – ContraCostaTimes.com[dead link]
- ^ "Docherty steals victory from Lance Armstrong". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10785234. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong". ironman.com. http://tracking.ironmanlive.com/newathlete.php?rid=1143239874&race=/events/ironman70.3/panama70.3/&bib=24&beta=. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong surrenders lead, finishes seventh in Memorial Hermann Ironman 70.3 Texas triathlon". The Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/sports/cycling/article/Lance-Armstrong-surrenders-lead-finishes-seventh-3451071.php. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
- ^ "Potts And Naeth Win Ironman 70.3 St. Croix, Armstrong Third". Triathlete.com. http://triathlon.competitor.com/2012/05/news/potts-wins-ironman-70-3-st-croix-armstrong-third_52960. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong wins Ironman 70.3 in Florida". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/story/2012-05-20/lance-armstrong-wins-triathlon/55094568/1. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong to be an Ironman". The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/other_sports/triathlon/4122271/Lance-Armstrong-to-be-an-Ironman.html. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
- ^ "Breaking Away". Outside Magazine. July 2005. http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200507/lance-armstrong-interview-3.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ Baldwin, Tom (August 18, 2005). "Can this bike ride be Bush's tour de force?". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1739689,00.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ Peter Beaumont and Paul Webster in Paris (July 6, 2003). "Serena got the message, now it's Lance's turn as French cheers become jeers for US stars". The Observer (London). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,992329,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ "President Announces Delegation to Winter Olympics" (Press release). The White House. February 8, 2002. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020208.html. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
- ^ "Previous William Hill Sportsbook of the Year Winners". William Hill Press Office. http://www.williamhillmedia.com/sportsbook_history.asp#2000. Retrieved March 3, 2007. "2000 Winner: It's Not About The Bike — Lance Armstrong"
Further reading[link]
- Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000. Armstrong's own account of his battle with cancer and subsequent triumphant return to bike racing.
- Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: Every Second Counts (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003. Armstrong's account of his life after his first four Tour triumphs.
- Linda Armstrong Kelly, Joni Rodgers: No Mountain High Enough: Raising Lance, Raising Me (ISBN 0-7679-1855-X), Broadway Books 2002. Armstrong's mother's account of raising a world class athlete and overcoming adversity.
- Daniel Coyle: Lance Armstrong's War: One Man's Battle Against Fate, Fame, Love, Death, Scandal, and a Few Other Rivals on the Road to the Tour De France (ISBN 0-06-073497-3), Harper Collins 2005. Former writer for Outside magazine documents Armstrong's road to the Tour in 2004, teaching us about both Armstrong and the Tour.
- Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: L. A. Confidentiel: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong (ISBN 2-84675-130-7), La Martinière (French). Various circumstantial evidence pointing to Armstrong doping.
- Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: L.A. Officiel (ISBN 2-84675-204-4), La Martinière (French). Why Armstrong gave up trial against the authors after publication of L.A. Confidentiel.
- Sharon Cook, Graciela Sholander: Dream It Do It: Inspiring Stories of Dreams Come True (ISBN 1-884587-30-5), Planning/Communications 2004. Chapter 4 details Armstrong's efforts to return to championship form following his cancer treatment.
- John Wilcockson: 23 Days in July (ISBN 0-7195-6717-3), John Murray 2004. An account of how Armstrong won his 6th Tour title in 2004.
- John Wilcockson: The 2005 Tour De France: The Last Chapter of the Armstrong Era (ISBN 1-931382-68-9), Velo Press 2005. The story behind Armstrong's final Tour de France before his first retirement and his 7th consecutive victory.
- John Wilcokson: LANCE: The Making of the World's Greatest Champion (ISBN 9780306815874), Da Capo Press 2009. The story of what drives the 7-time Tour de France champion through the words of Armstrong's family, friends, rivals, and Armstrong himself. [7]
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lance Armstrong |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lance Armstrong |
- Official website
- The Lance Armstrong Foundation
- Lance Armstrong profile at Cycling Archives
- Lance Armstrong at the Internet Movie Database
- Lance Armstrong on Twitter
- Team RadioShack
- Lance Armstrong Profile on Versus
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
Preceded by Marco Pantani |
Vélo d'Or 1999–2001 |
Succeeded by Mario Cipollini |
Preceded by Derek Birley |
William Hill Sports Book of the Year winner 2000 |
Succeeded by Laura Hillenbrand |
| Preceded by Mario Cipollini |
Vélo d'Or 2003, 2004 |
Succeeded by Tom Boonen |
| Preceded by Jonny Mosely Rulon Gardner |
USOC Sportsman of the Year 1999 2001–2003 |
Succeeded by Rulon Gardner Michael Phelps |
Preceded by Steffi Graf |
Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 2000 |
Succeeded by Manuel Estiarte |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Armstrong, Lance Edward |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American professional road racing cyclist |
| Date of birth | September 18, 1971 |
| Place of birth | Dallas, Texas |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Lance_Armstrong
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Federer" redirects here. For other uses, see Federer (disambiguation).
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Roger Federer (German pronunciation: [ˈfeːdəʁɐ]) (born 8 August 1981) is a Swiss professional tennis player who held the ATP No. 1 position for a record 237 consecutive weeks from 2 February 2004 to 18 August 2008.[2] Federer has occupied the #1 ranking for 285 overall weeks, one week short of the record 286 weeks held by Pete Sampras. As of 28 May 2012, he is ranked World No. 3. Federer has won a men's record 16 Grand Slam singles titles. He is one of seven male players to capture the career Grand Slam and one of three (with Andre Agassi and Rafael Nadal) to do so on three different surfaces (clay, grass, and hard courts). He is the only male player in tennis history to have reached the title match of each Grand Slam tournament at least five times and also the final at each of the nine ATP Masters 1000 Tournaments. Many sports analysts, tennis critics, and former and current players consider Federer to be the greatest tennis player of all time.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
Federer has appeared in an unprecedented 23 career Grand Slam tournament finals, including a men's record ten in a row, and appeared in 18 of 19 finals from the 2005 Wimbledon Championships through the 2010 Australian Open, the lone exception being the 2008 Australian Open. He holds the record of reaching the semifinals or better of 23 consecutive Grand Slam tournaments over five and a half years, from the 2004 Wimbledon Championships through the 2010 Australian Open.[10] At the 2012 Australian Open, he reached a record 31st consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal. During the course of his run at the 2012 French Open in Roland Garros, Federer eclipsed Jimmy Connors long standing record of 233 match wins in Grand Slam tournaments when he defeated Adrian Ungur in a second round match.
Federer has won a record six ATP World Tour Finals and 20 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments. He also won the Olympic gold medal in doubles with his compatriot Stanislas Wawrinka at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. He spent eight years (2003–2010) continuously in the top 2 in the year-end rankings and nine (2003–2011) in the Top 3, also a record among male players. His rivalry with Rafael Nadal is considered one of the greatest of all time in the sport. Federer is greatly respected by fans and by fellow players alike as shown by the fact that he has won the ATPWorldTour.com Fans' Favorite Award a record nine consecutive times (2003–2011) and the Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award (which is voted for by the players themselves) a record seven times overall and six times consecutively (2004–2009, 2011). Federer also won the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year Award in 2006. In 2011, he was voted the second most trusted and respected person in the world, second only to Nelson Mandela.[11][12]
As a result of Federer's successes in tennis, he was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a record four consecutive years (2005–2008)[13] and in 2012 he topped a list of the "100 greatest tennis players of all time" (male or female) by Tennis Channel.[14] He is often referred to as the Federer Express[15] or abbreviated to Fed Express, or FedEx, the Swiss Maestro,[15] or simply Maestro.[15][16][17][18]
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Childhood and early life[link]
Federer was born in Binningen, Arlesheim near Basel, to Swiss national Robert Federer and South African-born Lynette Durand.[19] He holds both Swiss and South African citizenships.[20] He grew up in nearby Münchenstein, close to the French and German borders and speaks Swiss German, German, French and English fluently, Swiss German being his native language.[19][21][22] He was raised as a Roman Catholic and met Pope Benedict XVI while playing the 2006 Internazionali BNL d'Italia tournament in Rome.[23] Like all male Swiss citizens, Federer was subject to compulsory military service in the Swiss Armed Forces. However, in 2003 he was deemed unfit due to a long-standing back problem and was subsequently not required to fulfill his military obligation.[24] Federer himself also credits the range of sports he played as a child—he also played badminton and basketball—for his hand-eye coordination. "I was always very much more interested if a ball was involved," he says. Most tennis prodigies, by contrast, play tennis to the exclusion of all other sports.[25]
Marriage and family[link]
Federer is married to former Women's Tennis Association player Mirka Vavrinec. He met her while both were competing for Switzerland in the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Vavrinec retired from the tour in 2002 because of a foot injury and has since been working as Federer's public relations manager.[26] They were married in Basel on 11 April 2009, surrounded by a small group of close friends and family at Wenkenhof Villa (municipality of Riehen).[27] On 23 July 2009, Mirka gave birth to twin girls, Myla Rose and Charlene Riva.[28]
Outreach and charitable efforts[link]
Federer supports a number of charities. He established the Roger Federer Foundation in 2003 to help disadvantaged people and to promote sports.[29][30] In 2005, he auctioned his racquet from his US Open championship to aid victims of Hurricane Katrina.[31] He was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador by UNICEF in 2006.[32] At the 2005 Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, Federer arranged an exhibition involving several top players from the ATP tour and WTA tour called Rally for Relief. The proceeds from the event went to the victims of the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Since then, he has visited South Africa and Tamil Nadu, one of the areas in India most affected by the tsunami.[33] He has also appeared in UNICEF public messages to raise public awareness of AIDS. In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Federer arranged a collaboration with fellow top tennis players Rafael Nadal, Novak Djokovic, Andy Roddick, Kim Clijsters, Serena Williams, Lleyton Hewitt, and Sam Stosur to forgo their final day of preparation for the 2010 Australian Open to form a special charity event called Hit for Haiti, in which all proceeds went to Haiti earthquake victims.[34] He was named a 2010 Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum in recognition of his leadership, accomplishments, and contributions to society.[35]
Similar to the 2010 event, Hit for Haiti, Federer organized and participated in a charity match called Rally for Relief on 16 January 2011, to benefit those that were affected by the 2010–2011 Queensland floods.
Federer is currently number 31 on Forbes top 100 celebrities as of May 2012. [36]
Tennis career[link]
Pre-1998: Junior years[link]
Main article: Roger Federer juniors years
Federer's main accomplishments as a junior player came at Wimbledon in 1998, where he won both the boys' singles tournament over Irakli Labadze,[37] and in doubles teamed up with Olivier Rochus, defeating the team of Michaël Llodra and Andy Ram.[38] In addition, Federer lost the US Open Junior tournament in 1998 to David Nalbandian. He won four ITF junior singles tournaments in his career, including the prestigious Orange Bowl, where he defeated Guillermo Coria, in the finals.[39] He ended 1998 as the junior world no. 1.
