Subaru (スバル^?) Japanese pronunciation: [subaɽu]; English pronunciation: /ˈsuːbəruː/ SOO-bə-roo is the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI).

Subaru is internationally known for their use of the boxer engine layout similar to those in cars like the Volkswagen Beetle and Porsche 911, in most of their vehicles above 1500 cc as well as their use of the all wheel drive drive-train layout, the 4x4 first introduced in 1972, and the AWD became standard equipment for mid-size and smaller cars in most international markets as of 1996, and is now standard in all US market Subaru vehicles. The lone exception is the BRZ introduced in 2012, utilizing RWD. They also offer many turbocharged versions of their passenger cars, such as the Impreza WRX.

Fuji Heavy Industries, the parent company of Subaru, is currently in a partial partnership with Toyota Motor Corporation, which owns 16.5% of FHI.^[1]

Subaru is the Japanese name for the Pleiades star cluster, which in turn inspires the Subaru logo and alludes to the six companies that merged to create FHI.^[2]

History[link]

Nakajima Ki-84

FHI started out as The Aircraft Research Laboratory in 1915 headed by Chikuhei Nakajima. In 1932, the company was reorganized as Nakajima Aircraft Company, Ltd and soon became the primary manufacturer of aircraft for Japan during World War II. At the end of the Second World War Nakajima Aircraft was again reorganized, this time as Fuji Sangyo Co, Ltd. In 1946, the company created the Fuji Rabbit motor scooter with spare aircraft parts from the war.^[3] In 1950, Fuji Sangyo was divided into 12 smaller corporations according to the Japanese Government's 1950 Corporate Credit Rearrangement Act, anti-zaibatsu legislation, but between 1953 and 1955, four of these corporations and a newly formed corporation Fuji Kogyo, a scooter manufacturer; coachbuilders Fuji Jidosha; engine manufacturers Omiya Fuji Kogyo; chassis builders Utsunomiya Sharyo and the Tokyo Fuji Dangyo trading company^{[citation needed]} decided to merge to form the Fuji Heavy Industries known today.

Subaru 1500, a.k.a. the P-1

Kenji Kita, the CEO of Fuji Heavy Industries at the time, wanted the new company to be involved in car manufacturing and soon began plans for building a car with the development code-name P-1. Mr. Kita canvassed the Company for suggestions about naming the P1, but none of the proposals were appealing enough. In the end, he gave the car a Japanese name that he had "been cherishing in his heart": Subaru, which is the name of the Pleiades star cluster in Japanese. The first Subaru car was named the Subaru 1500.^[4] Only twenty P1s were manufactured owing to multiple supply issues. From 1954 to 2008, the company designed and manufactured dozens of vehicles including the 1500 (1954), the tiny air-cooled 360 (1958), the Sambar (1961), the 1000 (which saw the introduction of the Subaru boxer engine in 1965), the R-2 (1969), the Rex and the Leone (1971), the BRAT (1978), Alcyone (1985), the Legacy (1989), the Impreza (1993), the Forester (1997), the Tribeca (2005), and the Exiga (2008).

1958 Subaru 360

Major shareholders[link]

Nissan had acquired a 20% stake in 1968 during a period of government-ordered merging of the Japanese auto industry in order to improve competitiveness under the administration of Prime Minister Eisaku Sato. Nissan would utilize FHI's bus manufacturing capability and expertise for their Nissan Diesel line of buses. In turn, many Subaru vehicles, even today, use parts from the Nissan manufacturing keiretsu. The Subaru automatic transmission, known as the 4EAT, is also used in the first generation Nissan Pathfinder. Speculation has suggested that it was Subaru that introduced Renault to Nissan, when Renault asked for assistance in all-wheel drive (AWD) technology, and when FHI told Renault to discuss their plans with Nissan, the discussions may have been a contributing factor to the currently successful Renault-Nissan alliance.

