Senatore
Giulio Andreotti |
| 220px |
| Andreotti as Prime Minister |
41st
Prime Minister of Italy |
In office
17 February 1972 – 7 July 1973 |
| President |
Giovanni Leone |
| Preceded by |
Emilio Colombo |
| Succeeded by |
Mariano Rumor |
In office
29 July 1976 – 4 August 1979 |
| President |
Giovanni Leone
Alessandro Pertini |
| Deputy |
Ugo La Malfa |
| Preceded by |
Aldo Moro |
| Succeeded by |
Francesco Cossiga |
In office
22 July 1989 – 24 April 1992 |
| President |
Francesco Cossiga |
| Deputy |
Claudio Martelli |
| Preceded by |
Ciriaco De Mita |
| Succeeded by |
Giuliano Amato |
| Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs |
In office
August 4, 1983 – July 22, 1989 |
| Prime Minister |
Bettino Craxi
Amintore Fanfani
Giovanni Goria
Ciriaco de Mita |
| Preceded by |
Emilio Colombo |
| Succeeded by |
Gianni De Michelis |
| Italian Minister of Defense |
In office
February 15, 1959 – February 23, 1966 |
| Prime Minister |
Antonio Segni
Fernando Tambroni
Amintore Fanfani
Giovanni Leone
Aldo Moro |
| Preceded by |
Antonio Segni |
| Succeeded by |
Roberto Tremelloni |
In office
March 14, 1974 – November 23, 1974 |
| Prime Minister |
Mariano Rumor |
| Preceded by |
Mario Tanassi |
| Succeeded by |
Arnaldo Forlani |
| Italian Minister of the Interior |
In office
January 18, 1954 – February 8, 1954 |
| Prime Minister |
Amintore Fanfani |
| Preceded by |
Amintore Fanfani |
| Succeeded by |
Mario Scelba |
In office
May 11, 1978 – June 13, 1978 |
| Prime Minister |
Himself |
| Preceded by |
Francesco Cossiga |
| Succeeded by |
Virginio Rognoni |
| Lifetime Senator |
| Incumbent |
Assumed office
June 19, 1991 |
| Constituency |
Appointment
by President Cossiga |
| Personal details |
| Born |
(1919-01-14) January 14, 1919 (age 93)
Rome, Lazio, Italy |
| Nationality |
Italian |
| Political party |
Christian Democracy |
| Spouse(s) |
Livia Danese |
| Residence |
Rome, Italy |
| Alma mater |
University of Rome La Sapienza |
| Profession |
Politics
Journalist |
| Religion |
Roman Catholic |
Giulio Andreotti (Italian pronunciation: [ˈʤuːljo andreˈɔtti]; born January 14, 1919)[1] is an Italian politician of the now dissolved centrist Christian Democracy party. He served as the 42nd Prime Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1992. He also served as Minister of the Interior (1954 and 1978), Defense Minister (1959–1966 and 1974) and Foreign Minister (1983–1989) and he has been a senator for life since 1991. He is also a journalist and author.
He is sometimes called Divo Giulio (from Latin Divus Iulius, "divine Julius", an epithet of Julius Caesar). The movie Il Divo tells about Andreotti's links with the Mafia and won the Prix du Jury at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival.
Andreotti was born in Rome[1] into a family from Segni. He studied law in Rome, during which time he was member of the Federazione Universitaria Cattolica Italiana (FUCI, or Italian Catholic University Federation), which was then the only Catholic university association allowed by the Fascist government. Its members included many of the future leaders of the Italian Democrazia Cristiana (or DC, the Christian Democracy party). In July 1939, while Aldo Moro was president of FUCI,[2] Andreotti became director of its magazine Azione Fucina. In 1942, when Moro was enrolled in the Italian Army, Andreotti succeeded him as president of FUCI, a position he held until 1944.