1998–2002: Early career in the ATP[link]
Main article: Roger Federer's early career
Federer's first tournament as a professional was Gstaad in 1998 (12th grade), where he faced Lucas Arnold Ker in the round of 32 and lost.[40] Federer's first final came at the Marseille Open in 2000, where he lost to fellow Swiss Marc Rosset.[41] Federer won the 2001 Hopman Cup representing Switzerland along with Martina Hingis. The duo defeated the American pair of Monica Seles and Jan-Michael Gambill in the finals. Federer's first win was at the 2001 Milan Indoor tournament, where he defeated Julien Boutter.[41] Although he won his first ever title already in 1999 on the challenger tour, winning the doubles event in Segovia, Spain together with Dutchman Sander Groen, the finals was played on Federer´s 18th birthday. In 2001, Federer made his first Grand Slam quarterfinal at the French Open, and at Wimbledon that same year defeated four-time defending champion Pete Sampras to reach the quarterfinals. The most prestigious event final he reached during this period was the 2002 Miami Masters event, where he lost to Andre Agassi, on hard court.[42] In addition, Federer won his first Master Series event at the 2002 Hamburg Masters on clay, over Marat Safin; the victory made him a top-10 player for the first time.[42] Federer made 10 singles finals between 1998 and 2002, of which he won four and lost six.[40][41][42][43][44] He also made six finals in doubles. Of note are Federer and partner Max Mirnyi's defeat in the final of the Indian Wells Masters in 2002, and their victory in the same year in the final of the Rotterdam 500 series event. Federer had won the latter a year earlier with partner Jonas Björkman.[42][44]
2003–2007: Breakthrough and dominance[link]
In 2003, Federer won his first Grand Slam singles title at Wimbledon, beating Mark Philippoussis.[45] Federer won his first and only doubles Masters Series 1000 event in Miami with Max Mirnyi,[46] and made it to one singles Masters Series 1000 event in Rome on clay, which he lost.[45] Federer made it to nine finals on the ATP Tour and won seven of them, including the 500 series events at Dubai and Vienna.[45] Lastly, Federer won the year-end championships over Andre Agassi.[45]
During 2004, Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles for the first time in his career and became the first person to do so since Mats Wilander in 1988. His first Grand Slam hard-court title came at the Australian Open over Marat Safin. He then won his second Wimbledon crown over Andy Roddick.[47] Federer defeated the 2001 US Open champion, Lleyton Hewitt, at the US Open for his first title there.[47] Federer won three ATP Masters Series 1000 events. One was on clay in Hamburg, and the other two were on hard surfaces at Indian Wells and in Canada.[47] Federer took the ATP 500 series event at Dubai and wrapped up the year by winning the year-end championships for the second time.[47]
In 2005, Federer failed to reach the finals of the first two Grand Slam tournaments, losing the Australian Open semifinal to eventual champion Safin and the French Open semifinal to eventual champion Rafael Nadal.[48] However, Federer quickly reestablished his dominance on grass, winning the Wimbledon Championships over Andy Roddick. At the US Open, Federer defeated Andre Agassi in the latter's last Grand Slam final.[48] Federer also took four ATP Masters Series 1000 wins: Indian Wells, Miami, and Cincinnati on hard court, and Hamburg on clay.[48] Furthermore, Federer won two ATP 500 series events at Rotterdam and Dubai.[48] Federer lost the year-end championships to David Nalbandian in the final.[48]
In 2006, Federer won three Grand Slam singles titles and reached the final of the other, with the only loss coming against Nadal in the French Open. This was the two men's first meeting in a Grand Slam final.[49] Federer defeated Nadal in the Wimbledon Championships final. In the Australian Open, Federer defeated Marcos Baghdatis,[49] and at the US Open, Federer defeated Roddick (2003 champion).[49] In addition, Federer made it to six ATP Masters Series 1000 finals, winning four on hard surfaces and losing two on clay to Nadal. Federer won one ATP 500 series event in Tokyo and captured the year-end championships for the third time in his career.[49]
In 2007, Federer reached all four Grand Slam singles finals, winning three of them. He won the Australian Open over Fernando González, Wimbledon over Rafael Nadal for the second time, and the US Open over Novak Djokovic. Federer lost the French Open to Nadal.[50] Federer made five ATP Masters Series 1000 finals in 2007, winning the Hamburg and Cincinnati titles.[50] Federer won one 500 series event in Dubai and won the year-end championships.[50]
2008 to present[link]
In 2008, Federer won one Grand Slam singles title, which came at the US Open over Briton Andy Murray.[51] Federer was defeated by Nadal in two Grand Slam finals, at the French Open, and at Wimbledon, when he was going for six straight wins to break Björn Borg's record.[51] At the Australian Open, Federer lost in the semifinals to Djokovic, which ended his record of 10 consecutive finals.[51] Federer lost twice in Master Series 1000 finals on clay to Nadal, at Monte Carlo and Hamburg.[51] However, Federer captured two titles in 250-level events at Estoril and Halle and one title in a 500 level event in Basel. In doubles, Federer and Stanislas Wawrinka won the gold medal at the Olympic Games.[52]
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Federer on the Cover of Sports Illustrated After 2009 French Open Victory |
In 2009, Federer won two Grand Slam singles titles, the French Open over Robin Söderling, and Wimbledon over Andy Roddick.[53] Federer reached two other Grand Slam finals, losing to Nadal at the Australian Open, and to Juan Martín del Potro at the US Open.[53] Federer won two more events, the first at the Madrid Masters over Nadal in the final on clay.[53] The second was in Cincinnati over Djokovic, although Federer lost to Djokovic in Basel, later in the year.[53] Federer completed a career Grand Slam by winning his first French Open title and won a men's record fifteenth Grand Slam singles title, surpassing Pete Sampras's mark of fourteen.[53]
In 2010, Federer slowed down in his milestones and achievements. The year started with a win at the Australian Open,[54] where he defeated Andy Murray in the final and improved his Grand Slam singles record to sixteen titles.[51] But at the French Open, Federer failed to reach a Grand Slam semifinal for the first time since the 2004 French Open, losing to Söderling, in the quarterfinals, and losing his no. 1 ranking.[54] At the French Open, Federer won his 700th tour match and 150th tour match on clay.[54][55] Federer was just one week away from equaling Pete Sampras's record of 286 weeks as world no. 1. In a big surprise at Wimbledon, Federer lost in the quarterfinal to Tomáš Berdych, and fell to world no. 3 in the rankings.[54][56][57] At the 2010 US Open, Federer reached the semifinals, avenging his French Open loss to Söderling in the quarterfinals, but then lost a five-set match to third seed Novak Djokovic.[54] Federer made it to four Masters 1000 finals, losing three of them (the Madrid Open, the Canadian Masters, and the Shanghai Masters) while winning the Cincinnati Masters against Mardy Fish.[58] In 2010 Federer equaled Agassi for the number of Masters wins at 17 and tied Bjorn Borg's mark for number of total titles won, moving to just one behind Sampras. Towards the middle of July, Federer hired Pete Sampras' old coach Paul Annacone to put his tennis game and career on the right path on a trial basis.[59] Federer won two lesser titles at the Stockholm Open and the Davidoff Swiss Indoors which brought his tally to 65 career titles. Lastly, Federer won the year-end championships by beating rival Rafael Nadal, for his fifth title at the event. He showed much of his old form, beating all contenders except Nadal in straight sets. Since Wimbledon 2010, Federer had a win-loss record of 34–4 and had multiple match points in two of his losses: to Novak Djokovic in the semifinal of the US Open, and to Gaël Monfils in the semifinal of the Paris Masters. Federer did not play in the 2010 Davis Cup.
The year 2011, although great by most players' standards, was a lean year for Federer. He was defeated in straight sets in the semifinals of the 2011 Australian Open by eventual champion Novak Djokovic, marking the first time since July 2003 that he did not hold any of the four Major titles. In the French Open semifinal, Federer ended Djokovic's undefeated streak of 43 consecutive wins with a stunning four-set victory. However, Federer then lost in the final to Rafael Nadal. At Wimbledon, Federer advanced to his 29th consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal, but lost to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. It marked the first time in his career that he had lost a Grand Slam match after winning the first two sets. At the US Open, Federer lost a much-anticipated semifinal match with Novak Djokovic, after squandering two match points in the fifth set which repeated his previous year's result against Djokovic and added a second loss from two sets up in Grand Slam play to his record. The loss at Flushing Meadows meant that Federer did not win any of the four Majors in 2011, the first time this has happened since 2002.
During this 2011 season, Federer won the Qatar Open, defeating Nikolay Davydenko in the final. However, he lost the final in Dubai to Djokovic and lost in the Miami Masters and Madrid Open semifinals to Rafael Nadal. In pulling out of the 2011 Shanghai Masters, Federer dropped out of the top 3 for the first time since June 2003.[60] Later in the season, things picked up for Federer. He ended a 10-month title drought and won the Swiss Indoors for the fifth time, defeating youngster Kei Nishikori, who had defeated an ailing Djokovic in the semifinals. Federer followed this up with his first win at the Paris Masters, where he reached his first final at the event and defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. At the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals, Federer crushed Rafael Nadal in exactly one hour en route to the semifinals,[61] where he defeated David Ferrer to reach the final at the year-end championships for the seventh time, his 100th tour-level final overall. As a result of this win, Federer also regained the world no. 3 ranking from Andy Murray. In the final, he defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga for the third consecutive Sunday and, in doing so, claimed his record sixth ATP World Tour Finals title.[62]
Federer began his 2012 season with the Qatar Open, where he withdrew in the semifinals. He then played in the 2012 Australian Open, where he reached the semifinals, setting up a 27th career meeting with Nadal, a match he lost in four tight sets. He then participated in the Davis Cup representing Switzerland in the 2012 Davis Cup World Group, but Switzerland was eliminated in a home tie against the United States played on indoor clay in Fribourg. The loss included a four-set defeat for Federer at the hands of John Isner as well as a tight four-set loss with Stanislas Wawrinka in the doubles rubber against Mardy Fish and Mike Bryan. He then played the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament for the first time since winning the title in 2005. He beat del Potro in the final to clinch his second title in Rotterdam. Federer then played in the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships where he defeated Andy Murray in the final, improved his record against him to 7–8, and won the championship title for the fifth time in his career. Federer then moved on to the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, where he defeated Rafael Nadal in the semifinal, and defeated John Isner in the final. Federer won the title for a record fourth time, and, in doing so, equalled Rafael Nadal's record of 19 ATP Masters 1000 titles. Federer then lost in the third round of the Sony Ericsson Open to Andy Roddick in three sets. Federer went on to compete at the Madrid Masters on new blue clay, where he beat Milos Raonic, Richard Gasquet, David Ferrer, Janko Tipsarevic and Tomáš Berdych in the final and regained the world no. 2 ranking from Rafael Nadal in the process. Federer then participated in the Internazionali BNL d'Italia tournament in Rome where he won over Carlos Berlocq, Juan Carlos Ferrero and Andreas Seppi en route to the semifinal, where he was defeated in straight sets by the defending champion and 2012 runner up Novak Djokovic.
Rivalries[link]
Federer vs. Nadal[link]
Main article: Federer–Nadal rivalry
Federer and Nadal have been playing each other since 2004, and their rivalry is a significant part of both men's careers.[63][64][65][66][67]
They held the top two rankings on the ATP Tour from July 2005 until 14 September 2009, when Nadal fell to World No. 3 (Andy Murray became the new No. 2).[68] They are the only pair of men to have ever finished four consecutive calendar years at the top. Federer was ranked number 1 for a record 237 consecutive weeks beginning in February 2004. Nadal, who is five years younger, ascended to No. 2 in July 2005 and held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks before surpassing Federer in August 2008.[69]
Nadal leads their head-to-head 18–10. However, most of their matches have been on clay. Federer has a winning record on grass (2–1) and indoor hard courts (4–0) while Nadal leads the outdoor hard courts by 5–2 and clay by 12–2.[70] Because tournament seedings are based on rankings, 19 of their matches have been in tournament finals, including an all-time record 8 Grand Slam finals.[71] From 2006 to 2008 they played in every French Open and Wimbledon final, and then they met in the 2009 Australian Open final and the 2011 French Open final. Nadal won six of the eight, losing the first two Wimbledons. Three of these matches were five set-matches (2007 and 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 Australian Open), and the 2008 Wimbledon final has been lauded as the greatest match ever by many long-time tennis analysts.[72][73][74][75] They have also played in a record 9 Masters Series finals, including their lone five hour match at the 2006 Rome Masters which Nadal won in a fifth-set tie-break having saved two match points.
Federer vs. Djokovic[link]
Main article: Djokovic–Federer rivalry
The two have met 25 times with Federer leading 14–11, and 5–4 in Grand Slam events. Djokovic is the only player besides Nadal to have defeated Federer more than once in a Grand Slam tournament since 2004, the only player besides Nadal to defeat Federer in consecutive grand slam tournaments (2010 US Open and 2011 Australian Open) and the only player besides Nadal who has "double figure" career wins over Federer. Djokovic is one of two players (the other again being Nadal) currently on tour to have defeated Federer in straight sets at a Grand Slam (2008 Australian Open and 2011 Australian Open) and the only player to do it two times.
Because of the continuously improving game and general rise of Djokovic in the last 3 years, many experts include Djokovic when talking about Nadal and Federer (all 3 have played each other at least 25 times) and Federer has cited his rivalry with Djokovic as his second favorite after his rivalry with Nadal. Experts such as John McEnroe have said that this is the beginning of a new change in tennis. Djokovic's recent back-to-back-to-back wins against Federer at the Australian Open, Dubai and Indian Wells tournament have made this rivalry even more intense. During that span, Djokovic had gone on a 43–0 winning streak dating back to the Davis Cup final the previous year. Federer ended Djokovic's perfect 41–0 season defeating him in the semifinals of the 2011 French Open, but Djokovic was able to avenge his loss at the 2011 US Open, and Federer lost with a score of 6–7, 4–6, 6–3, 6–2, 7–5.[76] Federer cited this as one of the greatest losses in his career, as he had 2 consecutive match points in set five, with his serve, and was 2 sets up before Djokovic came back in what has become one of the greatest comebacks in tennis history (according to John McEnroe). McEnroe claimed that Djokovic's crosscourt forehand return was "one of the great all-time shots in tennis history" and that the semifinal was one of the greatest matches in history. Djokovic contributed to ending Federer's eight-year streak of winning at least one Grand Slam title per year and Djokovic became the second male tennis player to have at least 10 wins against Federer (the other being Nadal).
Many experts have included the rivalry between Federer and Djokovic as one of the best hard-court rivalries in the Open Era.[77]
Federer vs. Murray[link]
Federer and Murray have met 15 times, all hard courts, with Murray leading 8–7.[78] Federer has won each of their Grand Slam matches (both were in the final) in straight sets at the 2008 US Open[79] and 2010 Australian Open,[80] but Murray leads 5–1 in ATP 1000 tournaments. They have met three times in the ATP World Tour Finals, with Murray winning in Shanghai in 2008[81] and Federer in London in 2009 and 2010.[82] Their most recent encounter was in the 2012 Dubai final where Federer was victorious. Apart from Nadal, Murray is the only other active player to have a positive head to head record against Federer.
Federer vs. Hewitt[link]
Federer and Lleyton Hewitt have played each other on 26 occasions. Early in their careers, Hewitt dominated Federer, winning seven of their first nine meetings, including a victory from two sets down in the 2003 Davis Cup semifinal which allowed Australia to defeat Switzerland. However, from 2004 onward, Federer has dominated the rivalry, winning 16 of the last 17 meetings to emerge with a 18–8 overall head-to-head record.[83] This is Federer's longest rivalry as these two first played each other as juniors in 1996. They have met in one Grand Slam final, the 2004 US Open final, where Federer won to win his first US Open title. Federer is 9–0 against Hewitt in Grand Slams, and has won six of the Grand Slams in which he has defeated Hewitt.
Federer vs. Roddick[link]
Main article: Federer–Roddick rivalry
One of Federer's longstanding rivalries is with American Andy Roddick. Federer and Roddick have met on many occasions, including in four Grand Slam finals (three at Wimbledon and one at the US Open). Federer leads 21–3, making Roddick the ATP player with the most tournament losses to Federer. Roddick lost his World No. 1 ranking to Federer after Federer won his first Australian Open in 2004.
In the 2009 Wimbledon final, Roddick lost to Federer in five sets. It included a fifth set made up of 30 games (a Grand Slam final record) and a match that was over 4 hours long. With that victory, Federer broke Pete Sampras' record of 14 Grand Slam titles.
Federer vs. Nalbandian[link]
David Nalbandian was Federer's biggest rival earlier in his career. Both players had an outstanding junior career, Federer won the Wimbledon junior title and Nalbandian won the US Open junior title (beating Federer). Even though Federer has a narrow advantage against Nalbandian, leading their meetings 11–8, Nalbandian beat Federer in their first five meetings after turning professional, including the fourth round of both the Australian Open and US Open in 2003. Their most impressive match was in the 2005 Shanghai Tennis Master Cup, where Nalbandian came back from being two sets to love down against Federer and ultimately prevailed in a fifth set tiebreak. The loss prevented Federer from tying John McEnroe's 82–3 all-time single year record, set in 1984. Nalbandian, Lleyton Hewitt and Andy Murray have beaten Federer 8 times, with only Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic recording more victories over Federer.