Upon Nissan's acquisition by Renault, its 20% stake was sold to General Motors in 1999. Troy Clarke, of General Motors served as representative to Fuji Heavy Industries on their corporate board. During that time, the Subaru Forester was sold as a Chevrolet Forester in India in exchange for the Opel Zafira being sold as a Subaru Traviq in Japan. Also, the Chevrolet Borrego concept was presented in 2002, a crossover coupe/pickup truck being derived from the Japanese-market Legacy Turbo platform. During the brief General Motors period, a "badge engineered" Impreza was sold in the United States as the Saab 9-2X. An SUV (Subaru Tribeca / SAAB 9-6X) was also planned^[5][6] but the SAAB version did not proceed, and styling was recycled in the 2008 Tribeca refresh.^[7]

On October 5, 2005 Toyota Motor Corporation purchased 8.7% of FHI shares from General Motors who had owned 20.1% of FHI^[8] since 1999. GM later divested its remaining 11.4% stake, selling its shares on the open market to sever all ties with FHI. FHI previously stated that there might have been 27 million shares (3.4%) acquired before the start of trading by an unknown party on October 6, 2005, and speculation suggested that a bank or perhaps another automaker was involved. After the purchase, Toyota announced a contract with Subaru on March 13, 2006 to use the underutilized Subaru manufacturing facility in Lafayette, Indiana, and Toyota announced plans to hire up to 1,000 workers and set aside an assembly line for the Camry model, beginning in the second quarter of 2007.

Subaru in the United States[link]

Subaru of America was established in 1968 in Philadelphia by Malcolm Bricklin and associates. It relocated to Pennsauken, New Jersey shortly thereafter and moved to its current headquarters in Portland, Oregon in 2010. When Fuji Heavy Industries acquired full ownership.

In 1989, Subaru and then-partner Isuzu opened a joint factory in Lafayette, Indiana called Subaru-Isuzu Automotive, Inc., or SIA, which initially manufactured the Subaru Legacy and Isuzu Rodeo. In 2001, Isuzu sold their stake in the plant to FHI for $1 due to flagging sales and it was renamed Subaru of Indiana Automotive Inc. SIA has been designated a backyard wildlife Habitat by the National Wildlife Federation and has achieved a zero-landfill production designation.

Subaru in Canada[link]

In 1976, Canadians got their first exposure to Subaru vehicles when Subaru Auto Canada Limited (SACL) began offering the Subaru Leone. In 1989, the privately owned SACL was purchased by the Toronto-based Subaru Canada, Inc., who, under the guidance of parent company Fuji Heavy Industries, began an expansion process that would eventually see over 100 Subaru Dealers in operation across the country.

Subaru Canada, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fuji Heavy Industries of Japan. Headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario, the company markets and distributes Subaru vehicles, parts and accessories through a network of 88 authorized dealers throughout Canada.

Marketing efforts[link]

In the 1970s, the company decided to expand its model range from small kei class vehicles like the Rex and Sambar and begin to develop larger, mainstream passenger cars like the Leone, and when Subaru continued in their efforts, and introduced the Legacy in 1989, it was a sales success and a new direction for the company. Subaru decided to offer more products due to the Plaza Accord agreement of 1985 which made the value of the yen stronger in exchange rates to the dollar, which had an effect on Subaru sales in the USA. The creation of the Legacy was influenced by Subaru's desire to compete with successful Japanese carmakers Toyota, Nissan and Honda, and the Legacy was targeted against the Camry, Stanza, and Accord. The Legacy was considered mainstream in its appearance and a departure from previous vehicles, which had earned a reputation of being "quirky". It was perceived by some as Subaru's attempt to compete with new luxury brands Lexus, Infiniti and Acura, as Japanese vehicles were increasing in popularity, particularly in the USA. Subaru continued their new direction with the controversially styled Alcyone XT (1985), the GT six-cylinder SVX (1992), and the Impreza (1993).

From 1995 to 2000, Subaru ran a series of advertisements for the newly developed Subaru Outback which starred Paul Hogan as his "Crocodile Dundee" film character. The advertisements were intended to highlight Subaru's All wheel drive, and depicted the Outback in a number of rugged Australian locations. The tagline "the world's first sport utility wagon" was successfully used by Subaru, though the AMC Eagle had tried much the same idea, with less success in the 1980s.