During World War II Andreotti wrote for the Rivista del Lavoro, a Fascist propaganda publication, but was also a member of the then clandestine newspaper Il Popolo. In 1944 he became member of the National Council of DC. After the end of the conflict, he became responsible for the youth organization of the party.
In 1946 Andreotti was elected to the Assemblea Costituente, the provisional parliament which had the task of writing the new Italian constitution. His election was supported by Alcide De Gasperi, founder of the modern DC, whose assistant Andreotti became. In 1948, he was elected to the newly formed Chamber of Deputies to represent the constiuency of Rome-Latina-Viterbo-Frosinone, which remained his stronghold until the 1990s.
Andreotti began his government career in 1947, when he became undersecretary to the President of the Council of Ministers in the fourth De Gasperi cabinet, a position he held until January 1954, covering all subsequent cabinets led by De Gasperi and the following one led by Giuseppe Pella. Among his actions was the signing of the act establishing the Canto degli Italiani as Italy's national anthem.
In 1954 Andreotti became Minister of the Interior. Later he was Finance Minister, and was involved in the so-called scandalo Giuffrè (a banking fraud) of 1958, due to his lack of vigilance as minister.[citation needed] The Chamber of Deputies rejected all accusations against him in December of the following year. In 1961-1962 he was officially censured by the Chamber for irregularities in the construction of Rome's Fiumicino Airport.[citation needed]
In the same period, Andreotti started to form a corrente (unofficial political association) within DC, which was then the largest party in Italy. His corrente was supported by the Roman Catholic right wing. It started its activity with a press campaign accusing the Deputy National Secretary of the DC, Piero Piccioni, of the murder of fashion model Wilma Montesi at Torvaianica.[3] After eliminating De Gasperi's old followers in the DC National Council, Andreotti helped another newly formed corrente, the Dorotei, to oust Amintore Fanfani, who was on the left of the party, as Prime Minister of Italy and National Secretary of the DC.[4]
On November 20, 1958 Andreotti, then Minister of the Treasury, was appointed President of the Organizing Committee of the 1960 Summer Olympics to be held in Rome. In the early 1960s Andreotti was Minister of Defence. This was the period of the SIFAR dossiers scandal[5] and of the Piano Solo, a coup planned by the neo-fascist general Giovanni De Lorenzo. Andreotti, as minister, was entrusted with the destruction of the dossiers.[6] It has been ascertained that the dossiers, before being destroyed, had been copied and given to Licio Gelli, the leader of the secret masonic lodge Propaganda 2, which was involved in numerous scandals during the 1980s, and with which Andreotti was frequently associated.
In 1968 Andreotti was named speaker of the parliamentary group of the DC, a position he held until 1972.
In 1972 Andreotti began his first term as Prime Minister of Italy. He held the post in two consecutive centre-right cabinets in 1972–1973. He also held important positions in subsequent governments.
When he was Minister of Defense, he declared in an interview that the state had provided a cover for the far-right activist Guido Giannettini, investigated for the Piazza Fontana bombing.[7] Andreotti was acquitted of having helped Giannettini.
In 1974–1976 Andreotti was Minister of Foreign Affairs. During his tenure, Italy opened and developed diplomatic and economic relationships with Arab countries of the Mediterranean Basin, a policy previously pursued only at non-government level, such as by Enrico Mattei's ENI. He also supported business and trade between Italy and Soviet Union.
In 1976 the Italian Socialist Party left the centre-left government of Aldo Moro. The ensuing elections saw the growth of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the DC kept only a minimal advantage as the relative majority party in Italy, which was then suffering from an economic crisis and from terrorism. After the success of his party, PCI secretary Enrico Berlinguer approached DC's left-leaning leaders, Moro and Fanfani, with a proposal to bring forward the so-called "historic compromise", a political pact proposed by Moro which would see a government coalition between DC and PCI for the first time. Andreotti was called in to lead the first experiment in that direction: his new cabinet, formed in July 1976, included only DC members but had the indirect support of the other parties, except the post-fascist Movimento Sociale Italiano. This support was based on the so-called non-sfiducia ("non-challenge"), meaning that these parties would abstain in any confidence vote. This cabinet fell in January 1978.
Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti (far left) with
G7 leaders in
Bonn, 1978.
In March 1978 the crisis was overcome by the intervention of Moro, who proposed a new cabinet, again formed only by DC politicians, but this time with positive confidence votes from the other parties, including the PCI. This cabinet was also chaired by Andreotti, and was formed on March 16, 1978, the day on which Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the communist terrorist group the Red Brigades. The dramatic situation which followed brought PCI to vote for Andreotti's cabinet for the sake of what was called "national solidarity", despite its refusal to accept several previous requests.[8]
Andreotti's role during the kidnapping of Moro is controversial. He refused any negotiation with the terrorists, and was sharply criticized for this by Moro's family and by a segment of public opinion. Moro, during his imprisonment, wrote a statement expressing very harsh judgements against Andreotti.[9] Moro was killed by the Red Brigades in May 1978. After his death, Andreotti continued as Prime Minister of the "National Solidarity" government with the support of the PCI. Laws approved during his tenure include the reform of the Italian National Health Service. However, when the PCI asked to participate more directly in the government, Andreotti refused, and the government was dissolved in June 1979. Due also to conflict with Bettino Craxi, Secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), the other main party in Italy at the time, Andreotti did not hold any further government position until 1983.
Andreotti with
Nixon, 1973.
In 1983 Andreotti became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the first cabinet of Bettino Craxi. He held this position until 1989, among other things encouraging diplomacy between the USA and the Soviet Union and improving Italian links with Arab countries. In this respect he followed a line similar to that of Craxi, with whom he had an otherwise troubled political relationship.[10] Andreotti supported Craxi's moves during the hijacking of the Achille Lauro ship.
On April 14, 1986 Andreotti revealed to Libyan Foreign Minister Abdel Rahman Shalgham that the United States would bomb Libya the next day in retaliation for the Berlin disco terrorist attack which had been linked to Libya.[11] As a result of the warning from Italy – a supposed ally of the US – Libya was better prepared for the bombing. Nevertheless, on the following day Libya fired two Scuds at the Italian island of Lampedusa in retaliation. However, the missiles passed over the island, landing in the sea, and caused no damage.
As Craxi's relationship with the then National Secretary of the DC, Ciriaco De Mita, was even worse, Andreotti was instrumental in the creation of the so-called "CAF triangle" (from the initials of the surnames of Craxi, Andreotti and another DC leader, Arnaldo Forlani) opposing De Mita's power. In 1989, when De Mita's government fell, Andreotti was called to succeed him. He remained Prime Minister until 1992.
This last period as Prime Minister was turbulent. Andreotti chose not to dissolve the cabinet after ministers on the left of the DC resigned after the approval of a law strengthening Silvio Berlusconi's monopoly on private television. Tension with Craxi re-emerged after the publication of letters by Moro in which Andreotti saw a role for the leader of the PSI. The Gladio scandal,[12] the violent political declarations by President Francesco Cossiga and the first revelations of the Tangentopoli corruption scandal characterized the last years of his premiership.
In 1992, at the end of the legislature, Andreotti resigned as Prime Minister. The previous year, Cossiga had appointed him senator for life.
Andreotti was one of the most likely candidates to succeed Cossiga as President of the Republic in 1992. He and the members of his corrente had adopted a strategy of launching his candidature only after effectively quenching all the others, including that of Forlani. However, this strategy was thwarted by the assassination of judge Giovanni Falcone in Palermo, which followed that of Salvo Lima, a Sicilian politician strongly linked to Andreotti, two months before. The national emergency which resulted led to the election of Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, a less political figure, supported also by the left.