Playing style[link]
Federer's versatility was summarised by Jimmy Connors: "In an era of specialists, you're either a clay court specialist, a grass court specialist, or a hard court specialist...or you're Roger Federer."[84]
Federer is an all-court, all-round player known for his speed, fluid style of play, and exceptional shot making. Federer mainly plays from the baseline but is also comfortable at the net, being one of the best volleyers in the game today. He has a powerful, accurate smash and very effectively performs rare elements in today's tennis, such as backhand smash, half-volley and jump smash (slam dunk). David Foster Wallace compared the brute force of Federer's forehand motion with that of "a great liquid whip,"[85] while John McEnroe has referred to Federer's forehand as "the greatest shot in our sport."[86] Federer is also known for his efficient movement around the court and excellent footwork, which enables him to run around shots directed to his backhand and instead hit a powerful inside-out or inside-in forehand, one of his best shots. Though Federer plays with a single-handed backhand which gives him great variety. Federer's forehand and backhand slice are both known as the best ever to enter the game. He employs the slice, occasionally using it to lure the opponent to the net and pass him. Federer can also fire topspin winners and possesses a 'flick' backhand where he can generate pace with his wrist; this is usually used to pass the opponent at the net.[85] His serve is difficult to read because he always uses a similar ball toss regardless of what type of serve he is going to hit and where he aims to hit it, and turns his back to his opponents during his motion. He is often able to produce big serves on key points during a match. His first serve is typically around 200 km/h (125 mph);[87][88][89] however, he is capable of serving at 220 km/h (137 mph).[87][88] Federer is also accomplished at serve and volleying,[90] and employed this tactic especially frequently in his early career.[91] His speciality is a half-volley from the baseline which enables him to play close to the baseline and to pick up even the deeper shots very early after they bounce, giving his opponents less time to react.[citation needed] Later in his career Federer added the drop shot to his arsenal, and can perform a well-disguised one off both wings. He sometimes uses a between-the-legs shot, which is colloquially referred to as a "tweener." His most notable use of the tweener was in the semifinals of the 2009 US Open against Novak Djokovic, bringing him triple match point, on which he capitalised for a straight-set victory over the Serb.[92]
Equipment, apparel, endorsements[link]
Federer currently plays with a customised Wilson Pro Staff Six.One 90 BLX tennis racquet,[93] which is characterised by its smaller hitting area of 90 square inches, heavy strung weight of 357.2 grams, and thin beam of 17.5 millimeters. His grip size is 4 3/8 inches (sometimes referred to as L3).[94] Federer strings his racquets at 21.5 kg mains/20 kg crosses pre stretched 20%, utilizing Wilson Natural Gut 16 gauge for his main strings and Luxilon Big Banger ALU Power Rough 16L gauge (polyester) for his cross strings.[94] When asked about string tensions, Federer stated "this depends on how warm the days are and with what kind of balls I play and against who I play. So you can see – it depends on several factors and not just the surface; the feeling I have is most important."[95]
Federer is one of the highest-earning athletes in the world. He has a contract with Nike footwear and apparel.[96] For the 2006 championships at Wimbledon, Nike designed a jacket emblazoned with a crest of three tennis racquets, symbolising the three Wimbledon Championships he had previously won, and which was updated the next year with four racquets after he won the Championship in 2006.[97] In Wimbledon 2008 and again in 2009, Nike continued this trend by making him a personalised cardigan.[98] He also has his own logo, an R and F joined together.[99] Federer endorses Gillette,[100] Jura, a Swiss-based coffee machine company,[101] as well as Mercedes-Benz and NetJets. Federer also endorses Rolex watches,[102] although he was previously an ambassador for Maurice Lacroix.[103] Also in 2009 Federer became brand ambassador for Swiss chocolate makers Lindt.[104] In 2010 his endorsement by Mercedes-Benz China was extended into a global Mercedes-Benz partnership deal.[105]
Career statistics[link]
Grand Slam tournament performance timeline[link]
Main article: Roger Federer career statistics
Information in these tables is updated only once the player's participation in the tournament has concluded.
| Tournament | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | SR | W–L | Win % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Open | A | LQ | 3R | 3R | 4R | 4R | W | SF | W | W | SF | F | W | SF | SF | 4 / 13 | 63–9 | 87.50 |
| French Open | A | 1R | 4R | QF | 1R | 1R | 3R | SF | F | F | F | W | QF | F | 1 / 14 | 52–12 | 81.25 | |
| Wimbledon | A | 1R | 1R | QF | 1R | W | W | W | W | W | F | W | QF | QF | 6 / 13 | 59–7 | 89.39 | |
| US Open | A | LQ | 3R | 4R | 4R | 4R | W | W | W | W | W | F | SF | SF | 5 / 12 | 61–7 | 89.71 | |
| Win–Loss | 0–0 | 0–2 | 7–4 | 13–4 | 6–4 | 13–3 | 22–1 | 24–2 | 27–1 | 26–1 | 24–3 | 26–2 | 20–3 | 20–4 | 7–1 | 16 / 52 | 235–35 | 87.04 |
- Finals: 23 (16 titles, 7 runners-up)
| Outcome | Year | Championship | Surface | Opponent | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | 2003 | Wimbledon (1) | Grass |  Mark Philippoussis |
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–6(7–3) |
| Winner | 2004 | Australian Open (1) | Hard |  Marat Safin |
7–6(7–3), 6–4, 6–2 |
| Winner | 2004 | Wimbledon (2) | Grass | Andy Roddick |
4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4 |
| Winner | 2004 | US Open (1) | Hard | Lleyton Hewitt |
6–0, 7–6(7–3), 6–0 |
| Winner | 2005 | Wimbledon (3) | Grass | Andy Roddick |
6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4 |
| Winner | 2005 | US Open (2) | Hard | Andre Agassi |
6–3, 2–6, 7–6(7–1), 6–1 |
| Winner | 2006 | Australian Open (2) | Hard |  Marcos Baghdatis |
5–7, 7–5, 6–0, 6–2 |
| Runner-up | 2006 | French Open (1) | Clay | Rafael Nadal |
6–1, 1–6, 4–6, 6–7(4–7) |
| Winner | 2006 | Wimbledon (4) | Grass | Rafael Nadal |
6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(2–7), 6–3 |
| Winner | 2006 | US Open (3) | Hard | Andy Roddick |
6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–1 |
| Winner | 2007 | Australian Open (3) | Hard |  Fernando González |
7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–4 |
| Runner-up | 2007 | French Open (2) | Clay | Rafael Nadal |
3–6, 6–4, 3–6, 4–6 |
| Winner | 2007 | Wimbledon (5) | Grass | Rafael Nadal |
7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2 |
| Winner | 2007 | US Open (4) | Hard |  Novak Djokovic |
7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–2), 6–4 |
| Runner-up | 2008 | French Open (3) | Clay | Rafael Nadal |
1–6, 3–6, 0–6 |
| Runner-up | 2008 | Wimbledon (1) | Grass | Rafael Nadal |
4–6, 4–6, 7–6(7–5), 7–6(10–8), 7–9 |
| Winner | 2008 | US Open (5) | Hard | Andy Murray |
6–2, 7–5, 6–2 |
| Runner-up | 2009 | Australian Open (1) | Hard | Rafael Nadal |
5–7, 6–3, 6–7(3–7), 6–3, 2–6 |
| Winner | 2009 | French Open (1) | Clay |  Robin Söderling |
6–1, 7–6(7–1), 6–4 |
| Winner | 2009 | Wimbledon (6) | Grass | Andy Roddick |
5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14 |
| Runner-up | 2009 | US Open (1) | Hard |  Juan Martín del Potro |
6–3, 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–7(4–7), 2–6 |
| Winner | 2010 | Australian Open (4) | Hard | Andy Murray |
6–3, 6–4, 7–6(13–11) |
| Runner-up | 2011 | French Open (4) | Clay | Rafael Nadal |
5–7, 6–7(3–7), 7–5, 1–6 |
Year-End Championship performance timeline[link]
| Tournament | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | SR | W–L | Win % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YEC | NQ | NQ | NQ | NQ | SF | W | W | F | W | W | RR | SF | W | W | 6 / 10 | 39–7 | 84.78 | |
| Win–Loss | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 0–0 | 3–1 | 5–0 | 5–0 | 4–1 | 5–0 | 4–1 | 1–2 | 2–2 | 5–0 | 5–0 |
- Finals: 7 (6 titles, 1 runner-up)
| Outcome | Year | Championship | Surface | Opponent | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | 2003 | Houston |
Hard | Andre Agassi |
6–3, 6–0, 6–4 |
| Winner | 2004 | Houston |
Hard | Lleyton Hewitt |
6–3, 6–2 |
| Runner-up | 2005 |  Shanghai |
Carpet (i) | David Nalbandian |
7–6(7–4), 7–6(13–11), 2–6, 1–6, 6–7(3–7) |
| Winner | 2006 | Shanghai |
Hard (i) | James Blake |
6–0, 6–3, 6–4 |
| Winner | 2007 | Shanghai |
Hard (i) | David Ferrer |
6–2, 6–3, 6–2 |
| Winner | 2010 | London |
Hard (i) | Rafael Nadal |
6–3, 3–6, 6–1 |
| Winner | 2011 | London |
Hard (i) |  Jo-Wilfried Tsonga |
6–3, 6–7(6–8), 6–3 |
Olympic games[link]
- Finals: 1 (1 gold medal)
| Outcome | Year | Championship | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winner | 2008 | Beijing |
Hard |  Wawrinka |
Aspelin Johansson |
6–3, 6–4, 6–7(4–7), 6–3 |
Records[link]
Main article: List of career achievements by Roger Federer
- These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis.
- Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.
- Records in italics are currently active streaks.
| Time span | Selected Grand Slam tournament records | Players matched |
|---|---|---|
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2009 French Open |
Career Grand Slam | Rod Laver Andre Agassi Rafael Nadal |
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2010 Australian Open |
16 titles | Stands alone |
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2011 French Open |
23 finals | Stands alone |
| 2005 Wimbledon — 2007 US Open |
10 consecutive finals | Stands alone |
| 2004 Wimbledon — 2010 Australian Open |
23 consecutive semifinals[106][107] | Stands alone |
| 2004 Wimbledon — 2012 Australian Open |
31 consecutive quarterfinals | Stands alone |
| 2004 & 2006–2007 | 3 years winning 3+ titles | Stands alone |
| 2004–2007 & 2009 | 5 years winning 2+ titles | Stands alone |
| 2006–2007 | 2 consecutive years winning 3+ titles | Stands alone |
| 2004–2007 | 4 consecutive years winning 2+ titles | Stands alone |
| 2003–2010 | 8 consecutive years winning 1+ title[107] | Björn Borg Pete Sampras |
| 2004 Australian Open — 2011 US Open |
8 consecutive years winning 20+ matches | Stands alone |
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2010 Australian Open |
4+ titles at 3 different Majors | Stands alone |
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2011 French Open |
5+ finals at all 4 Majors | Stands alone |
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2011 French Open |
6+ semifinals at all 4 Majors | Stands alone |
| 2001 French Open — 2011 US Open |
8+ quarterfinals at all 4 Majors | Stands alone |
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2008 US Open |
5 consecutive titles at 2 different Majors[107] | Stands alone |
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2007 French Open |
2+ consecutive finals at all 4 Majors | Ivan Lendl |
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2009 French Open |
5+ consecutive semifinals at all 4 Majors | Stands alone |
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2011 US Open |
7+ consecutive quarterfinals at all 4 Majors | Stands alone |
| 2003 Wimbledon — 2006 Australian Open |
First 7 finals won | Stands alone |
| 2004 Australian Open — 2010 Australian Open |
9 hard-court titles | Stands alone |
| 2006–2007 & 2009 | All 4 Major finals in 1 season | Rod Laver |
| 2006 French Open — 2009 US Open |
Runner-up finishes at all 4 Majors | Ivan Lendl |
| 2000 Australian Open — 2012 French Open |
235 match wins overall[108] | Stands alone |
| 2000 Australian Open — 2012 French Open |
50+ match wins at all 4 Majors[109] | Stands alone |
| 2006 | 27 match wins in 1 season | Stands alone |
| 2004 French Open — 2008 Wimbledon |
18 consecutive No. 1 seeds | Stands alone |
| 2006 US Open — 2007 French Open |
36 consecutive sets won | Stands alone |
| 2007 US Open | 35 consecutive service points won | Stands alone |
| 2009 Wimbledon | 50 aces in a final | Stands alone |
| 2007 US Open | $2.4 million earned at one event | Stands alone |
| 2005 Wimbledon — 2007 French Open |
2 winning streaks of 25+ matches | Stands alone |
| 2005 Wimbledon — 2009 US Open |
3 winning streaks of 20+ matches | Stands alone |
| 2004 Wimbledon — 2009 US Open |
5 winning streaks of 15+ matches | Stands alone |
| Grand Slam tournaments | Time Span | Records at each Grand Slam tournament | Players matched |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Open | 2004–2010 | 4 titles overall | Andre Agassi |
| Australian Open | 2006–2007 | 2 consecutive titles | Ken Rosewall Guillermo Vilas Johan Kriek Mats Wilander Stefan Edberg Ivan Lendl Jim Courier Andre Agassi Novak Djokovic |
| Australian Open | 2004–2007 | 3 titles in 4 years | Andre Agassi |
| Australian Open | 2004–2010 | 5 finals overall | Stefan Edberg |
| Australian Open | 2004–2012 | 9 consecutive semifinals | Stands alone |
| Australian Open | 2007 | Won without dropping a set[110] | Ken Rosewall |
| Australian Open | 2000–2012 | 63 match wins overall[110] | Stands alone |
| French Open | 2006–2009 | 4 consecutive finals | Björn Borg Ivan Lendl Rafael Nadal |
| French Open | 2006–2008, 2011 | 4 runner-ups[111] | Stands alone |
| French Open | 2006–2008 | 3 consecutive runner-ups | Stands alone |
| French Open | 2005–2009 | 5 consecutive semifinals | Stands alone |
| French Open—Wimbledon | 2009 | Accomplished a "Channel Slam": Winning both tournaments in the same year | Rod Laver Björn Borg Rafael Nadal |
| Wimbledon | 2003–2007 | 5 consecutive titles[112] | Björn Borg |
| Wimbledon | 2003–2009 | 7 finals overall | Boris Becker Pete Sampras |
| Wimbledon | 2003–2009 | 7 consecutive finals | Stands alone |
| Wimbledon | 2003–2009 | 7 consecutive semifinals | Stands alone |
| US Open | 2004–2008 | 5 titles overall | Jimmy Connors Pete Sampras |
| US Open | 2004–2008 | 5 consecutive titles | Stands alone |
| US Open | 2004–2009 | 40 consecutive match wins[113] | Stands alone |
| US Open | 1999–2011 | 89.71% (61–7) match winning percentage | Stands alone |
| Time span | Other selected records | Players matched |
|---|---|---|
| 2 February 2004 — 17 August 2008 |
237 consecutive weeks at No. 1[107] | Stands alone |
| 2003–2005 | 26 consecutive match victories vs. top 10 opponents | Stands alone |
| 2005–2006 | 56 consecutive hard court match victories | Stands alone |
| 2003–2008 | 65 consecutive grass court match victories[107] | Stands alone |
| 2003–2005 | 24 consecutive tournament finals won[107] | Stands alone |
| 2001–2012 | 10+ titles on grass, clay and hard courts | Stands alone |
| 2003–2009 | 11 grass court titles | Stands alone |