Before the Outback was introduced, Subaru sold a badge engineered Isuzu Trooper in Japan as the Subaru Bighorn.

Some of the advertising slogans Subaru has used in the past include, "Inexpensive, and built to stay that way", "The World's Favorite Four Wheel Drive" (in the U.K.), "Plus on y pense, plus on a le gout de la conduire" (The more one thinks, the more one has the taste of driving it) in French Quebec,^[9] "We built our reputation by building a better car", "What to Drive", "The Beauty of All wheel drive", "Think, Feel, Drive", and currently "Love. It's what makes a Subaru, a Subaru" in North America, "All 4 The Driver" in Australia, and "Uncommon Engineering, Uncommon Stability, Uncommon Roadholding, Uncommon Sense" in the UK.^[10] "Confidence in Motion"

As a result of this refocused advertising campaign, Subaru products began to attract a following among the young and educated, who saw the car as a practical alternative to the SUV craze. Subaru has historically been popular in the Northeastern United States, as well as the Pacific Northwest. According to Automotive Lease Guide, Subaru ranked second place in vehicles that have the highest overall predicted resale values among all industry and all luxury vehicles for MY 2009.^[11] The awards are derived after carefully studying segment competition, historical vehicle performance and industry trends. According to a study done by J.D. Power and Associates, for the 2008 Customer Retention Study, Subaru ranked at 50.5%, which was above the national average of 48%.^[12] Harman Kardon is currently the audio supplier for Subaru products worldwide.^[13]

Fight Mediocrity![link]

Subaru has recently created the 2011 Mediocrity car and campaign to illustrate the difference between the current, "boring mid-sized sedan segment" and the "thrilling experience of driving the new 2011 Subaru Legacy". Complete with its own website, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube page, the Mediocrity campaign has been a comedic hit with many viewers.^{[citation needed]}

Hōkago no Pleiades (Original net animation)[link]

Subaru launched an animation series Hōkago no Pleiades (放課後のプレアデス, Hōkago no Pureadesu^?, lit. 'After School Pleiades') developed jointly with Gainax. The 4-part mini episode series was released on YouTube on February 1, 2011. It featured a magical girl plot with Subaru as a leading protagonist.

Motorsports[link]

Subaru Impreza WRC

Subaru Rally Team Japan led by Noriyuki Koseki (founder of Subaru Tecnica International STI) ran Subaru Leone coupé, sedan DL, RX (SRX) and RX Turbo in the World Rally Championship between 1980 and 1989. Drivers for individual rallies included Ari Vatanen, Per Eklund, Shekhar Mehta, Mike Kirkland, Possum Bourne and Harald Demut. Mike Kirkland finished 6th overall and won the A Group at the 1986 Safari Rally. That year Subaru was one of the only manufacturers combining 4WD and turbo after Audi's successful quattro system had been introduced in 1980, but Audi withdrew from the WRC after safety concerns and Ford's serious accident early in the 1986 season. Subaru changed the rally model to Legacy RS for the 1990–1992 period and took part in the first complete season in the World Rally Championship with the same model in 1993.

Modified versions of the Impreza WRX and WRX STi have been competing successfully in rallying; drivers Colin McRae (1995), Richard Burns (2001) and Petter Solberg (2003) have won World Rally Championship drivers' titles with the Subaru World Rally Team, and Subaru took the manufacturers' title three years in a row from 1995 to 1997. Subaru's World Rally Championship cars are prepared and run by Prodrive, the highly successful British motorsport team. Several endurance records were set in the early and mid-nineties by the Subaru Legacy.