Andreotti was untouched during the first stages of Tangentopoli, but in April 1993, after being mentioned in the declarations of several pentiti (people abandoning criminal and terrorist organizations), he was investigated for having Mafia connections. In 1994 the Democrazia Cristiana vanished from the political sphere. Andreotti joined the Italian People's Party founded by Mino Martinazzoli, abandoning it in 2001 after the creation of La Margherita.
In 2006, Andreotti stood for the presidency of the Italian Senate, but only obtained 156 votes against the 165 of Franco Marini.
On January 21, 2008 he abstained from a vote in the Senate concerning Minister Massimo D'Alema's report on foreign politics. Together with the abstentions of another life senator, Sergio Pininfarina, and of two communist senators, this caused the government to lose the vote. Consequently, Prime Minister Romano Prodi resigned. On previous occasions, Andreotti had always supported Prodi's government with his vote.
Andreotti was investigated for his role in the 1979 murder of Mino Pecorelli, a journalist who had published allegations that Andreotti had links with the Mafia and with the kidnapping of Aldo Moro. A court acquitted him in 1999 after a trial that lasted three years, but he was convicted on appeal in November 2002 and sentenced to twenty-four years' imprisonment. The eighty-three-year-old Andreotti was immediately released pending an appeal. On October 30, 2003 an appeal court overturned the conviction and acquitted Andreotti of the original murder charge. That same year, the court of Palermo acquitted him of ties to the Mafia, but only on grounds of expiry of statutory terms. The court established that Andreotti had indeed had strong ties to the Mafia until 1980, and had used them to further his political career to such an extent as to be considered part of the Mafia itself.[13]
Andreotti defended himself by saying he took harsh measures against the Mafia while in government. Andreotti's seventh government (1991–92) did take a number of decisive steps against the Mafia, thanks to the presence of anti-Mafia judge Giovanni Falcone at the Ministry of Justice. "When he says that he took extremely harsh measures against the Mafia, he isn't lying", wrote Eugenio Scalfari, editor of the newspaper La Repubblica. "I think at a certain point in the late Eighties he realised that the Mafia could not be controlled. He awoke from his perennial distraction ... and the Mafia, which realised that it could no longer count on his protection or tolerance, assassinated his man in Sicily."[14] His man in Palermo was Salvo Lima, who was murdered by the Mafia in March 1992. The murder of Lima was a turning point in relations between the Mafia and its political associates. The Mafia felt betrayed by Lima and Andreotti. In their opinion they had failed to block the January 1992 confirmation by the Court of Cassation (court of final appeal) of the sentence in the Maxi Trial of 1986, which had sent scores of Mafiosi to jail.[citation needed]
[edit] Involvement in other judicial affairs
In 1982 Andreotti asked Carabinieri General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa to accept the position of Prefect of Palermo. In a note dated April 2, 1982 to Prime Minister Giovanni Spadolini, Dalla Chiesa wrote that the Sicilian membership of Democrazia Cristiana linked with Andreotti were the most infiltrated by the Mafia.[15]
According to Mino Pecorelli's sister, Dalla Chiesa met with Pecorelli (they were both members of the secret masonic lodge Propaganda 2) a few days before the latter was assassinated in 1979. Pecorelli gave Dalla Chiesa several documents containing serious accusations against Andreotti.[16] Just before his death in 1993, Andreotti's collaborator Franco Evangelisti described to a journalist an alleged secret meeting between Andreotti and Dalla Chiesa, during which Dalla Chiesa had shown Andreotti the complete statement of Aldo Moro (published only in 1990) containing dangerous revelations about Andreotti.[17]
Dalla Chiesa was ambushed in his car and shot dead, together with his wife, in September 1982. The judges' reconstruction has proved that the Mafia had been planning the assassination of Dalla Chiesa since 1979, three years before he became Prefect of Palermo.[18]