| 2002–2012 | 51 hard court titles | Stands alone |
| 2006 | 9 hard court titles in 1 season | Jimmy Connors |
| 1998–2012 | 315 tiebreaks won[114] | Stands alone |
| 1999–2011 | 87.18% (102–15) grass court match winning percentage[115] | Stands alone |
| 1998–2012 | 83.20% (515–104) hard court match winning percentage[116] | Stands alone |
| 2006 | 94.12% of tournament finals reached in 1 season | Stands alone |
| 2003–2011 | 6 ATP World Tour Finals titles overall[117] | Stands alone |
| 2002–2011 | 39 ATP World Tour Finals match wins[117] | Ivan Lendl |
| 2002–2012 | 32 combined Championship Masters Series finals | Stands alone |
| 2002–2012 | 44 Masters 1000 semifinals | Stands alone |
| 2000–2012 | 261 Masters 1000 match wins | Stands alone |
| 2004–2012 | 14 Masters 1000 hard court titles | Andre Agassi |
| 2004–2012 | 4 Indian Wells Masters titles[118] | Stands alone |
| 2004–2008 | 2 consecutive Olympic games as wire-to-wire No. 1 | Stands alone |
| 2005–2007 | 3 consecutive calendar years as wire-to-wire No. 1 | Stands alone |
| 2005–2007 | 3 calendar years as wire-to-wire No. 1 | Jimmy Connors |
| 2003–2010 | Ended 8 years ranked inside the top 2 | Jimmy Connors |
| 2007 | $10 million prize money earned in a season | Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic |
| 2005–2007 | 2 winning streaks of 35+ matches | Björn Borg |
| 2004–2012 | 7 winning streaks of 20+ matches | Stands alone |
See also[link]
- Roger Federer career statistics
- List of career achievements by Roger Federer
- ATP World Tour records
- ATP World Tour Awards
- List of Grand Slam Men's Singles champions
- List of ATP number 1 ranked singles players
- 2004 Summer Olympics national flag bearers
- 2008 Summer Olympics national flag bearers
References and notes[link]
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- ^ Company > Lindt & Sprüngli, Maître chocolatier suisse depuis 1845
- ^ "Mercedes-Benz Announces Global Partnership with Roger Federer". PRNewsWire.com. 27 May 2010. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mercedes-benz-announces-global-partnership-with-roger-federer-95020244.html. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ^ Lilley, Drew. "Wimbledon Legends – Roger Federer". Wimbledon.com. http://www.wimbledon.com/heritage/history/legends/roger-federer. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
- ^ a b c d e f Macpherson, Paul (12 January 2010). "Roger's Records To Stand Test Of Time". ATPWorldTour.com. http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-Australian-Open-2010/Roger-Federer.aspx. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
- ^ "Federer Moves Clear Of Connors For Most Major Match Wins". ATPWorldTour.com. May 30, 2012. http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/05/22/Roland-Garros-Wednesday-Federer-Moves-Clear-Of-Connors.aspx. Retrieved 2012-05-30.
- ^ "Roger Federer equals Jimmy Connors' Grand Slam win record". CBC Sports (Associated Press). May 28, 2012. http://www.cbc.ca/sports/tennis/story/2012/05/28/sp-tennis-roger-federer-jimmy-connors-grand-slam-record.html. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ a b Petkovski, Suzi (26 January 2012). "Top 10: Fed's feats and streaks". Australian Open. http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/news/articles/2012-01-26/201201251327479058509.html. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ "Record Breakers". RolandGarros.com. http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/records.html. Retrieved 2012-04-28.
- ^ "Wimbledon – Championships History". Wimbledon.com. http://www.wimbledon.com/heritage/history/championships-history. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "US Open Singles Record Book". USOpen.com. http://2011.usopen.org/pdf/Record_Book_Singles_Records.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ "FedEx ATP Reliability Index – Tie-breakers". ATPWorldTour.com. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Tie-Breakers-Career-List.aspx. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "FedEx ATP Reliability Index – Winning percentage on Grass". ATPWorldTour.com. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Grass-Career-List.aspx. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- ^ "FedEx ATP Reliability Index – Winning percentage on Hard". ATPWorldTour.com. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Hard-Career-List.aspx. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- ^ a b "Tournament History". Barclays ATP World Tour Finals. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Finals/2012/About/Heritage.aspx. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ "Federer Renews Reign In Indian Wells". ATP World Tour. 18 March 2012. http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/03/11/Indian-Wells-Sunday-Federer-Tops-Isner.aspx. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
Further reading[link]
- Bowers, Chris (2007). Fantastic Federer: The Biography of the World's Greatest Tennis Player. John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-407-9.
- Stauffer, René (2007). The Roger Federer Story: Quest for Perfection. New York, N.Y: New Chapter Press. ISBN 0-942257-39-1.
Video[link]
- Wimbledon Classic Match: Federer vs Sampras Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: 31 October 2006, Run Time: 233 minutes, ASIN: B000ICLR98.
- Wimbledon 2007 Final: Federer vs. Nadal (2007) Kultur White Star, DVD Release Date: 30 October 2007, Run Time: 180 minutes, ASIN: B000V02CU0.
- Wimbledon — The 2008 Finals: Nadal vs. Federer Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: 19 August 2008, Run Time: 300 minutes, ASIN: B001CWYUBU.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Roger Federer |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Roger Federer |
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Book: Roger Federer |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Official Site
- Roger Federer Foundation
- Roger Federer on Facebook
- Roger Federer – Grand Slam History
- Sortable list of Grand Slam opponents and stats
Profiles[link]
- Roger Federer at the Association of Tennis Professionals
- Roger Federer at the International Tennis Federation
- Roger Federer at the Davis Cup
- Roger Federer at the Internet Movie Database
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34)
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Federer, Roger |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Swiss tennis professional |
| Date of birth | 8 August 1981 |
| Place of birth | Binningen (near Basel), Switzerland) |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Roger_Federer
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Federer
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
|
| Full name | Andre Kirk Agassi |
|---|---|
| Country | USA |
| Residence | Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. |
| Born | (1970-04-29) April 29, 1970 (age 42) Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. |
| Height | 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |
| Weight | 80 kg (180 lb) |
| Turned pro | 1986 |
| Retired | September 3, 2006 |
| Plays | Right-handed (two-handed backhand) |
| Career prize money |
US$31,152,975 |
| Int. Tennis HOF | 2011 (member page) |
| Singles | |
| Career record | 870–274 (76.05%) (on the Grand Prix tour, ATP Tour, in Grand Slams and Davis Cup) |
| Career titles | 60 according to the ATP and 68 in total |
| Highest ranking | No. 1 (April 10, 1995) |
| Grand Slam Singles results | |
| Australian Open | W (1995, 2000, 2001, 2003) |
| French Open | W (1999) |
| Wimbledon | W (1992) |
| US Open | W (1994, 1999) |
| Other tournaments | |
| Tour Finals | W (1990) |
| Olympic Games | W (1996) |
| Doubles | |
| Career record | 40–42 (at ATP Tour, Grand Prix tour and Grand Slam level, and in Davis Cup) |
| Career titles | 1 |
| Highest ranking | No. 123 (August 17, 1992) |
| Grand Slam Doubles results | |
| French Open | QF (1992) |
| US Open | 1R (1987) |
| Olympic medal record | ||
|---|---|---|
| Men's tennis | ||
| Competitor for United States |
||
| Gold | 1996 Atlanta | Singles |
Andre Kirk Agassi (
/ˈɑːndreɪ ˈæɡəsi/; born April 29, 1970) is a retired American[1][2] professional tennis player and former world no. 1.[3] Generally considered by critics and fellow players to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time,[4][5][6][7][8] Agassi has been called the best service returner in the history of the game.[6][9][10][11] Described by the BBC upon his retirement as "perhaps the biggest worldwide star in the sport's history",[8] Agassi's performances, along with his unorthodox apparel and attitude, have seen him cited as one of the most charismatic players in the history of the game, and credited for helping revive the popularity of tennis during the 1990s.[6][8][12]
In singles tennis, Agassi is an eight-time Grand Slam champion who competed in 15 Grand Slam finals, and an Olympic gold medalist. A multi-surface specialist, he is the first of two male players to have achieved a singles Career Golden Slam, and one of four to have achieved a singles Career Grand Slam in the Open Era (one of seven in history).[13][14] He was the first male player to win all four Grand Slams on three different surfaces (hard, clay and grass), and is the last American male to win the French Open (1999)[15] and the Australian Open (2003).[16] Agassi also won 17 ATP Masters Series titles, the 1990 ATP Tour World Championships, and was part of a winning Davis Cup team in 1990 and 1992.[5] He is the only male singles player in history to have won all four Grand Slam tournaments, the Olympic gold medal and the ATP Tour World Championships: a distinction dubbed as a "Career Super Slam" by Sports Illustrated.[17]
After suffering from sciatica caused by two bulging discs in his back, a spondylolisthesis (vertebral displacement) and a bone spur that interfered with the nerve, Agassi retired from professional tennis on September 3, 2006, after losing in the third round of the US Open. He is the founder of the Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation,[18] which has raised over $60 million for at-risk children in Southern Nevada.[19] In 2001, the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas, a K-12 public charter school for at-risk children.[20]
Contents |
1970–1985: Early life[link]
Agassi was born in Las Vegas, Nevada, to Emmanuel "Mike" Aghassian and Elizabeth "Betty" Agassi (née Dudley).[3][21] His father, a former Olympic boxer for Iran, is of Assyrian and Armenian descent and changed the family name to Agassi after his migration to the United States.[22][23][24][25][26] Andre Agassi's mother, Betty, is a breast cancer survivor. He has three older siblings – Rita, Philip and Tami.[27]
Mike Agassi reportedly banged on the fences with a hammer during Andre's matches when his son lost a point, screamed at officials and was ejected more than once.
In a passage from the book Open, Agassi details how his father made him play a match for money with football legend Jim Brown, in 1979, when Agassi was just 9 years old. Brown was at a Vegas tennis club complaining to the owner about a money match that was canceled. Agassi's father stepped in and told Brown that he could play his son and he would put up his house for the wager. Brown countered with a $10,000 bet; but after being warned by the club owner not to take the bet because he would lose and be embarrassed, Brown and Mike Agassi agreed that they'd set the amount after he and Andre played two sets. Brown lost those sets, 3–6, 3–6, declined the 10K wager, and offered to play the third for $500, which he lost 2–6.[28]
At age 13, Andre was sent to Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Academy in Florida.[29] He was meant to stay for only 3 months because that was all his father could afford. After thirty minutes of watching Agassi play, Bollettieri called Mike and said: "Take your check back. He's here for free", claiming that Agassi had more natural talent than anyone else he had seen.[30] Agassi dropped out of school in the ninth grade.[31]
International tennis career biography[link]
1986–1993[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) |
He turned professional at the age of 16 and competed in his first tournament at La Quinta, California. He won his first match against John Austin 6–4, 6–2, but then lost his second match to Mats Wilander 1–6, 1–6. By the end of the year, Agassi was ranked world no. 91.[32] Agassi won his first top-level singles title in 1987 at the Sul American Open in Itaparica.[29] He ended the year ranked world no. 25.[29] He won six additional tournaments in 1988 (Memphis, U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, Forest Hills WCT, Stuttgart Outdoor, Volvo International and Livingston Open),[29] and, by December of that year, he had surpassed US$1 million in career prize money after playing in just 43 tournaments—the fastest anyone in history had reached that level.[33] During the year, he set the open-era record for most consecutive victories by a male teenager, a record that would stand for 17 years until being broken by Rafael Nadal in 2005.[34] His year-end ranking was world no. 3, behind second-ranked Ivan Lendl and top-ranked Mats Wilander. Both the Association of Tennis Professionals and Tennis magazine named Agassi the Most Improved Player of the Year for 1988.[29]
In addition to not playing the Australian Open (which would later become his best Grand Slam event) for the first eight years of his career, Agassi chose not to play at Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 and publicly stated that he did not wish to play there because of the event's traditionalism, particularly its "predominantly white" dress code to which players at the event are required to conform.
Strong performances on the tour meant that Agassi was quickly tipped as a future Grand Slam champion. While still a teenager, he reached the semifinals of both the French Open and the US Open in 1988, and made the US Open semifinals in 1989. He began the 1990s, however, with a series of near-misses. He reached his first Grand Slam final in 1990 at the French Open, where he was favored before losing in four sets to Andrés Gómez. He reached his second Grand Slam final of the year at the US Open, defeating defending champion Boris Becker in the semifinals. His opponent in the final was Pete Sampras; a year earlier, Agassi had beaten Sampras 6–2, 6–1, after which he told his coach that he felt bad for Sampras because he was never going to make it as a pro. Agassi lost the US Open final to Sampras 4–6, 3–6, 2–6.[29] The rivalry between these two American players became the dominant rivalry in tennis over the rest of the decade. Also in 1990, Agassi helped the United States win its first Davis Cup in 8 years and won his only Tennis Masters Cup, beating reigning Wimbledon champion Stefan Edberg in the final.