Subaru was briefly involved in Formula One circuit racing when it bought a controlling interest in the tiny Italian Coloni team for the 1990 season. The Coloni 3B's 12-cylinder engine was badged as a Subaru and shared the boxer layout with the company's own engines, but was an existing design built by Italian firm Motori Moderni. The cars were overweight and underpowered and the partnership broke down before the season finished.^[14] With the rise of rally racing, and the Import scene in the US, the introduction of the highly anticipated Subaru Impreza WRX in 2001 was successful in bringing high-performance, AWD compact cars into the sports car mainstream. Subaru supplies a factory-backed team, Subaru Rally Team USA for Rally America, and has won the driver's title six times, most recently in 2011 with David Higgins.^[15]

On 4 May 2012, Subaru Rally Team USA announced that a new rallycross team, Subaru Puma Rallycross Team USA, will participate in the 2012 Global RallyCross Championship season with Dave Mirra, Bucky Lasek, and Sverre Isachsen.^{[citation needed]}

On 16 December 2008, it was announced that Subaru would no longer be competing in the World Rally Championships,^[16] due to the issues with the current global economic crisis, combined with the prospect of a car which still needed development for the 2009 season and a change in regulations for the 2010 season.

Starting in 2006, Subaru of America (SOA), as the official distributor of Subaru vehicles in the United States, participates in the Subaru Road Racing Team (SRRT) with a Subaru Legacy 2.5 GT Spec-B in the Grand-Am Street Tuner class. In 2010, SRRT campaigns a Subaru Impreza WRX STI in the Grand Sport class.^[17] In 2011, SRRT switched from the hatchback to a 2011 Subaru Impreza WRX STI sedan.

Diesel[link]

The 2007 Frankfurt International Motor Show saw Subaru introduce a horizontally opposed, water-cooled, common rail, turbodiesel, using a variable geometry turbocharger called the Subaru EE engine, the first of its type to be fitted to a passenger car. Volkswagen had previously experimented with this idea during the 1950s, and made two air-cooled boxer prototype diesel engines that were not turbocharged, and installed one engine in a Type 1 and another in a Type 2.^[18]

The Subaru engine was rated at 110 kW (150 PS; 148 hp) and 350 N·m (260 ft·lbf) with a displacement of 2.0 litres. In March 2008, Subaru offered the Legacy sedan and wagon and the Outback wagon with the 2.0 litre turbodiesel in the EU with a 5-speed manual transmission only.^[19][20]

In September 2008, Subaru announced that the diesel Forester and diesel Impreza will be introduced at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, with Forester sales to begin October 2008 and diesel Impreza sales to start January 2009.^[21] The Forester and Impreza will have a 6-speed manual transmission only, whereas the Legacy and Outback have 5-speed manual transmissions only.

United States Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy estimated is:

City Ranges

32.7 mpg_-US (7.19 L/100 km; 39.3 mpg_-imp)

33.6 mpg_-US (7.00 L/100 km; 40.4 mpg_-imp)

Highway Ranges

45.2 mpg_-US (5.20 L/100 km; 54.3 mpg_-imp)

49.0 mpg_-US (4.80 L/100 km; 58.8 mpg_-imp)^[22]

The fuel economy ratings listed are comparable to the Smart ForTwo.

According to the Subaru Owners on-line newsletter dated March 2008, Subaru is "currently making modifications to the diesel so it meets the more stringent US standards. Subaru diesel models should be domestically available in two to three years."

New technology[link]

Since the 2005 model year, Subaru has adopted the Controller–area network (CAN) bus technology for the USA and Canada markets. Starting in the 2007 model year, all Subaru vehicles use the CAN technology.^{[citation needed]} Typically, two CAN-buses are used on vehicles: a high-speed CAN running at 500 kbit/s for powertrain communication, and a low-speed CAN running at 125 kbit/s for body control functions and instrument panels. A body-integrated unit (BIU) is used between these two networks.