According to the Tribunals of Perugia and Palermo, "Andreotti had long-standing relationships with people who, in several ways, were interested in the Banca Privata Italiana banker and member of masonic lodge P2, Michele Sindona."[19]
Such relationships became closer in 1976, when Sindona's banks went bankrupt: Licio Gelli, chief of the P2 lodge, proposed a plan to save the Banca Privata Italiana to Andreotti, then Minister of Defense. Andreotti, however, could not get the plan approved by Minister of the Treasury Ugo La Malfa. Later Andreotti denied any personal involvement, declaring that the attempt to save the bank was merely institutional. Andreotti did not terminate his relationship with Sindona when the latter fled to the United States.[citation needed]
Sindona, who in 1984 had been arrested, brought to Italy and condemned to life imprisonment for bankruptcy and for the assassination of Giorgio Ambrosoli, was killed by a poisoned cup of coffee in Voghera prison on March 20, 1986. Journalist and university professor Sergio Turone has suggested that Andreotti had a role in providing the poisoned sugar that caused Sindona's death, after convincing the banker that it would cause him only to faint, hoping that this would help him to be returned to the United States.[20] According to Turone, Andreotti feared that Sindona would reveal dangerous details about his past life, after his conviction had shown that Andreotti had stopped supporting him.[20]
Andreotti's corrente with the DC based its political support on the eastern part of Lazio. His local supporters included politicians Franco Evangelisti, Vittorio Sbardella, nicknamed Lo Squalo ("The Shark"), and the entrepreneur Giuseppe Ciarrapico. All of them were involved in corruption scandals. Andreotti was also a friend of Court of Cassation judge Franco Vitalone, who was investigated for his role in the Moro kidnapping and in the assassination of Pecorelli,[21] and of bishop Fiorenzo Angelini, responsible for health matters in the Vatican, who was involved in the Tangentopoli scandal.[22]
As the state undersecretary in charge of entertainment in 1949, Andreotti found a way of slowing the advance of American films while also curbing the excesses of Neorealism in Italy. The Andreotti law established import limits, screen quotas, and provided loans to Italian production firms. However, to receive a loan, a government committee had to approve the script; films with an apolitical slant were rewarded with larger sums, while films that were thought to slander Italy could be denied an export license. The Andreotti law created preproduction censorship in Italy. Vittorio de Sica's Umberto D, which depicted the lonely life of a retired man, could only strike government officials as a dangerous throwback, due to the opening scene featuring police breaking up a demonstration of old pensioners and the ending scene featuring Umberto's aborted suicide attempt. In a public letter to De Sica, Andreotti castigated him for his "wretched service to his fatherland." [23]
- In response to opposition politician Giancarlo Pajetta, who had claimed that "power wears you out" (il potere logora), Andreotti said "Power wears out those who don't have it" (Il potere logora chi non ce l'ha). This sentence became proverbial and is widely recognized in Italy.[14][24][25]
- "Power is a disease one has no desire to be cured of."[14]
- "Gladio was necessary during the days of the Cold War but, in view of the collapse of the Eastern Bloc, Italy would suggest to NATO that the organization was no longer necessary."[citation needed]
- "You sin in thinking ill of people; but you often guess right" (A pensar male si fa peccato, ma spesso ci si azzecca).[citation needed]
- "Never over-dramatize things, everything can be fixed; keep a certain detachment from everything; the important things in life are very few".[citation needed]
- "I recognize my limits, but when I look around I realise I am not exactly living in a world of giants."[26]
- "Aside from the Punic Wars, which I was too young for, I have been blamed for everything."[14]
- "We learn from the Gospel that when they asked Jesus what the truth was, he did not reply."
- "You always find the culprit in crime novels, but not always in real life."
- "I don't believe in chance, I believe in God's will."
- "My whole life is a dance." (In response to a question whether he had ever danced in his life.)
- "I don't believe that we can divide mankind into the wicked and the angels. We're all average sinners."