In 1991, Agassi reached his second consecutive French Open final, where he faced fellow Bollettieri Academy alumnus Jim Courier. Courier emerged the victor in a five set final. Agassi decided to play at Wimbledon in 1991, leading to weeks of speculation in the media about the clothes he would wear. He eventually emerged for the first round in a completely white outfit. He went on to reach the quarterfinals on that occasion, losing in five sets to David Wheaton.
Agassi's Grand Slam tournament breakthrough came at Wimbledon, not at the French Open or the US Open, where he had previously enjoyed success. In 1992, he defeated Goran Ivanišević in a five-set final.[29] Along the way, Agassi overcame two former Wimbledon champions, Boris Becker and John McEnroe. No other baseliner would triumph at Wimbledon until Lleyton Hewitt ten years later. Agassi was named the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year in 1992. Agassi once again played on the United States' Davis Cup winning team in 1992. It was their second Davis cup title in three years.
1993 saw Agassi win the only doubles title of his career, at the Cincinnati Masters, partnered with Petr Korda. Agassi missed much of the early part of that year with injuries. Although he made the quarterfinals in his Wimbledon title defense, he lost to eventual champion and world no. 1 Pete Sampras in five sets. Agassi lost in the first round at the US Open to Thomas Enqvist and required wrist surgery late in the year.
1994–1997[link]
With new coach Brad Gilbert on board, Agassi began to employ more of a tactical, consistent approach, which fueled his resurgence. Agassi started slowly in 1994, losing in the first week at the French Open and Wimbledon. Nevertheless, Agassi emerged during the hard-court season, winning the Canadian Open. His comeback culminated at the 1994 US Open with a five-set fourth-round victory against compatriot Michael Chang, and then becoming the first man to capture the US Open as an unseeded player, beating Michael Stich in the final.[29]
In 1995, Agassi shaved his balding head, breaking with his old "image is everything" style. He competed in the 1995 Australian Open (his first appearance at the event) and won, beating Sampras in a four-set final.[29] Agassi and Sampras met in five tournament finals in 1995, all on hardcourt, with Agassi winning three. Agassi won three Masters Series events in 1995 (Cincinnati, Key Biscayne, and the Canadian Open) and seven titles total.[29] He compiled a career-best 26-match winning streak during the summer hard-court circuit, which ended when he lost the US Open final to Sampras.
Agassi reached the world no. 1 ranking for the first time in April 1995. He held that ranking until November, for a total of 30 weeks. In terms of win/loss record, 1995 was Agassi's best year. He won 73 matches and lost only 9. Agassi was also once again a key player on the United States' Davis Cup winning team—the third and final Davis Cup title of Agassi's career.
1996 was a less successful year for Agassi, as he failed to reach any Grand Slam final. He suffered two early-round losses at the hands of compatriots Chris Woodruff and Doug Flach at the French Open and Wimbledon, respectively, and lost to Chang in straight sets in the Australian and US Open semifinals. At the time, Agassi blamed the Australian Open loss on the windy conditions, but later said in his biography that he had lost the match on purpose, as he did not want to play Boris Becker, whom he would have faced in that final. The high point for Agassi was winning the men's singles gold medal at the Olympic Games in Atlanta, beating Sergi Bruguera of Spain in the final, 6–2, 6–3, 6–1.[29] Agassi also successfully defended his singles titles in Cincinnati and Key Biscayne.
1997 was the low point of Agassi's career. His wrist injury resurfaced, and he played only 24 matches during the year. He would later confess that he started using crystal methamphetamine at that time, allegedly on the urging of a friend.[35] He failed an ATP drug test, but wrote a letter claiming the same friend had spiked a drink. The ATP dropped the failed drug test as a warning. In his autobiography, Agassi admitted that the letter was a lie.[36] He quit the drug soon after. He won no top-level titles and his ranking sank to world no. 141 on November 10, 1997, prompting many to believe that his run as one of the sport's premier competitors was over and that he would never again win any significant championships.[29]
1998–2003[link]
In 1998, Agassi began a rigorous conditioning program and worked his way back up the rankings by playing in Challenger Series tournaments, a circuit for pro players ranked outside the world's top 50. He also played classic matches in this period against Pete Sampras and Patrick Rafter.
In 1998, Agassi won five titles and leapt from world no. 110 to no. 6, the highest jump into the top 10 made by any player during a calendar year.[37] At Wimbledon, he had an early loss in the second round to Tommy Haas. He won five titles in ten finals and was runner-up at the Masters Series tournament in Key Biscayne, losing to Marcelo Ríos, who became world no. 1 as a result.
Agassi entered the history books in 1999 when he came back from two sets to love down to beat Andrei Medvedev in a five-set French Open final, becoming, at the time, only the fifth male player (joining Rod Laver, Fred Perry, Roy Emerson and Don Budge—these have since been joined by a sixth, Roger Federer and a seventh, Rafael Nadal) to have won all four Grand Slam singles titles during his career. Only Laver, Agassi, Federer, and Nadal have achieved this feat during the open era. This win also made him the first (of only three, the second being Roger Federer and the third being Rafael Nadal) male player in history to have won all four Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces (clay, grass, and hard courts), a tribute to his adaptability, as the other four men had won their Grand Slam titles on clay and grass courts. Agassi also became the first (of only two, the second being Rafael Nadal) male player to win the Career Golden Slam, consisting of all four Grand Slam tournaments plus an Olympic gold medal.
Agassi followed his 1999 French Open victory by reaching the Wimbledon final, where he lost to Sampras in straight sets.[29] He rebounded from his Wimbledon defeat by winning the US Open, beating Todd Martin in five sets (rallying from a two sets to one deficit) in the final. Agassi ended 1999 as the world no. 1, ending Sampras's record of six consecutive year-ending top rankings (1993–1998).[29] This was the only time Agassi ended the year at no. 1.
Agassi began the next year by capturing his second Australian Open title, beating Sampras in a five-set semifinal and Yevgeny Kafelnikov in a four-set final.[29] He was the first male player to have reached four consecutive Grand Slam finals since Rod Laver achieved the Grand Slam in 1969.[38] At the time, Agassi was also only the fourth player since Laver to be the reigning champion of three of four Grand Slam events, missing only the Wimbledon title.[39]
2000 also saw Agassi reach the semifinals at Wimbledon, where he lost in five sets to Rafter in a match considered by many to be one of the best ever at Wimbledon.[40] At the inaugural Tennis Masters Cup in Lisbon, Agassi reached the final after defeating Marat Safin, 6–3, 6–3, in the semifinals to end the Russian's hopes to become the youngest world no. 1 in the history of tennis. Agassi then lost to Gustavo Kuerten in the final, allowing Kuerten to be crowned year-end world no. 1.
Agassi opened 2001 by successfully defending his Australian Open title with a straight-sets final win over Arnaud Clément.[29] En route, he beat a cramping Rafter (7–5, 2–6, 6–7, 6–2, 6–3) in front of a sell-out crowd in what turned out to be the Aussie's last Australian Open. At Wimbledon, they met again in the semifinals, where Agassi lost another close match to Rafter, 8–6 in the fifth set. In the quarterfinals at the US Open, Agassi lost a 3 hour, 33 minute epic match[41] with Sampras, 7–6(7), 6–7(7), 6–7(2), 6–7(5),[42] with no breaks of serve during the 48-game match. Despite the setback, Agassi finished 2001 ranked world no. 3, becoming the only male tennis player to finish a year ranked in the top 3 in three different decades[43] (1980s—finishing world no. 3 in 1988 and no. 7 in 1989; 1990s—finishing world no. 4 in 1990, no. 10 in 1991, no. 9 in 1992, no. 2 in 1994 and 1995, no. 8 in 1996, no. 6 in 1998 and no. 1 in 1999; 2000s—finishing world no. 6 in 2000, no. 3 in 2001, no. 2 in 2002, no. 4 in 2003, no. 8 in 2004 and no. 7 in 2005). He also was the oldest player (age 31) to finish in the top three since 32-year old Connors finished at world no. 2 in 1984.[37]
2002 opened with disappointment for Agassi, as injury forced him to skip the Australian Open, where he was a two-time defending champion. The last duel between Agassi and Sampras came in the final of the US Open, which Sampras won in four sets and left Sampras with a 20–14 edge in their 34 career meetings. The match was the last of Sampras's career. Agassi's US Open finish, along with his Masters Series victories in Key Biscayne, Rome, and Madrid, helped him finish 2002 as the oldest year-end world no. 2 at 32 years and 8 months.[37]
In 2003, Agassi won the eighth (and final) Grand Slam title of his career at the Australian Open, where he beat Rainer Schüttler in straight sets in the final. In March, he won his sixth career and third consecutive Key Biscayne title, in the process surpassing his wife, Steffi Graf, who was a five-time winner of the event. The final was his 18th straight win in that tournament, which broke the previous record of 17 set by Sampras from 1993–1995. (Agassi's winning streak continued to 20 after winning his first two matches at the 2004 edition of that tournament before bowing to Agustín Calleri.) With the victory, Agassi became the youngest (19 years old) and oldest (32) winner of the Key Biscayne tournament. On April 28, 2003, he recaptured the world no. 1 ranking after a quarterfinal victory over Xavier Malisse at the Queen's Club Championships to become the oldest top-ranked male player since the ATP rankings began at 33 years and 13 days. He had held the world no. 1 ranking for two weeks, when Lleyton Hewitt took it back on May 12, 2003. Agassi then recaptured the world no. 1 ranking once again on June 16, 2003, which he held for 12 weeks until September 7, 2003. During his career, Agassi held the world no. 1 ranking for a total of 101 weeks.[44] Agassi's ranking slipped when injuries forced him to withdraw from many events. He did manage to reach the US Open semifinals, where he lost to Juan Carlos Ferrero and surrendered his world no. 1 ranking to Ferrero. At the year-end Tennis Masters Cup, Agassi lost in the final to Federer and finished the year ranked world no. 4. At age 33, he was the oldest player to rank in the top 5 since Connors, at age 35, was world no. 4 in 1987.[37]
2004–2006[link]
In 2004, Agassi began the year with a five-set loss in the semifinals of the Australian Open to Marat Safin; the loss ended Agassi's 26-match winning streak at the event, a record that still stands. Agassi won the Masters series event in Cincinnati to bring his career total to 59 top-level singles titles and a record 17 ATP Masters Series titles, having already won seven of the nine ATP Masters tournament—all except the tournaments in Monte Carlo and Hamburg. At 34, he became the second-oldest singles champion in Cincinnati tournament history (the tournament began in 1899), surpassed only by Ken Rosewall, who won the title in 1970 at age 35. He finished the year ranked world no. 8, the oldest player to finish in the top 10 since the 36-year-old Connors was world no. 7 in 1988.[37] Agassi also became only the sixth male player during the open era to reach 800 career wins with his first-round victory over Alex Bogomolov in Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles.
Agassi's 2005 began with a quarterfinal loss to Federer at the Australian Open. Agassi had several other deep runs at tournaments, but had to withdraw from several events due to injury. He lost to Jarkko Nieminen in the first round of the French Open. He won his fourth title in Los Angeles and reached the final of the Rogers Cup, before falling to world no. 2 Rafael Nadal. Agassi's 2005 was defined by an improbable run to the US Open final. After beating Răzvan Sabău and Ivo Karlović in straight sets and Tomáš Berdych in four sets, Agassi won three consecutive five-set matches to advance to the final. The most notable of these matches was his quarterfinal victory over James Blake, where he rallied from two sets down to win 3–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–3, 7–6. His other five-set victims were Xavier Malisse in the fourth round and Robby Ginepri in the semifinals. In the final, Agassi faced Federer, who was seeking his second consecutive US Open title and his sixth Grand Slam title in two years. Federer defeated Agassi in four sets, although Agassi gave him a scare when Agassi was up a break in the third set after splitting the first two sets.
Before the 2005 Tennis Masters Cup in Shanghai, Agassi rolled his ankle in a racquetball accident and tore several ligaments. He was unable to walk for weeks. He nevertheless committed to the tournament, in which he was seeded third, and played Nikolay Davydenko in his first round-robin match. Agassi's movement was noticeably hindered, particularly on his backhand return of serve, and he lost in straight sets. He then withdrew from the tournament.
Agassi finished 2005 ranked world no. 7, his 16th time in the year-end top-10 rankings, which tied Connors for the most times ranked in the top 10 at year's end. In 2005, Agassi left Nike after 17 years and signed an endorsement deal with Adidas.[45] A major reason for Agassi leaving Nike was because Nike refused to donate to Agassi's charities, and Adidas was more than happy to do so.
Agassi had a poor start to 2006. He was still recovering from an ankle injury and also suffering from back and leg pain and lack of match play. Agassi withdrew from the Australian Open because of the ankle injury, and his back injury and other pains forced him to withdraw from several other events, eventually skipping the entire clay-court season, including the French Open. This caused his ranking to drop out of the top 10 for the last time.
Agassi returned for the grass-court season, playing a tune-up, and then Wimbledon. He was defeated in the third round by world no. 2 (and eventual runner-up) Rafael Nadal 6–7, 2–6, 4–6. Against conventions, Agassi, the losing player, was interviewed on court after the match.[46] At Wimbledon, Agassi announced his plans to retire following the US Open.
Agassi played only two events during the summer hard-court season, with his best result being a quarterfinal loss at the Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles to Fernando González of Chile 4–6, 6–3, 5–7. As a result, he was unseeded at the US Open.
Agassi had a short, but dramatic, run in his final US Open. Because of extreme back pain, Agassi was forced to receive anti-inflammatory injections after every match. After a tough four-set win against Andrei Pavel, Agassi faced eighth-seeded Marcos Baghdatis in the second round, who had earlier advanced to the 2006 Australian Open final and Wimbledon semifinals. Agassi won 6–4, 6–4, 3–6, 5–7, 7–5, as the younger Baghdatis succumbed to muscle cramping in the final set. In his last match, Agassi fell to 112th-ranked big-serving Benjamin Becker of Germany in four sets. Agassi received a four-minute standing ovation from the crowd after the match and delivered a memorable retirement speech.