Historic cars[link]

• 360
• 1500
• 1000
• R-2 (1969–1972)
• Alcyone XT
• Alcyone SVX
• Baja
• BRAT
• FF-1 G
• FF-1 Star
• Justy / Tutto
• Leone
• Sumo
• Rex
• Traviq
• Vivio
• Libero

Environmental record[link]

USA-spec Subaru Legacy PZEV

Subaru claims to have implemented advanced policies which include recycling, reducing harmful emissions, and educating their employees; continuing their efforts have helped them in their environmental initiatives. The Subaru plant in Lafayette, Indiana (SIA) was the first auto assembly plant to achieve zero landfill status;^[23] nothing from the manufacturing process goes into a landfill. The company has also developed a recycling plan for the "end-of-life" of their cars. Most of their modern products use highly recyclable materials throughout the vehicle, in the engine, transmission, suspension and elsewhere in each vehicle leaving Subaru with a 97.3% recycling ratio rate for their end-of-life vehicles.^[24]

An excerpt from the Subaru website stated "In 2006, SIA was awarded the United States Environmental Protection Agency´s Gold Achievement Award as a top achiever in the agency's WasteWise program to reduce waste and improve recycling." The website also stated that "It also became the first U.S. automotive assembly plant to be designated a wildlife habitat."

Subaru currently offers a Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) certified Legacy, Outback, Impreza^[25] and Forester models^[26] which are available for sale anywhere in the U.S. Other car makers limit vehicles certified as PZEV in states that have adopted California emission standards.^{[citation needed]} Subaru PZEV vehicles meet California's Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle exhaust emission standard.^[23] All other models have been certified LEV2.

Electric vehicles[link]

In June 2006, Fuji Heavy Industries, Inc. (FHI) launched its Subaru Stella Plug-in electric vehicle, which is a kei car equipped with a lithium-ion battery pack. The vehicle has a short range of 56 miles (90 km) but it actually costs more than the Mitsubishi iMiEV, at ¥4,725,000 ($48,200 US), including Japanese Government consumption taxes. It will qualify for a rebate from the Japanese Government of up to $14,100 US, bringing the price down to $34,100 US. The vehicle is much like the i-MiEV, with a 47-kilowatt motor and a quick-charge capability, but the two-door mini-car has a boxy shape. FHI plans to start delivery in late July and plans to sell 170 vehicles by March 2010.^[27]

In Japan, Subaru is also currently testing two electric vehicles called the Subaru G4e and the Subaru R1e.

Subaru Hybrid Tourer Concept, is a four-seat vehicle with gull-wing doors that combines a 2-liter, turbocharged, direct-injection gasoline engine with a continuously variable transmission and two axle-mounted motors. A lithium-ion battery pack provides energy storage for the vehicle.^[28]

Current models[link]

North America/Europe/Oceania/Middle East/Asia/Japan Subaru models

• BRZ
• Exiga
• Forester
• Impreza
  • WRX & WRX STI
  • Outback Sport / Gravel Express / RV
• Justy
• Legacy / Liberty
  • Outback / Grand Wagon / Lancaster
• Tribeca
• XV
• Dex

The following models are sold in Asia and Europe. In Japan, they are in the Kei car class, with either front or all wheel drive, and a straight engine:

• Pleo
• R1
• R2
• Sambar
• Stella

An article posted by Autoblog on April 16, 2008 stated that due to the corporate investment by Toyota, all kei cars built by Subaru will be replaced by Daihatsu models beginning in 2010.^[29]

Concept cars[link]

• Subaru SRD-1 (Experimental design study introduced in 1990)
• 1996 Subaru Exiga
• Subaru B9 Scrambler
• Subaru B11s
• Subaru B5 TPH (Turbo Parallel Hybrid) (Japanese: Subaru B5-TPH)

December 4, 2007 saw an article claiming that Subaru was considering building a motorcycle, called the Subaru HS500, with a single-cylinder 500 cc engine producing 50 hp (37 kW). Subaru HS500

Toyota-Subaru Coupé (FT-86)[link]

After Toyota approximately doubled its stake in FHI to 16.5%,^[1] on April 10, 2008, it was announced that Toyota and Subaru are working on a 2-door coupé together, to be released around 2011.^[30] Subaru sales started in April 2012,^[31] receiving almost universal acclaim from reviewers^[32].