- "He seemed to have a positive aversion to principle, even a conviction that a man of principle was doomed to be a figure of fun." Margaret Thatcher.[14]
- In Italy, his detractors nicknamed him Belzebù (Beelzebub) or "The Prince of Darkness", because of his alleged Mafia links. Other disparaging nicknames include "The Black Pope" and "The Hunchback".[27]
- The fictional character Don Licio Lucchesi from the movie The Godfather Part III, a high-ranking Italian politician with close ties to the Mafia, was modeled on Andreotti. Tellingly, before Lucchesi was killed, his killer whispered in his ear "Power wears out those who don't have it".
- He appeared as himself in the 1983 film Il tassinaro, alongside Alberto Sordi.
- A joke about Andreotti (originally seen in a strip by Stefano Disegni and Massimo Caviglia) had him receiving a phone call from a fellow party member, who pleaded with him to attend judge Giovanni Falcone's funeral. His friend supposedly begged: "The State must give an answer to the Mafia, and you are one of the top authorities in it!". To which Andreotti answered puzzled, "Which one do you mean?"
- The Italian satirical magazine Cuore referred to Andreotti as Giulio "Lavazza" – Lavazza being a leading Italian brand of coffee. This was a reference to the alleged involvement of Andreotti in the assassination of banker and felon Michele Sindona, killed in jail with a poisoned espresso.
- Andreotti is the subject of Paolo Sorrentino's Il Divo, winner of the Jury Prize at the 2008 Cannes film festival.[28] Andreotti walked out of the movie and dismissed the film, saying he believes he will in the end be judged "on his record".[29]
- On 2 November 2008, Andreotti appeared on the entertainment program Questa Domenica ("This Sunday"), broadcast on the Italian television channel Canale 5. During his appearance, he seemed to suffer health difficulties and there was speculation he had suffered a stroke[30]. Andreotti was twice posed a question and simply failed to respond, although his eyes remained open. The director cut to an advertisement break, following which Andreotti reappeared in seemingly better condition. The incident was presented as a consequence of technical difficulties.
- ^ a b Page at Senate website (Italian).
- ^ Tiziano Torresi, L'altra giovinezza. Gli universitari cattolici dal 1935 al 1940, Cittadella editrice, 2010, with a preface by Andreotti himself. (Italian)
- ^ Messina, Dino (2 July 2009). "Caso Montesi, la talpa di Fanfani". Corriere della Sera. http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2009/luglio/02/Caso_Montesi_talpa_Fanfani_co_9_090702056.shtml. Retrieved 17 October 2010. (Italian)
- ^ Fernando Proietti, "Morto Franco Evangelisti il camerlengo di Andreotti", Corriere della Sera, 12 November 1993, page 15. (Italian)
- ^ This was a series of dossiers about powerful Italian figures, including the Pope himself, which had been ordered by general Giovanni De Lorenzo when he was chief of the SIFAR, the Italian military secret service.
- ^ SENATO DELLA REPUBBLICA-CAMERA DEI DEPUTATI, XII LEGISLATURA, Doc. XXXIV, n. 1, RELAZIONE DEL COMITATO PARLAMENTARE PER I SERVIZI DI INFORMAZIONE E SICUREZZA E PER IL SEGRETO DI STATO, § 4.2: "Appare credibile quanto affermato a suo tempo dall'ingegnere Francesco Siniscalchi e dai dottori Ermenegildo Benedetti e Giovanni Bricchi circa una possibile donazione di fascicoli che l'ex capo del SIFAR Giovanni Allavena avrebbe effettuato a Gelli al momento di aderire alla loggia P2 nel 1967. Negli anni successivi, inoltre, l'adesione alla loggia di pressoché tutti i principali dirigenti del SID rende più che plausibile un travaso informativo da questi ultimi a Gelli". (Italian)