Earnings[link]
Agassi earned more than US$ 30 million in prize-money during his career, fifth only to Federer, Nadal, Sampras and Djokovic to date. He also earned more than US$25 million a year through endorsements during his career, fourth in all sports at the time.[47]
In 1995, Andre Agassi signed a contract valued between $70 and $100 million with Nike (over $5 million/year), making Andre Agassi the best-paid athlete sponsored by Nike (from Andre Agassi, Through the Eyes of a Fan).
Post-retirement[link]
Since retiring after the 2006 US Open, Agassi has participated in a series of charity tournaments and continues his work with his own charity. On September 5, 2007, Agassi was a surprise guest commentator for the Andy Roddick/Roger Federer US Open quarter-final. He played an exhibition match at Wimbledon, teaming with his wife, Steffi Graf, to play with Tim Henman and Kim Clijsters. He played World Team Tennis for the Philadelphia Freedoms in the summer of 2009[48] and played at the Outback Champions Series event for the first time. He played the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Tennis Championships at Surprise, Arizona, where he reached the final before bowing to eventual champion Todd Martin.[49] On the way to the final, Agassi beat Mikael Pernfors in the quarter-finals and Wayne Ferreira in the semi-finals. He also announced that he will not be playing the tour on a full-time basis, and played the tournament as a favor to long-time friend Jim Courier.[50]
Playing style[link]
Agassi continually put pressure on opponents with a preference to taking the ball early and was known for swinging deep angles like a powerful backhand up the line. His strength was in dictating play from the back of the court. While he was growing up, his father and Nick Bollettieri trained him in this way.[51]
Personal and family life[link]
Agassi was married to Brooke Shields from 1997 to 1999. Agassi married Steffi Graf on October 22, 2001. Four days later, their son, Jaden Gil, was born. In October 2003, his daughter Jaz Elle was born.[52]
Long-time trainer Gil Reyes has been called one of Agassi's closest friends; some have described him as being a "father figure" to Agassi.[53][54]
In December 2008 Agassi's childhood friend and former business manager, Perry Rogers, sued Graf for $50,000 in management fees he claimed that she owed him.[55][56]
Agassi's autobiography, Open (written with assistance from J. R. Moehringer[57]), was published in November 2009. In it Agassi admitted that his once distinctive bushy mane actually was a wig, and that he used and tested positive for methamphetamine in 1997.[35][58][59] In response to the latter revelation, Roger Federer declared himself shocked and disappointed,[60] while Sergej Bubka declared that Agassi should have been disqualified.[61] In an exclusive interview with CBS, Agassi justified himself and asked for understanding, saying that "It was a period in my life where I needed help."[62] He also revealed that he had always hated tennis during his career because of the constant pressure it exerted on him. He also revealed he thought Pete Sampras was "robotic".[63] The book reached No. 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list[64] and received favorable reviews.[65]
Politics[link]
Agassi has donated more than $100,000 to Democratic candidates.[66] However, on September 1, 2010, when Agassi appeared on daily WNYC public radio program "The Brian Lehrer Show," Agassi stated that he is a registered Independent.[67]
Philanthropy[link]
Agassi founded the Andre Agassi Charitable Association in 1994, which assists Las Vegas' young people. Agassi was awarded the ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian award in 1995 for his efforts to help disadvantaged youth. He regularly is cited as the most charitable and socially involved player in professional tennis. It also has been claimed that he may be the most charitable athlete of his generation.[68]
Agassi's charities help in assisting children reach their athletic potential. His Boys & Girls Club sees 2,000 children throughout the year and boasts a world-class junior tennis team. It also has a basketball program (the Agassi Stars) and a rigorous system that encourages a mix of academics and athletics.
In 2001 Agassi opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy[69] in Las Vegas, a tuition-free charter school for at-risk children in the area. In 2009 the graduating class had 100 percent graduation rate and expected a 100 percent college acceptance rate.[70] Among other child-related programs that Agassi supports through his Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation is Clark County's only residential facility for abused and neglected children, Child Haven. In 1997 Agassi donated funding to Child Haven for a six-room classroom building now named the Agassi Center for Education. His foundation also provided $720,000 to assist in the building of the Andre Agassi Cottage for Medically Fragile Children. This 20-bed facility opened in December 2001, and accommodates developmentally delayed or handicapped children and children quarantined for infectious diseases.[71]
In 2007 Agassi, Muhammad Ali, Lance Armstrong, Warrick Dunn, Jeff Gordon, Mia Hamm, Tony Hawk, Andrea Jaeger, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Mario Lemieux, Alonzo Mourning and Cal Ripken, Jr. founded the charity Athletes for Hope, which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and aims to inspire all people to volunteer and support their communities.[citation needed]
Recognition[link]
In 2005 Tennis magazine named him the 7th greatest male player—and 12th greatest player overall—for the period 1965 through 2005. On July 9, 2011, Agassi was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame at a ceremony in Newport, Rhode Island.[5]
Records[link]
- These records were attained in Open Era of tennis.
- Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.
| Time span | Selected Grand Slam tournament records | Players matched |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 ATP World Tour Finals — 1999 French Open |
Career winner of all Majors, the Olympic singles gold medal and the Year-End Championships | Stands alone |
| 1990 ATP World Tour Finals — 1999 French Open |
Career winner of all Majors, the Olympic singles gold medal, the Year-End Championships and the Davis Cup | Stands alone |
| 1992 Wimbledon — 1999 French Open |
Career Golden Slam | Rafael Nadal |
| 1992 Wimbledon — 1999 French Open |
Career Grand Slam | Rod Laver Roger Federer Rafael Nadal |
| 1996 Olympics — 1999 US Open |
Simultaneous holder of Olympic singles gold medal and US Open | Rafael Nadal |
| 1996 Olympics — 1999 US Open |
Simultaneous holder of Olympic singles gold medal and grand slams on clay and hardcourt | Rafael Nadal |
| 1996 Olympics — 2000 Australian Open |
Simultaneous holder of Olympic singles gold medal and three grand slams | Rafael Nadal |
| 1988 US Open — 2006 US Open |
127 hard court match wins | Stands alone |
| 1986 US Open — 2006 US Open |
9264 games played | Stands alone |
| 1986 US Open — 2006 US Open |
988 sets played | Stands alone |
| 1992 Wimbledon — 1999 French Open |
Won all 4 majors on 3 different surfaces | Roger Federer Rafael Nadal |
| Grand Slam tournaments | Time Span | Records at each Grand Slam tournament | Players matched |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Open | 1995–2003 | 4 titles overall | Roger Federer |
| Australian Open | 2000–2004 | 26 consecutive match wins | Stands alone |
| Australian Open | 2000–2003 | 3 titles in 4 years | Roger Federer |
| Australian Open | 2000–2001 | 2 consecutive titles | Ken Rosewall Guillermo Vilas Johan Kriek Mats Wilander Stefan Edberg Ivan Lendl Jim Courier Roger Federer Novak Djokovic |
| Australian Open | 1995–2005 | 90.57% (48–5) match winning percentage | Stands alone |
| Australian Open | 2003 | Win–loss (games) 71.6% (121–48) | Stands alone |
| US Open | 1986–2006 | 21 consecutive tournaments played[72] | Stands alone |
| Time span | Other selected records | Players matched |
|---|---|---|
| 1988–2005 | 13 ATP World Tour Finals appearances | Stands alone |
| 1986–2006 | 598 hard court match wins | Stands alone |
| 1990–2003 | 6 Miami Masters titles[73] | Stands alone |
| 1990–2004 | 14 Masters 1000 hard court titles | Roger Federer |
| 1995–2003 | Oldest player ranked No. 1 (33 years 4 months) | Stands alone |
| 1988–2005 | Ended 16 years ranked inside the top 10 | Jimmy Connors |
Professional Awards[link]
- ITF World Champion: 1999.
- ATP Player of the Year: 1999.
- ATP Most Improved Player: 1988
Career statistics[link]
Main article: Andre Agassi career statistics
Video[link]
- Wimbledon 2000 Semi-Final – Agassi vs. Rafter (2003) Starring: Andre Agassi, Patrick Rafter; Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: August 16, 2005, Run Time: 213 minutes, OCLC 61774054.
- Charlie Rose with Andre Agassi (May 7, 2001) Charlie Rose, Inc., DVD Release Date: August 15, 2006, Run Time: 57 minutes.
- Wimbledon: The Record Breakers (2005) Starring: Andre Agassi, Boris Becker; Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: August 16, 2005, Run Time: 52 minutes, OCLC 61658553.
Video games[link]
- Andre Agassi Tennis for the SNES, Sega Genesis, Sega Game Gear, Master System, and Mobile phone
- Agassi Tennis Generation for PS2 and GBA
- Smash Court Pro Tournament for PS2
- Top Spin 4 (On cover of game) for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Wii
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "The Iranian American Story". National Iranian American Council (NIAC). http://www.niacouncil.org/site/PageServer?pagename=About_iranian_american_story. Retrieved December 24, 2010. "Andre Agassi"
- ^ "IMDB:Andre Agassi". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1152468/bio.
- ^ a b "Bio:Andre Agassi". Biography Channel. http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/andre-agassi.html. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
- ^ "Top 10 Men's Tennis Players of All Time". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/1009/top.ten.tennis/content.1.html. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
- ^ a b c Tennis Magazine: 40 Greatest Players. Tennis Magazine. Dec. 2005.
- ^ a b c "Tennis's love affair with Agassi comes to an end". CBC Sports. http://www.cbc.ca/sports/columns/newsmakers/andre-agassi.html. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ Parsons, John (June 26, 2002). "Grand-slammed". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/3030108/Grand-slammed.html. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Stars pay tribute to Agassi". BBC. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ "Reed's shotmakers: Men's return of serve". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ "Adjectives Tangled in the Net". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ "Sampras, Agassi Have Just Begun to Fight" Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ Atkin, Ronald (July 2, 2006). "Don't Walk Away, Andre". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/dont-walk-away-andre-charismatic-gifts-of-agassi-should-not-be-allowed-to-slip-through-net-406318.html. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "Roger Federer gets his gold medal". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. August 16, 2008. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/olympics_blog/2008/08/federer-gets-hi.html. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "Nadal Completes Career Grand Slam With US Open Title". ATP Tennis. http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/36-US-Open-Week-2/US-Open-Monday-Final-Nadal-Completes-Career-Slam.aspx. Retrieved Jan 27, 2011.
- ^ "Singles winners from 1925 to 2005". Roland Garros. http://www.fft.fr/rolandgarros/default_en.asp?ID=1576. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Australian Open – Past Men's Singles Champions". Australian Open. http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/event_guide/history/players/107.html. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Top 10 Men's Tennis Players of All Time: Andre Agassi". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/1009/top.ten.tennis/content.4.html. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
- ^ "Andre Agassi Foundation For Education". http://www.agassifoundation.org/. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Tribute to a legend: Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation". ATP Tour, Inc.. http://www.atptennis.com/en/players/tribute/agassi/agassi_charity.asp. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ "Homepage of". Andre Agassi Preparatory Academy. http://www.agassiprep.org. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ "Andre Agassi Biography". Netglimpse.com. http://www.netglimse.com/celebs/bio/andre_agassi.shtml. Retrieved August 14, 2007.
- ^ "Bio:Andre Agassi". Persian Mirror. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. http://www.persianmirror.com/culture/famous/bios/andreagassi.cfm. Retrieved Jan 27, 2011.
- ^ "400 ASSYRIAN ATHLETES IN THE STATE OLYMPICS". ZENDA renamed Zinda Magazine in 1999. August 28, 1995. http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/1995/zn082895.html. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "Andre Agassi Profile". Peopleandprofiles.com. http://www.peopleandprofiles.com/ProfilesDet-28/Andre+Agassi.html?profile_id=127. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ Aramaic (Assyrian/Syriac) dictionary. http://books.google.com/books?id=5R1y1nvcWccC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=andre+aghassi+Armenian+-wikipedia.org. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "The man behind Andre". http://www.agassi.fr/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=527. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "Andre Agassi". PersianMirror. PersianMirror. 2004. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5gzbWaTky. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
- ^ Agassi, Andre (2010). Open: An Autobiography. London: Vintage. pp. 50–53. ISBN 978-0-307-38840-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Jensen, Jeffry (2002) [1992]. Dawson, Dawn P. ed. Great Athletes. 1 (Revised ed.). Salem Press. pp. 17–19. ISBN 1-58765-008-8.
- ^ "Coming Into Focus". Gary Smith for Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/magazine/08/30/agassi0717/index.html. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
- ^ McGrath, Charles (November 12, 2009). "A Team, but Watch How You Put It". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/12/books/12agassi.html. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ^ "Tennis28-Bio:Andre Agassi". Tennis28. http://www.tennis28.com/rankings/history/agassi.html. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
- ^ Andre Agassi – Biography
- ^ "Teen Nadal gives Spain reign over French Open". Associated Press (USA Today). June 5, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/french/2005-06-05-day-14_x.htm. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
- ^ a b "Andre Agassi book says he used crystal meth". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4600027. Retrieved Jan 27, 2011.
- ^ "Agassi admits use of crystal meth". BBC News. October 28, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8329193.stm. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Andre Agassi player profile". Atptennis.com. http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/highlights.asp?playernumber=A092. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ Roger Federer has since duplicated this feat, appearing in ten consecutive Grand Slam finals from 2005–2007.
- ^ Pete Sampras held the 1993 Wimbledon, 1993 US Open, and 1994 Australian Open titles simultaneously. Jimmy Connors won all three of those events in 1974, although at the time all three were on grass courts. Mats Wilander won all but Wimbledon in 1988 during his similar rise to be the year-end world no. 1. Federer has since duplicated this feat, holding all Grand Slam titles except the French Open at the end of 2004 as well as throughout 2006 and 2007. Rafael Nadal won the 2008 French Open, 2008 Wimbledon, and 2009 Australian Open.