See also[link]

Japanese Car portal

• Prodrive Motorsport team selected by Subaru to run their World Rally Team
• Subaru Tecnica International (also known as STI)
• List of Subaru engines
• List of Subaru transmissions
• Subaru EA engine series
• Subaru EF engine series
• Subaru EJ engine series

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Subaru vehicles

• Subaru of America – Official Site
• Fuji Heavy Industries
• Subaru Global
• Subaru Tecnica International
• Subaru at the Open Directory Project
• Subaru at the Internet Movie Cars Database

v t e Automotive industry in Japan Companies Components Aisin Seiki Bridgestone Calsonic Kansei Clarion Denso GS Yuasa Hitachi HKS IHI Corporation Jatco JECS JTEKT Mikuni Sumitomo Rubber Industries Toyo Tire & Rubber Company Toyota Boshoku Tsubakimoto Chain Yokohama Rubber Company Zexel Motorsport and tuners Autech Dome GReddy HKS Impul JUN Kojima Mazdaspeed Mine's Mugen Motorsports Nismo RE Amemiya SARD Spoon Sports Subaru Tecnica International Tommy Kaira TOM'S Veilside Services Autobacs Seven Tokyo Trading Vehicle producers ASL Daihatsu Duesen Bayern Honda (Acura) Isuzu Kawasaki Mitsuoka Mazda Amati Autozam Ẽfini Eunos M2 Xedos Mitsubishi Fuso Mitsubishi Motors Nissan Datsun Infiniti Prince Tama UD Trucks Otomo Subaru Suzuki Hope Toyota Hino Motors Lexus Scion Yamaha Other Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Tokyo Motor Show Used vehicle exporting Defunct companies and marques shown in italics Category

Mads Østberg

Personal information
Nationality	Norwegian
Born	(1987-10-11) October 11, 1987 (age 24)
World Rally Championship record
Active years	2006–present
Teams	Stobart Ford, Adapta
Rallies	44
Championships	0
Rally wins	1
Podiums	5
Stage wins	8
Total points	167
First rally	2006 Swedish Rally
First win	2012 Rally de Portugal

Mads Østberg (born October 11, 1987) is a Norwegian rally driver. His co-driver is Jonas Andersson.

Career[link]

Østberg at the 2007 Wales Rally GB.

Østberg competed in his first rally in 2004. His first World Rally Championship event was the 2006 Swedish Rally, in which he finished 31st in his Subaru Impreza WRC. In the 2006 season, he competed in two more WRC rallies; retiring at the Rally Finland and finishing 23rd at the Wales Rally GB.

In the 2007 season, Østberg continued with an Impreza WRC and competed in six world rallies for the Prodrive-supported Adapta team. He took his first stage win on a super special stage of the 2007 Swedish Rally,^[1] and later achieved his first WRC point by finishing eighth at the 2007 Rally Finland.^[2] Østberg also contested the Norwegian Rally Championship and won the national title.^[3]

In 2008, Østberg continued to race with Adapta Motorsport in the WRC, using a Subaru Impreza WRC. He did not score any championship points in his seven events. In the 2009 season, Østberg scored points on three WRC rounds and recorded his best-ever finish at the Rally Portugal, finishing sixth. His Adapta AS team was supported by Prodrive because of Subaru's withdrawal from the championship.

Østberg at the 2010 Rally Finland

In the following season, Østberg contested four WRC rallies in an Impreza and two in a Ford Fiesta S2000. For the second year in running, he placed 11th in the drivers' world championship. Østberg and Adapta Motorsport raced in the 2011 WRC with a Ford Fiesta RS WRC, attaining a second place in 2011 Rally Sweden after leading much of the rally. He gained another second-place finish at 2011 Rally GB, the final round, and ended sixth in the drivers championship.

In 2012, after a 3rd place in Sweden he won his first rally at the 2012 Rally de Portugal after Mikko Hirvonen was disqualified. This made him the first non-French/Finnish driver to win a rally since 2005 and the second Norwegian event winner in WRC history.

WRC results[link]

* Season in progress.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mads Østberg

• Official website