- ^ XII legislatura, Camera dei deputati-Senato della Repubblica, Doc. XXXIV n. 3, RELAZIONE DEL COMITATO PARLAMENTARE PER I SERVIZI DI INFORMAZIONE E SICUREZZA E PER IL SEGRETO DI STATO SUI DOCUMENTI TRASMESSI DALLA PROCURA DELLA REPUBBLICA DI MILANO - RILIEVI E VALUTAZIONI: "In particolare, nel 1974, egli aveva provocato una crisi nel SID, sia attraverso un'intervista a Massimo Caprara, per il settimanale "Il Mondo", rivelando la identità del neofascista Guido Giannettini, confidente del Servizio, sia attraverso iniziative contro il generale Vito Miceli (allora Direttore del SID), in rapporto alle vicende del cosiddetto golpe Borghese e della "Rosa dei venti", sia offrendo, dal marzo 1974, come Ministro della difesa, un attivo sostegno al generale Gianadelio Maletti (allora Capo dell'Ufficio D), nello scontro interno che lo contrapponeva a Miceli". (Italian)
- ^ Discorsi parlamentari di Enrico Berlinguer, Italian Chamber of Deputies, ed. M.L. Righi, 2001, p. 183. (Italian)
- ^ Moro, Aldo (1978). "Il Memoriale di Aldo Moro". http://www.valeriolucarelli.it/MemorialeMoro.pdf. Retrieved 17 October 2010. (Italian)
- ^ Andreotti, Giulio. "Foreign policy in the Italian democracy". Political Science Quarterly 109 (Special Issue 1994): p. 529.
- ^ Reports: Italy warned Libya of 1986 US strike, Associated Press Writer, October 30, 2008[dead link]
- ^ On October 24, 1990, Andreotti acknowledged before the Chamber of Deputies the existence of Operazione Gladio, a North Atlantic Treaty Organization secret anti-communist structure.
- ^ 'Kiss of honour' between Andreotti and Mafia head never happened, The Independent, Jul 26, 2003
- ^ a b c d e All the prime minister's men, by Alexander Stille, The Independent, September 24, 1995
- ^ Dalla Chiesa, Nando (1984). "Sono quattro le domande che restano senza risposta". La Repubblica. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2002/09/02/sono-quattro-le-domande-che-restano-senza.html. Retrieved 17 October 2010. (Italian)
- ^ Bellu, Giovanni Maria (11 June 1993). "E ANDREOTTI DISSE: FERMATE PECORELLI". La Repubblica. http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1993/06/11/andreotti-disse-fermate-pecorelli.html. Retrieved 17 October 2010. (Italian)
- ^ Calabrò, Maria Antonietta. "Andreotti contro Evangelisti: dice il falso". Corriere della Sera. http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1993/giugno/12/Andreotti_contro_Evangelisti_dice_falso_co_0_93061215310.shtml. Retrieved 19 October 2010. (Italian)
- ^ "Sagome, ombre, una immagine sfocata.". La Stampa. http://www.robertobartali.it/novembre02.htm. Retrieved 19 October 2010. (Italian)
- ^ Travaglio, Marco; Peter Gomex. "Giulio Andreotti e le "pene" per l’amico Michele Sindona". La repubblica delle banane. http://www.rifondazione-cinecitta.org/andreotti-sindona.html. Retrieved 17 October 2010. (Italian)
- ^ a b Turone, Sergio. "Michele Sindona e Giulio Andreotti". I Siciliani del 1986. http://www.rifondazione-cinecitta.org/andreotti-sindona1.html. Retrieved 17 October 2010. (Italian)
- ^ Giorgio Galli, in Il prezzo della democrazia. La carriera politica di Giulio Andreotti (Kaos, 2002), riassume parlando esplicitamente di "intrighi nella procura romana attraverso il magistrato andreottiano Claudio Vitalone" (Italian)
- ^ "Sua Sanità Fiorenzo Angelini". http://www.indignatospeciale.com/news.asp?id=305. Retrieved 17 October 2010. (Italian)
- ^ Bordwell, David. Thompson, Kristin. 2010. Film History: An Introduction. 3rd ed. NY: McGraw Hill. p #333.