- ^ "Classic Matches: Rafter v Agassi". BBC Sport. May 31, 2004. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/wimbledon_history/3742067.stm. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
- ^ "Believe the hype". Sports Illustrated. September 6, 2001. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/2001/us_open/news/2001/09/05/sampras_agassi. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "Unbreakable". Sports Illustrated. September 6, 2001. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/tennis/2001/us_open/news/2001/09/05/agassi_sidebar_ap. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "SportsLine:Andre Agassi". Sportsline. 2006. http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/players/playerpage/201490/2006. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Weeks at Number One". TennisCorner.net. http://www.tenniscorner.net/index.php?corner=m&action=stats&stats=no1. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ Darren Rovell (July 25, 2005). "Agassi signs Adidas deal after long-term deal with Nike". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=2116135. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Upsetting day: Agassi, then Roddick ousted". Associated Press. NBC Sports. June 1, 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13653101. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
- ^ "Forbes:Andre Agassi". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/53/1YUQ.html. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ Andre Agassi Will Play WTT SI.com, March 1, 2009
- ^ "Champions Series Tennis – Arizona 2009". 2009. http://www.championsseriestennis.com/events/event-results/. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
- ^ "Agassi reaches Outback Champions Series final". CBS Sports. http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/12343241. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ Open: Andre Agassi HarpersCollins 2009
- ^ Knolle, Sharon. "Andre Agassi and Steffi Graf Wed". Abcnews.go.com. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=101751&page=1. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "Father Knew Best". Sports Illustrated. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/1999/year_in_review/flashbacks/father_best/. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Peter Bodo Blog: Papa Gil". http://safinhantuchova.blogspot.com/2008/07/papa-gil.html. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ Alliance Sports Management v. Stephanie Graf Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
- ^ "Ex-manager for Agassi sues Graf" Las Vegas Review-Journal December 7, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2009.
- ^ "Agassi Basks in His Own Spotlight" by Janet Malin New York Times November 8, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
- ^ Vinton, Nathaniel (October 27, 2009). "Andre Agassi admits to using crystal meth in forthcoming autobiography". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more_sports/2009/10/27/2009-10-27_agassi.html.
- ^ "Andre Agassi Admits to Using Crystal Meth". Oct 27, 2009. http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/sports/NATL-Andre-Agassi-Admits-to-Using-Crystal-Meth-66510482.html. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "TENNIS, FEDERER: DELUSO E SCIOCCATO DA AGASSI" (in it). http://sport.repubblica.it/news/sport/tennis-federer-deluso-e-scioccato-da-agassi/3730572.html.
- ^ "Tennis, Doping; Bubka: Agassi Dovrebbe Essere Punito". Sport.repubblica.it. October 30, 2009. http://sport.repubblica.it/news/sport/tennis-doping-bubka-agassi-dovrebbe-essere-punito/3730891. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "Italian?" (in ES). http://www.sportmediaset.mediaset.it/altrisport/articoli/articolo27870.shtml. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ Jeffries, Stuart (October 29, 2009). "Why did Andre Agassi hate tennis?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/oct/29/andre-agassi-hate-tennis. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ Schuessler, Jennifer (November 29, 2009). "Hardcover Nonfiction". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/29/books/bestseller/besthardnonfiction.html?ref=bestseller. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
- ^ "Jacket Copy". The Los Angeles Times. November 20, 2009. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2009/11/book-reviews-agassi-mayle-mourlevat-palin.html.
- ^ "Andre Agassi's Federal Campaign Contribution Report". NewsMeat. http://www.newsmeat.com/sports_political_donations/Andre_Agassi.php. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Andre Agassi: Net Effects". "The Brian Lehrer Show". http://beta.wnyc.org/shows/bl/2010/sep/01/net-effects/. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Sportsman/Person of the Year". http://www.blackvoices.com/black_sports/columnists/roysjohnson/_a/sportsmanperson-of-the-year/20061002123009990001. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy". http://www.agassiprep.org. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ Smith, Karen (September 23, 2009). "College of Westchester – CW President's Blog". Cw.edu. http://www.cw.edu/page.php?subj=about&page=president-blog&id=20. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "Andre Agassi". Athlete.com. http://www.athlete.com/profile.php?id=351. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "US Open Singles Record Book". USOpen.com. http://2011.usopen.org/pdf/Record_Book_Singles_Records.pdf. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
- ^ "Sony Ericsson Open – Records and Stats". SonyEricssonOpen.com. http://www.sonyericssonopen.com/About/Records-Stats.aspx. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
Further reading[link]
- Agassi, Mike; Cobello, Dominic; Welsh, Kate (2004). The Agassi Story. Toronto: ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-55022-656-0.
- Andre Agassi (2010). Open: An Autobiography (Vintage). London: Vintage. ISBN 0-307-38840-9.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Andre Agassi |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Andre Agassi |
- Andre Agassi at the Association of Tennis Professionals
- Andre Agassi at the International Tennis Federation
- Andre Agassi at the Davis Cup
- Works by or about Andre Agassi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Profile at TheTennisChannel.com
- agassiopen.com
- The Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation
- For Agassi, it's substance over style, 2004
- Farewell to Tennis Speech at the U.S. Open
- Agassi's Tennis Hall of Fame Induction for Steffi Graf
- Andre Agassi at the Internet Movie Database
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Agassi, Andre Kirk |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American tennis player |
| Date of birth | April 29, 1970 |
| Place of birth | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Andre_Agassi
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Agassi
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the biography, see Steve Jobs (book).
| Steve Jobs | |
|---|---|
 Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide Developers Conference 2010 |
|
| Born | Steven Paul Jobs (1955-02-24)February 24, 1955[1][2] San Francisco, California, U.S.[1][2] |
| Died | October 5, 2011(2011-10-05) (aged 56)[2] Palo Alto, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Pancreatic cancer |
| Nationality | American |
| Ethnicity | Syrian, German[3] |
| Alma mater | Reed College (dropped out) |
| Occupation | Co-founder, Chairman and CEO, Apple Inc. Co-founder and CEO, Pixar Co-founder and CEO, NeXT Inc. |
| Years active | 1974–2011 |
| Board member of | The Walt Disney Company[4] Apple Inc. |
| Religion | Zen Buddhism |
| Spouse | Laurene Powell (1991–2011, his death) |
| Children | Lisa Brennan-Jobs Reed Erin Eve |
| Relatives | Mona Simpson (sister) |
| Signature |  |
Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)[5][6] was an American businessman, designer and inventor. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution[7][8] and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar.
In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. During this period he also led efforts that would begin the desktop publishing revolution, notably through the introduction of the LaserWriter and the associated PageMaker software.[9]
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar.[10] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2006,[11] making Jobs Disney's largest individual shareholder at seven percent and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.[12][13]
After difficulties developing a new Mac operating system, Apple purchased NeXT in 1996 in order to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for what became Mac OS X.[14] As part of the deal Jobs was named Apple advisor. As Apple floundered, Jobs took control of the company and was named "interim CEO" in 1997, or as he jokingly referred to it, "iCEO". Under his leadership, Apple was saved from near bankruptcy, and became profitable by 1998.[15][16] Over the next decade, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store.[17] The success of these products and services, providing several years of stable financial returns, propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[18] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.[19][20][21]
In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined.[22] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned as Apple CEO in August that year and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011.
Jobs has received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has widely been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply "visionary",[23][24][25][26] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",[27] a "master of innovation",[28][29] and a "design perfectionist".[30][31]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole Schieble and Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (Arabic: عبدالفتاح جندلي), who were both unmarried at the time.[32] Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born in 1955, said he had no choice but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriend's family objected to their relationship.[33] The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986), an Armenian-American[3] whose maiden name was Hagopian.[34] Later, when asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."[35] He stated in his authorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%."[36] Unknown to him, his biological parents would subsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child Mona Simpson in 1957, and divorce in 1962.[36]
The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old.[1][2] The parents later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul was a machinist for a company that made lasers, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.[37]
Clara was an accountant[35] who taught him to read before he went to school.[1] Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.[38]
Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View, he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school—a proposal his parents declined.[39]
Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] At Homestead, Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Stephen Wozniak (also known as "Woz"). In 1969 Woz started building a little computer board with Fernandez that they named “The Cream Soda Computer”, which they showed to Jobs; he seemed really interested.[40] Jobs frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Wozniak as a summer employee.[41]
Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their life savings on their son’s higher education.[40] Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes, including a course on calligraphy.[42] He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple.[43] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[43]
Early career[link]
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In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California.[44] He traveled to India in mid-1974[45] to visit Neem Karoli Baba[46] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973.[44] Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of Hariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.[44]
After staying for seven months, Jobs left India[47] and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.[44] Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved and he wore traditional Indian clothing.[48][49] During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, later calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".[50] He also became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest Sōtō Zen monastery in the US.[51] He considered taking up monastic residence at Eihei-ji in Japan, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen.[52] Jobs would later say that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[50]
Jobs then returned to Atari, and was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. At that time, Jobs had little specialized knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.[further explanation needed] According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.[53] Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later, but said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.[54]
In the early 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak were drawn to technology like a magnet. Wozniak had designed a low-cost digital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. Jobs decided that they could make money selling it. The clandestine sales of the illegal "blue boxes" went well, and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be fun and profitable.[55]
In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named “Apple Computer Company” in remembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples. At first they started off selling circuit boards, but eventually they produced a complete computer prototype.[56] Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975.[2] He greatly admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and would explicitly model his own career after that of Land's.[57][58]
Career[link]
Apple Computer[link]
See also: History of Apple
Jobs and Steve Wozniak met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. In 1976, Wozniak invented the Apple I computer. Jobs, Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne founded Apple computer in the garage of Jobs's parents in order to sell it.[59] They received funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer Mike Markkula.[60]
In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"[61]
In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa. One year later, Apple employee Jef Raskin invented the Macintosh.[62][63]
The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984". At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".[64]
While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. Disappointing sales caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley and it eventually became a power struggle between Jobs and Sculley.[65] Jobs kept meetings running past midnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am.[66]
Sculley learned that Jobs—believing Sculley to be "bad for Apple" and the wrong person to lead the company—had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup, and on May 24, 1985, called a board meeting to resolve the matter.[65] Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties as head of the Macintosh division.[67][68] Jobs resigned from Apple five months later[65] and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.[66][69]
In a speech Jobs gave at Stanford University in 2005, he said being fired from Apple was the best thing that could have happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life." And he added, "I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it."[43][70][71]
NeXT Computer[link]
See also: NeXT
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985, with $7 million. A year later, Jobs was running out of money, and with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital. Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company.[72] NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, priced at $9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced, but was largely dismissed as cost-prohibitive by the educational sector for which it was designed.[73] The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web on a NeXT computer at CERN.[74]
The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.[75] Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.[76] This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.[77] The company reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994.[72] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,[77] MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.
Pixar and Disney[link]
In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.[78]
The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, with Jobs credited as executive producer,[79] brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.[80]
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In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[82] and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films after its contract with Disney expired.
In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.[12] Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner — especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar — accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger and also helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses from a seat on a special six-person steering committee.[83] Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by Laurene Jobs.[84]
Return to Apple[link]
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,[85] bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.[86] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[87] Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.[88] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".[89]
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".[90]
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.[43] The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player—recycle all e-waste".
In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[91]
Resignation[link]
In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained with the company as chairman of the company's board.[92][93] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped five percent in after-hours trading.[94] This relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that his health had been in the news for several years, and he had been on medical leave since January 2011.[95] It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[96] In after-hours trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5 percent.[97]
Business life[link]
Wealth[link]
Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[98] Jobs held 5.426 million Apple shares worth $2.1 billion, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar) worth $4.4 billion.[99][100] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance.[101] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.[102]
Stock options backdating issue[link]
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In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been backdated, and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[103] though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[104]
On July 1, 2008, a $7-billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[105][106]
Management style[link]
Jobs was a demanding perfectionist[107][108] who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky
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There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.[109]
Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".[110] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT.
NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs's office replied that his personality had changed since then.[111]
In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[112] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."[113] Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France", alluding to Jobs's compelling and larger-than-life persona.[114] Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[115]
Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting in 1987 when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[116] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he ran then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."[117] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:
Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[118]
Jobs was also a board member at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002.[119]
Reality distortion field[link]
Main article: Reality distortion field
Apple's Bud Tribble coined the term "reality distortion field" in 1981, to describe Jobs's charisma and its effects on the developers working on the Macintosh project.[120] Tribble claimed that the term came from Star Trek.[120] Since then the term has also been used to refer to perceptions of Jobs's keynote speeches.[121]
The RDF was said by Andy Hertzfeld to be Steve Jobs's ability to convince himself and others to believe almost anything, using a mix of charm, charisma, bravado, hyperbole, marketing, appeasement, and persistence. Although the subject of criticism, Jobs's so-called reality distortion field was also recognized as creating a sense that the impossible was possible. Once the term became widely known, it was often used in the technology press to describe Jobs's sway over the public, particularly regarding new product announcements.[122][123]
Inventions and designs[link]
His design sense was greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he experienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey.[124] His sense of intuition was also influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.[124]
As of October 9, 2011 (2011 -10-09)[update], Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Most of these are design patents (specific product designs) as opposed to utility patents (inventions).[125][126] He has 43 issued US patents on inventions.[127] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.[128]
Applying his Triple F Model to Apple under Steve Jobs, Anand Kurian opines that Job's contribution in the area of pure ‘Function’ are less significant, but that his contribution in the areas of ‘Functionality’ and ‘Form’ are major and substantial.[129]
Apple I Computer[link]
Main article: Apple I
The first significant invention that Steve Jobs was involved in was the Apple I which came along in 1976. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who was at the time working for HP, scraped together some cash for printed circuit boards. Then they planned to sell the machine as a kit for $666.66. A store called the Byte Shop ordered 50 fully assembled devices, and sold them all.[130] The Apple’s first computer was for hobbyists and engineers so it was made in small numbers.[131]
Apple II Computer[link]
Main article: Apple II
During 1976, Steve Wozniak began work on the Apple II, and left HP to join Apple computer. In March 1977, Apple Computer moved from Jobs's garage to an office in Cupertino. Apple Computer delivered its first Apple II system, for US$1295 in April 1977.[132] Steve Jobs once said the Apple II could be described as an "appliance" computer. The Apple II was the first computer to be enclosed in plastic.[133] Jobs insisted that molded plastic was essential to the computer as a consumer item. The Apple II was “elegantly styled" and it became compared to an "overgrown pocket calculator".[134]
Ten months after its introduction, Apple Computer began work on an enhanced Apple II with custom chips, code-named Annie, in 1978. At the same year, they began work on a supercomputer named Lisa; it featured a bit-sliced architecture. After two and a half years, 50,000 Apple II units had been sold until 1979. Nearly one-third of Canadians credited the Apple II as the first personal computer which having the most impact on society.[135]
The Macintosh Computer[link]
The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no “Mac” name on the front, but rather just the Apple logo.[130] The Macintosh have a friendly appearance since it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive is below the display, the Macintosh was taller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. The Macintosh was identified as a computer that ordinary people could understand.[136]
The NeXT Computer[link]
Main article: NeXT Computer
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that built workstation computers. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the world’s first web browser on the NeXT Computer. The NeXT Computer was the basis for today’s Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system (iOS).[137]
iMac[link]
Main article: IMac
Apple iMac was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design was directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".[138] Described as "cartoonlike" the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has switched to all-white. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a breathing light effect when the computer went to sleep..[139] The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. There was some technical revolutions for iMac too. The USB ports being the only device inputs on the iMac. So the iMac’s success helped popularize the interface among third party peripheral makers, which is evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.[140]
iPod[link]
Main article: IPod
The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes.[141] The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.[142] Also, the iPod’s success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.[131] After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.[142]
iPhone[link]
Main article: IPhone
Jobs began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. Time magazine declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007.[143] The Apple iPhone is a small device with multimedia capabilities and functions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone.[144] A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with the key feature was support for GPS, 3G data and quad-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, added voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor was introduced by Phil Schiller.[145] iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera which can record videos in 720p HD, and added a secondary front facing camera for video calls.[146] A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011, was Siri, which is a virtual assistant that is capable of voice recognition.[143]
Philanthropy[link]
Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts.[147] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the world’s richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity.[148] In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that “the challenges are to figure out how to live with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express your concerns or values.”[149] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but for now he does charitable acts privately.[150]
After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.[151] Jobs’s friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money to charity.[152] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives," when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program.[153] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, according to Bono.[154]
Personal life[link]
Jobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin. Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, a Syrian Muslim,[155] taught there. Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the same age because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young." [156][157][158] Schieble had a career as a speech language pathologist. Jandali taught political science at the University of Nevada in the 1960s, and then made his career in the food and beverage industry, and since 2006, has been a vice president at a casino in Reno, Nevada.[159][160] In December 1955, ten months after giving up their baby boy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957 they had a daughter, Mona. They divorced in 1962, and Jandali lost touch with his daughter.[161] Her mother remarried and had Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she became known as Mona Simpson.[157]
In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985[161] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book.[35]
After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who his son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson, aired on 60 Minutes,[162] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me."[163] Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson,[151][164] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles.[157] When speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."[36] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year.[165][166][167]
In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:
- I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man and he was my brother.[161]
Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, a Bay Area painter.[151] For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[151] Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991, in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun Chino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in August 1995, and Eve in 1998.[168] The family lives in Palo Alto, California.[169]
In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). In another unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:
My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[170]
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs never moved in.[171][172]
In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[173][174] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[175]
Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.[176] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011.[177]
Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.[178][179] Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style." [180] He was a pescetarian.[181]
Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG, which did not display its license plates, as he took advantage of a California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SL every six months.[182]
In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed at one point he met with U.S. President Barack Obama, complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a U.S. university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me." [183]
Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats, $45,700 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican.[184]
Health issues[link]
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer,[185] and in mid-2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his pancreas.[186] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor;[187] Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[186] Despite his diagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months,[151] instead consuming a special alternative medicine diet in an attempt to thwart the disease. According to Harvard researcher Dr. Ramzi Amir, his choice of alternative treatment "led to an unnecessarily early death."[185] According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined."[188] "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He also was influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."[189] He eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.[190][191][192] Jobs apparently did not receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[186][193] During Jobs's absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[186]
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[194][195] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health.[196] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".[197] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."[198]
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.[199] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[200] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure.[193] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.[201][202] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."[203]
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[204] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.[205] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."[206] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.[207]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.[208][209] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com,[210] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "hormone imbalance" for several months.[211]
On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,[212] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[212]
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee.[213][214] Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent".[213]
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[215][216] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).[217]
Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011. "Unfortunately, that day has come," wrote Jobs, for he could "no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO". Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook his successor.[218][219] Jobs had worked for Apple until the day before his death.[220]
Death[link]
Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer,[2][221][222] resulting in respiratory arrest.[223] He had lost consciousness the day before, and died with his wife, children and sister at his side.[224]
Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.[225][226] Bob Iger ordered all Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland, to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.[227]
His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.
His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.[228]
For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait.[229] Clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:
Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.[229]
An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.[230][231] Over a million tributes were sent, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.
Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull, and the eulogy they wrote:[232]
Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family. He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined. Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people. He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go out to his wife Laurene and their children during this incredibly difficult time.[232]
A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed out of respect to Jobs's family.[233] Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.[234] Sunday, October 16, 2011, was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California.[235] On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's family. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service was highly secured, with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an area news station.[236][237]
A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore, and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service is available on Apple's website.[238]
Jobs is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto.[239][240]. He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a previous relationship.[241] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".[242][243] He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them" (Mona Simpson). His last words, spoken hours before his death, were:
- "Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow."[161]
Media coverage[link]
Steve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC, CBS, and NBC. [244] Numerous newspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President Barack Obama,[245] British Prime Minister David Cameron,[246] Microsoft founder Bill Gates,[247] and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.[248] Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs's friends and colleagues, such as Steve Wozniak and George Lucas.[249][250]
Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issues cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of Time.[251] The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs.[252]
Bloomberg Businessweek also published an commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson. On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in gray scale, along with his name and lifespan.
Although reporters wrote glowing elegies after Jobs died, Los Angeles Times media critic James Rainey reported that they "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger, punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic tenets of a free press."[253]
Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to the tight corporate control Apple exercised over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died".[254][255] Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it."[256]
Apple "has taken stances that, in my opinion, are outright hostile to the practice of journalism," said longtime Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor.[253] Under Jobs, Apple sued three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products and tried to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources. Under Jobs, Apple even sued a teenager, Nicholas Ciarelli, who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13. His popular blog, ThinkSecret, was a play on Apple's slogan "Think Different." [253] Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill ThinkSecret as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star." [253]
Honors and public recognition[link]
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After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the magazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro".[257][258]
Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),[259] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.[260] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine.[261] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[262]
In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement,[263] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine.[264] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine.[265]
In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.[266] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay [267] by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'".[268] The Financial Times closed by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be."[267]
At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius[269][270][271][272]—perhaps one of the foremost—in the field of business,[265][273] innovation,[274] and product design,[275] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,[269][271][274] revolutionized at least six different industries,[270] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".[270] His death was widely mourned[274] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.[272]
After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time.[276][277] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet."[278]
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On December 21, 2011, Graphisoft company in Budapest presented the world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs, calling him one of the greatest personalities of the modern age.[279]
In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 – 25) were asked to identify the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placed second behind Thomas Edison.[280]
On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award, an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance.[281]
In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named Steve Jobs the "greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring", and "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation".[282]
The Disney movie John Carter is dedicated to Jobs[283], as well as the Pixar film Brave.
Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater[link]
Books[link]
- The Little Kingdom (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer.
- The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (2001), by Alan Deutschman
- iCon: Steve Jobs (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon
- iWoz (2006), by Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple. It is an autobiography of Steve Wozniak, but it covers much of Jobs's life and work at Apple.
- Steve Jobs (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.
- Inside Apple (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
Documentaries[link]
- The Machine That Changed the World – Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called The Paperback Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
- Triumph of the Nerds – a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home computer/personal computer.
- Nerds 2.0.1 – a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which chronicles the development of the Internet.
- iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World – a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.[284]
- Steve Jobs: One Last Thing – a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions.[285] A slightly shortened and localized[286] version of the show was broadcast[287] in the United Kingdom the following day titled, Steve Jobs: iChanged the World – on Channel 4.[288]
- In February 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation released a 191-page file on Steve Jobs. The report was compiled during a 1991 background investigation of Jobs by the FBI after former president George H. W. Bush recommended his appointment to the President's Export Council. It consists of interviews with co-workers, friends, family members and even neighbors of Jobs.[289]
Films[link]
- Jobs – an upcoming independent film by Joshua Michael Stern. Jobs will be portrayed by Ashton Kutcher.[290]
- Pirates of Silicon Valley – a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.[291]
Theater[link]
- The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs - The Public Theater, New York City, 2012, starring Mike Daisey.[292]
References[link]
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Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That's why it hired a soft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to realize it had been a death march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category as consumer products companies. We couldn't bend reality to all our dreams of changing the world. The world would also have to change us. Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product. The consumer business had collapsed at the end of 1984. Most people who bought computers stuffed them in the closet because balancing a checkbook wasn't reason enough to flick on the switch. Consumers weren't ready to put computers in their homes as easily as they installed telephones, refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts. They weren't willing to pay a couple of thousand dollars for something they didn't know what to do with.—John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple – a journey of adventure, ideas and the future, Harper & Row, 1987
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- ^ "John Carter Dedicated to Steve Jobs". Vulture. 2012-04-08. http://www.vulture.com/2012/02/john-carter-dedicated-to-steve-jobs.html. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
- ^ Nede, Jethro (October 10, 2011). ""MythBusters" stars Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman host the one-hour documentary". Hollywoodreporter.com. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/steve-jobs-documentary-on-discovery-246273. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Steve Jobs: One Last Thing PBS show website". Pbs.org. 2011-10-05. http://www.pbs.org/programs/steve-jobs-one-last-thing. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ The narrator in the UK version of the show has a British accent, for the purpose of catering to the local market.
- ^ Truta, Filip. "'Steve Jobs: iChanged the World' Documentary Airs Tonight in the UK". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Steve-Jobs-iChanged-the-World-Documentary-Airs-Tonight-in-the-UK-232019.shtml. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ "Steve Jobs: iChanged the World". http://www.channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/steve-jobs-ichanged-the-world/4od. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ Hindustan Times- FBI releases file on Steve Jobs
- ^ Joshua Michael Stern will begin shooting the film in May, with Five Star Institute's Mark Hulme producing and financing; Sony is planning a separate Jobs biopic.
- ^ "Noah Wyle on playing Steve Jobs" Fortune
- ^ "The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs", The Public Theater website
Further reading[link]
- Butcher, Lee (1987). Accidental Millionaire: The rise and fall of Steve Jobs at Apple. Paragon House. ISBN 978-0-913729-79-3.
- Caddes, Carolyn (1986). Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Tioga Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-935382-56-9.
- Cringely, Robert X. (1996). Accidental Empires. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-855-4.
- Denning, Peter J.; Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). "A conversation with Steve Jobs". Communications of the ACM 32 (4): 436–433. DOI:10.1145/63334.63336.
- Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8.
- Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill Trade. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.
- Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1.
- Kahney, Leander (2004). The Cult of Mac. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-83-2.
- Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Press, Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-19195-2.
- Levy, Steven (1994). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-85244-9.
- Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-638-4. Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 0-385-48684-7.
- Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03382-0.
- Simon, William L.; Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-72083-6.
- Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books. ISBN 0-689-12135-0.
- Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19262-4. Chapter 28
- Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co.. ISBN 0-673-18864-7.
- Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple and had fun doing it. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-06143-4.
External links[link]
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Book: Apple Inc. |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Jobs's Macworld keynote in 1997 where he announced the partnership with Microsoft on YouTube
- Steve Jobs (June 2005). Steve Jobs's 2005 Stanford Commencement Address. Stanford University. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/987.html.
- "Thoughts on Flash" by Steve Jobs, April 2010.
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Steve Jobs at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Steve Jobs in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs A 48 minute video on Steve Jobs by Bloomberg
- Steve Jobs Profile at Forbes
- Cammeron, Brenna (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs Dies: A Timeline Of His Health". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/steve-jobs-health-timeline_n_997313.html.
- "Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/tag/steve-jobs/.
- Steve Jobs remembrance notes from the community.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation dossier on Steven Paul Jobs.
Articles[link]
- "Thirty Years of Innovation at Apple: Jobs on the Job". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). 2007. http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012. [dead link]
- Hertzfeld, Andy. "The Original Macintosh". folklore.org (Andy Hertzfeld). http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Lohr, Steve (January 12, 1997). "Creating Jobs". The New York Times Magazine (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-jobs.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Booth, Cathy; Jackson, David S.; Marchant, Valerie (October 6, 2011). "STEVE'S JOB: RESTART APPLE". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Elkind, Peter (March 5, 2008). "The trouble with Steve Jobs". Fortune (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
- McCracken, Harry (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, 1955–2011: Mourning Technology's Great Reinventor". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2096251,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- "The FBI File on Steve Jobs". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213042545376200.html. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Interviews[link]
- Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview, Rolling Stone – 1994, republished January 17, 2011. Archived URL
- Smithsonian Institution Oral History InterviewPDF (143 KB) – April 20, 1995.
- The Seed of Apple's Innovation, BusinessWeek – October 12, 2004.
- How Big Can Apple Get?, Fortune – February 21, 2005.
- 'Good for the Soul' at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2006) Newsweek, October 15, 2006.
- Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview), AllThingsD, May 30, 2007.
- Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission, March 18, 2008
- Interview with Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, Jobs's biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali, published in Al Hayat and reprinted by Ya Libnan, February 28, 2011
- Steve Jobs on Charlie Rose
- "Steve Jobs's Appearances at D, the Full Video Sessions". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/20111005/steve-jobs-appearances-at-d-the-full-sessions/.
| Business positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gil Amelio |
CEO of Apple 1997–2011 |
Succeeded by Tim Cook |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jobs, Steve |
| Alternative names | Jobs, Steven Paul |
| Short description | CEO and Co-Founder of Apple, Inc. |
| Date of birth | 1955-02-24 |
| Place of birth | San Francisco, California, United States |
| Date of death | 2011-10-05 |
| Place of death | Palo Alto, California, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
