The anarchist movement in Poland first developed at the turn of the 20th century under the influence of anarchist ideas from Western Europe and Russia.

Prior to Polish independence, several anarchist organizations emerged within the area that would become the Second Polish Republic. The first of these, known as The Struggle, was formed in Białystok in 1903. In the following years, similar organizations were established in Nieznow, Warsaw, Łódź, Siedlce, Częstochowa, Kielce, and other towns. One of the most active was a group known as International, based in Warsaw. This group, composed of Jewish workers, organized strikes throughout the city during the Polish insurrection of 1905.

The level of despotism of the tsar's authority were high. Many young anarchists were executed without trial and firing on demonstrating workers was common. In January 1906, sixteen members of the International group were arrested and shot without trial. The strong repression of these groups led them to engage in terrorist acts such as assassinating police officers or owners of large factories. Many also robbed banks to gain funds. Meanwhile, anarchists in Poland began to be influenced by anarcho-syndicalism. The followers of anarcho-syndicalism rejected terrorism and organised revolutionary trade-unions and propaganda activity. The most significant Polish theorists of anarchism and anarcho-syndicalism were Edward Abramowski, Jan Wacław Machajski, Zielinski and Augustyn Wroblewski.

Poland ⁱ/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.