- ^ Andreotti as a lethal "god" in Sorrentino's new film, Cineuropa, May 23, 2008
- ^ Giulio Andreotti, Wikiquote (Italian)
- ^ Giulio Andreotti Quotes[dead link]
- ^ Beelzebub spoils Prodi's day, The Times, April 29, 2006
- ^ Il Divo: the Spectacular Life of Giulio Andreotti, The Times, March 19, 2009
- ^ Andreotti: why I walked out of my own biopic, The Times, March 17, 2009
- ^ Youtube Video (Italian).
- Giuseppe Leone, "Federico II Re di Prussia e Giulio Andreotti - Due modi diversi di concepire la politica", su "Ricorditi di me...", in "Lecco 2000", gennaio 1996. (Italian)
- "Les procès Andreotti en Italie" ("The Andreotti trials in Italy") by Philippe Foro, published by University of Toulouse II, Groupe de recherche sur l'histoire immédiate (Study group on contemporary history) (French)
- Il Divo a Paolo Sorrentino Film
| Political offices |
Preceded by
Amintore Fanfani |
Italian Minister of the Interior
1954 |
Succeeded by
Mario Scelba |
Preceded by
Roberto Tremelloni |
Italian Minister of Finance
1955–1958 |
Succeeded by
Luigi Preti |
Preceded by
Giuseppe Medici |
Italian Minister of the Treasury
1958–1959 |
Succeeded by
Fernando Tambroni |
Preceded by
Antonio Segni |
Italian Minister of Defense
1959–1966 |
Succeeded by
Roberto Tremelloni |
Preceded by
Edgardo Lami Starnuti |
Italian Minister of Industry
1966–1968 |
Succeeded by
Mario Tanassi |
Preceded by
Emilio Colombo |
Prime Minister of Italy
1972–1973 |
Succeeded by
Mariano Rumor |
Preceded by
Mario Tanassi |
Italian Minister of Defense
1974 |
Succeeded by
Arnaldo Forlani |
Preceded by
Antonio Giolitti |
Italian Minister of Budget
1974–1976 |
Succeeded by
Tommaso Morlino |
Preceded by
Aldo Moro |
Prime Minister of Italy
1976–1979 |
Succeeded by
Francesco Cossiga |
Preceded by
Emilio Colombo |
Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs
1983–1989 |
Succeeded by
Gianni De Michelis |
Preceded by
Ciriaco De Mita |
Prime Minister of Italy
1989–1992 |
Succeeded by
Giuliano Amato |
Preceded by
Franco Piga |
Italian Minister of Public Factories
1990–1992 |
Succeeded by
Giuseppe Guarino |
Preceded by
Ferdinando Facchiano |
Italian Minister of Culture
1991–1992 |
Succeeded by
Alberto Ronchey |
| Italian Chamber of Deputies |
Preceded by
None, Parliament re-established |
Member of Parliament for Rome
Legislatures: CA, I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X
1946 – 1991 |
Succeeded by
Title jointly held |
| Italian Senate |
Preceded by
Title jointly held |
Italian Lifetime Senator
Legislatures: X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI
1991 – incumbent |
Succeeded by
Title jointly held |
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Giulio Andreotti
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Andreotti I Cabinet (February 1972 – June 1972)
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Andreotti II Cabinet (1972–1973)
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Andreotti III Cabinet (1976–1978)
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Andreotti IV Cabinet (1978–1979)
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Andreotti V Cabinet (March–August 1979)
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Craxi I Cabinet (1983–1986)
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Craxi II Cabinet (1986–1987)
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Fanfani VI Cabinet (1987–1987)
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Andreotti VI Cabinet (1989–1991)
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Andreotti VII Cabinet (1991–1992)
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| Persondata |
| Name |
Andreotti, Giulio |
| Alternative names |
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| Short description |
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| Date of birth |
January 14, 1919 |
| Place of birth |
Rome, Italy |
| Date of death |
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| Place of death |
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